228:
192:
204:
180:
2149:
31:
216:
118:
20:
93:
package for advertising and graphics. An optimized folding carton would use much less paperboard for the same volume of cereal, but with reduced room for graphics. Use of only a resealable plastic bag would use even less material per unit of cereal; of course, even that option results with an empty plastic bag to discard.
92:
of cereal. Cartons are frequently tall and wide but very thin. This has a poor material to volume ratio and is inefficient and wasteful. Package designers are aware of this opportunity to save packaging costs, materials, and waste but marketing and merchandising people want the “billboard” style
172:
Fresh produce is usually presented for sale without packages, allowing shoppers to touch the items and choose which ones to buy. Some foods are over wrapped with shrink film, individually bagged, or further protected to increase the appeal to some customers. This extra packaging is sometimes
163:
Sometimes two levels of packaging are needed for separate distribution: one for palletize shipment to retail stores and the other designed for individual delivery to households, which results in production inefficiency. New package designs are sometimes called for.
149:
or small parcel carriers. Retail packages are frequently packed into a larger corrugated box for shipment. Often these secondary boxes are much larger than needed, thus use void-fill to immobilize the contents. This can have the appearance of gross overpackaging.
41:
is the use of excess packaging. The
Institute of Packaging Professionals defines overpackaging as “a condition where the methods and materials used to package an item exceed the requirements for adequate containment, protection, transport, and sale”
227:
34:
Bottle of 300 small aspirin tablets is correctly labeled but the contents fill less than a quarter of the bottle. Three quarters of the bottle is wasted. A much smaller bottle would be adequate.
153:
If the product manufacturer designed all packaging to meet the requirements of individual shipment, then the portion delivered to a retail store would have excessive packaging.
64:
frequently uses more packaging than the minimum requirements. Brand managers believe that premium packaging is needed to communicate the extra value the contents.
160:
is used to help ensure safe delivery of the product. With overpackaging, excessive cushioning and a larger corrugated box are used: wasteful packaging.
156:
With fragile items such as consumer electronics, engineers try to match the fragility of the product with the expected stresses of distribution handling.
191:
179:
603:
297:
105:
packaging is that which is intentionally too large for the contents, resulting in non-functional headspace. This not only risks charges of
203:
129:
Sometimes a package is properly designed to protect its product for controlled distribution to a retail store; packaging is minimal. With
1737:
1647:
49:, reducing waste before it is generated by proper package design and practice. Elimination of excess packaging is at the lead of the
489:
431:
531:
335:
1049:
558:
2033:
2003:
851:
521:
350:
1973:
84:
An example of a wasteful package design is a breakfast cereal box (some other products also). This is typically a
1707:
1561:
1406:
1812:
1923:
876:
1079:
270:
68:
can also involve excess packaging but traditions and personal choices allow people to continue to use it.
1968:
1852:
1084:
866:
121:
Delivery of a small item in a much larger corrugated box, requiring air pillows for void-fill. A simple
1611:
2066:
2028:
1958:
1948:
886:
746:
673:
588:
1953:
1822:
1421:
841:
811:
701:
60:
Some examples of overpackaging are obvious while others are more of a judgement call. For example,
215:
57:. Examples of overpackaging can be found in many areas; from e-commerce to retail food packaging.
1983:
1606:
1526:
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914:
551:
1702:
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1114:
846:
826:
50:
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2008:
1341:
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54:
2101:
1963:
1491:
806:
638:
378:
8:
1988:
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1436:
1316:
776:
382:
23:
Carton of breakfast cereal: designed intentionally with an inefficient shape, adding to
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157:
2121:
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1978:
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954:
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527:
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404:
331:
142:
2136:
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1943:
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1431:
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1129:
726:
623:
526:
Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of
Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009,
130:
24:
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2023:
1873:
1847:
1842:
1732:
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1211:
1154:
1059:
1044:
1024:
934:
786:
781:
706:
137:, however, items packed for retail sale need to be shipped individually by the
85:
69:
2166:
2013:
1908:
1878:
1827:
1817:
1762:
1742:
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1466:
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628:
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65:
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1938:
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1226:
1149:
964:
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831:
716:
458:
89:
2018:
1998:
1888:
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1486:
1351:
1311:
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1251:
1221:
1144:
1119:
1069:
939:
771:
756:
731:
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653:
134:
2111:
1918:
1712:
1601:
1591:
1581:
1536:
1511:
1356:
1241:
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1139:
906:
751:
683:
567:
30:
1933:
1883:
1792:
1662:
1621:
1451:
1376:
1366:
1271:
1206:
1109:
1094:
1039:
979:
856:
821:
721:
138:
448:
109:
but it involves excessive packaging: unnecessary packaging waste.
1672:
1667:
1616:
1326:
1074:
929:
117:
2086:
1471:
1169:
1034:
999:
994:
969:
949:
516:
Soroka, W, "Fundamentals of
Packaging Technology", IoPP, 2002,
1476:
1396:
1296:
1019:
536:
326:
Obolewicz, P (2010), "Cartons, Folding", in Yam, K L (ed.),
19:
1306:
1246:
984:
432:"A New Paradigm for Packaging Design in Web-based Commerce"
1401:
1104:
1099:
1089:
974:
944:
185:
A tomato on a plastic tray and with a plastic shrink film
436:
International
Journal of Engineering Business Management
258:(Second ed.). Institute of Packaging Professionals.
53:
hierarchy. Use of minimized packaging is key to having
76:
which clearly exceed minimum functional requirements.
490:"ENOUGH IS ENOUGH: OVERPACKAGING IN THE FOOD SYSTEM"
145:. The individual package is shipped and handled by
367:"Sustainability in e-commerce packaging: A review"
2164:
233:Melons with wrappings in individual wooden boxes
604:Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging
552:
255:Illustrated Glossary of Packaging Terminology
79:
1738:Hazard analysis and critical control points
559:
545:
295:
1648:Automatic identification and data capture
457:
447:
398:
325:
197:Apples in shrink film and foam cushioning
364:
173:considered excessive and unnecessary.
116:
29:
18:
429:
96:
2165:
487:
209:Individual bananas inside plastic bags
540:
268:
1050:Flexible intermediate bulk container
328:Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology
45:Overpackaging is an opportunity for
352:Misleading Containers, 21CFR100.100
13:
2034:Vertical form fill sealing machine
251:
14:
2184:
2004:Rotary wheel blow molding systems
852:Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags
167:
2148:
2147:
1974:Mechanical brake stretch wrapper
226:
214:
202:
190:
178:
1708:Electronic article surveillance
1562:Shock and vibration data logger
1407:Linear low-density polyethylene
1813:Radio-frequency identification
481:
423:
365:Escursel, S (1 January 2021).
358:
343:
319:
289:
262:
245:
1:
1924:Extended core stretch wrapper
877:Single-serve coffee container
566:
488:Marino, G (12 January 2021).
391:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124314
371:Journal of Cleaner Production
238:
112:
1080:Insulated shipping container
7:
1969:Material-handling equipment
1853:Verification and validation
1085:Intermediate bulk container
867:Self-heating food packaging
330:, Wiley, pp. 234–241,
221:Banana in plastic container
10:
2189:
1612:Time temperature indicator
296:Fitzgerald (August 2004).
80:Excess packaging by design
2145:
2067:Environmental engineering
2042:
2029:Turntable stretch wrapper
1959:Lineshaft roller conveyor
1949:Injection molding machine
1861:
1630:
1260:
905:
887:Toothpaste pump dispenser
747:Disposable food packaging
692:
589:Child-resistant packaging
574:
269:Payne (31 October 2017).
125:would have been adequate.
1954:Label printer applicator
1823:Shearing (manufacturing)
1422:Low-density polyethylene
842:Pharmaceutical packaging
812:Low plastic water bottle
702:Alternative wine closure
1984:Orbital stretch wrapper
1607:Temperature data logger
1527:Pressure-sensitive tape
1387:Humidity indicator card
915:Aerosol spray dispenser
16:Use of excess packaging
1703:Die forming (plastics)
1412:Liquid packaging board
1115:Multilayered packaging
847:Plastic milk container
827:Optical disc packaging
126:
51:Reduce, reuse, recycle
35:
27:
2132:Sustainable packaging
2082:Life-cycle assessment
2062:Closed-loop box reuse
2009:Seed-counting machine
1342:Corrugated fiberboard
1292:Biodegradable plastic
1015:Corrugated box design
669:Sustainable packaging
659:Shelf-ready packaging
634:Packaging engineering
120:
55:sustainable packaging
33:
22:
2102:PET bottle recycling
1964:Logistics automation
1492:Plastic-coated paper
639:Resealable packaging
97:Underfilled packages
2154:Category: Packaging
1989:Packaging machinery
1798:Product development
1597:Tamper-evident band
1437:Modified atmosphere
777:Foam food container
430:Alberto, R (2014).
383:2021JCPro.28024314E
298:"Cereal Box Design"
107:deceptive packaging
2117:Reusable packaging
2077:Industrial ecology
1838:Ultrasonic welding
1803:Production control
1753:Injection moulding
1638:Aseptic processing
1347:Corrugated plastic
1217:Steel and tin cans
1187:Shipping container
1125:Packet (container)
862:Seasonal packaging
762:Evidence packaging
742:Currency packaging
737:Cosmetic packaging
644:Reusable packaging
158:Package cushioning
127:
36:
28:
2160:
2159:
2122:Reverse logistics
2107:Plastic recycling
1979:Multihead weigher
1899:Cartoning machine
1894:Cap torque tester
1808:Quality assurance
1783:Plastic extrusion
1748:Induction sealing
1718:Extrusion coating
1577:Staple (fastener)
1547:Security printing
1382:Hot-melt adhesive
955:Biodegradable bag
797:Glass milk bottle
679:Tamper resistance
619:Package pilferage
594:Contract packager
532:978-0-470-08704-6
337:978-0-470-08704-6
143:fulfillment house
2180:
2151:
2150:
2137:Waste management
2127:Source reduction
1944:Industrial robot
1848:Vacuum packaging
1773:Package tracking
1728:Glass production
1688:Corona treatment
1678:Containerization
1542:Screw cap (wine)
1457:Oxygen scavenger
920:Aluminium bottle
872:Screw cap (wine)
817:Luxury packaging
649:Reuse of bottles
614:Package delivery
599:Edible packaging
584:Active packaging
561:
554:
547:
538:
537:
509:
508:
506:
504:
494:Renewable Matter
485:
479:
478:
476:
474:
461:
451:
427:
421:
420:
402:
362:
356:
355:
347:
341:
340:
323:
317:
316:
314:
312:
302:
293:
287:
286:
284:
282:
271:"Over-Packaging"
266:
260:
259:
249:
230:
218:
206:
194:
182:
147:package delivery
70:Decorative boxes
62:luxury packaging
47:source reduction
2188:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2141:
2097:Paper recycling
2092:Packaging waste
2072:Glass recycling
2044:
2038:
1994:Pallet inverter
1914:Conveyor system
1869:Barcode printer
1857:
1833:Track and trace
1788:Plastic welding
1723:Flame treatment
1693:Curtain coating
1626:
1447:Nonwoven fabric
1432:Metallised film
1337:Container glass
1264:
1262:
1256:
1232:Tub (container)
1130:Padded envelope
901:
727:Case-ready meat
694:
688:
624:Package testing
576:
570:
565:
513:
512:
502:
500:
486:
482:
472:
470:
428:
424:
363:
359:
349:
348:
344:
338:
324:
320:
310:
308:
305:Tech Directions
300:
294:
290:
280:
278:
267:
263:
250:
246:
241:
234:
231:
222:
219:
210:
207:
198:
195:
186:
183:
170:
131:online shopping
115:
101:Underfilled or
99:
82:
25:packaging waste
17:
12:
11:
5:
2186:
2176:
2175:
2158:
2157:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2057:Can collecting
2054:
2052:Biodegradation
2048:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2024:Tape dispenser
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1874:Barcode reader
1871:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1843:Vacuum forming
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1733:Graphic design
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1653:Blow fill seal
1650:
1645:
1643:Authentication
1640:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1557:Shock detector
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1532:Pump dispenser
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1502:Plastic pallet
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1462:Package handle
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1277:Aluminium foil
1274:
1268:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1212:Stand-up pouch
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1155:Plastic bottle
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1060:Folding carton
1057:
1052:
1047:
1045:Euro container
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1025:Disposable cup
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
935:Antistatic bag
932:
927:
922:
917:
911:
909:
903:
902:
900:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
787:Fuel container
784:
782:Food packaging
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
707:Ammunition box
704:
698:
696:
690:
689:
687:
686:
681:
676:
674:Tamper-evident
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
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578:
572:
571:
564:
563:
556:
549:
541:
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524:
511:
510:
480:
422:
357:
342:
336:
318:
288:
261:
243:
242:
240:
237:
236:
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232:
225:
223:
220:
213:
211:
208:
201:
199:
196:
189:
187:
184:
177:
169:
168:Food overwraps
166:
114:
111:
98:
95:
86:folding carton
81:
78:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2185:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2155:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:Shrink tunnel
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1909:Check weigher
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:Bottling line
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1828:Thermoforming
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:Roll slitting
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1763:Laser cutting
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1743:Hermetic seal
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
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1691:
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1681:
1679:
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1659:
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1651:
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1646:
1644:
1641:
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1636:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
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1552:Security tape
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1522:Polypropylene
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1467:Packaging gas
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1055:Flexible tank
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629:Package theft
627:
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609:Overpackaging
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522:1-930268-25-4
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459:11577/3157220
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449:10.5772/58825
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124:
123:padded mailer
119:
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94:
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87:
77:
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71:
67:
66:Gift wrapping
63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
43:
40:
39:Overpackaging
32:
26:
21:
2043:Environment,
1658:Blow molding
1587:Stretch wrap
1517:Polyethylene
1507:Plastic wrap
1497:Plastic film
1482:Paper pallet
1417:Living hinge
1322:Coated paper
1202:Spray bottle
1182:Security bag
1175:Water sachet
1165:Salvage drum
1160:Retort pouch
1065:Glass bottle
960:Blister pack
925:Aluminum can
892:Water bottle
792:Gas cylinder
767:Field ration
664:Shelf-stable
608:
501:. Retrieved
497:
493:
483:
471:. Retrieved
439:
435:
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309:. Retrieved
304:
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279:. Retrieved
274:
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171:
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155:
152:
128:
106:
102:
100:
88:enclosing a
83:
73:
59:
44:
38:
37:
1939:Heat sealer
1904:Case sealer
1778:Papermaking
1698:Die cutting
1663:Calendering
1567:Shrink wrap
1442:Molded pulp
1427:Meat diaper
1392:Kraft paper
1372:Foam peanut
1362:Double seam
1332:Coextrusion
1302:Bubble wrap
1282:Bail handle
1227:Thermal bag
1150:Plastic bag
965:Boil-in-bag
897:Wine bottle
882:Spray paint
837:Popcorn bag
832:Oyster pail
717:Beer bottle
503:11 December
473:14 November
252:Soroka, W.
90:plastic bag
2019:Staple gun
1999:Palletizer
1889:Can seamer
1758:Lamination
1683:Converting
1572:Slip sheet
1487:Paperboard
1352:Cushioning
1312:Cellophane
1287:Bioplastic
1265:components
1252:Wooden box
1222:Tetra Brik
1145:Paper sack
1120:Multi-pack
1070:Gunny sack
940:Bag-in-box
907:Containers
772:Flour sack
757:Egg carton
732:Coffee bag
712:Banana box
654:Shelf life
377:: 124314.
311:4 November
281:January 5,
239:References
135:E-commerce
113:E-commerce
2173:Packaging
2112:Recycling
1919:Drum pump
1862:Machinery
1713:Extrusion
1631:Processes
1602:Tear tape
1592:Susceptor
1582:Strapping
1537:Screw cap
1512:Polyester
1357:Desiccant
1261:Materials
1242:Unit load
1197:Skin pack
1140:Paper bag
1010:Clamshell
752:Drink can
684:Wrap rage
568:Packaging
417:221859798
103:slackfill
2167:Category
2045:post-use
1934:Heat gun
1884:Calender
1793:Printing
1622:Velostat
1617:Tinplate
1452:Overwrap
1377:Gel pack
1367:Flip-top
1272:Adhesive
1207:Squround
1110:Mesh bag
1095:Jerrycan
1040:Envelope
980:Bulk box
857:Sand bag
822:Milk bag
807:Juicebox
722:Box wine
695:packages
409:32989345
141:or by a
139:e-tailer
74:art form
1768:Molding
1673:Coating
1668:Canning
1327:Coating
1317:Closure
1075:Inhaler
930:Ampoule
802:Growler
693:Product
575:General
468:3059955
400:7511172
379:Bibcode
275:PackCon
72:are an
2152:
2087:Litter
1929:Filler
1472:Pallet
1170:Sachet
1035:Endcap
1000:Carton
995:Carboy
970:Bottle
950:Barrel
577:topics
530:
520:
466:
442:: 14.
415:
407:
397:
334:
1477:Paper
1397:Label
1297:BoPET
1020:Crate
464:S2CID
413:S2CID
301:(PDF)
1307:Bung
1247:Vial
1237:Tube
1135:Pail
1030:Drum
1005:Chub
990:Case
985:Cage
528:ISBN
518:ISBN
505:2021
475:2021
405:PMID
332:ISBN
313:2021
307:: 22
283:2022
277:: 22
1402:Lid
1263:and
1105:Keg
1100:Jug
1090:Jar
975:Box
945:Bag
454:hdl
444:doi
395:PMC
387:doi
375:280
133:or
2169::
498:33
496:.
492:.
462:.
452:.
438:.
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411:.
403:.
393:.
385:.
373:.
369:.
303:.
273:.
560:e
553:t
546:v
507:.
477:.
456::
446::
440:6
419:.
389::
381::
315:.
285:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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