259:
75:
31:
50:
371:
273:, with two plumages. Roughly one quarter of the individuals (a smaller percentage than in Foveaux shag) are pied, with dark and white feathers, and the rest, known as bronze shags, are dark all over. Both morphs breed together. These large, chunky birds are about 70 cm long and weigh about 2–3 kg, slightly larger than the closely related
280:
Otago shags vary in their facial ornamentation in the breeding season. Roughly half of breeding individuals have dark orange papillae on their face (as in
Foveaux shag), while the other half have small bright orange caruncles above the base of the bill instead.
293:
Until 2016, Otago shags and the closely related shags living around
Stewart Island and Foveaux Strait were considered to be a single species, called the Stewart Island shag. Mitochondrial DNA suggests Otago shags are actually more closely related to
367:. Restricted to a small area, and having little or no genetic variation, they require conservation efforts tailored to these extinction risk factors; this could include reintroduction to part of their former range.
351:, but when humans arrived the population was devastated, reduced by 99 percent within 100 years with a corresponding loss of genetic diversity. It became restricted to the rocky offshore islets off the
540:
Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Scofield, R. Paul; Spencer, Hamish G.; Lalas, Chris; Easton, Luke J.; Tennyson, Alan J.D.; Adams, Mark; Pasquet, Eric; Fraser, Cody; Waters, Jonathan M.; Kennedy, Martyn (2016).
474:
Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Till, Charlotte E.; Scofield, R. Paul; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Collins, Catherine J.; Lalas, Chris; Loh, Graeme; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Waters, Jonathan M. (2014).
382:
on islands and sea cliffs. Colonies are large enough to be strikingly visible, and are used year after year. One notable colony is on the northern shore of
1640:
386:, at the mouth of the Otago Harbour. They feed in coastal waters less than 30 m deep and are rarely if ever seen inland or far out to sea.
724:
1794:
1766:
1601:
333:
is a distinct genus, which would contain amongst other species the Otago, Foveaux, and
Chatham shags. Others place it in the genus
1814:
1614:
1819:
1686:
700:
1619:
751:
347:
Archaeological evidence shows that Otago shags were formerly found along the entire east coast of the South Island up to
1804:
355:, and has scarcely recovered since that time. There are less than 2500 Otago shags remaining, but they can be seen at
1809:
1645:
1540:
285:
colour in the breeding season also varies, from bright orange (as in
Foveaux shag) to dark orange to purple.
613:
476:"Strong Phylogeographic Structure in a Sedentary Seabird, the Stewart Island Shag (Leucocarbo chalconotus)"
1580:
1575:
378:
Otago shags breed colonially from May to
September, making raised cup nests out of organic material and
427:
74:
314:. Foveaux and Otago shags probably diverged when populations were split up by lower sea levels in the
1665:
1554:
1194:
639:
1329:
1224:
744:
666:
837:
1717:
1562:
1502:
1204:
270:
1632:
1712:
1410:
1291:
1265:
1199:
847:
842:
577:
Kennedy, Martyn; Spencer, Hamish G. (2014). "Classification of the cormorants of the world".
169:
1704:
1655:
1567:
1379:
1339:
1309:
729:
487:
449:
8:
1799:
1334:
1301:
1100:
1004:
737:
546:
shag (Aves, Pelecaniformes, Phalacrocoracidae) from southern South Island of New
Zealand"
404:
235:
39:
1730:
491:
1477:
1229:
857:
510:
475:
348:
195:
69:
54:
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186:
1757:
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1219:
1090:
994:
760:
500:
352:
319:
590:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1270:
1214:
1179:
1095:
936:
326:. Other taxonomists have kept the Otago shag and the Foveaux shag conspecific.
146:
1788:
1627:
1446:
1436:
1431:
1359:
1165:
413:
356:
335:
59:
1426:
1416:
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231:
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1320:
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364:
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30:
1771:
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1606:
1390:
1241:
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562:
541:
1399:
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1123:
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243:
136:
86:
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1751:
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106:
1691:
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908:
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814:
1026:
1076:
1027:
985:
360:
96:
1282:
1140:
1051:
1035:
922:
897:
803:
786:
379:
370:
323:
247:
759:
539:
473:
396:
116:
1122:
879:
542:"Genetic and morphological evidence for two species of
402:
262:
An 1844 painting by
Hullmandel of the bronze phase of
1306:
428:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696853A133556225.en
306:and genetic differences supported separating off
1786:
690:
450:"Otago shag | Matapo | New Zealand Birds Online"
342:
576:
745:
693:The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand
664:
614:"Meet our 'newest' endangered bird species"
752:
738:
322:were subsequently colonised by shags from
48:
29:
691:Heather, Barrie; Robertson, Hugh (2015).
684:
561:
550:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
509:
499:
426:
369:
329:A recent taxonomic revision argues that
257:
1787:
665:Chamberlain, Rhys (18 February 2016).
611:
1501:
1500:
1121:
1025:
878:
776:
733:
695:. New Zealand: Penguin. p. 290.
579:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1666:142ade09-25a7-4fcf-9abd-0f0bb6704dd7
1449:(imperial cormorant, blue-eyed shag)
535:
533:
531:
529:
640:"New Otago shag species discovered"
414:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
612:Morton, Jamie (17 February 2016).
14:
1831:
713:
526:
288:
1795:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
719:Otago shag discussed on RadioNZ
73:
403:BirdLife International (2018).
1815:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
658:
632:
605:
570:
467:
442:
253:
1:
389:
343:Distribution and conservation
238:and in its dark phase as the
1820:Endemic birds of New Zealand
848:Christmas Island frigatebird
501:10.1371/journal.pone.0090769
7:
1149:
1060:
906:
812:
591:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.020
10:
1836:
363:, and as far south as the
246:now found only in coastal
1805:Birds of the South Island
1741:
1509:
1388:
1368:
1348:
1318:
1280:
1239:
1163:
1148:
1139:
1135:
1117:
1074:
1059:
1050:
1046:
1021:
983:
965:
920:
905:
896:
892:
874:
826:
811:
802:
798:
772:
421:: e.T22696853A133556225.
264:Phalacrocorax chalconotus
204:Phalacrocorax chalconotus
201:
194:
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1330:Double-crested cormorant
1225:White-breasted cormorant
667:"Otago shag new species"
1810:Birds described in 1845
1273:(long-tailed cormorant)
838:Magnificent frigatebird
310:as a distinct species,
1731:Leucocarbo-chalconotus
1541:Leucocarbo chalconotus
1511:Leucocarbo chalconotus
1402:(Magellanic cormorant)
1232:(Temminck's cormorant)
1205:Little black cormorant
767:(Phalacrocoraciformes)
618:The New Zealand Herald
407:Leucocarbo chalconotus
375:
266:
234:formerly known as the
227:
219:Leucocarbo chalconotus
179:Leucocarbo chalconotus
1713:Paleobiology Database
1411:New Zealand king shag
1266:Little pied cormorant
1200:Black-faced cormorant
843:Ascension frigatebird
644:39 Dunedin Television
374:Otago Shag - Otago NZ
373:
261:
230:), together with the
1743:Graculus chalconotus
1380:Red-legged cormorant
1340:Flightless cormorant
1310:Spectacled cormorant
1130:: Phalacrocoracidae)
1034:: Anhingidae ·
785:: Fregatidae ·
454:nzbirdsonline.org.nz
1656:stewart-island-shag
1335:Neotropic cormorant
1302:Red-faced cormorant
1101:Australasian darter
1005:Australasian gannet
881:Gannets and boobies
721:Critter of the Week
492:2014PLoSO...990769R
236:Stewart Island shag
161:L. chalconotus
40:Conservation status
1478:South Georgia shag
1413:(rough-faced shag)
1292:Brandt's cormorant
1230:Japanese cormorant
858:Lesser frigatebird
646:. 18 February 2016
376:
359:, as far north as
300:Leucocarbo onslowi
267:
242:, is a species of
1782:
1781:
1700:Open Tree of Life
1503:Taxon identifiers
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1453:Heard Island shag
1297:Pelagic cormorant
1251:Crowned cormorant
1175:Socotra cormorant
1159:
1158:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1070:
1069:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
932:Blue-footed booby
916:
915:
870:
869:
866:
865:
853:Great frigatebird
822:
821:
702:978-0-143-57092-9
671:Otago Daily Times
563:10.1111/zoj.12376
210:
209:
137:Phalacrocoracidae
63:
1827:
1775:
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1555:483FA17D5EC47483
1545:
1544:
1543:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1498:
1497:
1406:Guanay cormorant
1308:
1256:Little cormorant
1210:Indian cormorant
1146:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1119:
1118:
1057:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1023:
1022:
952:Red-footed booby
903:
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33:
21:
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1677:
1674:Observation.org
1672:
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1524:
1523:
1518:
1505:
1495:
1482:
1384:
1364:
1344:
1314:
1276:
1261:Pygmy cormorant
1235:
1220:Great cormorant
1155:
1131:
1105:
1091:Oriental darter
1066:
1042:
1009:
995:Northern gannet
979:
961:
912:
888:
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818:
794:
768:
758:
716:
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448:
447:
443:
433:
431:
401:
397:
392:
353:Otago Peninsula
345:
320:Chatham Islands
291:
269:The species is
256:
250:, New Zealand.
190:
183:
177:
164:
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
1833:
1823:
1822:
1817:
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1807:
1802:
1797:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1763:
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1738:
1736:
1735:
1722:
1709:
1696:
1683:
1670:
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1637:
1624:
1611:
1598:
1585:
1572:
1559:
1546:
1531:
1515:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1473:Macquarie shag
1470:
1468:Kerguelen shag
1465:
1463:Antarctic shag
1460:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1356:
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1345:
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1342:
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1332:
1326:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1271:Reed cormorant
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1215:Cape cormorant
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1195:Pied cormorant
1192:
1187:
1182:
1180:Bank cormorant
1177:
1171:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1143:
1133:
1132:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1096:African darter
1093:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1054:
1044:
1043:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
991:
989:
981:
980:
978:
977:
975:Abbott's booby
971:
969:
963:
962:
960:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
937:Peruvian booby
934:
928:
926:
918:
917:
914:
913:
900:
890:
889:
872:
871:
868:
867:
864:
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861:
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855:
850:
845:
840:
834:
832:
824:
823:
820:
819:
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769:
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742:
734:
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715:
714:External links
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604:
569:
556:(3): 676–694.
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289:Classification
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1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1447:Imperial shag
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1437:Campbell shag
1435:
1433:
1432:Auckland shag
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
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1418:
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1404:
1401:
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1361:
1360:European shag
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1347:
1341:
1338:
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1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
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1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
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1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1166:Phalacrocorax
1162:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1102:
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486:(3): e90769.
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357:Otago Harbour
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336:Phalacrocorax
332:
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308:Foveaux shags
305:
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296:Chatham shags
286:
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170:Binomial name
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76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1742:
1510:
1427:Chatham shag
1421:
1417:Foveaux shag
1389:
1371:Poikilocarbo
1369:
1349:
1319:
1281:
1240:
1190:Spotted shag
1164:
1150:
1075:
1061:
1038:
984:
966:
942:Masked booby
921:
907:
827:
813:
790:
779:Frigatebirds
725:4 March 2016
720:
692:
686:
674:. Retrieved
670:
660:
648:. Retrieved
643:
634:
622:. Retrieved
617:
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582:
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553:
549:
543:
483:
479:
469:
457:. Retrieved
453:
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432:. Retrieved
418:
412:
406:
398:
384:Taiaroa Head
377:
346:
334:
330:
328:
311:
304:osteological
299:
292:
279:
275:Foveaux shag
268:
263:
239:
232:Foveaux shag
218:
217:
213:
211:
203:
202:
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
18:
1535:Wikispecies
1458:Crozet shag
1442:Bounty shag
1321:Nannopterum
1000:Cape gannet
957:Brown booby
947:Nazca booby
585:: 249–257.
459:26 November
434:18 November
349:Marlborough
316:Pleistocene
312:L. stewarti
283:Gular pouch
254:Description
240:bronze shag
24:Otago shag
1800:Leucocarbo
1789:Categories
1726:Xeno-canto
1422:Otago shag
1391:Leucocarbo
1242:Microcarbo
1124:Cormorants
887:: Sulidae)
765:Suliformes
544:Leucocarbo
390:References
331:Leucocarbo
318:, and the
214:Otago shag
148:Leucocarbo
127:Suliformes
55:Vulnerable
1758:Q50877964
1526:Q27074618
1400:Rock shag
1185:Pitt shag
271:dimorphic
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1752:Wikidata
1633:22696853
1568:22696853
1563:BirdLife
1520:Wikidata
967:Papasula
599:24994028
520:24614677
480:PLOS ONE
196:Synonyms
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1772:8815392
1692:1610891
1607:5789268
1550:Avibase
1351:Gulosus
1152:Species
1086:Anhinga
1077:Anhinga
1063:Species
1039:Anhinga
1028:Darters
909:Species
829:Fregata
815:Species
791:Fregata
676:2 March
650:2 March
624:2 March
511:3948693
488:Bibcode
365:Catlins
302:), and
189:, 1845)
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1718:399998
1705:480890
1663:NZOR:
1653:NZBO:
1646:146625
1620:824007
1581:198413
1128:family
1032:family
885:family
783:family
699:
620:. NZME
597:
518:
508:
361:Oamaru
228:Matapo
1679:73435
1594:6Q5KH
1283:Urile
1141:Genus
1052:Genus
1036:genus
986:Morus
898:Genus
804:Genus
787:genus
761:Order
380:guano
324:Otago
248:Otago
224:Māori
1767:GBIF
1687:OBIS
1641:NCBI
1628:IUCN
1615:ITIS
1602:GBIF
1576:BOLD
923:Sula
697:ISBN
678:2016
652:2016
626:2016
595:PMID
516:PMID
461:2023
436:2021
419:2018
244:shag
212:The
187:Gray
117:Aves
1589:CoL
587:doi
558:doi
554:177
506:PMC
496:doi
423:doi
222:) (
1791::
1769::
1754::
1728::
1715::
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1676::
1643::
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789::
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723:,
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583:79
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339:.
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226::
1307:†
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883:(
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560::
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498::
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484:9
463:.
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185:(
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