60:, new components are developed and launched on the market with increasing speed. The result is a dramatic change in production methods of all components and their market availability. A growing industry sector is facing issues where life cycles of products no longer fit together with life cycles of required components. This issue is known as obsolescence, the status given to a part when it is no longer available from its original manufacturer. The problem of obsolescence is most prevalent for electronics technology, wherein the procurement lifetimes for microelectronic parts are often significantly shorter than the manufacturing and support life cycles for the products that use the parts. However, obsolescence extends beyond electronic components to other items, such as materials, textiles, and mechanical parts. In addition, obsolescence has been shown to appear for software, specifications, standards, processes, and soft resources, such as human skills. It is highly important to implement and operate an active management of obsolescence to mitigate and avoid extreme costs.
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The term "obsolescence" was first applied to the built environment in 1910 in an attempt to explain
American skyscrapers' sudden loss of value. New York engineer Reginald P. Bolton attributed this phenomenon to "something new and better out-competing the old" and calculated the average architectural
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Manufacturers and repair companies will typically cease support for products once they become obsolete as keeping production lines in place and parts in storage for a shrinking user base becomes unprofitable. This causes scarcity of spare parts and skilled technicians for repairs and thus escalates
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obsolescence occurs when retailers and other vendors hold stocks for anticipated future sales which turn out to be too slow to materialise. Holding excessive levels of stock or over-predicting potential demand increase the risks of products becoming obsolete and have a detrimental effect on the
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is the process of becoming antiquated, out of date, old-fashioned, no longer in general use, or no longer useful, or the condition of being in such a state. When used in a biological sense, it means imperfect or rudimentary when compared with the corresponding part of other organisms. The
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Obsolescence management, also referred to as "Diminishing
Manufacturing Sources and Material Shortages" (DMSMS), is defined as to the activities that are undertaken to mitigate the effects of obsolescence. Activities can include last-time buys, lifetime buys, and obsolescence monitoring.
348:, with the objective of generating long-term sales volume by reducing the time between repeat purchases. One example might be producing an appliance which is deliberately designed to wear out within five years of its purchase, pushing consumers to replace it within five years.
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in TV and radio receivers in the 1960s, but vacuum tubes were still used for powerful transmitters because transistors for these power levels were not available. Even today, one has to use multiple transistors for a purpose that used to require just one tube.
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lifespan of varying building types in order to formulate a rough estimate for their impending obsolescence. For example, he suggested that hotels' obsolescence will occur faster than banks due to their ever-changing functions and tastes.
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Technical obsolescence usually occurs when a new product or technology supersedes the old one, and it is preferred to use the new technology instead. Historical examples of new technologies superseding old ones include
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international standard IEC 62402:2019 Obsolescence
Management defines obsolescence as the "transition from available to unavailable from the manufacturer in accordance with the original specification".
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Obsolescence frequently occurs because a replacement has become available that has, in sum, more advantages compared to the disadvantages incurred by maintaining or repairing the original.
170:. On a smaller scale, a particular product may become obsolete when a newer version replaces it. Many products in the computer industry become obsolete in this manner. For example,
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Some products become technologically obsolete due to changes in complementary products which results in the function of the first product being made unnecessary. For example,
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Items become functionally obsolete when they can no longer adequately perform the function for which they were created. For example, while one could theoretically adapt an
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In many cases, a new technology does not totally replace the old technology because the old technology is still useful in certain applications. For example,
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also refers to something that is already disused or discarded, or antiquated. Typically, obsolescence is preceded by a gradual decline in popularity.
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Products may also become obsolete when supporting technologies are no longer available to produce or even repair a product. For example, many
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Because of the "fashion cycle", stylistically obsolete products may eventually regain popularity and cease to be obsolete. An example is "
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maintenance costs for obsolete products. This ultimately leads to prohibitive expense in keeping old technology functioning.
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When a product is no longer desirable because it has gone out of the popular fashion, its style is obsolete. One example is
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Abramson, Daniel (2012). "From
Obsolescence to Sustainability, Back Again, and Beyond".
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IEC 62402:2019 Obsolescence
Management - published 15 July 2019 ISBN 978 0 580 96776 4
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bombs, the situations in which it could actually succeed at doing so against modern
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Building for Profit: Principles
Governing the Economic Improvement of Real Estate
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Strategies to the
Prediction, Mitigation and Management of Product Obsolescence
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Prediction, Mitigation and Management of Product Obsolescence
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Bjoern
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Fowler HW and Fowler FG (1st ed.), Thompson Delia (ed.) (1995).
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Managing Inventory Obsolescence for Improved Retail Performance
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