PAL - Knowledge

2961: 815: 3532: 4117: 803: 3931: 5513: 5621: 2935: 3119: 3571: 4013: 8264: 4195: 4281: 3067: 2632:—can lead to picture grain on pictures with extreme phase errors even in PAL systems, if decoder circuits are misaligned or use the simplified decoders of early designs (typically to overcome royalty restrictions). This effect will usually be observed when the transmission path is poor, typically in built up areas or where the terrain is unfavourable. The effect is more noticeable on UHF than VHF signals as VHF signals tend to be more robust. In most cases such extreme phase shifts do not occur. 3026: 3492: 3000: 5651: 3505: 4925: 5081: 4687: 3423: 3159: 4951: 2785:

usually done by heterodyning for PAL (as well as NTSC). But the FM nature of colour in SECAM allows for a cheaper trick: division by 4 of the subcarrier frequency (and multiplication on replay). This became the standard for SECAM VHS recording in France. Most other countries kept using the same heterodyning process as for PAL or NTSC and this is known as MESECAM recording (as it was more convenient for some Middle East countries that used both PAL and SECAM broadcasts).

5319: 3597: 3558: 5107: 3611: 3437: 3013: 2842: 10015: 5029: 3987: 3664: 3545: 2987: 2909: 5293: 4873: 3358: 3146: 4847: 4445: 3624: 3478: 5375: 4609: 4497: 3798: 3319: 5427: 4091: 4065: 3812: 3757: 3345: 3106: 3040: 2948: 5565: 5539: 5401: 5185: 4471: 3465: 3306: 3200: 3093: 2974: 4307: 5591: 4661: 4553: 4523: 4143: 3905: 3397: 3332: 3267: 3080: 2895: 2882: 2770:), but this configuration, sometimes referred to as "poor man's PAL", could not match SECAM in terms of picture quality. To compete with it at the same level, it had to make use of the main ideas outlined above, and as a consequence PAL had to pay licence fees to SECAM. Over the years, this contributed significantly to the estimated 500 million francs gathered by the SECAM patents (for an initial 100 million francs invested in research). 5682: 5241: 5055: 4337: 4255: 4225: 3957: 3879: 3826: 3730: 3584: 3254: 3240: 2856: 1068: 558: 10025: 5349: 5003: 4821: 4769: 4713: 4169: 4039: 3704: 3691: 3213: 3186: 5708: 5267: 5133: 4419: 3717: 3293: 2922: 2869: 44: 3637: 3519: 5211: 4977: 4899: 4795: 4393: 3743: 3677: 3650: 3384: 3371: 3280: 3053: 787: 4363: 3451: 3133: 10004: 4635: 3410: 3226: 3172: 5483: 5159: 3777: 4743: 755: 5453: 4583: 10035: 2660:. In addition to this, the increased resolution of PAL was often not utilised at all during conversion, creating a pseudo-letterbox effect with borders on the top and bottom of the screen, looking similar to 14:9 letterbox. This leaves the graphics with a slightly squashed look due to an incorrect aspect ratio caused by the borders. This practice was prevalent in previous generations, especially during the 623: 795: 611: 779: 2462:

recorded in Argentina, Paraguay or Uruguay off a PAL-N TV broadcast can be sent to anyone in European countries that use PAL (and Australia/New Zealand, etc.) and it will display in colour. This will also play back successfully in Russia and other SECAM countries, as the USSR mandated PAL compatibility in 1985—this has proved to be very convenient for video collectors.

763: 264:, intended to be backward compatible and easily displayed on legacy PAL devices, is usually mentioned as "PAL" (eg: "PAL DVD"). Likewise, video game consoles outputting a 50 Hz signal might be labeled as "PAL", as opposed to 60 Hz on NTSC machines. These designations should not be confused with the analog colour system itself. 734:

Lines where the colour phase is reversed compared to NTSC are often called PAL or phase-alternation lines, which justifies one of the expansions of the acronym, while the other lines are called NTSC lines. Early PAL receivers relied on the human eye to do that cancelling; however, this resulted in a comb-like effect known as

1589: 2552:

Most newer television sets can display a "PAL 60" signal correctly, but some will only do so (if at all) in black and white and/or with flickering/foldover at the bottom of the picture, or picture rolling (however, many old TV sets can display the picture properly by means of adjusting the V-Hold and

2784:

When it comes to home VCRs, all video standards use what is called "colour under" format. Colour is extracted from the high frequencies of the video spectrum, and moved to the lower part of the spectrum available from tape. Luma then uses what remains of it, above the colour frequency range. This is

2754:

SECAM is free of both hue and saturation errors. It is not sensitive to phase shifts between the colour burst and the chrominance signal, and for this reason was sometimes used in early attempts at colour video recording, where tape speed fluctuations could get the other systems into trouble. In the

2712:

The problems usually associated with PAL region video games aren't necessarily encountered in Brazil with the PAL-M standard used in that region, since its video system uses an identical number of visible lines and refresh rate as NTSC but with a slightly different colour encoding frequency based on

2646:

are quite dramatic. For comparison, the NTSC standard is 60 fields/30 frames per second while PAL is 50 fields/25 frames per second. To avoid timing problems or unfeasible code changes, games were slowed down by approximately 16.7%. This has led to games ported over to PAL regions being historically

2504:

Some special VHS video recorders are available which can allow viewers the flexibility of enjoying PAL-N recordings using a standard PAL (625/50 Hz) colour TV, or even through multi-system TV sets. Video recorders like Panasonic NV-W1E (AG-W1 for the US), AG-W2, AG-W3, NV-J700AM, Aiwa HV-M110S,

2449:

NTSC-M, such as from a VCR or game console, and RF modulated NTSC with a PAL standard audio subcarrier (i.e., from a modulator), though not usually broadcast NTSC (as its 4.5 MHz audio subcarrier is not supported). Many sets also support NTSC with a 4.43 MHz color subcarrier (see PAL 60 on

2367:

broadcast system) standard uses the same video system as PAL-B/G/H (625 lines, 50 Hz field rate, 15.625 kHz line rate), but with a larger 6 MHz video bandwidth rather than 5.5 MHz and moving the audio subcarrier to 6.5 MHz. An 8 MHz channel spacing is used for PAL-L, to

750:

changes, which are less objectionable than the equivalent hue changes of NTSC. A minor drawback is that the vertical colour resolution is poorer than the NTSC system's, but since the human eye also has a colour resolution that is much lower than its brightness resolution, this effect is not visible.

733:

The name "Phase Alternating Line" describes the way that the phase of part of the colour information on the video signal is reversed with each line, which automatically corrects phase errors in the transmission of the signal by cancelling them out, at the expense of vertical frame colour resolution.

2776:

There were initial specifications to use colour with the French 819 line format (system E). However, "SECAM E" only ever existed in development phases. Actual deployment used the 625 line format. This made for easy interchange and conversion between PAL and SECAM in Europe. Conversion was often not

2461:

tapes recorded from a PAL-N or a PAL-B/G, D/K, H, or I broadcast are indistinguishable because the downconverted subcarrier on the tape is the same. A VHS recorded off TV (or released) in Europe will play in colour on any PAL-N VCR and PAL-N TV in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. Likewise, any tape

2436:

PAL television receivers manufactured since the 1990s can typically decode all of the PAL variants except, in some cases PAL-M and PAL-N. Many such receivers can also receive Eastern European and Middle Eastern SECAM, though rarely French-broadcast SECAM (because France used a quasi-unique positive

2392:

also used. It employs the 625 line/50 field per second waveform of PAL-B/G, D/K, H, and I, but on a 6 MHz channel with a chrominance subcarrier frequency of 3.582056 MHz (917/4*H) similar to NTSC (910/4*H). On the studio production level, standard PAL cameras and equipment were used, with

2354:

Systems B and G are similar. System B specifies 7 MHz channel bandwidth, while System G specifies 8 MHz channel bandwidth. Australia and China used Systems B and D respectively for VHF and UHF channels. Similarly, Systems D and K are similar except for the bands they use: System D is only

2762:

One serious drawback for studio work is that the addition of two SECAM signals does not yield valid colour information, due to its use of frequency modulation. It was necessary to demodulate the FM and handle it as AM for proper mixing, before finally remodulating as FM, at the cost of some added

2473:

players sold in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay also play PAL discs—however, this is usually output in the European variant (colour subcarrier frequency 4.433618 MHz), so people who own a TV set which only works in PAL-N (plus NTSC-M in most cases) will have to watch those PAL DVD imports in

2788:

Another difference in colour management is related to the proximity of successive tracks on the tape, which is a cause for chroma crosstalk in PAL. A cyclic sequence of 90° chroma phase shifts from one line to the next is used to overcome this problem. This is not needed in SECAM, as FM provides

2608:

Both PAL and NTSC have a higher frame rate than film which uses 24 frames per second. PAL has a closer frame rate to that of film, so most films are sped up 4% to play on PAL systems, shortening the runtime of the film and, without adjustment, slightly raising the pitch of the audio track. Film

2517:

sold in Europe can play back NTSC tapes. When operating in this mode most of them do not output a true (625/50) PAL signal, but rather a hybrid consisting of the original NTSC line standard (525/60), with colour converted to PAL 4.43 MHz (instead of 3.58 as with NTSC and South American PAL

2500:

from a 625/50 PAL DVD to the NTSC-M 525/60 output format. A few DVD players sold in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay also allow a signal output of NTSC-M, PAL, or PAL-N. In that case, a PAL disc (imported from Europe) can be played back on a PAL-N TV because there are no field/line conversions,

515:

to allow decoding of only the odd or even lines. For example, the chrominance on odd lines would be switched directly through to the decoder and also be stored in the delay line. Then, on even lines, the stored odd line would be decoded again. This method (known as 'gated NTSC') was adopted by

2792:

Regarding early (analogue) videodiscs, the established Laserdisc standard supported only NTSC and PAL. However, a different optical disc format, the Thomson transmissive optical disc made a brief appearance on the market. At some point, it used a modified SECAM signal (single FM subcarrier at

276:

standard demonstrated several weaknesses, including colour tone shifting under poor transmission conditions, which became a major issue considering Europe's geographical and weather-related particularities. To overcome NTSC's shortcomings, alternative standards were devised, resulting in the

1952: 822:

The 4.43361875 MHz frequency of the colour carrier is a result of 283.75 colour clock cycles per line plus a 25 Hz offset to avoid interferences. Since the line frequency (number of lines per second) is 15625 Hz (625 lines × 50 Hz ÷ 2), the colour

2624:

errors by phase reversal, so a tint control is unnecessary yet Saturation control can be more useful. Chrominance phase errors in the PAL system are cancelled out using a 1H delay line resulting in lower saturation, which is much less noticeable to the eye than NTSC hue errors.

446:/60 Hz system generally used with NTSC. For example, DVDs were labelled as PAL or NTSC (referring to the line count and frame rate) even though technically the discs carry neither PAL nor NTSC encoded signal. These devices would still have analog outputs (ex; 2758:

SECAM transmissions are more robust over longer distances than NTSC or PAL. However, owing to their FM nature, the colour signal remains present, although at reduced amplitude, even in monochrome portions of the image, thus being subject to stronger cross colour.

1833: 1749: 1458: 458:) to the analog standards to assure compatibility. CCIR 625/50 and EIA 525/60 are the proper names for these (line count and field rate) standards; PAL and NTSC on the other hand are methods of encoding colour information in the signal. 2415:, using (very nearly) the NTSC colour subcarrier frequency. Exact colour subcarrier frequency of PAL-M is 3.575611 MHz, or 227.25 times System M's horizontal scan frequency. Almost all other countries using system M use NTSC. 492:

This excluded very basic PAL decoders that relied on the human eye to average out the odd/even line phase errors, and in the early 1970s some Japanese set manufacturers developed basic decoding systems to avoid paying royalties to

2572:

standard (852x480). Most TV output for PAL and NTSC use interlaced frames meaning that even lines update on one field and odd lines update on the next field. Interlacing frames gives a smoother motion with half the frame rate.

2701:, where games ported over to PAL regions are oftentimes (but not always) running in 50 Hz modes. PAL region games supporting 60 Hz modes for the PlayStation 2 also required a display with NTSC capability unless 2422:

picture to form what is often known as "PAL 60" (sometimes "PAL 60/525", "Quasi-PAL" or "Pseudo PAL"). PAL-M (a broadcast standard) however should not be confused with "PAL 60" (a video playback system—see below).

2651:

rendered and encoded at 30 frames per second by the Japanese/US (NTSC) developers were often down-sampled to 25 frames per second or considered to be 50 frames per second video for PAL release—usually by means of

1491: 319:(EBU) on 3 January 1963. When asked why the system was named "PAL" and not "Bruch" the inventor answered that a "Bruch system" would probably not have sold very well ("Bruch" is the German word for "breakage"). 2084:) use different sound carriers (5.5 MHz, 6.0 MHz and 6.5 MHz respectively), it may result in a video image without audio when viewing a signal broadcast over the air or cable. Some countries in 2553:

V-Height knobs—assuming they have them). Some TV tuner cards or video capture cards will support this mode (although software/driver modification can be required and the manufacturers' specs may be unclear).

2319:

The majority of countries using or having used PAL have television standards with 625 lines and 50 fields per second. Differences concern the audio carrier frequency and channel bandwidths. The variants are:

2107:

The PAL-M system has a different sound carrier and a different colour subcarrier, and does not use 625 lines or 50 frames/second. This would result in no video or audio at all when viewing a European signal.

2100:

have switched to PAL while leaving other aspects of their video system the same, resulting in the different sound carrier. Instead, other European countries have changed completely from SECAM-D/K to PAL-B/G.

729:

for PAL 4.43, compared to 3.579545 MHz for NTSC 3.58. The SECAM system, on the other hand, uses a frequency modulation scheme on its two line alternate colour subcarriers 4.25000 and 4.40625 MHz.

2793:

3.6 MHz). The media's flexible and transmissive material allowed for direct access to both sides without flipping the disc, a concept that reappeared in multi-layered DVDs about fifteen years later.

830:

The frequency 50 Hz is the optional refresh frequency of the monitor to be able to create an illusion of motion, while 625 lines means the vertical lines or resolution that the PAL system supports.

2689:

was the first to offer a true "PAL 60" mode, and games made for the system in PAL regions offered no significant differences compared to their NTSC counterparts in terms of speed and frame rates. The

1841: 2613:

to spread the 24 frames of film across 60 interlaced fields. This maintains the runtime of the film and preserves the original audio, but may cause worse interlacing artefacts during fast motion.

2549:

did not actually offer a true PAL 60 mode; while many PlayStation 2 games did offer a "PAL 60" mode as an option, the console would in fact generate an NTSC signal during 60 Hz operation.

1659: 1625: 1384: 2037:

The PAL colour system is usually used with a video format that has 625 lines per frame (576 visible lines, the rest being used for other information such as sync data and captioning) and a

854:. This colour burst is not actually in phase with the original colour subcarrier, but leads it by 45 degrees on the odd lines and lags it by 45 degrees on the even lines. This 2751:

of the subcarrier is used instead for additional robustness (sequential transmission of U and V was to be reused much later in Europe's last "analog" video systems: the MAC standards).

2709:

connections were utilized, as these allowed colour outputs without the need for NTSC or PAL colour encoding. Otherwise, the games would display in monochrome on PAL-only displays.

2747:

SECAM applies those principles by transmitting alternately only one of the U and V components on each TV line, and getting the other from the delay line. QAM is not required, and

2104:

The PAL-N system has a different sound carrier, and also a different colour subcarrier, and decoding on incompatible PAL systems results in a black-and-white image without sound.

742:, which stores the received colour information on each line of display; an average of the colour information from the previous line and the current line is then used to drive the 1994: 1755: 1671: 540:" (averaging over multiple lines). It effectively treated PAL as NTSC, suffering from hue errors and other problems inherent in NTSC and required the addition of a manual 1389: 887: 1483: 661: 2027: 2755:

receiver, it did not require a quartz crystal (which was an expensive component at the time) and generally could do with lower accuracy delay lines and components.

8300: 2380:, through Resolution No. 100 ME/76, which determined the creation of a study commission for a national color standard. The commission recommended using PAL under 705: 685: 2496:

Some DVD players (usually lesser known brands) include an internal transcoder and the signal can be output in NTSC-M, with some video quality loss due to the

6685: 2777:

even needed, as more and more receivers and VCRs became compliant with both standards, helped in this by the common decoding steps and components. When the

9279: 2393:

video signals then transcoded to PAL-N for broadcast. This allows 625 line, 50 frames per second video to be broadcast in a 6 MHz channel, at some cost in

2312:

Many countries have turned off analogue transmissions, so the following does not apply anymore, except for using devices which output RF signals, such as

2418:

The PAL colour system (either baseband or with any RF system, with the normal 4.43 MHz subcarrier unlike PAL-M) can also be applied to an NTSC-like

2737:

colour information on two successive TV lines is very similar and vertical resolution can be halved without serious impact on perceived visual quality

6023: 3785:(Simulcast in ISDB-Tb started on December 2, 2007. PAL broadcasting in its final stages of abandonment, the complete shutdown is scheduled to 2025.) 6320: 6190: 6139: 3806:(Simulcast in ISDB-Tb started on August 28, 2008. PAL broadcasting in its final stages of abandonment, the complete shutdown is scheduled to 2025.) 301: 5886:

In 1950s, when Telefunken commissioned Bruch to invent an automated differential phase correction for color television. That's why he was awarded.

6080: 5861:

In 1963, when he gave a public presentation of the Phase Alternation Line to a group of experts from the European Broadcasting Union in Hannover

2763:

complexity and signal degradation. In its later years, this was no longer a problem, due to the wider use of component and digital equipment.

2647:

known for their inferior speed and frame rates compared to their NTSC counterparts, especially when they are not optimized for PAL standards.

2355:

used on VHF, while System K is only used on UHF. Although System I is used on both bands, it has only been used on UHF in the United Kingdom.

1584:{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}}=0.299E'{\scriptstyle {\text{R}}}+0.587E'{\scriptstyle {\text{G}}}+0.114E'{\scriptstyle {\text{B}}}} 256:), the name "PAL" might be used to refer to digital formats, even though they use completely different colour encoding systems. For instance, 2620:

to perform colour correction manually. If this is not adjusted correctly, the colours may be faulty. The PAL standard automatically cancels

2481:

In the case that a VHS or DVD player works in PAL (and not in PAL-N) and the TV set works in PAL-N (and not in PAL), there are two options:

9987: 9959: 9954: 8979: 8293: 6109: 3510: 842:

signals. Since the carrier is not transmitted with the video information it has to be generated locally in the receiver. In order that the

427:, in cooperation with German terrestrial broadcasters and European and Japanese manufacturers. Adoption was limited to European countries. 2807:

Below are lists of countries and territories that used or once used the PAL system. Many of these have converted or are converting PAL to

8243: 2773:

Hence, PAL could be considered as a hybrid system, with its signal structure closer to NTSC, but its decoding borrowing much from SECAM.

751:

In any case, NTSC, PAL, and SECAM all have chrominance bandwidth (horizontal colour detail) reduced greatly compared to the luma signal.

477:

The Telefunken licence covered any decoding method that relied on the alternating subcarrier phase to reduce phase errors, described as "

10074: 7862: 7809: 6588: 6536: 2668:

era of games where 2D graphics were the norm at that time. The gameplay of many games with an emphasis on speed, such as the original

2066: 5915: 8727: 7819: 7456: 7380: 7324: 7283: 5969: 4909: 4507: 4127: 3843:

The following countries and territories no longer use PAL for terrestrial broadcasts, and are in process of converting from PAL to

2816: 2729:

patents predate those of PAL by several years (1956 vs. 1962). Its creator, Henri de France, in search of a response to known NTSC

2665: 173: 2437:

video modulation, system L) unless they are manufactured for the French market. They will correctly display plain (non-broadcast)

277:

development of the PAL and SECAM standards. The goal was to provide a colour TV standard for the European picture frequency of 50

272:

In the 1950s, the Western European countries began plans to introduce colour television, and were faced with the problem that the

8286: 7713: 6712: 2682: 2661: 1947:{\displaystyle =E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}}+E'{\scriptstyle {\text{U}}}\sin(\omega t)+E'{\scriptstyle {\text{V}}}\cos(\omega t)+} 8647: 9981: 6911: 383: 1197: 9976: 9966: 9946: 9748: 8757: 7751: 7524: 6680: 6520: 5951: 416: 148:(chroma, colour applied to the monochrome image) are transmitted together as one signal. A latter evolution of the standard, 7370: 7306: 6336: 5780: 2670: 401:

developed two further systems, mixing concepts from PAL and SECAM, known as TRIPAL and NIIR, that never went beyond tests.

306: 9113: 6171: 10038: 9971: 9817: 7771: 6638: 6249: 5807: 2781:

plug became standard, it could take RGB as an input, effectively bypassing all the colour coding formats' peculiarities.

850:

is added to the video signal shortly after the line sync pulse, but before the picture information, during the so-called

469: 5830: 2300:) with all three colour standards including PAL, before the decision was made to abandon 405 and transmit colour on 625/ 9743: 8312: 2518:

variants and with the PAL-specific phase alternation of colour difference signal between the lines) — this is known as

468:"PAL-D", "PAL-N", "PAL-H" and "PAL-K" designations on this section describe PAL decoding methods and are unrelated to 9837: 8121: 6652: 597: 9622: 9170: 8972: 7231: 2706: 420: 6005: 2636: 10069: 9733: 8642: 8495: 8491: 8038: 7682: 7446: 7375: 6873: 6391: 6229: 2497: 1630: 1596: 1355: 711: 10064: 10059: 9728: 8806: 7832: 7197: 7133: 7057: 2966: 2569: 579: 431: 160:, while retaining compatibility with existing sets. Almost all of the countries using PAL are currently in the 2601:

to give the illusion of fluid motion. This is due to the fact that NTSC is generally used in countries with a

2537:

pioneered PAL 60 with most of its games being able to play games at full speed like NTSC and without borders.

2465:

People in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay usually own TV sets that also display NTSC-M, in addition to PAL-N.

9753: 8777: 8606: 8164: 7799: 7494: 7410: 7097: 7021: 6945: 2202: 1305: 1211: 161: 7316: 7298: 3537: 2740:

more robust colour transmission can be achieved by spreading information on two TV lines instead of just one

2702: 10028: 9789: 9686: 9229: 9024: 8996: 8849: 8550: 8320: 7677: 7514: 7428: 122: 95: 7102: 5987: 1828:{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{V}}}=0.877(E'{\scriptstyle {\text{R}}}-E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}})} 1744:{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{U}}}=0.492(E'{\scriptstyle {\text{B}}}-E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}})} 10089: 10018: 9525: 8965: 8747: 6705: 6653:"Zmiana standardu nadawania kanałów TVP na DVB-T2/HEVC - Nowa telewizja cyfrowa (DVB-T2) - Portal Gov.pl" 6273: 6146: 6034: 2685:

of video games, game consoles started to offer true 60 Hz modes in games ported to PAL regions. The

1957: 1253: 316: 6197: 814: 10084: 9877: 9799: 9738: 9445: 8585: 8373: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8248: 8174: 7900: 7441: 7385: 7214: 7150: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7031: 7016: 7006: 6753: 5743: 2642:

Outside of film and TV broadcasts, the differences between the two formats when used in the context of

2293: 17: 6084: 9649: 9610: 9455: 9355: 9284: 9217: 9044: 8560: 7744: 7656: 7545: 7190: 7185: 7175: 7001: 5933: 394:, the originator of that brand, created the NTSC colour TV standard before Thomson became involved. 10008: 9250: 9185: 9138: 9098: 7905: 7565: 6996: 2802: 1453:{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{R}}},E'{\scriptstyle {\text{G}}},E'{\scriptstyle {\text{B}}}} 846:

of this locally generated signal can match the transmitted information, a 10 cycle burst of colour

6059: 9847: 9832: 9676: 9627: 9550: 9450: 9128: 9014: 9009: 8879: 8752: 8268: 6512: 568: 411:

broadcasts, while remaining compatible with existing television receivers, was introduced. Named

7365: 6116: 176:. The PAL designation continues to be used in some non-broadcast contexts, especially regarding 10079: 9769: 9555: 9370: 9315: 9310: 9123: 9088: 8801: 8767: 8762: 8722: 8575: 8515: 7786: 7687: 7041: 6698: 2940: 2733:

problems, came up with ideas that were to become fundamental to both European systems, namely:

2514: 2313: 6506: 3685:(PAL broadcast to be abandoned. Analog shutoff scheduled for 15 June 2015. Simulcast in DVB-T) 2697:

also featured "PAL 60" modes in games made for the region as well. The lone exception was the

2478:) as the colour subcarrier frequency in the TV set is the PAL-N variation, 3.582056 MHz. 30:

For the standard-definition digital video mode sometimes referred to as PAL or PAL/SECAM, see

9671: 9475: 9440: 9360: 9340: 9262: 9150: 9071: 8936: 8673: 7895: 7672: 7519: 7509: 7499: 7357: 7062: 2568:, meaning that PAL has a 20% higher resolution, in fact it even has a higher resolution than 2331:

are used in most of Western Europe, former Yugoslavia, South Asia, Australia, and New Zealand

802: 9004: 6294: 2002: 9585: 9545: 9515: 9272: 9207: 9029: 8915: 8900: 8811: 8663: 8637: 8545: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8191: 7842: 7837: 7827: 7737: 7707: 7667: 7390: 7036: 6960: 6540: 5873: 5738: 5626: 2820: 2748: 2149: 1177: 575: 35: 861: 8: 9595: 9535: 9294: 9256: 9054: 9039: 8854: 8816: 8717: 8677: 8231: 8206: 8196: 8169: 7662: 7253: 4666: 2653: 2610: 2144: 358: 8278: 6563:"Prijelaz na DVB-T2 TV signal s HEVC (H.265) sažimanjem | OIV digitalni signali i mreže" 6381:"Les Videodisques", Georges Broussaud (head/member of development team), editions Masson 2605:

of 60 Hz and PAL in countries with 50 Hz, although there are many exceptions.

2505:

HV-M1U, Samsung SV-4000W and SV-7000W feature a digital TV system conversion circuitry.

1463: 641: 503:" (for "simple" or "Volks-PAL"), operating without a delay line and suffering from the “ 9822: 9779: 9710: 9580: 9510: 9485: 9420: 9267: 8988: 8742: 8692: 8236: 8066: 7847: 7489: 7116: 3483: 1342:

system uses color primary and gamma values similar to NTSC. Color is encoded using the

690: 670: 177: 8423: 6895: 6267:"Changes to the terrestrial television systems in Central and East European countries" 2828:

Recommendation ITU-R BT.470-6 - Conventional Television Systems, Appendix 1 to Annex 1

2530:) with "60" standing for 60 Hz (for 525/30), instead of 50 Hz (for 625/25). 9862: 9784: 9698: 9681: 9644: 9490: 9320: 9289: 9155: 9049: 8869: 8826: 8687: 8682: 8309: 8111: 7555: 7504: 6986: 6744: 6516: 6060:"What Is a NTSC Format DVD? How Can I Play a NTSC DVD in the UK Without Restriction?" 4342: 3072: 2648: 2602: 2347:(along with SECAM usually) in most of Central and Eastern Europe and mainland China. 977: 942: 851: 807: 739: 512: 405: 79: 9530: 1168:

As PAL is interlaced, every two fields are summed to make a complete picture frame.

9867: 9827: 9807: 9774: 9703: 9661: 9575: 9430: 9415: 9390: 9365: 9325: 9175: 9034: 9019: 8796: 8737: 8580: 8530: 8106: 8071: 7880: 7702: 7167: 7125: 6322:

Estudio de las tecnicas de transcodificacion de señales de television PAL-B / PAL-N

3497: 3124: 3005: 2657: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2469:

also conveniently broadcasts in NTSC-M for North, Central, and South America. Most

2394: 2273: 2042: 1335: 1208: 839: 743: 338:, which had been the first UK TV service to introduce "625-lines" during 1964. The 205: 157: 130: 82:. It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others being 2045:

fields per second (compatible with 25 full frames per second), such systems being

827:

calculates as follows: 4.43361875 MHz = 283.75 × 15625 Hz + 25 Hz.

9495: 9350: 9118: 9093: 9081: 8895: 8787: 8712: 8668: 8535: 8186: 8146: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8101: 8086: 7890: 7872: 7697: 7529: 6562: 4930: 3576: 2438: 2218: 2139: 1084: 1076: 1050: 722: 447: 387: 379: 137: 6370: 6325:(in Spanish). Vol. 10. Centro de Informacion Tecnologica. pp. 341–349. 5788: 9693: 9565: 9540: 9500: 9470: 9345: 9180: 9133: 9108: 9066: 8874: 8702: 8616: 8505: 7652: 7647: 7550: 7478: 7466: 7261: 6965: 6613: 5748: 5656: 4200: 3428: 2690: 2085: 1266: 1087: 767: 323: 5811: 10053: 9842: 9615: 9605: 9520: 9410: 9405: 9395: 9380: 9202: 9061: 8590: 8540: 8419: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8367: 8347: 7474: 7339: 7241: 7236: 6891: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6779: 6761: 6164: 5834: 4286: 3164: 2714: 2698: 2546: 2412: 2381: 2364: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2324: 2301: 2297: 2159: 1202: 1079:) signal used in systems M and N before combination with a sound carrier and 843: 404:

In 1993, an evolution of PAL aimed to improve and enhance format by allowing

278: 188:

PAL was adopted by most European countries, by several African countries, by

118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 2796: 9720: 9560: 9505: 9435: 9400: 9335: 9234: 9224: 9076: 8941: 8732: 8621: 8555: 8525: 8450: 8179: 7776: 7760: 6970: 6937: 6791: 6681:

Review of the different refresh rates of PAL, NTSC and motion picture films

6371:"The CCIR, the standards and the TV sets' market in France" (section III.1) 5324: 3602: 3563: 3031: 2675: 2629: 2617: 2038: 1349: 835: 824: 747: 735: 504: 408: 398: 327: 315:

in December 1962, citing Bruch as inventor, and unveiled to members of the

297: 289: 213: 141: 6690: 5955: 2823:(Sri Lanka, Maldives, Botswana, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay). 2072:

This ensures video interoperability. However, as some of these standards (

1046:

range. Amplitude is 100% for white level, 30% for black, and 0% for sync.

626:

Decoded PAL image, with chroma fully recovered. Some minor artifacts (see

386:

for colour television. Thomson, now called Technicolour SA, also owns the

9920: 9570: 9480: 9465: 9425: 9385: 9244: 8910: 8905: 8844: 8570: 8510: 8500: 8201: 8096: 7026: 6350: 6110:"Horizontal Blanking Interval of 405-, 525-, 625- and 819-Line Standards" 5758: 5518: 5112: 5086: 4692: 3616: 3442: 2847: 2489: 2189: 1662: 1147: 934: 855: 615: 343: 339: 334:

on August 25. The BBC channel initially using the broadcast standard was

233: 221: 145: 9925: 9632: 9330: 9239: 9195: 9165: 9143: 8839: 8772: 8707: 8520: 8091: 7484: 7418: 7329: 7288: 6504: 6250:"Recommendation ITU-R BT.470-6 - Conventional Television Systems, p.16" 5753: 5298: 5034: 4878: 3992: 3838: 3669: 3550: 3363: 3151: 2992: 2914: 2743:

information from the two TV lines can be recombined using a delay line.

2643: 2598: 2578: 2255: 2172: 1080: 1042: 1024: 847: 818:

Analyzing a PAL signal and decoding the 20ms frame and 64 μs lines

714: 582: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 494: 331: 312: 293: 249: 153: 126: 2556:

Some DVD players offer a choice of PAL vs NTSC output for NTSC discs.

634:

Most PAL systems encode the colour information using a variant of the

94:, 50 fields (25 frames) per second, and associated with CCIR analogue 9910: 9375: 9190: 8957: 8946: 8931: 8864: 8859: 8834: 8026: 8014: 8009: 7940: 7935: 7692: 7271: 6811: 6771: 6266: 5380: 4852: 4614: 4502: 4450: 3936: 3803: 3629: 3324: 2686: 2534: 2419: 2377: 2182: 2177: 858:

enables the colour decoder circuitry to distinguish the phase of the

627: 521: 443: 439: 435: 253: 189: 91: 2411:

In Brazil, PAL is used in conjunction with the 525 line, 60 field/s

557: 442:/50 Hz television system in general, to differentiate from the 438:, game consoles), the term PAL was used imprecisely to refer to the 9905: 9895: 9812: 9637: 9460: 8697: 8565: 8415: 8081: 8076: 8004: 7999: 7958: 7950: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7857: 7794: 7570: 7560: 7451: 7436: 7011: 6950: 6883: 6183: 5950:

The standard that defines the PAL system was last published by the

5570: 5544: 5432: 5406: 5190: 4956: 4476: 4096: 4070: 3817: 3762: 3470: 3350: 3311: 3205: 3111: 3098: 3045: 2979: 2953: 2694: 2542: 2446: 2385: 1343: 1257: 1176:

PAL colorimetry, as defined by the ITU on REC-BT.470, and based on

738:

on larger phase errors. Thus, most receivers now use a chrominance

635: 370:

Telefunken was later bought by the French electronics manufacturer

197: 3856: 1067: 786: 614:

Un-decoded PAL image, showing chroma information as fine patterns

9900: 9885: 9103: 8470: 8226: 8116: 7400: 7347: 6863: 6230:"Recommendation ITU-R BT.470-6 - Conventional Television Systems" 5848: 5687: 5596: 5246: 5060: 4558: 4528: 4368: 4312: 4260: 4230: 4148: 4018: 3962: 3910: 3884: 3831: 3735: 3589: 3402: 3337: 3272: 3259: 3245: 3085: 3018: 2900: 2887: 2861: 2466: 2442: 2389: 810:

showing a 20ms long interlaced PAL frame with high FFT resolution

424: 412: 371: 347: 335: 229: 225: 201: 149: 43: 2533:

Some video game consoles also output a signal in this mode. The

725:

baseband signal. The frequency of this subcarrier is 4.43361875

667:

signal, with the three RGB colour channels mixed down onto two,

9930: 9890: 9212: 8445: 7915: 7852: 7729: 6991: 6927: 6787: 6393:

Recommendation ITU-R BT.470-6 - Conventional Television Systems

5718: 5713: 5692: 5665: 5635: 5605: 5575: 5497: 5488: 5467: 5385: 5359: 5354: 5333: 5272: 5251: 5225: 5169: 5164: 5138: 5008: 4961: 4826: 4774: 4727: 4718: 4619: 4567: 4537: 4424: 4403: 4377: 4321: 4239: 4209: 4174: 4153: 4101: 4044: 3971: 3889: 3848: 3782: 3722: 3709: 3696: 3298: 3218: 3191: 2927: 2874: 2812: 2564:

PAL usually has 576 visible lines compared with 480 lines with

622: 237: 209: 193: 6505:

Michael Hegarty; Anne Phelan; Lisa Kilbride (1 January 1998).

6191:"Vertical Blanking Interval of 625-Line Standard (PAL Colour)" 6104: 6102: 2492:(PAL -> PAL-N) can be purchased in order to see the colours 2292:

The BBC tested their pre-war (but still broadcast until 1985)

794: 778: 754: 610: 9915: 9852: 9160: 8611: 8475: 8465: 8460: 8050: 8045: 8033: 8021: 7994: 7975: 7970: 7910: 7804: 7224: 7155: 6955: 6867: 6801: 6795: 6721: 5916:"45 Years Anniversary of Walter Bruch's PAL Color Television" 5661: 5631: 5601: 5549: 5523: 5493: 5463: 5458: 5437: 5411: 5329: 5303: 5277: 5221: 5216: 5195: 5143: 5117: 5091: 5065: 5039: 5013: 4987: 4982: 4935: 4904: 4883: 4857: 4831: 4805: 4800: 4779: 4753: 4748: 4723: 4697: 4671: 4645: 4593: 4588: 4563: 4533: 4481: 4455: 4429: 4398: 4373: 4347: 4317: 4291: 4265: 4235: 4205: 4179: 4122: 4075: 4049: 4023: 3997: 3967: 3941: 3915: 3844: 3748: 3682: 3655: 3642: 3524: 3389: 3376: 3285: 3058: 2808: 2778: 2767: 2726: 2475: 2406: 2089: 1339: 771: 726: 499: 282: 261: 217: 87: 56: 5957:

Recommendation ITU-R BT.470, Conventional Television Systems

5775: 5773: 260:(576 interlaced lines) digital video with colour encoded as 9857: 8440: 7987: 7885: 7642: 7395: 7278: 7219: 7207: 7202: 7180: 7143: 7138: 6783: 6614:"TDM to switch off analogue television transmission system" 6099: 4640: 3852: 3456: 3415: 3231: 3177: 3138: 2574: 2565: 2538: 1056: 517: 455: 451: 273: 257: 169: 83: 48: 31: 6508:

Classrooms for Distance Teaching and Learning: A Blueprint

2371: 285:), and finding a way to eliminate the problems with NTSC. 8308: 8141: 7982: 7266: 6134: 6132: 6130: 5770: 2797:

Countries and territories that are using or once used PAL

2730: 2621: 2470: 2458: 2029:

is 4.43361875 MHz (±5 Hz) for PAL-B/D/G/H/I/N.

1061: 541: 391: 208:. Countries in those regions that did not adopt PAL were 165: 8261:

For the vision capacities of organisms or machines, see

6589:"Siaran TV Analog Disetop di Seluruh RI 12 Agustus 2023" 6399:. ITU Radiocommunication Assembly. 1998. pp. 29–34. 6318: 762: 356:

was the first PAL commercial TV set. It was followed by

2639:, but the colour decoder differences here are ignored. 2368:

maintain compatibility with System L channel spacings.

206:

Asia Pacific (including the Middle East and South Asia)

6127: 2337:

in the UK, Ireland, Hong Kong, South Africa, and Macau

1915: 1877: 1857: 1814: 1794: 1768: 1730: 1710: 1684: 1643: 1609: 1573: 1550: 1527: 1504: 1442: 1422: 1402: 1368: 164:, or have already converted transmission standards to 6500: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6426: 5988:"Loewe-Farbfernseher S 920 & F 900 PAL TV advert" 2005: 1960: 1844: 1758: 1674: 1633: 1599: 1494: 1466: 1392: 1358: 864: 721:

information added to the luma video signal to form a

693: 673: 644: 630:) are present across transition areas (click to zoom) 6424: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6406: 3839:

Countries and territories that have ceased using PAL

6529: 2826:A legacy list of PAL users in 1998 is available on 758:

Spectrum of a System I television channel with PAL.

5849:"Walter Bruch and the PAL Color Television System" 2803:DVB-T § Countries and territories using DVB-T 2021: 1988: 1946: 1827: 1743: 1653: 1619: 1583: 1477: 1452: 1378: 897:For PAL-B/G the signal has these characteristics. 881: 838:is required by the colour decoder to recreate the 790:Oscillogram of composite PAL signal—several lines. 699: 679: 655: 419:recommendation BT.1197-1. It was developed at the 6403: 5808:"PGC categories – Countries using SECAM standard" 3513:(Two PAL-I analogue TV services operated by BFBS) 10051: 5831:"PGC categories – Countries using NTSC standard" 1665:. Each has a typical bandwidth of 1.3 MHz. 450:output), and would convert the digital signals ( 6179:. Thomson Multimedia Broadcast Solutions. 2002. 5781:"PGC categories – Countries using PAL standard" 2833: 2628:However, the alternation of colour information— 2545:also support PAL 60 unlike PlayStation 2. The 798:Oscillogram of composite PAL signal—two lines. 782:Oscillogram of composite PAL signal—one frame. 47:Analog television encoding systems by nation: 27:Colour encoding system for analogue television 8973: 8294: 7745: 6706: 507:” effect. An example of this solution is the 3511:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 2474:black and white (unless the TV supports RGB 1035:cycles is sent. Most rise/fall times are in 746:. The effect is that phase errors result in 9988:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 6720: 2069:for the technical details of each format). 1654:{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{V}}}} 1620:{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{U}}}} 1379:{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}}} 618:(click to zoom) overlapping the luma signal 10024: 8980: 8966: 8301: 8287: 7752: 7738: 6713: 6699: 6351:"Playback of NTSC Videos on PAL Equipment" 2349:Most analogue CCTV cameras are Standard D. 7601: 7599: 2485:images can be seen in black and white, or 598:Learn how and when to remove this message 461: 252:releases and later digital sources (e.g. 8728:Output power of an analog TV transmitter 6244: 6242: 2032: 1386:) is derived from red, green, and blue ( 1066: 813: 801: 793: 785: 777: 761: 753: 621: 609: 90:. In most countries it was broadcast at 42: 6319:Iazbec; Soria; Tulli; Gonzalez (1999). 6224: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6173:LDK 5400 Triax Adapter Technical Manual 6024:"Fluke PM5420 Application Note PALplus" 5825: 5823: 5821: 5802: 5800: 5798: 2372:PAL-N (Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay) 2363:The PAL-L (Phase Alternating Line with 14: 10052: 8987: 7596: 7593:Also used in China's DVB-S/S2 network. 7589: 7587: 2678:, suffered in their PAL incarnations. 2453: 1013:(Total horizontal sync time 12.05 μs) 511:set. Another solution was to use a 1H 8961: 8758:Direct-broadcast satellite television 8282: 7733: 7631: 6732: 6694: 6329: 6239: 6075: 6073: 5952:International Telecommunication Union 2635:PAL and NTSC have slightly divergent 892: 770:of an actual PAL-I transmission with 346:started PAL broadcasts by 1968, with 10034: 7632: 6215: 5970:"Telefunken PALcolour 708 TV advert" 5938:Collins German to English Dictionary 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5818: 5795: 2445:SECAM signals. Many can also accept 580:adding citations to reliable sources 551: 390:and licences it to other companies; 156:broadcasts with no loss of vertical 8648:Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB) 7584: 6537:"PAL / NTSC / SECAM countries list" 6337:"The Virtual Console's PAL Problem" 6259: 2766:PAL can work without a delay line ( 1989:{\displaystyle \omega =2\pi F_{SC}} 183: 24: 6070: 5944: 5810:. 23 February 2009. Archived from 3486:(DVB-T introduction in assessment) 3459:(DVB-T introduction in assessment) 3194:(DVB-T introduction in assessment) 3180:(DVB-T introduction in assessment) 3061:(migrated from SECAM in 1990–1992) 2903:(DVB-T introduction in assessment) 2431: 2376:The PAL-N standard was created in 1165:(Total vertical sync time 1.6 ms) 889:vector which reverses every line. 547: 322:The first broadcasts began in the 78:) is a colour encoding system for 25: 10101: 10075:Television transmission standards 6674: 5891: 2609:conversions for NTSC instead use 2400: 2112:Differences between PAL variants 497:. These variations are known as " 212:, Francophone Africa, several ex- 10033: 10023: 10014: 10013: 10002: 9623:Free-space optical communication 8263: 8262: 7759: 6012:. 5 August 1993. pp. 48–54. 5934:"English translation of 'Bruch'" 5706: 5680: 5649: 5619: 5589: 5563: 5537: 5511: 5481: 5451: 5425: 5399: 5373: 5347: 5317: 5291: 5265: 5239: 5209: 5183: 5157: 5131: 5105: 5079: 5053: 5027: 5001: 4975: 4949: 4923: 4897: 4871: 4845: 4819: 4793: 4767: 4741: 4711: 4685: 4659: 4633: 4607: 4581: 4551: 4521: 4495: 4469: 4443: 4417: 4391: 4361: 4335: 4305: 4279: 4253: 4223: 4193: 4167: 4141: 4115: 4089: 4063: 4037: 4011: 3985: 3955: 3929: 3903: 3877: 3824: 3810: 3796: 3775: 3755: 3741: 3728: 3715: 3702: 3689: 3675: 3662: 3648: 3635: 3622: 3609: 3595: 3582: 3569: 3556: 3543: 3530: 3517: 3503: 3490: 3476: 3463: 3449: 3435: 3421: 3408: 3395: 3382: 3369: 3356: 3343: 3330: 3317: 3304: 3291: 3278: 3265: 3252: 3248:(uses PAL for Lebanese channels) 3238: 3224: 3211: 3198: 3184: 3170: 3157: 3144: 3131: 3117: 3104: 3091: 3078: 3065: 3051: 3038: 3024: 3011: 2998: 2985: 2972: 2959: 2946: 2933: 2920: 2907: 2893: 2880: 2867: 2854: 2840: 2819:(China, Hong Kong and Macau) or 2720: 2501:quality is generally excellent. 2307: 556: 376:Compagnie Générale de Télévision 8643:Quadrature amplitude modulation 6657:Nowa telewizja cyfrowa (DVB-T2) 6645: 6631: 6606: 6581: 6555: 6384: 6375: 6364: 6343: 6312: 6287: 6140:"NTSC, PAL, and SECAM Overview" 6052: 6016: 5998: 5980: 5833:. 22 April 2009. Archived from 2713:PAL, modified for use with the 2559: 2426: 567:needs additional citations for 8807:Television channel frequencies 6733: 6124:090426 pembers.freeserve.co.uk 6083:. 16 July 2007. Archived from 5962: 5926: 5874:"Walter Bruch; PAL Television" 5866: 5841: 2967:British Indian Ocean Territory 1938: 1929: 1900: 1891: 1822: 1782: 1738: 1698: 1171: 712:quadrature amplitude modulated 532:), and came in two versions: " 13: 1: 8778:Digital television transition 8607:Multichannel television sound 7098:Field-sequential color system 5764: 2717:broadcast television system. 2237:Vision/Sound carrier spacing 311:. The format was patented by 243: 144:(luma, monochrome image) and 10009:Telecommunication portal 9790:Telecommunications equipment 8850:Field strength in free space 8551:Horizontal blanking interval 7678:Reverse Standards Conversion 6145:. p. 52. Archived from 3234:(Once experimented in PAL-M) 2834:Using PAL B, D, G, H, K or I 2067:broadcast television systems 1053:electrical amplitude is Vpp 392:Radio Corporation of America 300:, with important input from 123:broadcast television systems 96:broadcast television systems 7: 9526:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 8748:Superheterodyne transmitter 6006:"EUR-Lex – 31993D0424 – EN" 5732: 2589:whereas PAL generally uses 2287: 382:developed SECAM, the first 317:European Broadcasting Union 10: 10106: 9230:Telecommunications history 8586:Vertical blanking interval 8175:Colour Index International 5954:in 1998 and has the title 5744:Prewar television stations 2800: 2404: 1094:The vertical timings are: 374:. Thomson also bought the 326:in July 1967, followed by 267: 29: 9997: 9939: 9876: 9838:Public Switched Telephone 9798: 9762: 9719: 9660: 9650:telecommunication circuit 9611:Fiber-optic communication 9594: 9356:Francis Blake (telephone) 9303: 9151:Optical telecommunication 8995: 8924: 8888: 8825: 8786: 8656: 8630: 8599: 8561:Nominal analogue blanking 8484: 8433: 8319: 8259: 8155: 8059: 7949: 7871: 7818: 7785: 7767: 7638: 7627: 7579: 7538: 7465: 7427: 7409: 7356: 7338: 7315: 7297: 7252: 7166: 7124: 7115: 7050: 6979: 6936: 6920: 6904: 6882: 6859: 6810: 6770: 6752: 6743: 6739: 6728: 6064:videoconverterfactory.com 2676:Sega Genesis (Mega Drive) 2597:; both use a high enough 2508: 2277: 2259: 2248: 2239: 2231: 2222: 2212: 2209: 2193: 2176: 2163: 2153: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1188: 929:Total time for each line 921:Horizontal sync polarity 663:comprises the monochrome 430:With the introduction of 354:Telefunken PALcolour 708T 350:following the next year. 248:With the introduction of 121:. The articles on analog 9749:Orbital angular-momentum 9186:Satellite communications 9025:Communications satellite 3789: 3768: 3445:(used SECAM until 1990s) 2358: 434:and signal sources (ex: 133:, and audio modulation. 9628:Molecular communication 9451:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 9280:Undersea telegraph line 9015:Cable protection system 8880:Television interference 8753:Television receive-only 6722:Broadcast video formats 6513:Leuven University Press 6081:"Tech Notes: Colour TV" 2789:sufficient protection. 2515:videocassette recorders 1460:) gamma pre-corrected ( 1338:is defined as 2.8. The 1124:Vertical sync polarity 1116:Vertical lines visible 509:Kuba Porta Color CK211P 10070:Television terminology 9770:Communication protocol 9556:Charles Sumner Tainter 9371:Walter Houser Brattain 9316:Edwin Howard Armstrong 9124:Information revolution 8802:Microwave transmission 8768:Terrestrial television 8763:Television transmitter 8723:Intermediate frequency 8516:Chrominance subcarrier 7688:Television transmitter 6010:Official Journal L 196 3834:(Simulcast in ISDB-Tb) 3820:(Simulcast in ISDB-Tb) 2941:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2656:, resulting in motion 2616:NTSC receivers have a 2023: 2022:{\displaystyle F_{SC}} 1990: 1948: 1829: 1745: 1655: 1621: 1585: 1479: 1454: 1380: 1258:ITU-R BT.470/601 (B/G) 1142:Sync pulse length (F) 1091: 963:Sync pulse length (B) 883: 819: 811: 799: 791: 783: 775: 759: 710:Like NTSC, PAL uses a 701: 681: 657: 631: 619: 462:Color decoding methods 421:University of Dortmund 72:Phase Alternating Line 68: 34:. For other uses, see 10065:Television technology 10060:ITU-R recommendations 9744:Polarization-division 9476:Narinder Singh Kapany 9441:Erna Schneider Hoover 9361:Jagadish Chandra Bose 9341:Alexander Graham Bell 9072:online video platform 8674:Broadcast transmitter 7772:List of colour spaces 7673:MPEG transport stream 7500:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 7063:Mechanical television 6971:Zweikanalton (A2/IGR) 6567:gledajbezbrige.oiv.hr 3871:Switchover completed 3538:São Tomé and Príncipe 2395:horizontal resolution 2033:PAL broadcast systems 2024: 1999:Subcarrier frequency 1991: 1949: 1838:Composite PAL signal 1830: 1746: 1661:are used to transmit 1656: 1622: 1586: 1480: 1455: 1381: 1070: 884: 817: 805: 797: 789: 781: 765: 757: 702: 682: 658: 625: 613: 288:PAL was developed by 162:process of conversion 46: 9586:Vladimir K. Zworykin 9546:Almon Brown Strowger 9516:Charles Grafton Page 9171:Prepaid mobile phone 9099:Electrical telegraph 8916:Zero reference pulse 8901:Field strength meter 8638:Frequency modulation 8546:Horizontal scan rate 8192:Federal Standard 595 7708:Widescreen signaling 7683:Standards conversion 7668:Moving image formats 5814:on 23 February 2009. 5739:Moving image formats 5627:United Arab Emirates 3751:(DVB-T introduction) 3605:(Simulcast in DVB-T) 2749:frequency modulation 2263:3.58205625 MHz 2260:4.43361875 MHz 2088:which formerly used 2003: 1958: 1842: 1756: 1672: 1631: 1597: 1492: 1464: 1390: 1356: 1060:and impedance of 75 882:{\displaystyle R-Y'} 862: 834:The original colour 691: 671: 642: 576:improve this article 481:" for "delay", and " 415:, it was defined by 361:-Farbfernseher S 920 152:, added support for 36:PAL (disambiguation) 9536:Johann Philipp Reis 9295:Wireless revolution 9257:The Telephone Cases 9114:Hydraulic telegraph 8855:Noise (electronics) 8718:Intercarrier method 8678:Transmitter station 8313:broadcasting topics 7663:Display motion blur 6543:on 21 February 2016 5974:www.radiomuseum.org 2570:Enhanced Definition 2513:Many 1990s-onwards 2498:standard conversion 2454:VHS and DVD players 2450:the next section). 2296:monochrome system ( 2113: 1485:) primary signals: 1185: 1132:Vertical frequency 766:RF spectrogram and 740:analogue delay line 513:analogue delay line 472:with similar names. 178:console video games 10090:1963 introductions 9734:Frequency-division 9711:Telephone exchange 9581:Charles Wheatstone 9511:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 9486:Innocenzo Manzetti 9421:Reginald Fessenden 9156:Optical telegraphy 8989:Telecommunications 8743:Split sound system 8693:Differential phase 7714:Analogue TV Topics 6686:World TV standards 5992:buizenradioclub.nl 5073:13 September 2014 4083:30 September 2013 3923:25 September 2007 3658:(along with SECAM) 3387: 2815:(most countries), 2811:(most countries), 2681:Starting with the 2671:Sonic the Hedgehog 2266:3.575611 MHz 2111: 2019: 1986: 1944: 1921: 1883: 1863: 1825: 1820: 1800: 1774: 1741: 1736: 1716: 1690: 1651: 1649: 1617: 1615: 1581: 1579: 1556: 1533: 1510: 1478:{\displaystyle E'} 1475: 1450: 1448: 1428: 1408: 1376: 1374: 1183: 1111:312.5 (625 total) 1092: 893:PAL signal details 879: 820: 812: 800: 792: 784: 776: 760: 697: 677: 656:{\displaystyle Y'} 653: 632: 620: 432:digital broadcasts 69: 10085:German inventions 10047: 10046: 9785:Store and forward 9780:Data transmission 9694:Network switching 9645:Transmission line 9491:Guglielmo Marconi 9456:Internet pioneers 9321:Mohamed M. Atalla 9290:Whistled language 8955: 8954: 8870:Radiation pattern 8688:Differential gain 8310:Analog television 8276: 8275: 7727: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7623: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7505:MPEG Multichannel 7111: 7110: 6522:978-90-6186-867-5 6515:. pp. 260–. 5876:. 7 December 2019 5837:on 22 April 2009. 5791:on 22 April 2009. 5730: 5729: 5726:31 December 2014 5700:28 December 2020 5643:13 February 2012 5613:31 December 2016 5531:26 November 2007 5419:31 December 2012 5341:13 February 2012 5259:31 December 2016 5233:13 February 2012 5099:14 December 2006 4891:1 September 2006 4787:17 November 2010 4653:19 December 2014 4489:17 November 2010 4463:31 December 2012 4329:1 September 2007 4161:12 November 2020 3949:10 December 2013 3073:Equatorial Guinea 3034:(see New Zealand) 2649:Full motion video 2603:utility frequency 2285: 2284: 2203:Channel bandwidth 2140:Transmission band 1919: 1881: 1861: 1818: 1798: 1772: 1734: 1714: 1688: 1647: 1613: 1577: 1554: 1531: 1508: 1446: 1426: 1406: 1372: 1332: 1331: 1299: 1260: 1180:x,y coordinates: 1163: 1162: 1156:Active video (H) 1127:Negative (burst) 1011: 1010: 994:Active video (D) 840:colour difference 825:carrier frequency 808:waterfall display 700:{\displaystyle V} 680:{\displaystyle U} 608: 607: 600: 473: 470:broadcast systems 384:European Standard 204:, and by most of 125:further describe 80:analog television 16:(Redirected from 10097: 10037: 10036: 10027: 10026: 10017: 10016: 10007: 10006: 10005: 9878:Notable networks 9868:Wireless network 9808:Cellular network 9800:Types of network 9775:Computer network 9662:Network topology 9576:Thomas A. Watson 9431:Oliver Heaviside 9416:Philo Farnsworth 9391:Daniel Davis Jr. 9366:Charles Bourseul 9326:John Logie Baird 9035:Data compression 9030:Computer network 8982: 8975: 8968: 8959: 8958: 8797:Frequency offset 8738:Residual carrier 8683:Cavity amplifier 8581:Television lines 8303: 8296: 8289: 8280: 8279: 8266: 8265: 8252: 8107:Imaginary colour 7881:RGB color spaces 7754: 7747: 7740: 7731: 7730: 7703:Video processing 7633:Technical issues 7629: 7628: 7606: 7603: 7594: 7591: 7122: 7121: 6854:(Color systems: 6782:(Color systems: 6750: 6749: 6741: 6740: 6730: 6729: 6715: 6708: 6701: 6692: 6691: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6641:. 17 March 2020. 6635: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6539:. Archived from 6533: 6527: 6526: 6502: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6388: 6382: 6379: 6373: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6339:. 15 April 2010. 6333: 6327: 6326: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6299: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6271: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6246: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6226: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6203:on 28 April 2016 6202: 6196:. Archived from 6195: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6151: 6144: 6136: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6115:. Archived from 6114: 6106: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6077: 6068: 6067: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6039: 6033:. Archived from 6031:assets.fluke.com 6028: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5966: 5960: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5912: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5881: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5856: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5827: 5816: 5815: 5804: 5793: 5792: 5787:. Archived from 5777: 5725: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5699: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5674:24 October 2012 5673: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5642: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5612: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5582: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5556: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5530: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5505:29 October 2007 5504: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5474: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5445:1 December 2010 5444: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5418: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5392: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5366: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5340: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5311:2 December 2010 5310: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5284: 5271: 5269: 5268: 5258: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5232: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5202: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5176: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5150: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5125:1 December 2013 5124: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5098: 5085: 5083: 5082: 5072: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5046: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5020: 5007: 5005: 5004: 4995:31 October 2011 4994: 4981: 4979: 4978: 4969:31 October 2019 4968: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4942: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4916: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4890: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4865:29 October 2012 4864: 4851: 4849: 4848: 4838: 4825: 4823: 4822: 4812: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4786: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4760: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4734: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4705:24 October 2012 4704: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4679:24 October 2012 4678: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4652: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4626: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4600: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4575:2 February 2015 4574: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4545:31 October 2013 4544: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4515:1 December 2020 4514: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4488: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4462: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4437:6 February 2015 4436: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4410: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4384: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4354: 4341: 4339: 4338: 4328: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4298: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4272: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4247:1 November 2009 4246: 4229: 4227: 4226: 4216: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4186: 4173: 4171: 4170: 4160: 4147: 4145: 4144: 4134: 4121: 4119: 4118: 4108: 4095: 4093: 4092: 4082: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4056: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4030: 4017: 4015: 4014: 4004: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3978: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3948: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3922: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3896: 3883: 3881: 3880: 3862: 3861: 3830: 3828: 3827: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3747: 3745: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3695: 3693: 3692: 3681: 3679: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3665: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3641: 3639: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3612: 3601: 3599: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3546: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3520: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3498:Papua New Guinea 3496: 3494: 3493: 3482: 3480: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3466: 3455: 3453: 3452: 3441: 3439: 3438: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3414: 3412: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3398: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3349: 3347: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3333: 3323: 3321: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3294: 3284: 3282: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3268: 3258: 3256: 3255: 3244: 3242: 3241: 3230: 3228: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3190: 3188: 3187: 3176: 3174: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3137: 3135: 3134: 3125:Falkland Islands 3123: 3121: 3120: 3110: 3108: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3057: 3055: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3030: 3028: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3014: 3006:Christmas Island 3004: 3002: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2965: 2963: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2949: 2939: 2937: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2899: 2897: 2896: 2886: 2884: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2870: 2860: 2858: 2857: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2683:sixth generation 2350: 2274:Gamma correction 2271:Assumed Receiver 2114: 2110: 2028: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2017: 1995: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1984: 1953: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1834: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1750: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1660: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1626: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1590: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1484: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1459: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1385: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1297: 1252: 1186: 1184:PAL colorimetry 1182: 1150: 1137: 1119:288 (576 total) 1097: 1096: 1059: 1045: 1040: 1034: 1032: 1023: 1021: 1007: 1005: 1004: 989: 987: 972: 970: 958: 956: 955: 937: 916: 900: 899: 888: 886: 885: 880: 878: 706: 704: 703: 698: 686: 684: 683: 678: 662: 660: 659: 654: 652: 603: 596: 592: 589: 583: 560: 552: 487:Chrominance Lock 485:" for "new" or " 467: 310: 184:Geographic reach 158:image resolution 131:image resolution 66: 62: 54: 21: 10105: 10104: 10100: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10095: 10094: 10050: 10049: 10048: 10043: 10003: 10001: 9993: 9935: 9872: 9794: 9758: 9715: 9664: 9656: 9597: 9590: 9496:Robert Metcalfe 9351:Tim Berners-Lee 9299: 9119:Information Age 8991: 8986: 8956: 8951: 8920: 8896:Distortionmeter 8884: 8821: 8782: 8713:Frequency mixer 8669:Antenna (radio) 8652: 8626: 8595: 8536:Composite video 8480: 8429: 8315: 8307: 8277: 8272: 8255: 8246: 8180:CI list of dyes 8157: 8151: 8055: 7945: 7891:rg chromaticity 7867: 7814: 7781: 7763: 7758: 7728: 7719: 7698:Video on demand 7643:14:9 compromise 7634: 7611: 7610: 7609: 7604: 7597: 7592: 7585: 7575: 7534: 7530:MPEG-H 3D Audio 7461: 7423: 7405: 7352: 7334: 7311: 7293: 7248: 7162: 7107: 7046: 6975: 6932: 6916: 6900: 6878: 6806: 6766: 6735: 6724: 6719: 6677: 6672: 6662: 6660: 6651: 6650: 6646: 6637: 6636: 6632: 6622: 6620: 6612: 6611: 6607: 6597: 6595: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6572: 6570: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6546: 6544: 6535: 6534: 6530: 6523: 6503: 6404: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6385: 6380: 6376: 6369: 6365: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6335: 6334: 6330: 6317: 6313: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6295:"La TV se muda" 6293: 6292: 6288: 6278: 6276: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6260: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6240: 6232: 6228: 6227: 6216: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6193: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6142: 6138: 6137: 6128: 6122:on 29 May 2009. 6119: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6100: 6090: 6088: 6087:on 16 July 2007 6079: 6078: 6071: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6043: 6041: 6040:on 3 March 2016 6037: 6026: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6004: 6003: 5999: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5949: 5945: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5920:radiomuseum.org 5914: 5913: 5892: 5879: 5877: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5854: 5852: 5847: 5846: 5842: 5829: 5828: 5819: 5806: 5805: 5796: 5785:dvd-replica.com 5779: 5778: 5771: 5767: 5735: 5723: 5707: 5705: 5697: 5681: 5679: 5671: 5650: 5648: 5640: 5620: 5618: 5610: 5590: 5588: 5580: 5564: 5562: 5554: 5538: 5536: 5528: 5512: 5510: 5502: 5482: 5480: 5472: 5452: 5450: 5442: 5426: 5424: 5416: 5400: 5398: 5393:2 January 2019 5390: 5374: 5372: 5364: 5348: 5346: 5338: 5318: 5316: 5308: 5292: 5290: 5282: 5266: 5264: 5256: 5240: 5238: 5230: 5210: 5208: 5200: 5184: 5182: 5174: 5158: 5156: 5148: 5132: 5130: 5122: 5106: 5104: 5096: 5080: 5078: 5070: 5054: 5052: 5044: 5028: 5026: 5018: 5002: 5000: 4992: 4976: 4974: 4966: 4950: 4948: 4940: 4931:North Macedonia 4924: 4922: 4914: 4898: 4896: 4888: 4872: 4870: 4862: 4846: 4844: 4836: 4820: 4818: 4810: 4794: 4792: 4784: 4768: 4766: 4758: 4742: 4740: 4732: 4712: 4710: 4702: 4686: 4684: 4676: 4660: 4658: 4650: 4634: 4632: 4627:12 August 2023 4624: 4608: 4606: 4598: 4582: 4580: 4572: 4552: 4550: 4542: 4522: 4520: 4512: 4496: 4494: 4486: 4470: 4468: 4460: 4444: 4442: 4434: 4418: 4416: 4408: 4392: 4390: 4382: 4362: 4360: 4352: 4336: 4334: 4326: 4306: 4304: 4296: 4280: 4278: 4270: 4254: 4252: 4244: 4224: 4222: 4214: 4194: 4192: 4184: 4168: 4166: 4158: 4142: 4140: 4132: 4116: 4114: 4109:1 January 2015 4106: 4090: 4088: 4080: 4064: 4062: 4057:1 January 2015 4054: 4038: 4036: 4028: 4012: 4010: 4002: 3986: 3984: 3976: 3956: 3954: 3946: 3930: 3928: 3920: 3904: 3902: 3897:1 October 2019 3894: 3878: 3876: 3841: 3825: 3823: 3811: 3809: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3756: 3754: 3742: 3740: 3729: 3727: 3716: 3714: 3703: 3701: 3690: 3688: 3676: 3674: 3663: 3661: 3649: 3647: 3636: 3634: 3623: 3621: 3610: 3608: 3596: 3594: 3583: 3581: 3577:Solomon Islands 3570: 3568: 3557: 3555: 3544: 3542: 3531: 3529: 3518: 3516: 3504: 3502: 3491: 3489: 3477: 3475: 3464: 3462: 3450: 3448: 3436: 3434: 3431:(see Australia) 3422: 3420: 3409: 3407: 3396: 3394: 3383: 3381: 3370: 3368: 3357: 3355: 3344: 3342: 3331: 3329: 3318: 3316: 3305: 3303: 3292: 3290: 3279: 3277: 3266: 3264: 3253: 3251: 3239: 3237: 3225: 3223: 3212: 3210: 3199: 3197: 3185: 3183: 3171: 3169: 3158: 3156: 3145: 3143: 3132: 3130: 3118: 3116: 3105: 3103: 3092: 3090: 3079: 3077: 3066: 3064: 3052: 3050: 3039: 3037: 3025: 3023: 3012: 3010: 2999: 2997: 2986: 2984: 2973: 2971: 2960: 2958: 2947: 2945: 2934: 2932: 2921: 2919: 2908: 2906: 2894: 2892: 2881: 2879: 2868: 2866: 2855: 2853: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2805: 2799: 2723: 2577:is used with a 2562: 2511: 2488:an inexpensive 2456: 2434: 2432:Multisystem TVs 2429: 2409: 2403: 2374: 2361: 2348: 2314:video recorders 2310: 2290: 2272: 2219:Video bandwidth 2035: 2010: 2006: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1977: 1973: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1916: 1914: 1906: 1878: 1876: 1868: 1858: 1856: 1848: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1815: 1813: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1785: 1769: 1767: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1731: 1729: 1721: 1711: 1709: 1701: 1685: 1683: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1644: 1642: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1610: 1608: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1574: 1572: 1564: 1551: 1549: 1541: 1528: 1526: 1518: 1505: 1503: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1443: 1441: 1433: 1423: 1421: 1413: 1403: 1401: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1369: 1367: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1174: 1145: 1135: 1108:Vertical lines 1073:composite video 1054: 1038: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1019: 1017: 1016:After 0.9 μs a 1002: 1000: 999: 997: 985: 983: 968: 966: 953: 951: 950: 948: 932: 914: 895: 871: 863: 860: 859: 723:composite video 692: 689: 688: 672: 669: 668: 645: 643: 640: 639: 604: 593: 587: 584: 573: 561: 550: 548:Colour encoding 520:on their 1970s 464: 448:composite video 380:Henri de France 304: 281:per second (50 270: 246: 186: 138:composite video 64: 60: 52: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10103: 10093: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10045: 10044: 10042: 10041: 10031: 10021: 10011: 9998: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9991: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9963: 9962: 9957: 9949: 9943: 9941: 9937: 9936: 9934: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9882: 9880: 9874: 9873: 9871: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9804: 9802: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9766: 9764: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9729:Space-division 9725: 9723: 9717: 9716: 9714: 9713: 9708: 9707: 9706: 9701: 9691: 9690: 9689: 9679: 9674: 9668: 9666: 9658: 9657: 9655: 9654: 9653: 9652: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9619: 9618: 9608: 9602: 9600: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9566:Camille Tissot 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9541:Claude Shannon 9538: 9533: 9531:Tivadar Puskás 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9501:Antonio Meucci 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9471:Charles K. Kao 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9446:Harold Hopkins 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9346:Emile Berliner 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9307: 9305: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9285:Videotelephony 9282: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9270: 9260: 9253: 9248: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9221: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9200: 9199: 9198: 9188: 9183: 9181:Radiotelephone 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9147: 9146: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9085: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9067:Internet video 9059: 9058: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9001: 8999: 8993: 8992: 8985: 8984: 8977: 8970: 8962: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8928: 8926: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8892: 8890: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8831: 8829: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8793: 8791: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8703:Dipole antenna 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8671: 8666: 8660: 8658: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8634: 8632: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8624: 8619: 8617:Sound-in-Syncs 8614: 8609: 8603: 8601: 8597: 8596: 8594: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8506:Blanking level 8503: 8498: 8488: 8486: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8437: 8435: 8431: 8430: 8428: 8427: 8413: 8371: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8325: 8323: 8317: 8316: 8306: 8305: 8298: 8291: 8283: 8274: 8273: 8260: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8253: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8183: 8182: 8172: 8167: 8161: 8159: 8156:Colour systems 8153: 8152: 8150: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8063: 8061: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8042: 8041: 8031: 8030: 8029: 8019: 8018: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7992: 7991: 7990: 7980: 7979: 7978: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7955: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7926:SMPTE 240M/"C" 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7877: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7824: 7822: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7791: 7789: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7779: 7774: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7757: 7756: 7749: 7742: 7734: 7725: 7724: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7717: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7653:Digital cinema 7650: 7648:Broadcast-safe 7645: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7625: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7608: 7607: 7595: 7582: 7581: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7551:Broadcast flag 7548: 7542: 7540: 7539:Hidden signals 7536: 7535: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7471: 7469: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7433: 7431: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7421: 7415: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7362: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7350: 7344: 7342: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7327: 7321: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7309: 7303: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7275: 7274: 7264: 7258: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7222: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7172: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7158: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7141: 7130: 7128: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7054: 7052: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6983: 6981: 6980:Hidden signals 6977: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6966:Sound-in-Syncs 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6942: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6930: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6908: 6906: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6888: 6886: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6871: 6816: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6776: 6774: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6764: 6758: 6756: 6747: 6737: 6736: 6726: 6725: 6718: 6717: 6710: 6703: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6676: 6675:External links 6673: 6671: 6670: 6644: 6630: 6605: 6580: 6554: 6528: 6521: 6402: 6383: 6374: 6363: 6342: 6328: 6311: 6286: 6258: 6238: 6214: 6182: 6163: 6152:on 7 July 2012 6126: 6098: 6069: 6051: 6015: 5997: 5979: 5961: 5943: 5925: 5890: 5865: 5851:. 2 March 2020 5840: 5817: 5794: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5749:Broadcast-safe 5746: 5741: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5721: 5716: 5702: 5701: 5695: 5690: 5676: 5675: 5669: 5659: 5657:United Kingdom 5645: 5644: 5638: 5629: 5615: 5614: 5608: 5599: 5585: 5584: 5583:26 March 2020 5578: 5573: 5559: 5558: 5552: 5547: 5533: 5532: 5526: 5521: 5507: 5506: 5500: 5491: 5477: 5476: 5470: 5461: 5447: 5446: 5440: 5435: 5421: 5420: 5414: 5409: 5395: 5394: 5388: 5383: 5369: 5368: 5362: 5357: 5343: 5342: 5336: 5327: 5313: 5312: 5306: 5301: 5287: 5286: 5280: 5275: 5261: 5260: 5254: 5249: 5235: 5234: 5228: 5219: 5205: 5204: 5203:26 April 2012 5198: 5193: 5179: 5178: 5172: 5167: 5153: 5152: 5151:December 2009 5146: 5141: 5127: 5126: 5120: 5115: 5101: 5100: 5094: 5089: 5075: 5074: 5068: 5063: 5049: 5048: 5042: 5037: 5023: 5022: 5016: 5011: 4997: 4996: 4990: 4985: 4971: 4970: 4964: 4959: 4945: 4944: 4938: 4933: 4919: 4918: 4912: 4907: 4893: 4892: 4886: 4881: 4867: 4866: 4860: 4855: 4841: 4840: 4834: 4829: 4815: 4814: 4808: 4803: 4789: 4788: 4782: 4777: 4763: 4762: 4756: 4751: 4737: 4736: 4730: 4721: 4707: 4706: 4700: 4695: 4681: 4680: 4674: 4669: 4655: 4654: 4648: 4643: 4629: 4628: 4622: 4617: 4603: 4602: 4601:31 March 2015 4596: 4591: 4577: 4576: 4570: 4561: 4547: 4546: 4540: 4531: 4517: 4516: 4510: 4505: 4491: 4490: 4484: 4479: 4465: 4464: 4458: 4453: 4439: 4438: 4432: 4427: 4413: 4412: 4406: 4401: 4387: 4386: 4380: 4371: 4357: 4356: 4350: 4345: 4331: 4330: 4324: 4315: 4301: 4300: 4299:December 2002 4294: 4289: 4275: 4274: 4268: 4263: 4249: 4248: 4242: 4233: 4219: 4218: 4212: 4203: 4201:Czech Republic 4189: 4188: 4182: 4177: 4163: 4162: 4156: 4151: 4137: 4136: 4135:31 March 2021 4130: 4125: 4111: 4110: 4104: 4099: 4085: 4084: 4078: 4073: 4059: 4058: 4052: 4047: 4033: 4032: 4026: 4021: 4007: 4006: 4000: 3995: 3981: 3980: 3974: 3965: 3951: 3950: 3944: 3939: 3925: 3924: 3918: 3913: 3899: 3898: 3892: 3887: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3835: 3821: 3807: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3786: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3752: 3738: 3725: 3712: 3699: 3686: 3672: 3659: 3645: 3632: 3619: 3606: 3592: 3579: 3566: 3553: 3540: 3527: 3514: 3500: 3487: 3473: 3460: 3446: 3432: 3429:Norfolk Island 3418: 3405: 3392: 3379: 3366: 3353: 3340: 3327: 3314: 3301: 3288: 3275: 3262: 3249: 3235: 3221: 3208: 3195: 3181: 3167: 3154: 3141: 3128: 3114: 3101: 3088: 3075: 3062: 3048: 3035: 3021: 3008: 2995: 2982: 2969: 2956: 2943: 2930: 2917: 2904: 2890: 2877: 2864: 2851: 2835: 2832: 2798: 2795: 2745: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2722: 2719: 2561: 2558: 2510: 2507: 2494: 2493: 2486: 2455: 2452: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2405:Main article: 2402: 2401:PAL-M (Brazil) 2399: 2373: 2370: 2360: 2357: 2352: 2351: 2338: 2332: 2309: 2306: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2268: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2086:Eastern Europe 2034: 2031: 2016: 2013: 2009: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1836: 1835: 1824: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1765: 1762: 1751: 1740: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1681: 1678: 1640: 1637: 1606: 1603: 1592: 1591: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1501: 1498: 1473: 1470: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1399: 1396: 1365: 1362: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1303: 1300: 1295: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1261: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1214: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1173: 1170: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1009: 1008: 995: 991: 990: 981: 974: 973: 964: 960: 959: 946: 939: 938: 930: 926: 925: 922: 918: 917: 912: 908: 907: 904: 894: 891: 877: 874: 870: 867: 856:swinging burst 696: 676: 651: 648: 638:colour space. 606: 605: 564: 562: 555: 549: 546: 463: 460: 324:United Kingdom 302:Gerhard Mahler 269: 266: 245: 242: 185: 182: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10102: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10080:Video formats 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10057: 10055: 10040: 10032: 10030: 10022: 10020: 10012: 10010: 10000: 9999: 9996: 9989: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9952: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9938: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9879: 9875: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9797: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9767: 9765: 9761: 9755: 9754:Code-division 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9739:Time-division 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9722: 9718: 9712: 9709: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9695: 9692: 9688: 9685: 9684: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9665:and switching 9663: 9659: 9651: 9648: 9647: 9646: 9643: 9639: 9636: 9635: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9617: 9616:optical fiber 9614: 9613: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9606:Coaxial cable 9604: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9593: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9521:Radia Perlman 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9411:Lee de Forest 9409: 9407: 9406:Thomas Edison 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9396:Donald Davies 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9381:Claude Chappe 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9302: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9265: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9258: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9225:Smoke signals 9223: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9205: 9204: 9203:Semiconductor 9201: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9063: 9062:Digital media 9060: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8983: 8978: 8976: 8971: 8969: 8964: 8963: 8960: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8923: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8893: 8891: 8887: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8824: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8785: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8655: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8635: 8633: 8629: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8598: 8592: 8591:White clipper 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8541:Frame (video) 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8483: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8434:Color systems 8432: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8372: 8369: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8349: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8311: 8304: 8299: 8297: 8292: 8290: 8285: 8284: 8281: 8270: 8269:Colour vision 8258: 8250: 8245: 8242: 8238: 8235: 8234: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8158:and standards 8154: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8058: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8035: 8032: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8023: 8020: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7996: 7993: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7984: 7981: 7977: 7974: 7973: 7972: 7969: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7853:CIELUV (1976) 7851: 7849: 7848:CIELAB (1976) 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7817: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7784: 7778: 7777:Colour models 7775: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7766: 7762: 7755: 7750: 7748: 7743: 7741: 7736: 7735: 7732: 7715: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7637: 7630: 7626: 7602: 7600: 7590: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7464: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7426: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7408: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7340:MPEG-4 Visual 7337: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7318: 7314: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7296: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7273: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7216: 7213: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7165: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7114: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7049: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6978: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6903: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6809: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6769: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6711: 6709: 6704: 6702: 6697: 6696: 6693: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6658: 6654: 6648: 6640: 6639:"TV og radio" 6634: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6569:(in Croatian) 6568: 6564: 6558: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6524: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6509: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6395: 6394: 6387: 6378: 6372: 6367: 6352: 6346: 6338: 6332: 6324: 6323: 6315: 6296: 6290: 6275: 6268: 6262: 6251: 6245: 6243: 6231: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6199: 6192: 6186: 6175: 6174: 6167: 6148: 6141: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6118: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6086: 6082: 6076: 6074: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6036: 6032: 6025: 6019: 6011: 6007: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5953: 5947: 5939: 5935: 5929: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5887: 5875: 5869: 5862: 5850: 5844: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5774: 5769: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5704: 5703: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5678: 5677: 5670: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5647: 5646: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5617: 5616: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5587: 5586: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5561: 5560: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5535: 5534: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5509: 5508: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5479: 5478: 5475:3 April 2010 5471: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5449: 5448: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5423: 5422: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5397: 5396: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5371: 5370: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5345: 5344: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5315: 5314: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5289: 5288: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5263: 5262: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5237: 5236: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5207: 5206: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5181: 5180: 5177:23 July 2013 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5155: 5154: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5129: 5128: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5103: 5102: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5077: 5076: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5051: 5050: 5047:17 June 2015 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5025: 5024: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 4999: 4998: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4973: 4972: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4947: 4946: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4921: 4920: 4917:30 June 2023 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4895: 4894: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4869: 4868: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4843: 4842: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4817: 4816: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4791: 4790: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4765: 4764: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4739: 4738: 4735:13 June 2011 4731: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4709: 4708: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4683: 4682: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4657: 4656: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4631: 4630: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4605: 4604: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4579: 4578: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4549: 4548: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4519: 4518: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4493: 4492: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4467: 4466: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4441: 4440: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4415: 4414: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4389: 4388: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4359: 4358: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4333: 4332: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4303: 4302: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4287:Faroe Islands 4277: 4276: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4251: 4250: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4221: 4220: 4217:30 June 2012 4213: 4211: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4191: 4190: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4165: 4164: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4139: 4138: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4113: 4112: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4087: 4086: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4061: 4060: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4035: 4034: 4031:1 March 2010 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4009: 4008: 4005:17 June 2015 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3983: 3982: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3953: 3952: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3927: 3926: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3901: 3900: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3833: 3822: 3819: 3808: 3805: 3794: 3793: 3784: 3773: 3772: 3764: 3753: 3750: 3739: 3737: 3726: 3724: 3713: 3711: 3700: 3698: 3687: 3684: 3673: 3671: 3660: 3657: 3646: 3644: 3633: 3631: 3620: 3618: 3607: 3604: 3593: 3591: 3580: 3578: 3567: 3565: 3554: 3552: 3541: 3539: 3528: 3526: 3515: 3512: 3501: 3499: 3488: 3485: 3474: 3472: 3461: 3458: 3447: 3444: 3433: 3430: 3419: 3417: 3406: 3404: 3393: 3391: 3380: 3378: 3367: 3365: 3354: 3352: 3341: 3339: 3328: 3326: 3315: 3313: 3302: 3300: 3289: 3287: 3276: 3274: 3263: 3261: 3250: 3247: 3236: 3233: 3222: 3220: 3209: 3207: 3196: 3193: 3182: 3179: 3168: 3166: 3165:Guinea-Bissau 3155: 3153: 3142: 3140: 3129: 3126: 3115: 3113: 3102: 3100: 3089: 3087: 3076: 3074: 3063: 3060: 3049: 3047: 3036: 3033: 3022: 3020: 3009: 3007: 2996: 2994: 2983: 2981: 2970: 2968: 2957: 2955: 2944: 2942: 2931: 2929: 2918: 2916: 2905: 2902: 2891: 2889: 2878: 2876: 2865: 2863: 2852: 2849: 2838: 2837: 2831: 2829: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2750: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2721:PAL vs. SECAM 2718: 2716: 2715:CCIR System M 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2699:PlayStation 2 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2654:3:2 pull-down 2650: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2637:colour spaces 2633: 2631: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2611:3:2 pull down 2606: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2548: 2547:PlayStation 2 2544: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2460: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2424: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2413:CCIR System M 2408: 2398: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2382:CCIR System N 2379: 2369: 2366: 2365:CCIR System L 2356: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2315: 2308:PAL-B/G/D/K/I 2305: 2303: 2299: 2298:CCIR System A 2295: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2249:4.5 MHz 2246:6.5 MHz 2245: 2243:6.0 MHz 2242: 2240:5.5 MHz 2236: 2235: 2232:4.2 MHz 2229:6.0 MHz 2228: 2226:5.5 MHz 2225: 2223:5.0 MHz 2220: 2217: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2115: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2092:with systems 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2030: 2014: 2011: 2007: 1997: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1954:timing where 1941: 1935: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1888: 1885: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1789: 1786: 1779: 1776: 1763: 1760: 1752: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1705: 1702: 1695: 1692: 1679: 1676: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1638: 1635: 1604: 1601: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1499: 1496: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1471: 1468: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1397: 1394: 1363: 1360: 1351: 1347: 1346:color space. 1345: 1341: 1337: 1336:display gamma 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1204: 1199: 1187: 1181: 1179: 1169: 1166: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1089: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1058: 1052: 1047: 1044: 1026: 1014: 996: 993: 992: 982: 979: 976: 975: 965: 962: 961: 947: 944: 941: 940: 936: 931: 928: 927: 923: 920: 919: 913: 910: 909: 905: 902: 901: 898: 890: 875: 872: 868: 865: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 832: 828: 826: 816: 809: 804: 796: 788: 780: 773: 769: 764: 756: 752: 749: 745: 741: 737: 731: 728: 724: 720: 717:carrying the 716: 713: 708: 694: 674: 666: 649: 646: 637: 629: 624: 617: 612: 602: 599: 591: 581: 577: 571: 570: 565:This section 563: 559: 554: 553: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 514: 510: 506: 505:Hannover bars 502: 501: 496: 490: 488: 484: 480: 475: 474: 471: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 407: 402: 400: 395: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 368: 366: 362: 360: 355: 351: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 320: 318: 314: 308: 303: 299: 295: 291: 286: 284: 280: 275: 265: 263: 259: 255: 251: 241: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 181: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 136:PAL video is 134: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 58: 50: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 9721:Multiplexing 9596:Transmission 9561:Nikola Tesla 9551:Henry Sutton 9506:Samuel Morse 9436:Robert Hooke 9401:Amos Dolbear 9336:John Bardeen 9255: 9235:Telautograph 9139:Mobile phone 9094:Edholm's law 9077:social media 9010:Broadcasting 8942:Hanover bars 8733:Pre-emphasis 8657:Transmission 8622:Zweikanalton 8526:Color killer 8455: 8451:Clear-Vision 7963: 7761:Colour space 7254:MPEG-2 Video 6855: 6792:Clear-Vision 6661:. Retrieved 6656: 6647: 6633: 6621:. Retrieved 6617: 6608: 6598:22 September 6596:. Retrieved 6592: 6583: 6571:. Retrieved 6566: 6557: 6545:. Retrieved 6541:the original 6531: 6507: 6392: 6386: 6377: 6366: 6354:. Retrieved 6345: 6331: 6321: 6314: 6302:. Retrieved 6300:(in Spanish) 6289: 6279:11 September 6277:. Retrieved 6261: 6205:. Retrieved 6198:the original 6185: 6172: 6166: 6154:. Retrieved 6147:the original 6117:the original 6089:. Retrieved 6085:the original 6063: 6054: 6042:. Retrieved 6035:the original 6030: 6018: 6009: 6000: 5991: 5982: 5973: 5964: 5956: 5946: 5937: 5928: 5919: 5885: 5878:. Retrieved 5868: 5860: 5853:. Retrieved 5843: 5835:the original 5812:the original 5789:the original 5784: 5367:7 June 2015 5325:Saudi Arabia 5021:24 May 2011 4943:31 May 2013 4839:1 June 2010 4761:4 July 2012 4385:4 June 2009 4355:1 July 2015 4273:1 July 2010 4187:1 July 2011 3979:7 June 2011 3868:Switched to 3842: 3603:South Africa 3564:Sierra Leone 3032:Cook Islands 2850:(used SECAM) 2827: 2825: 2806: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2772: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2746: 2724: 2711: 2680: 2669: 2641: 2634: 2630:Hanover bars 2627: 2618:tint control 2615: 2607: 2563: 2560:PAL vs. NTSC 2555: 2551: 2532: 2528:"pseudo-PAL" 2527: 2523: 2519: 2512: 2503: 2495: 2480: 2464: 2457: 2435: 2427:Home devices 2417: 2410: 2375: 2362: 2353: 2318: 2311: 2291: 2190:Active lines 2106: 2103: 2097: 2093: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2071: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2039:refresh rate 2036: 1998: 1837: 1593: 1348: 1334:The assumed 1333: 1175: 1167: 1164: 1093: 1072: 1048: 1022:0.23 μs 1015: 1012: 988:0.20 μs 971:0.20 μs 896: 833: 829: 821: 744:picture tube 736:Hanover bars 732: 718: 709: 664: 633: 594: 585: 574:Please help 569:verification 566: 537: 533: 529: 525: 508: 498: 491: 486: 482: 478: 476: 466: 465: 429: 409:aspect ratio 403: 396: 375: 369: 364: 357: 353: 352: 328:West Germany 321: 298:West Germany 296:in Hanover, 290:Walter Bruch 287: 271: 247: 187: 135: 75: 71: 70: 63:), and PAL ( 40: 9921:NPL network 9633:Radio waves 9571:Alfred Vail 9481:Hedy Lamarr 9466:Dawon Kahng 9426:Elisha Gray 9386:Yogen Dalal 9311:Nasir Ahmed 9245:Teleprinter 9109:Heliographs 8911:VIT signals 8906:Vectorscope 8845:Earth bulge 8827:Propagation 8790:& bands 8788:Frequencies 8571:Raster scan 8511:Chrominance 8501:Black level 8496:front porch 8247: [ 8202:ICC profile 7712:Templates ( 7429:MPEG-H HEVC 7168:Progressive 6659:(in Polish) 6207:3 September 5759:D-2 (video) 5519:Switzerland 5285:March 2014 5113:New Zealand 5087:Netherlands 4813:March 2015 4693:Isle of Man 3670:Timor-Leste 3617:South Sudan 3443:North Korea 2848:Afghanistan 2644:video games 2524:"quasi-PAL" 2341:Standards D 2325:Standards B 2213:6 MHz 2210:8 MHz 2207:7 MHz 2128:PAL D/K, L 1663:chrominance 1198:White point 1172:Colorimetry 1146:0.576 1025:colourburst 943:Front porch 719:chrominance 616:chroma dots 344:Switzerland 340:Netherlands 305: [ 234:Philippines 222:South Korea 146:chrominance 127:frame rates 10054:Categories 9967:Antarctica 9926:Toasternet 9848:Television 9331:Paul Baran 9263:Television 9247:(teletype) 9240:Telegraphy 9218:transistor 9196:Phryctoria 9166:Photophone 9144:Smartphone 9134:Mass media 8840:Distortion 8773:Transposer 8708:Dummy load 8664:Amplifiers 8631:Modulation 8521:Colorburst 8492:Back porch 8092:Hexachrome 7901:Wide-gamut 7843:UVW (1964) 7838:YUV (1960) 7833:RGB (1931) 7828:XYZ (1931) 7556:Captioning 7358:MPEG-4 AVC 7126:Interlaced 7051:Historical 6987:Captioning 6946:BTSC (MTS) 6921:1250 lines 6905:1125 lines 6734:Television 6547:9 December 6091:21 October 6044:12 January 5765:References 5724:2014-12-31 5698:2020-12-28 5672:2012-10-24 5641:2012-02-13 5611:2016-12-31 5581:2020-03-26 5557:July 2014 5529:2007-11-26 5503:2007-10-29 5473:2010-04-03 5443:2010-12-01 5417:2012-12-31 5391:2019-01-02 5365:2015-06-07 5339:2012-02-13 5309:2010-12-02 5299:San Marino 5257:2016-12-31 5231:2012-02-13 5201:2012-04-26 5175:2013-07-23 5123:2013-12-01 5097:2006-12-14 5071:2014-09-13 5045:2015-06-17 5035:Montenegro 5019:2011-05-24 4993:2011-10-31 4967:2019-10-31 4941:2013-05-31 4915:2023-06-30 4889:2006-09-01 4879:Luxembourg 4863:2012-10-29 4837:2010-06-01 4785:2010-11-17 4759:2012-07-04 4733:2011-06-13 4703:2012-10-24 4677:2012-10-24 4651:2014-12-19 4625:2023-08-12 4599:2015-03-31 4573:2015-02-02 4543:2013-10-31 4513:2020-12-01 4487:2010-11-17 4461:2012-12-31 4435:2015-02-05 4411:June 2015 4383:2009-06-04 4353:2015-07-01 4327:2007-09-01 4271:2010-07-01 4245:2009-11-01 4215:2012-06-30 4185:2011-07-01 4159:2020-11-12 4133:2021-03-31 4107:2015-01-01 4081:2013-09-30 4055:2015-01-01 4029:2010-03-01 4003:2015-06-17 3993:Azerbaijan 3977:2010-06-07 3947:2013-12-10 3921:2007-09-25 3895:2019-10-01 3551:Seychelles 3364:Mozambique 3127:(UHF only) 2993:Cape Verde 2915:Bangladesh 2801:See also: 2599:frame rate 2579:frame rate 2490:transcoder 2335:Standard I 2256:Subcarrier 2173:Scan lines 2043:interlaced 1136:50 Hz 1100:Parameter 1081:modulation 978:Back porch 915:5 MHz 911:Bandwidth 903:Parameter 852:back porch 848:subcarrier 748:saturation 715:subcarrier 495:Telefunken 332:Berlin IFA 313:Telefunken 294:Telefunken 250:home video 244:PAL region 154:widescreen 18:PAL region 9951:Americas 9940:Locations 9911:Internet2 9672:Bandwidth 9376:Vint Cerf 9273:streaming 9251:Telephone 9191:Semaphore 9082:streaming 8947:Sparklies 8932:Dot crawl 8925:Artifacts 8865:Path loss 8860:Null fill 8835:Beam tilt 8576:Safe area 8244:JIS Z8102 8027:Rec. 2100 8015:Rec. 2100 8010:Rec. 2020 7941:Rec. 2100 7936:Rec. 2020 7693:Test card 7366:ATSC A/72 7272:DVB 3D-TV 6884:819 lines 6812:625 lines 6772:525 lines 6754:405 lines 6593:detik.com 6573:2 January 5664:(SD) and 5381:Singapore 4853:Lithuania 4615:Indonesia 4503:Hong Kong 4451:Gibraltar 3937:Australia 3804:Argentina 3630:Sri Lanka 3484:Palestine 3325:Mauritius 2707:component 2687:Dreamcast 2535:Dreamcast 2378:Argentina 2122:PAL G, H 1971:π 1962:ω 1933:ω 1927:⁡ 1895:ω 1889:⁡ 1803:− 1719:− 1203:Primaries 1191:Standard 1055:1.0 924:Negative 869:− 768:waterfall 628:dot crawl 544:control. 530:KV-1330UB 526:KV-1300UB 522:Trinitron 388:RCA brand 254:DVD-Video 190:Argentina 142:luminance 92:625 lines 10019:Category 9906:Internet 9896:CYCLADES 9813:Ethernet 9763:Concepts 9687:terminal 9638:wireless 9461:Bob Kahn 9304:Pioneers 9129:Internet 9020:Cable TV 8937:Ghosting 8698:Diplexer 8566:Overscan 8531:Color TV 8424:System F 8420:System E 8416:819-line 8410:System N 8406:System L 8402:System K 8398:System I 8394:System H 8390:System G 8386:System D 8382:System C 8378:System B 8374:625-line 8368:System M 8364:525-line 8359:455-line 8354:441-line 8348:System A 8344:405-line 8339:375-line 8334:343-line 8329:180-line 8207:ISCC–NBS 8097:HSL, HSV 8082:Coloroid 8077:ColorADD 8005:Rec. 709 8000:Rec. 601 7931:Rec. 709 7921:Rec. 601 7906:ProPhoto 7863:CIECAM16 7858:CIECAM02 7810:CIECAM16 7795:CIECAM02 7605:Defunct. 7571:Teletext 7437:ATSC 3.0 7093:567-line 7088:455-line 7083:441-line 7078:375-line 7073:343-line 7068:180-line 7058:Pre-1940 7012:Teletext 6892:System E 6820:System B 6780:System M 6762:System A 6663:8 August 6156:26 April 5754:D1 SMPTE 5733:See also 5571:Thailand 5545:Tanzania 5433:Slovenia 5407:Slovakia 5191:Portugal 4957:Malaysia 4477:Guernsey 4097:Cambodia 4071:Bulgaria 3865:Country 3818:Paraguay 3763:Zimbabwe 3471:Pakistan 3351:Mongolia 3312:Maldives 3206:Kiribati 3112:Ethiopia 3099:Eswatini 3046:Djibouti 2980:Cameroon 2954:Botswana 2695:GameCube 2674:for the 2543:GameCube 2520:"PAL 60" 2447:baseband 2420:525-line 2386:Paraguay 2302:System I 2294:405-line 2288:System A 2154:VHF/UHF 1911:′ 1873:′ 1853:′ 1810:′ 1790:′ 1764:′ 1726:′ 1706:′ 1680:′ 1639:′ 1605:′ 1569:′ 1546:′ 1523:′ 1500:′ 1472:′ 1438:′ 1418:′ 1398:′ 1364:′ 1298:BT.470-6 1256:3213-E, 1207:Display 1178:CIE 1931 1159:18.4 ms 1151:(burst) 1083:onto an 1041:50 1006: μs 957: μs 933:64 876:′ 650:′ 588:May 2021 444:525-line 440:625-line 216:states, 198:Paraguay 140:because 10039:Commons 10029:Outline 9982:Oceania 9901:FidoNet 9886:ARPANET 9699:circuit 9268:digital 8997:History 8889:Testing 8471:PALplus 8321:Systems 8227:Pantone 8222:Ostwald 8212:Munsell 8117:OSA-UCS 7452:ISDB-S3 7401:MobaHo! 7348:MobaHo! 7117:Digital 6864:PALplus 6623:13 July 6356:29 June 6304:3 April 5880:14 July 5688:Vietnam 5597:Ukraine 5555:2014-07 5283:2014-03 5247:Romania 5149:2009-12 5061:Namibia 4811:2015-03 4667:Ireland 4559:Iceland 4529:Hungary 4409:2015-06 4369:Germany 4343:Georgia 4313:Finland 4297:2002–12 4261:Estonia 4231:Denmark 4149:Croatia 4019:Belgium 3963:Austria 3911:Andorra 3885:Albania 3832:Uruguay 3736:Vanuatu 3590:Somalia 3403:Nigeria 3338:Moldova 3273:Liberia 3260:Lesotho 3246:Lebanon 3086:Eritrea 3019:Comoros 2901:Bahrain 2888:Armenia 2862:Algeria 2821:ISDB-Tb 2467:DirecTV 2443:S-video 2390:Uruguay 2254:Colour 1088:carrier 836:carrier 536:" and " 425:Germany 413:PALplus 399:Soviets 372:Thomson 348:Austria 330:at the 268:History 230:Myanmar 226:Liberia 202:Uruguay 150:PALplus 9977:Europe 9947:Africa 9931:Usenet 9891:BITNET 9828:Mobile 9704:packet 9213:MOSFET 9208:device 9005:Beacon 8446:NTSC-J 8267: 8067:CcMmYK 7916:DCI-P3 7525:HE-AAC 7447:HD DMB 6992:CGMS-A 6928:HD-MAC 6788:NTSC-J 6745:Analog 6519: 5855:6 July 5719:DVB-T2 5714:Zambia 5711: 5693:DVB-T2 5685: 5666:DVB-T2 5654: 5636:DVB-T2 5624: 5606:DVB-T2 5594: 5576:DVB-T2 5568: 5542: 5516: 5498:DVB-T2 5489:Sweden 5486: 5468:DVB-T2 5456: 5430: 5404: 5386:DVB-T2 5378: 5360:DVB-T2 5355:Serbia 5352: 5334:DVB-T2 5322: 5296: 5273:Rwanda 5270: 5252:DVB-T2 5244: 5226:DVB-T2 5214: 5188: 5170:DVB-T2 5165:Poland 5162: 5139:Norway 5136: 5110: 5084: 5058: 5032: 5009:Monaco 5006: 4980: 4962:DVB-T2 4954: 4928: 4902: 4876: 4850: 4827:Latvia 4824: 4798: 4775:Jersey 4772: 4746: 4728:DVB-T2 4719:Israel 4716: 4690: 4664: 4638: 4620:DVB-T2 4612: 4586: 4568:DVB-T2 4556: 4538:DVB-T2 4526: 4500: 4474: 4448: 4425:Greece 4422: 4404:DVB-T2 4396: 4378:DVB-T2 4366: 4340: 4322:DVB-T2 4310: 4284: 4258: 4240:DVB-T2 4228: 4210:DVB-T2 4198: 4175:Cyprus 4172: 4154:DVB-T2 4146: 4120: 4102:DVB-T2 4094: 4068: 4045:Brunei 4042: 4016: 3990: 3972:DVB-T2 3960: 3934: 3908: 3890:DVB-T2 3882: 3857:ISDB-T 3829: 3815: 3801: 3783:Brazil 3780: 3760: 3746: 3733: 3723:Uganda 3720: 3710:Tuvalu 3707: 3697:Turkey 3694: 3680: 3667: 3653: 3640: 3627: 3614: 3600: 3587: 3574: 3561: 3548: 3535: 3522: 3508: 3495: 3481: 3468: 3454: 3440: 3426: 3413: 3400: 3374: 3361: 3348: 3335: 3322: 3309: 3299:Malawi 3296: 3283: 3270: 3257: 3243: 3229: 3219:Kuwait 3216: 3203: 3192:Jordan 3189: 3175: 3162: 3152:Gambia 3149: 3136: 3122: 3109: 3096: 3083: 3070: 3056: 3043: 3029: 3016: 3003: 2990: 2977: 2964: 2951: 2938: 2928:Bhutan 2925: 2912: 2898: 2885: 2875:Angola 2872: 2859: 2845: 2813:DVB-T2 2666:16-bit 2658:judder 2522:(also 2509:PAL 60 2304:only. 2160:Fields 2134:PAL M 2131:PAL N 2125:PAL I 2119:PAL B 2061:, and 2041:of 50 1294:PAL-M 1221:Green 1103:Value 906:Value 524:sets ( 378:where 279:fields 238:Taiwan 236:, and 232:, the 214:Soviet 210:France 194:Brazil 61:orange 9960:South 9955:North 9916:JANET 9853:Telex 9843:Radio 9682:Nodes 9677:Links 9598:media 9176:Radio 9161:Pager 9089:Drums 9055:video 9050:image 9040:audio 8612:NICAM 8600:Sound 8485:Video 8476:SECAM 8466:PAL-S 8461:PAL-M 8251:] 8112:Oklab 8060:Other 8051:YCoCg 8046:xvYCC 8034:YPbPr 8022:ICtCp 7995:YCbCr 7976:SECAM 7971:YDbDr 7911:scRGB 7896:Adobe 7805:CAM16 7467:Audio 7419:ABS-S 7391:SBTVD 7330:ABS-S 7289:ABS-S 7232:UHDTV 7225:1080p 7156:1080i 6956:NICAM 6938:Audio 6868:SECAM 6860:PAL-N 6802:B-MAC 6796:PAL-M 6397:(PDF) 6298:(PDF) 6270:(PDF) 6253:(PDF) 6233:(PDF) 6201:(PDF) 6194:(PDF) 6177:(PDF) 6150:(PDF) 6143:(PDF) 6120:(PDF) 6113:(PDF) 6038:(PDF) 6027:(PDF) 5668:(HD) 5662:DVB-T 5632:DVB-T 5602:DVB-T 5550:DVB-T 5524:DVB-T 5494:DVB-T 5464:DVB-T 5459:Spain 5438:DVB-T 5412:DVB-T 5330:DVB-T 5304:DVB-T 5278:DVB-T 5222:DVB-T 5217:Qatar 5196:DVB-T 5144:DVB-T 5118:DVB-T 5092:DVB-T 5066:DVB-T 5040:DVB-T 5014:DVB-T 4988:DVB-T 4983:Malta 4936:DVB-T 4905:Macau 4884:DVB-T 4858:DVB-T 4832:DVB-T 4806:DVB-T 4801:Kenya 4780:DVB-T 4754:DVB-T 4749:Italy 4724:DVB-T 4698:DVB-T 4672:DVB-T 4646:DVB-T 4594:DVB-T 4589:India 4564:DVB-T 4534:DVB-T 4482:DVB-T 4456:DVB-T 4430:DVB-T 4399:Ghana 4374:DVB-T 4348:DVB-T 4318:DVB-T 4292:DVB-T 4266:DVB-T 4236:DVB-T 4206:DVB-T 4180:DVB-T 4123:China 4076:DVB-T 4050:DVB-T 4024:DVB-T 3998:DVB-T 3968:DVB-T 3942:DVB-T 3916:DVB-T 3845:DVB-T 3790:PAL-N 3769:PAL-M 3749:Yemen 3683:Tonga 3656:Syria 3643:Sudan 3525:Samoa 3390:Nepal 3377:Nauru 3286:Libya 3059:Egypt 2809:DVB-T 2779:SCART 2768:PAL-S 2727:SECAM 2662:8-bit 2476:SCART 2407:PAL-M 2384:that 2359:PAL-L 2090:SECAM 2074:B/G/H 2065:(see 1780:0.877 1696:0.492 1562:0.114 1539:0.587 1516:0.299 1340:PAL-M 1325:0.08 1322:0.14 1319:0.71 1316:0.21 1313:0.33 1310:0.67 1302:1972 1286:0.06 1283:0.15 1280:0.60 1277:0.29 1274:0.33 1271:0.64 1263:1970 1224:Blue 1209:gamma 1194:Year 998:51.95 844:phase 772:NICAM 538:PAL-K 534:PAL-H 500:PAL-S 483:PAL-N 479:PAL-D 365:F 900 359:Loewe 309:] 283:hertz 262:YCbCr 218:Japan 88:SECAM 57:SECAM 53:green 9972:Asia 9858:UUCP 9818:ISDN 8875:Skew 8556:Luma 8494:and 8441:NTSC 8237:list 8170:ANPA 8165:ACES 8122:PCCS 8072:CMYK 7988:NTSC 7951:Y′UV 7886:sRGB 7800:iCAM 7561:CPCM 7515:LPCM 7485:AC-4 7475:AC-3 7457:DTMB 7411:AVS2 7396:1seg 7381:DTMB 7371:CMMB 7325:DTMB 7317:AVS+ 7307:CMMB 7284:DTMB 7279:ISDB 7262:ATSC 7220:720p 7215:HDTV 7208:576p 7203:480p 7198:EDTV 7191:288p 7186:240p 7181:1seg 7176:LDTV 7151:HDTV 7144:576i 7139:480i 7134:SDTV 7103:OSKM 7032:VITC 7022:VEIL 6951:EIAJ 6912:MUSE 6784:NTSC 6665:2024 6625:2023 6600:2023 6575:2024 6549:2017 6517:ISBN 6358:2019 6306:2024 6281:2010 6209:2015 6158:2009 6093:2022 6046:2022 5882:2021 5857:2021 5634:and 5604:and 5496:and 5466:and 5332:and 5224:and 4910:DTMB 4726:and 4641:Iran 4566:and 4536:and 4508:DTMB 4376:and 4320:and 4238:and 4208:and 4128:DTMB 3970:and 3853:DTMB 3457:Oman 3416:Niue 3232:Laos 3178:Iraq 3139:Fiji 2817:DTMB 2725:The 2693:and 2691:Xbox 2664:and 2575:NTSC 2566:NTSC 2541:and 2539:Xbox 2439:CVBS 2388:and 2281:2.2 2278:2.8 2197:480 2194:576 2096:and 2080:and 1627:and 1350:Luma 1328:2.2 1289:2.8 1249:PAL 1218:Red 1212:EOTF 1077:CVBS 1071:The 1051:CVBS 1049:The 1018:2.25 1003:−0.1 1001:+0.4 980:(C) 954:−0.1 952:+0.4 949:1.65 945:(A) 687:and 665:luma 636:Y'UV 518:Sony 456:480i 452:576i 436:DVDs 406:16:9 397:The 363:and 342:and 336:BBC2 274:NTSC 258:576i 174:DTMB 170:ISDB 86:and 84:NTSC 65:blue 49:NTSC 32:576i 9863:WAN 9833:NGN 9823:LAN 9104:Fax 9045:DCT 8817:VHF 8812:UHF 8456:PAL 8232:RAL 8217:NCS 8197:HKS 8187:DIC 8147:TSL 8142:YJK 8137:HWB 8132:RYB 8102:HCL 8087:LMS 8039:MAC 7983:YIQ 7964:PAL 7959:YUV 7873:RGB 7820:CIE 7787:CAM 7657:DCI 7566:EPG 7546:AFD 7520:AAC 7510:PCM 7495:DRA 7490:DTS 7479:5.1 7442:DVB 7386:DVB 7376:DMB 7299:AVS 7267:DVB 7042:XDS 7037:WSS 7027:VIT 7017:VBI 7007:PDC 7002:GCR 6997:EPG 6961:SAP 6874:MAC 6856:PAL 6618:TDM 6274:EBU 3855:or 2731:hue 2705:or 2703:RGB 2622:hue 2595:25p 2593:or 2591:50i 2587:30p 2585:or 2583:60i 2581:of 2526:or 2471:DVD 2459:VHS 2441:or 2183:525 2178:625 2167:60 2164:50 2150:UHF 2145:VHF 2082:D/K 1924:cos 1886:sin 1344:YUV 1267:D65 1254:EBU 1244:yʙ 1241:xʙ 1238:yɢ 1235:xɢ 1232:yʀ 1229:xʀ 1037:250 1027:of 984:5.7 967:4.7 727:MHz 578:by 542:hue 528:to 489:". 454:or 423:in 417:ITU 292:at 172:or 166:DVB 117:or 76:PAL 55:), 10056:: 8422:, 8408:, 8404:, 8400:, 8396:, 8392:, 8388:, 8384:, 8380:, 8249:ja 8127:RG 7598:^ 7586:^ 7242:8K 7237:4K 6894:, 6866:, 6862:, 6858:, 6850:, 6846:, 6842:, 6838:, 6834:, 6830:, 6826:, 6822:, 6794:, 6790:, 6786:, 6655:. 6616:. 6591:. 6565:. 6511:. 6405:^ 6272:. 6241:^ 6217:^ 6129:^ 6101:^ 6072:^ 6062:. 6029:. 6008:. 5990:. 5972:. 5936:. 5918:. 5893:^ 5884:. 5859:. 5820:^ 5797:^ 5783:. 5772:^ 3859:. 3851:, 3849:T2 2830:. 2397:. 2316:. 2076:, 2057:, 2053:, 2049:, 1996:. 1148:ms 1085:RF 1064:. 1043:ns 1029:10 935:μs 806:A 707:. 367:. 307:de 240:. 228:, 224:, 220:, 200:, 196:, 192:, 180:. 168:, 129:, 113:, 109:, 105:, 101:, 9990:) 9986:( 8981:e 8974:t 8967:v 8676:/ 8426:) 8418:( 8412:) 8376:( 8370:) 8366:( 8350:) 8346:( 8302:e 8295:t 8288:v 8271:. 7753:e 7746:t 7739:v 7716:) 7659:) 7655:( 7481:) 7477:( 6896:F 6870:) 6852:N 6848:L 6844:K 6840:I 6836:H 6832:G 6828:D 6824:C 6798:) 6714:e 6707:t 6700:v 6667:. 6627:. 6602:. 6577:. 6551:. 6525:. 6360:. 6308:. 6283:. 6255:. 6235:. 6211:. 6160:. 6095:. 6066:. 6048:. 5994:. 5976:. 5940:. 5922:. 3847:/ 2345:K 2343:/ 2329:G 2327:/ 2098:K 2094:D 2078:I 2063:N 2059:I 2055:H 2051:G 2047:B 2015:C 2012:S 2008:F 1982:C 1979:S 1975:F 1968:2 1965:= 1942:+ 1939:) 1936:t 1930:( 1918:V 1908:E 1904:+ 1901:) 1898:t 1892:( 1880:U 1870:E 1866:+ 1860:Y 1850:E 1846:= 1823:) 1817:Y 1807:E 1797:R 1787:E 1783:( 1777:= 1771:V 1761:E 1739:) 1733:Y 1723:E 1713:B 1703:E 1699:( 1693:= 1687:U 1677:E 1646:V 1636:E 1612:U 1602:E 1576:B 1566:E 1559:+ 1553:G 1543:E 1536:+ 1530:R 1520:E 1513:= 1507:Y 1497:E 1469:E 1445:B 1435:E 1431:, 1425:G 1415:E 1411:, 1405:R 1395:E 1371:Y 1361:E 1352:( 1306:C 1090:. 1075:( 1062:Ω 1057:V 1039:± 1033:1 1031:± 1020:± 986:± 969:± 873:Y 866:R 774:. 695:V 675:U 647:Y 601:) 595:( 590:) 586:( 572:. 119:K 115:I 111:H 107:G 103:D 99:B 74:( 67:) 59:( 51:( 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.