1224:, Routledge, 2002, p. 29: "In the north-east, the Bantu entered 'Azanian' lands inhabited by peoples speaking southern Cushitic languages. Indeed, this was of some importance because there is firm archaeological evidence that modern Kenya and northern Tanzania were the home of a succession of societies, once known as the 'Stone Bowl' cultures, which from about the middle of the third millennium B.C. onwards had cattle and were developing food-producing techniques well suited to the environment. It is unlikely that the Bantu would have brought large cattle with them through the forest, and their cattle terminology suggests that they acquired cattle from eastern African speakers of Cushitic languages, possibly through the mediation of Khoisan-speaking peoples. There is also linguistic evidence to suggest that at a later stage the Bantu may have borrowed the practice of milking directly from Cushitic-speaking peoples in East Africa."
704:
had escaped through the only passage made available by the
Germans, and had been systematically prevented from approaching watering holes, that starvation began to take its toll. It was then that the Herero uprising changed from war, to genocide. Lothar von Trotha called the conflict a "race war". He declared in the German press that "no war may be conducted humanely against non-humans" and issued an "annihilation order": "... The Herero are no longer German subjects. They have murdered and stolen, they have cut off the ears, noses, and other body parts of wounded soldiers, now out of cowardice they no longer want to fight. I tell the people: Anyone who delivers one captain will receive 1,000 marks, whoever delivers Samuel Maharero will receive 5,000 marks. The Herero people must, however, leave the land. If the populace does not do this, I will force them with the
1953:
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to own land and prosper. The Herero, 1904, and Nama, 1905, began a great rebellion that lasted until 1907, ending with the near destruction of the Herero people. "The war against the Herero and Nama was the first in which German imperialism resorted to methods of genocide...." Roughly 80,000 Herero lived in German South West Africa at the beginning of
Germany's colonial rule over the area, while after their revolt was defeated, they numbered approximately 15,000. In a period of four years, approximately 65,000 Herero people were killed.
799:
871:, fashion designers and models are updating Herero dress for modern, younger wearers, including glamorous sheer and embellished fabrics. "Change is difficult, I understand, but people need to get used to the change," says designer McBright Kavari. "I'm happy to be a part of the change, to be winning souls of people and making people happy when they are wearing the Herero dress." Kavari has won the Best Herero Dress competition three times in a row, but has been criticised for raising the hem of the garment to the knee.
725:
545:). This created a leadership vacuum amongst the Ovaherero, more so when the Ovaherero were incarcerated into the concentration camps. When the Ovaherero were released from the concentration camps in 1915, an election was held in 1916/17 among the clan leaders and their councillors to choose between two candidates, Hosea Kutako and Kaevaka Kamaheke, for the position of Acting Paramount Chief. Hosea Kutako emerged victorious, and was later confirmed as Paramount Chief in 1920.
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855:, incorporating multiple petticoats and up to ten metres of fabric. The long sleeves display sculptural volume: puffed from the shoulders or frilled at the wrists. Coordinating neckerchiefs are knotted around the neck. For everyday wear, dresses are ingeniously patchworked together from smaller pieces of fabric, which may be salvaged from older garments. Dresses made from a single material are reserved for special occasions.
886:
511:(2014-2021) In June 2014, when Riruako died, the chairman of the Chiefs Council, Tumbee Tjombe, who was deputized by Vipuira Kapuuo, became the acting Paramount Chief. In July of the same year, Tjombe also died, and a senior traditional councilor, Tjipene Keja, was elected in August 2014 by the Chief's Council to serve as the acting Paramount Chief. Acting Paramount Chief Keja convened a senate meeting in September 2014 at
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819:, which symbolized the horns of cows (the main source of wealth of the people), as a symbol of the devil and rejected it. The dress of the Herero proper, and their southern counterparts the Mbanderu, incorporates and appropriates the styles of clothing worn by their German colonizers. Though the attire was initially forced upon the Herero, it now operates as a new tradition and a point of pride.
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dairy-processing etc. Khoe pastoral culture is known mainly from records and their original sheep and cattle breeds have now become heavily crossbred. The explanation for related traits among adjacent Bantu peoples is likely to be a similar, subsequent transfer from the Khoe to the Bantu, although it is possible that there was also direct
Cushitic contact with the Bantu in the same region.
688:
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527:(1970â1978) Due to the advanced age of Kutako, in 1960 Clemence Kapuuo, who was the secretary of the Chiefs Council, was elected as deputy Paramount Chief to take the mantle in the eventuality that Kutako passes on. In 1970, two days following Kutako's death, Kapuuo assumed the position of a substantive Paramount Chief.
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The Herero people take pride in their cattle, hence the culture of Herero requires women to wear their iconic fabric hats shaped like cow horns. They believe that the more cattle one has, the richer one is, making cattle a symbol of wealth. In celebrations such as marriages, cattle is normally eaten,
768:
that the
Ovahimba retained a "medicine-man" or "wizard". He wrote, "When I asked him if he was married, he winked at me slyly and the other natives laughed heartily and declared to me subsequently that he does not love women, but only men. He nonetheless enjoyed no low status in his tribe." The Holy
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In the late 19th and early 20th century, imperialism and colonialism in Africa peaked, affecting especially the
Hereros and the Namas. European powers were seeking trade routes and railways, as well as more colonies. Germany officially claimed their stake in a South African colony in 1884, calling it
671:
Between 1893 and 1903, the Herero and Nama peoples' land and cattle were progressively being taken by German colonial settlers. The Herero and Nama resisted expropriation over the years. In 1903, the Herero people learnt that they were to be placed in reservations, leaving more room for colonialists
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took over as leader in May 1904. In August 1904, he devised a plan to annihilate the Herero nation. The plan was to surround the area where the Herero were, leaving but one route for them to escape, into the desert. The Herero battled the
Germans, and the losses were minor. It was when the majority
864:, which is a symbol of respect, worn to pay homage to the cows that have historically sustained the Herero. The headdresses can be formed from rolled-up newspaper covered in fabric. They are made to match or coordinate with dresses, and decorative brooches and pins attached to the centre front.
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Despite sharing a language and pastoral traditions, the Herero are not a homogeneous people. Traditional leather garments are worn by northwestern groups, such as the Himba, Kuvale, and Tjimba, who also conserve pre-colonial traditions in other aspects: for example, they do not buy bedding, but
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pastoralists speaking
Cushitic languages once spread as far as south-central Africa, where they were in contact with the ancestors of present-day Khoe-speakers. This led to a transfer of both species of domestic animals and also some rather specific techniques of pastoral lifestyle including
892:
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activities are only conducted by males while females are responsible for milking cows, household chores, harvesting small field crops and taking care of the young children. As women are responsible for milking cows, there are also responsible for preparing the delicious sour milk called
41:
521:(1978â2014) In March 1978, after the assassination of Kapuuo, the chairperson of the Chiefs' Council, Senior Headman Gerson Hoveka became the acting Paramount Chief. A senate meeting was convened in the same year where Kuaima Riruako was elected, as the substantive Paramount Chief.
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for two years after her family is killed by German soldiers. The second is that of Kov, a Jewish doctor who volunteered to serve in the German military to prove his patriotism. As he witnesses the atrocities of the genocide, he rethinks his loyalty to the
916:
family. Within the
Otjiherero umbrella, there are many dialects, including Oluthimba or Otjizembaâwhich is the most common dialect in AngolaâOtjihimba, and Otjikuvale. These differ mainly in phonology, and are largely mutually intelligible, though Kuvale,
822:
During the 1904-07 war, Herero warriors would steal and wear the uniforms of German soldiers they had killed, believing that this transferred the dead soldiers' power to them. Today, on ceremonial occasions, Herero men wear military-style garb, including
814:
However, the main Herero group in central
Namibia (sometimes called Herero proper) was heavily influenced by Western culture during the colonial period, creating a whole new identity. The missionaries considered the shape of the traditional headdress
732:
The Herero are traditionally cattle-herding pastoralists, thus cattle is the mainstay of their economy. Historically cattle raids occurred between Herero clans, but
Hereroland (Ehi rOvaherero) belongs to all the Ovaherero and has no fixed boundaries.
668:
German South West Africa until it was taken over in 1915. The first German colonists arrived in 1892, and conflict with the indigenous Herero and Nama people began. As in many cases of colonization, the indigenous people were not treated fairly.
334:. After the Bantu settled in Eastern Africa, some Bantu nations spread south. Linguistic evidence also suggests that the Bantu borrowed the custom of milking cattle from Cushitic peoples; either through direct contact with them or indirectly via
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claimed that this fire was facing eastwards for the past 88 years, while it should be facing towards the sunset. They removed it and placed it at an undisclosed location, a move that has stirred controversy among the Ovaherero community.
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missionaries. At first, the Nama began displacing the Herero, leading to bitter warfare between the two groups, which lasted the greater part of the 19th century. Later the two peoples entered into a period of cultural exchange.
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commemorated the dead on site and apologised for the crimes on behalf of all Germans. Hereros and Namas demanded financial reparations; however, in 2004 there was only minor media attention in Germany on this matter.
708:. Within the German borders every Herero, with or without a gun, with or without cattle, will be shot. I will no longer accept women and children, I will drive them back to their people or I will have them shot at."
405:, OvaHakawona, OvaTjavikwa, OvaTjimba and OvaHimba, who regularly cross the Namibia/Angola border when migrating with their herds. However, the OvaTjimba, though they speak Herero, are physically distinct indigenous
933:
Herero people believe in Okuruuo (holy fire), which is a link to their ancestors to speak to Ndjambi on their behalf. Modern-day Herero are mostly Christians, primarily Catholic, Lutheran, and Born-again Christian.
1194:, p. 21: "The Bantu were, and still are, primarily subsistence farmers who would settle in areas, clear land, organize themselves in larger units basically for protective purposes, and start permanent settlements."
683:
Samuel Maharero, the Paramount Chief of the Herero, led his people in a large-scale uprising on January 12, 1904, against the Germans. The Herero, surprising the Germans with their uprising, had initial success.
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Herero women adopted the floor-length gowns worn by German missionaries in the late 19th century, but now make them in vivid colors and prints. Married and older Herero women wear the dresses, locally known as
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in the 1860s necessitated Ovaherero unity, they also have a paramount chief ruling over all clans of Ovaherero, although there is currently an interpretation that such paramount chieftaincy violates the
888:
964:
Cattle are the most valued domestic animals in the Herero culture, therefore cattle herding is the most significant and substantial activity for the Herero people. In the Herero culture the
851:, every day, while younger and unmarried women wear them mainly for special occasions. Ohorokova dresses are high-necked and have voluminous skirts lavishly gathered from a high waist or
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Soon after, conflicts between the German colonists and the Herero herdsmen began. Controversies frequently arose because of disputes about access to land and water, but also the legal
1691:
1022:
Horse and donkeys are common means of transport for the Herero. In cases of herding or searching for lost domestic animals, the Herero engage horses to carry out these activities.
1117:
by Mari Serebrov, two perspectives of the 1904 genocide in German Southwest Africa are shown. The first is that of Jahohora, a 12-year-old Herero girl who survives alone in the
551:(1890â1917) When Paramount Chief Maharero died in 1890, his son Samuel Maharero assumed the position in 1892 with the aid of the German Administrative Governor Theodor Leutwein.
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are used by men for both hunting and herding. The Herero people tend to hunt to acquire meat, hide, and horns that are bartered for goods such as sugar, tea, and tobacco.
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rather sleep in bedding made of cow skin. The Kaokoland Herero and those in Angola have remained isolated and are still pastoral nomads, practicing limited horticulture.
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We Are Proud to Present a Presentation About the Herero of Namibia, Formerly Known as Southwest Africa, From the German Sudwestafrika, Between the Years 1884â1915
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322:. They make a living tending livestock. Cattle terminology in use among many Bantu pastoralist groups testifies that Bantu herders originally acquired
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The leadership of the Ovaherero is distributed over several heads of clans of which some are more prominent and referred as royal houses, among them:
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572:), Maharero was elected as the commander-in-chief of all Herero clans. Later Maharero was elected the first Paramount Chief of the Herero people.
441:
1236:"Was there an interchange between Cushitic pastoralists and Khoisan speakers in the prehistory of Southern Africa and how can this be detected?"
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have been classified as separate languages. Standard Herero is used in the Namibian media and is taught in schools throughout the country.
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481:, the leader of all Herero people. The position is vacant and in dispute, and so far, no formal gazetting has been done by the
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1241:. Presented at KĂśnigswinter, March 28-30, 2007 and to be published in a special volume of Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika
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and the Herero. This made it necessary for the clans to unite as a group. That is how, on 15 June 1863 at Otjizingue (now
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409:. It may be in the Hereros' interest to portray indigenous peoples as impoverished Herero who do not own livestock.
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17:
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977:". Although males are responsible for the cattle trading activities the females do most of the trading such as
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633:
During the late 18th century, the first Europeans began entering to permanently settle the land. Primarily in
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Peace and freedom, Volume 40, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, page 57, The Section, 1980
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The Oral Tradition of the Baganda of Uganda: A Study and Anthology of Legends, Myths, Epigrams and Folktales
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In the 15th century, the Herero migrated to what is now Namibia from the east and established themselves as
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154:
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Omuti-ngau-zepo (The tree must be removed) in Otjinene from which many Herero people were hanged to death.
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intermediaries who had acquired both domesticated animals and pastoral techniques from Cushitic migrants.
1973:
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1919:
1893:
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777:. During immigration, the fire was doused and quickly relit. From 1923 to 2011, it was situated at the
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Ovaherero Traditional Authority, of the Ovaherero central governance system established in 1863, chief
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515:, to elect the substantive Paramount Chief, and Advocate Vekuii Rukoro emerged as the sole candidate.
2058:"Redressing Colonial Genocide Under International Law: The Hereros' Cause of Action Against Germany"
1952:
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On the 100th anniversary of the genocide, German Minister for Economic Development and Cooperation
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315:
373:. In the South eastern part of Botswana they are at Pilane. There are also a few of them in the
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The most distinctive feature of Herero women's dress is their horizontal horned headdress, the
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entered into a contract with the native elders. The exchange later became the basis of German
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edited by Stephen Murray & Will Roscoe. Published by Saint Martin's Press in 1998. p. 190
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1977:
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A group of Herero living in Germany who were inducted into the German military during the
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1066:. The genocide under von Trotha plays a major role in another novel by the same author,
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1804:. Rio Mouro, Portugal: CĂrculo de Leitores, Printer Portuguesa Casais de Mem Martins.
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493:(elected by "a splinter group within the OTA" on 5 February 2023). Meanwhile, Chief
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The old South-West Africa. South-West Africa's history until Maharero's death 1890
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The Treatment of the Herero by German colonists is the subject of the 2012 play
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Goats and sheep are kept for their meat and milk. Goatskin is manufactured into
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258:. There were an estimated 250,000 Herero people in Namibia in 2013. They speak
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1586:
When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda
1535:. Published in cooperation with the Montreal Institute for Genocide Studies. (
1010:. Goat dung, meanwhile, is considered medicinal; it is normally used to treat
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Das alte SĂźdwestafrika. SĂźdwestafrikas Geschichte bis zum Tode Mahareros 1890
1940:
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Herero heroes: a socio-political history of the Herero of Namibia, 1890-1923
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system. A person traces their heritage through their mother's lineage, or
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908:(Otjiherero) is the main unifying link among the Herero peoples. It is a
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319:
2032:] (in German) (7th ed.). Windhoek: Namibia Scientific Society.
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UN Whitaker Report on Genocide, 1985, paragraphs 14 to 24, pages 5 to 10
489:(elected in March 2021 by the Ovaherero Traditional Authority, OTA) and
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1945:
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637:, German settlers acquired land from the Herero in order to establish
610:, entered the land and were followed, in turn, by white merchants and
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1991:
1083:, set in German southwest Africa, includes several Herero characters.
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South, that is Tsabong, Omawaneni, Draaihoek and Makopong Villages.
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and some villages surrounding Maun. These villages among others are
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843:, "to honour the fallen ancestors and to keep the memories alive."
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1692:"General Lothar Von Trotha Extermination Order against the Herero"
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The Herero claim to comprise several sub-divisions, including the
1959:
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840:
752:), and one gains clan leadership from their father's lineage, or
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611:
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342:
335:
267:
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1533:
The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies
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politically and economically empowered and relatively unopposed.
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1846:"Photos: The Amazing Costume Culture of Africa's Herero Tribe"
1446:"Biographies of Namibian Personalities, M. Entry for Maharero"
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1636:"German science and black racismâroots of the Nazi Holocaust"
969:
828:
366:
353:. In Botswana, the Hereros or Ovaherero are mostly found in
1610:"Germany moves to atone for 'forgotten genocide' in Namibia"
1511:
Samuel Totten, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (2007)
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story takes place in a 1952 Africa largely conquered by the
1825:
The Ekori: The Story of a German-Namibian Interrelationship
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ceremonies involve the sacrifice of cows or other animals.
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537:
from 1904 to 1908, Paramount Chief Samuel Maharero fled to
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1025:
Some Herero people are believed to consume donkey meat.
504:
The genealogy of the Paramount Chiefs of the Herero is:
2008:. Windhoek, Namibia: Wordweaver Publishing House, 2013.
1209:
Rivers of Gold: Europe's Conquest of Indigenous Peoples
1068:
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against the native population by the white immigrants.
1894:"Namibia: The Trauma & Triumph Of Herero Dresses"
1422:
1410:"Kapuuo cautions Uutoni against Katjiua recognition"
2617:
1992:"Domestic Animal Farming in the Fransfontein Area"
2693:
1284:Are the African Pygmies an Ethnographic Fiction?
759:
753:
747:
741:
501:is acting in the position since Rukoro's death.
1092:protagonist is featured in Guy Saville's novel
867:This dress style continues to evolve. In urban
564:death in 1861, hostilities started between the
2712:Ethnic groups divided by international borders
2129:Africa on the Matrix: Herero People of Namibia
2603:
2293:
2164:
2150:
1834:SPK, 2019-06-20. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
1753:by Jan Vansina: "Of Water, Cattle, and Kings"
290:are there because of displacement during the
2307:
764:). In the 1920s, Kurt Falk recorded in the
598:. In the beginning of the 19th century, the
345:, there are also significant populations in
270:, there are also significant populations in
618:
397:, and Kwandu. Groups in Angola include the
2610:
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2300:
2286:
2157:
2143:
1515:, p.184, Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn.
1496:"A bloody history: Namibiaâs colonisation"
1369:"OTA shows self as democratic trailblazer"
1324:"Kambazembi and Rukoro Await their Reigns"
1293:
1291:
1651:
1489:
1917:
1872:"Herero Dresses â The Bigger The Better"
1799:
1718:"Remembering Germany's African Genocide"
1297:
953:
942:The Herero make a living out of rearing
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797:
723:
686:
674:
585:
305:
266:. Though the Herero primarily reside in
1920:"The Iconic Herero Dress Deconstructed"
1843:
1578:
1387:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1298:Immanuel, Shinovene (24 October 2014).
1288:
1265:The Entry of the Herero into Botswana.
483:Ministry of Urban and Rural Development
431:Zeraeua Royal Traditional Authority at
14:
2694:
2020:
1774:
1460:
1428:
1390:"Katjiua installed as Ovaherero chief"
1353:"Katjiua installed as Ovaherero chief"
1233:
590:Herero, at the end of the 19th century
341:Though the Herero primarily reside in
27:Bantu ethnic group of southwest Africa
2591:
2281:
2138:
1869:
1777:"Holy fire relocation triggers storm"
1525:
1197:
1017:
785:2011, a group around Paramount Chief
314:Unlike most Bantu, who are primarily
1633:
1312:
1181:
1046:
1028:
61:Regions with significant populations
1970:"Herero People: Hats & History"
1918:Kaakunga, Rukee (7 December 2012).
1775:Nunuhe, Margreth (31 August 2011).
1531:Chalk, Frank, and Jonassohn, Kurt.
1434:
937:
472:
440:Royal Traditional Authority, chief
425:Royal Traditional Authority, chief
24:
2047:
1715:
1440:
1043:are kept for their meat and eggs.
997:
984:
728:Herero woman in Okahandja, Namibia
695:, perpetrated by the German Empire
477:The highest office is that of the
310:Herero woman in traditional dress.
25:
2723:
2096:
254:ethnic group inhabiting parts of
2680:
2103:
1951:
1689:
1322:Kandetu, Bob (23 October 2014).
103:
85:
67:
39:
2078:, (Oldenburg and Leipzig, 1891)
2071:, (Oldenburg and Leipzig, 1908)
1998:
1984:
1934:
1911:
1886:
1863:
1837:
1818:
1793:
1768:
1756:
1741:
1709:
1683:
1627:
1602:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1539:: New Haven & London, 1990)
1505:
1480:
1402:
1388:Tendane, Sophie (9 July 2022).
1381:
1361:
1346:
1234:Blench, Roger (8 August 2008).
581:
449:Royal Traditional Authority at
380:
318:, the Herero are traditionally
1551:Prevent Genocide International
1276:
1257:
1227:
1214:
1167:
896:A Herero speaker, recorded in
773:) of the Herero is located at
13:
1:
2131:âPhotographs and information.
2014:
1844:Stinson, Liz (24 June 2013).
1800:Carvalho, Ruy Duarte (2000).
1763:Boy-Wives and Female Husbands
1300:"Rukoro chieftaincy rejected"
1273:, 39. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
1156:
649:rule. The territory became a
606:, who already possessed some
7:
1974:University of San Francisco
1513:Dictionary of Genocide: A-L
1267:Botswana Notes and Records,
1211:, Grove Press, 2001, p. 276
1139:
928:
874:
693:Herero and Namaqua genocide
643:Franz Adolf Eduard LĂźderitz
629:Herero and Namaqua genocide
485:. Potential candidates are
467:Traditional Authorities Act
301:
10:
2728:
1590:Princeton University Press
878:
719:
691:Herero chained during the
622:
576:
533:(1917â1970) Following the
2678:
2626:
2547:
2524:
2484:
2436:
2393:
2384:
2347:
2324:
2315:
2182:Barokologadi Ba Ga Maotwa
2172:
2166:Ethnic groups in Botswana
1870:Young, Lisa (July 2004).
1175:"Herero | Joshua Project"
949:
713:Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul
460:Since conflicts with the
226:
213:
200:
189:
184:
165:
160:
149:
144:
124:
119:
101:
83:
65:
60:
55:
50:
38:
2618:Paramount Chiefs of the
2309:Ethnic groups in Namibia
1161:
1113:In the historical novel
1006:and to create household
793:
766:Archiv fĂźr Menschenkunde
655:German South West Africa
641:. In 1883, the merchant
619:German South West Africa
330:pastoralists inhabiting
278:, and a small number in
1802:Vou lĂĄ visitar pastores
1634:Haas, François (2008).
1584:Mahmood Mamdani (2001)
1470:, James Currey, Oxford
1466:Jan-Bart Gewald (1998)
1356:The Namibian, 2022-07-0
1033:In the Herero culture,
2076:Deutsch SĂźdwest-Afrika
1751:How Societies Are Born
1723:OhmyNews International
961:
901:
807:
760:
754:
748:
742:
729:
696:
680:
591:
369:. Some of them are at
311:
247:
2062:California Law Review
1874:. Travel News Namibia
1653:10.1096/fj.08-0202ufm
1537:Yale University Press
1187:Immaculate N. Kizza,
1133:Jackie Sibblies Drury
1056:play a major part in
990:whereas religious or
957:
895:
879:Further information:
801:
727:
690:
678:
589:
487:Prof Mutjinde Katjiua
309:
161:Related ethnic groups
138:Namibian Black German
1575:(London). 7 May 1904
1086:A Portuguese-Herero
992:ancestral veneration
555:Maharero ka Tjamuaha
292:1904 - 1908 genocide
1716:Krabbe, Alexander.
1263:Vivelo, F. (1976).
1222:A History of Africa
1106:who came away from
316:subsistence farmers
175:other Bantu peoples
35:
2113:has a profile for
2089:2017-06-14 at the
1830:2020-08-08 at the
1561:The New York Times
1377:. 7 February 2023.
1146:History of Namibia
1018:Horses and donkeys
962:
902:
808:
802:Traditionally the
736:The Herero have a
730:
697:
681:
653:under the name of
592:
469:, Act 25 of 2000.
312:
33:
2689:
2688:
2585:
2584:
2520:
2519:
2380:
2379:
2275:
2274:
2119:
1949:(25th ed., 2022)
1640:The FASEB Journal
1598:978-0-69105-821-4
1521:978-0-31334-642-2
1476:978-0-82141-256-5
1448:. klausdierks.com
1374:Windhoek Observer
1063:Gravity's Rainbow
1047:Herero in fiction
1029:Dogs and chickens
981:for other goods.
893:
806:matches the dress
779:Red Flag Commando
701:Lothar von Trotha
557:(1861â1890) With
427:Tjinaani Maharero
294:committed by the
282:. The Hereros in
236:
235:
180:
179:
155:Traditional faith
16:(Redirected from
2719:
2684:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2391:
2390:
2322:
2321:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2117:
2107:
2106:
2043:
2022:Vedder, Heinrich
2009:
2004:Serebrov, Mari.
2002:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1976:. Archived from
1966:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1841:
1835:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1785:. Archived from
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1726:. Archived from
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1696:encyclopedia.com
1690:Haas, François.
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1655:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1606:
1600:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1563:. 18 August 1904
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1529:
1523:
1509:
1503:
1502:, 29 August 2001
1493:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1365:
1359:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1334:on 11 March 2016
1330:. Archived from
1319:
1310:
1309:
1295:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1240:
1231:
1225:
1218:
1212:
1201:
1195:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1095:The Afrika Reich
1054:Second World War
944:domestic animals
938:Domestic animals
894:
763:
757:
751:
745:
563:
473:Paramount Chiefs
418:Mutjinde Katjiua
407:hunter-gatherers
182:
181:
109:
107:
106:
91:
89:
88:
73:
71:
70:
51:Total population
43:
36:
32:
21:
18:OvaHerero people
2727:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2676:
2637:Samuel Maharero
2622:
2616:
2586:
2581:
2543:
2516:
2480:
2432:
2376:
2343:
2311:
2306:
2276:
2271:
2168:
2163:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2091:Wayback Machine
2054:Rachel Anderson
2050:
2048:Further reading
2040:
2017:
2012:
2003:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1950:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1842:
1838:
1832:Wayback Machine
1823:
1819:
1812:
1798:
1794:
1789:on 15 May 2012.
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1731:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1530:
1526:
1510:
1506:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1418:. 29 June 2022.
1408:
1407:
1403:
1386:
1382:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1320:
1313:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1262:
1258:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1219:
1215:
1205:Rivers of Blood
1202:
1198:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1142:
1049:
1031:
1020:
1000:
998:Goats and sheep
987:
985:Cultural impact
952:
940:
931:
906:Herero language
885:
883:
877:
796:
722:
699:German General
631:
621:
584:
579:
561:
549:Samuel Maharero
491:Dr Hoze Riruako
479:Paramount Chief
475:
383:
304:
256:Southern Africa
104:
102:
86:
84:
68:
66:
46:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2725:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2667:Vipuira Kapuuo
2664:
2658:
2655:Kuaima Riruako
2652:
2649:Clemens Kapuuo
2646:
2640:
2634:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2539:Cape Coloureds
2536:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2116:Herero people
2109:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:External links
2095:
2094:
2093:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2038:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:
1997:
1983:
1980:on 2014-07-14.
1958:
1933:
1922:. The Namibian
1910:
1885:
1862:
1836:
1817:
1810:
1792:
1767:
1755:
1740:
1708:
1682:
1646:(2): 332â337.
1626:
1601:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1524:
1504:
1488:
1479:
1459:
1433:
1431:, p. 319.
1421:
1401:
1380:
1360:
1345:
1311:
1287:
1282:Roger Blench,
1275:
1256:
1226:
1213:
1196:
1180:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1123:
1111:
1084:
1075:German author
1073:
1058:Thomas Pynchon
1048:
1045:
1030:
1027:
1019:
1016:
1004:child carriers
999:
996:
986:
983:
966:cattle herding
951:
948:
939:
936:
930:
927:
912:, part of the
910:Bantu language
876:
873:
853:below the bust
795:
792:
787:Kuaima Riruako
771:OtjikaTjamuaha
769:Fire okuruuo (
738:double descent
721:
718:
662:discrimination
620:
617:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
573:
552:
546:
528:
525:Clemens Kapuuo
522:
519:Kuaima Riruako
516:
495:Vipuira Kapuuo
474:
471:
458:
457:
455:Sam Kambazembi
444:
435:
429:
420:
382:
379:
332:Eastern Africa
303:
300:
264:Bantu language
234:
233:
228:
224:
223:
215:
211:
210:
202:
198:
197:
191:
187:
186:
178:
177:
163:
162:
158:
157:
147:
146:
142:
141:
122:
121:
117:
116:
113:
99:
98:
95:
81:
80:
77:
63:
62:
58:
57:
53:
52:
48:
47:
44:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2724:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Bantu peoples
2705:
2703:
2702:Herero people
2700:
2699:
2697:
2683:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2661:Vekuii Rukoro
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Bantu peoples
2383:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2112:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:Herero people
2080:
2077:
2074:Hans Schinz,
2073:
2070:
2067:S. Passarge,
2066:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2039:0-949995-33-9
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1921:
1914:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1873:
1866:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1813:
1811:972-42-2092-3
1807:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1730:on 2004-09-05
1729:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
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1611:
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1550:
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1538:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1447:
1443:
1442:Dierks, Klaus
1437:
1430:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1370:
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1349:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1301:
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1285:
1279:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1260:
1253:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1217:
1210:
1206:
1203:Mark Cocker,
1200:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1134:
1130:
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1120:
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1101:
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1055:
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1050:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1026:
1023:
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1009:
1005:
995:
993:
982:
980:
976:
971:
967:
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956:
947:
945:
935:
926:
924:
920:
915:
911:
907:
899:
882:
872:
870:
865:
863:
862:
856:
854:
850:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
820:
818:
812:
805:
800:
791:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
767:
762:
756:
750:
744:
739:
734:
726:
717:
714:
709:
707:
702:
694:
689:
685:
677:
673:
669:
665:
663:
658:
656:
652:
651:German colony
648:
644:
640:
636:
630:
626:
616:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
588:
571:
567:
560:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
540:
536:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
510:
509:Vekuii Rukoro
507:
506:
505:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
470:
468:
463:
456:
452:
448:
445:
443:
442:Eben Nguvauva
439:
436:
434:
430:
428:
424:
421:
419:
415:
414:
413:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
378:
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360:
356:
352:
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333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
308:
299:
297:
296:German Empire
293:
289:
285:
281:
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269:
265:
261:
257:
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245:
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118:
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100:
96:
94:
82:
78:
76:
64:
59:
54:
49:
42:
37:
19:
2670:
2643:Hosea Kutako
2619:
2476:Uukolonkadhi
2407:
2394:
2196:
2192:Gana and Gwi
2177:Baka-Nswazwi
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1327:
1308:. p. 1.
1305:The Namibian
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340:
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288:South Africa
280:South Africa
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151:Christianity
129:
45:Herero women
30:Ethnic group
2663:(2014â2021)
2657:(1978â2014)
2651:(1970â1978)
2645:(1917â1970)
2639:(1890â1917)
2633:(1861â1890)
2466:Uukwaluudhi
1619:25 December
1429:Vedder 1997
1122:Fatherland.
968:and cattle
914:NigerâCongo
825:peaked caps
625:Herero Wars
570:Otjimbingwe
566:Nama people
535:Herero Wars
462:Nama people
447:Onguatjindu
438:Ovambanderu
401:OvaKuvale,
2696:Categories
2577:Portuguese
2497:Caprivians
2461:Oukwanyama
2456:Ongandjera
2317:Indigenous
2187:Batalaunda
2015:Literature
1946:Ethnologue
1898:Refinery29
1734:2004-08-06
1338:26 October
1328:InformantĂŠ
1245:1 November
1157:References
1151:Herero Day
1012:chickenpox
881:Otjiherero
833:epaulettes
783:Herero Day
706:Groot Rohr
635:Damaraland
623:See also:
260:Otjiherero
244:Otjiherero
231:Hereroland
130:Otjiherero
2557:Afrikaner
2526:Coloureds
2451:Ombalantu
2118:(Q170088)
2069:SĂźdafrika
1573:The Times
1100:fictional
1079:'s novel
1060:'s novel
1008:ornaments
979:bartering
861:otjikaiva
849:ohorokova
804:otjikaiva
775:Okahandja
758:(plural:
746:(plural:
451:Okakarara
393:(Cimba),
375:Kgalagadi
371:Mahalapye
248:Ovaherero
171:Ovimbundu
120:Languages
2631:Maharero
2507:Kavangos
2471:Uukwambi
2413:Mbanderu
2372:Ncoakhoe
2326:Khoekhoe
2222:Mbanderu
2217:Mangwato
2087:Archived
2024:(1997).
1828:Archived
1670:19786064
1662:18239065
1500:BBC News
1140:See also
1077:Uwe Timm
929:Religion
875:Language
869:Windhoek
647:colonial
608:firearms
596:herdsmen
559:Tjamuaha
543:Botswana
513:Ehungiro
453:, chief
433:Omarurur
423:Maharero
395:Mbanderu
363:Toromuja
347:Botswana
328:Cushitic
302:Overview
284:Botswana
272:Botswana
250:) are a
214:Language
145:Religion
111:Botswana
2562:British
2247:Talaote
2202:Kalanga
2111:Scholia
1782:New Era
1701:9 April
1415:New Era
1089:mestiço
1081:Morenga
1041:Chicken
970:trading
923:Hakaona
898:Namibia
841:gaiters
749:omaanda
720:Culture
577:History
499:Ovitoto
399:Mucubal
343:Namibia
336:Khoisan
268:Namibia
227:Country
134:English
79:273,000
75:Namibia
56:317,000
2671:acting
2620:Herero
2572:Jewish
2567:German
2549:Whites
2534:Baster
2512:Tswana
2502:Mbadja
2492:Damara
2446:Ndonga
2438:Ovambo
2418:Tjimba
2408:Herero
2395:Herero
2362:HaiÇom
2339:Oorlam
2257:Tswana
2252:TlĂ´kwa
2242:Subiya
2197:Herero
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1941:Herero
1926:30 May
1903:30 May
1878:30 May
1855:30 May
1808:
1675:5 July
1668:
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1098:. The
975:Omaere
950:Cattle
921:, and
829:berets
612:German
562:'s
391:Tjimba
359:Sepopa
351:Angola
324:cattle
276:Angola
240:Herero
221:Herero
208:Herero
201:People
196:Herero
190:Person
185:Herero
167:Ovambo
140:(rare)
126:Herero
115:19,000
108:
97:25,000
93:Angola
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2485:Other
2428:Zemba
2403:Himba
2357:!Kung
2237:Sotho
2207:ÇKung
2060:, 93
2028:[
1850:Wired
1666:S2CID
1452:6 May
1239:(PDF)
1162:Notes
1104:Nazis
919:Zemba
817:Ekori
794:Dress
781:. On
761:otuzo
755:oruzo
743:eanda
639:farms
602:from
541:(now
497:from
403:Zemba
387:Himba
367:Etsha
326:from
252:Bantu
173:and
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2334:Nama
2267:Yeyi
2227:Nama
2212:Lozi
2034:ISBN
1928:2018
1905:2018
1880:2018
1857:2018
1806:ISBN
1703:2019
1677:2016
1658:PMID
1621:2016
1594:ISBN
1517:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1454:2023
1340:2014
1247:2019
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