1430:
998:
2386:
64:
2519:
323:
1309:
615:
42:
348:
335:
1065:
only in the broadly defined
Asparagaceae. Other sources prefer to retain the narrower families of APG II; for example, Seberg et al. say that it "remains a moot point whether the difficult-to-recognize bracketed families of APG II are a worse or a better choice than the equally difficult-to-recognize
1053:
of 2009, which allowed only the broader families. The paper presenting the system states "The area around
Asparagaceae is difficult from the standpoint of circumscription. Although Asparagaceae s.l. are heterogeneous and poorly characterized, Asparagaceae s.s., Agavaceae, Laxmanniaceae, Ruscaceae and
1559:
Species are distributed in Europe, the
Mediterranean and North Africa and the Middle East, and then again in the Far East. There are two to eight ovules per carpel; elaiosomes are present in the seeds; and the basic chromosome number is 4 to 8+. The subtribe contains about 14â25 genera (depending on
967:
into smaller more homogeneous families. In the 1930s the
Viennese school elevated Engler's tribes to subfamilies. They questioned the inclusion of such different groups as Lilioideae and Scilloideae within the same family, and even Scilloideae was considered to be composed of at least three groups.
1074:
In 1990, Pfosser and Speta stated that their earlier classification of the
Hyacinthaceae into the subfamilies Hyacinthoideae, Ornithogaloideae, Oziroeoideae and Urgineoideae continued to be supported by ongoing studies. (They further divided the subfamilies Hyacinthoideae and Ornithogaloideae into
1045:
of 2003 was a compromise. It divided the
Asparagales into 14 broadly defined families, while allowing an alternative system in which some of the larger families could be replaced by smaller ones. The Hyacinthaceae was one of these optional smaller families, which could alternatively be sunk into a
313:
of 2009. It is also treated as the separate family
Hyacinthaceae, as it is by many researchers and was in earlier APG systems. Determining the boundaries between genera within the Scilloideae is an active area of research. The number of genera varies widely from source to source, from about 30 to
862:
Although generally agreeing on the main division of the
Asparagaceae into two clades, studies have produced slightly different relationships among the Agavoideae, Aphyllanthoideae, Brodiaeoideae and Scilloideae. For example, Seberg et al. (2012) present analyses based on parsimony and on maximum
972:
was recognizing the
Scilloideae as the family Hyacinthaceae, and dividing it into tribes. How many tribes were recognised and how the genera were distributed within those tribes depended on the diagnostic characters chosen. Huber used seeds, while Schulze in 1980 used pollen. Morphology and
1320:
In terms of the number of species, this is the largest tribe. Its species are distributed in Europe, western Asia and Africa. They have flowers with three stamens which have flattened filaments. Their seeds are flattened and angular. The basic chromosome numbers range from
1640:(with synonyms from the same source), with assignments to the subfamily Scilloideae based on the Germplasm Resources Information Network. As noted above, other sources divide up some of these genera, creating a significantly larger number; thus the genus
1054:
even
Hyacinthaceae have few if any distinctive features." At the same time, Chase et al. provided subfamilies to replace the alternative narrowly defined families of APG II. The Hyacinthaceae became the subfamily Scilloideae of the family Asparagaceae.
2988:
Chase, M.W.; Duvall, M. R.; Hills, H.G.; Conran, J.G.; Cox, A.V.; Eguiarte, L.E.; Hartwell, J.; Fay, M.F.; Caddick, L. R.; Cameron, K. M.; Hoot, S. (1995). "Molecular systematics of Lilianae". In Rudall, P.J.; Cribb, P.J.; Cutler, D.F (eds.).
3553:
Manning, John C.; Forest, FĂ©lix; Devey, Dion S.; Fay, Michael F.; Goldblatt, Peter (2009). "A molecular phylogeny and a revised classification of Ornithogaloideae (Hyacinthaceae) based on an analysis of four plastid DNA regions".
1075:
tribes.) A part of reducing the Hyacinthaceae to the subfamily Scilloideae, Chase et al. (2009) suggested dividing it into four tribes, corresponding to Pfosser and Speta's four subfamilies: Hyacintheae
3999:
MartĂnez-AzorĂn, Mario; Crespo, Manuel B.; Dold, Anthony P.; Pinter, Michael; Wetschnig, Wolfgang (27 February 2015). "New combinations and lectotype designations in Asparagaceae subfam. Scilloideae".
2944:
Seberg, Ole; Petersen, Gitte; Davis, Jerrold I.; Pires, J. Chris; Stevenson, Dennis W.; Chase, Mark W.; Fay, Michael F.; Devey, Dion S.; JĂžrgensen, Tina; Sytsma, Kenneth J.; Pillon, Yohan (2012).
1290:
Species are found only in western South America. They have flowers with stamens which are joined to the petals, rounded seeds and the embryo as long as the seed. The basic chromosome numbers are
1620:
Both historically and as of March 2013, there has been "considerable disagreement over generic limits" in the remaining Scilloideae, with different sources listing from 15 to 45 genera for
649:
The exact position of the Scilloideae within the broadly defined Asparagaceae is less clear. One possible phylogeny for the seven subfamilies recognised within the family is shown below.
459:
Leaves: fleshy and mucilaginous arranged in a basal rosette, alternate and spiral, simple, margin entire, with parallel venation, sheathing at the base, without stipules and hair simple.
973:
chromosome analysis were supplemented by chemotaxonomy, due to the presence of cardiac steroids, such as the bufadienolids in the Urgineoideae and cardenolids in Ornithogaloideae. Even
552:. The seed coat usually contains phytomelan (phytomelanin), one of the defining characteristics of the order, a black pigment present in the seed coat, creating a dark crust.
871:
Detailed historical accounts of taxonomic issues relating to the modern subfamily Scilloideae have been provided by Pfosser & Speta (1999) and Chase et al. (2009). The
4070:
2675:
1377:
and are distributed mainly in Africa, Madagascar, and the Mediterranean through to India. The seeds are flattened and winged with the head barely attached to the
3475:"A revised generic synopsis of Hyacintheaceae in sub-Saharan Africa, based on molecular evidence, including new combinations and the new tribe Pseudoprospereae"
2720:
3594:"Molecular phylogenetics of subfamily Ornithogaloideae (Hyacinthaceae) based on nuclear and plastid DNA regions, including a new taxonomic arrangement"
309:, were at one time placed in a very broadly defined lily family (Liliaceae). The subfamily is recognized in modern classification systems such as the
1038:(a term derived from Dahlgren, and the largest monocot order). One of the 29 families into which the Asparagales were divided was the Hyacinthaceae.
4314:
1018:
was based on the Dahlgren system, as for example in the work by Chase et al. in 1995. When it was discovered that the Dahlgren families were not
1441:
In terms of the number of species, this is the second largest tribe. Its species have leaves with pustules or spots, rounded seeds and contain
1282:
The exact boundaries between genera within these tribes remains controversial; the situation has been described as being in a "state of flux".
4340:
1624:
alone. The total number of genera has been given as anything between about 30 (with about 500â700 species) and 70 (with about 1000 species).
892:
of 1985, they have been divided between orders and split into many often small families. Dahlgren divided the lilioid monocots in search of
524:: superior ovary, tricarpelate, connate and trilocular. Single stigma, capitate to 3-lobed. May contain from one to several ovules in each
896:, but in practice he was unsuccessful. His major contribution was to split the Liliaceae into two families, the true Liliaceae, Liliaceae
3778:
MartĂnez-AzorĂn, Mario; Crespo, Manuel B.; Alonso-Vargas, MarĂa Ăngeles; Dold, Anthony P.; Pinter, Michael; Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2018).
1066:
subfamilies of APG III", and in their analyses of the phylogeny of the Asparagales they continue to use families such as Hyacinthaceae.
1633:
1058:
4057:
1488:. The basic chromosome number is 5 to 10+ (many 20). The subtribe contains about 13â20 genera (depending on the treatment), including
4262:
4327:
4275:
4159:
1041:
With further work it was evident that these 29 families, some of which had few genera, could be grouped into larger clades. The
3953:
863:
likelihood. In the first, the Scilloideae are sister to the Agavoideae; in the second, they are sister to the Brodiaeoideae.
4332:
4164:
1484:
Species are distributed in Africa south of the Sahara and India. There are two or more ovules per carpel. The seeds have
630:
of Scilloideae is well supported by studies based on molecular data. These studies also give support to the exclusion of
514:
to the tube, often appendiculate. The anthers are dorsifixed and pollen dehiscence occurs by longitudinal openings. The
2842:"A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae"
1644:
as conceived by Manning et al. (2009) is divided by MartĂnez-AzorĂn et al. (2011) into a more narrowly circumscribed
3989:
3643:"Phylogenetic relationships among genera of Massonieae (Hyacinthaceae) inferred from plastid DNA and seed morphology"
3399:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"
3366:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II"
2925:
1467:, is from eastern South Africa. It has two ovules per carpel with one seed per locule and a basic chromosome number
4448:
4345:
3017:
4301:
2811:
2802:
599:
182:
4384:
3689:
3308:
Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Friedrich-Schiller-UniversitÀt Jena, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
3784:(Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new genus from southern Africa, including the description of seven new species"
17:
4022:
Stedje, Brita (2001). "Generic Delimitation of Hyacinthaceae, with Special Emphasis on Sub-Saharan Genera".
1330:
4062:
4241:
4236:
4223:
4133:
915:
in 1786. Batsch's version of the family only superficially resembles the modern version, but did include
642:
and related genera, i.e. the former Hyacinthaceae subfamily Chlorogaloideae, now placed in the subfamily
603:
186:
566:
bimodal or trimodal. The basic chromosome number is also very variable (X = 2, 6, 7, 10, 15, 17, etc.).
63:
4379:
4254:
3712:
3448:
1027:
4075:
3833:
4280:
3971:
2738:
2615:, the sea squill, has been used as a medicinal plant since ancient times. Its use for treatment of
969:
3944:
Judd, W.S.; Campbell, C.S.; Kellogg, E.A.; Stevens, P.F.; Donoghue, M.J. (2007). "Hyacinthaceae".
2665:
2624:
2598:
2487:
2311:
1313:
1011:
989:
proved heterogeneous and characters useful in other families failed to define satisfactory taxa.
4371:
4249:
4086:
3306:
Schulze, Werner (1980). "BeitrÀge zur Taxonomie der Liliifloren: VI Der Umfang der Liliaceae".
938:
589:
149:
3039:
287:
4366:
4319:
4124:
2448:
1434:
575:
399:
271:
4443:
4358:
4146:
3382:
3365:
2499:
8:
2681:
1002:
619:
592:
in 1835. When treated as a family, the name Hyacinthaceae is derived from the type genus
539:
403:
3440:
1605:
Some genera that were formerly placed within the Scillioideae (as Hyacinthaceae), e.g.,
1429:
4415:
4039:
3815:
3670:
3618:
3593:
3571:
3535:
3346:
3287:
Huber, H. (1969). "Die Samenmerkmale und Verwandtschaftsverhaltnisse der Liliifloren".
3269:
3186:
3173:
Baker, J.G. (1873). "Revision of the genera and species of Scilleae and Chlorogaleae".
3156:
3062:
2523:
2455:
1621:
942:
171:
58:
3753:
4353:
3985:
3949:
3914:
3779:
3662:
3623:
3415:
3398:
3085:
2967:
2858:
2841:
2776:
2408:
467:
3819:
3642:
3273:
3141:"A revision of the genera and species of herbaceous capsular gamophyllous Liliaceae"
2746:(a bufadienolide) is used to poison rats, traditionally by spreading dried chips of
2458:
both sexually and asexually. The showy flowers of many species of the subfamily are
471:
4420:
4031:
4010:
3805:
3797:
3674:
3654:
3613:
3605:
3563:
3527:
3486:
3420:
3410:
3377:
3338:
3261:
3182:
3165:
3160:
3152:
3054:
2957:
2853:
2651:
2537:
2203:
1960:
1592:
1442:
917:
876:
872:
676:
594:
497:
442:
361:
299:
235:
229:
4228:
4138:
4407:
4214:
3981:
3975:
3948:(3rd ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. pp. 269â270.
2946:"Phylogeny of the Asparagales based on three plastid and two mitochondrial genes"
2877:
2748:
2637:
are used for the production of substances for the treatment of heart conditions.
2611:
2602:
and the different cultivars of hyacinths are important in the cut flower market.
889:
306:
101:
3326:
997:
4187:
4014:
3967:
3801:
2385:
2243:
2213:
1463:
1450:
1361:
1091:. The possible relationship of the four tribes is represented in the following
1050:
951:. introducing the Hyacintheae, Scilleae, Massonieae, and Chlorogaleae. In 1887
911:
Splitting off the Hyacinthaceae from the Liliaceae was originally suggested by
463:
434:
310:
88:
50:
3658:
3592:
Martinez-Azorin, Mario; Crespo, Manuel B.; Juan, Ana; Fay, Michael F. (2011).
3491:
3474:
3082:
Dispositio generum plantarum Jenensium secundum Linnaeum et familias naturales
1365:. By contrast, MartĂnez-AzorĂn et al. (2011) divide the tribe into 19 genera.
4437:
4109:
2698:
2633:
2561:
2412:
2400:
2288:
2228:
1942:
1574:
1536:
1374:
1042:
974:
806:
784:
720:
475:
419:
376:
340:
283:
241:
114:
3089:
2518:
4397:
4177:
3918:
3666:
3627:
3252:
Buchner, L. (1949). "Vergleichende embryologische Studien an Scilloideae".
2971:
2780:
2743:
2702:
2586:
2567:
2097:
1932:
1637:
1347:
960:
952:
900:, and the Hyacinthaceae (families which are now placed in separate orders,
656:
548:: Seed morphology is diverse, from globular to flattened, and occasionally
411:
407:
360:
The subfamily contains many popular spring-flowering garden bulbs, such as
327:
322:
279:
275:
233:. Scilloideae or Hyacinthaceae include many familiar garden plants such as
219:
134:
1632:
Unless otherwise noted, the list below is based on genera accepted by the
1308:
314:
about 70. The situation has been described as being in a "state of flux".
4288:
4118:
3963:
3609:
2645:
The Scilloideae are only occasionally used as food plants for humans. In
2420:
2273:
1607:
1403:
1385:= 6, 7 and 10. Depending on the source, the tribe may include the genera
1035:
905:
821:
638:
555:
446:
264:
124:
3575:
2962:
2945:
614:
41:
4267:
4043:
3810:
3567:
3539:
3425:
3350:
3265:
3066:
2742:
and several members of the tribe Urgineeae are poisonous to livestock.
2714:
2592:
2555:
2459:
2344:
2253:
2002:
1970:
1877:
1731:
1562:
1542:
1514:
1508:
1496:
1031:
947:
923:
884:
875:
have long created classification problems. At one extreme, e.g. in the
698:
643:
579:
559:
503:
500:
may be white, yellow, violet, blue, brown and even black (see images).
353:
259:
4293:
3777:
574:
When treated as a subfamily, the name Scilloideae is derived from the
347:
4001:
3788:
3215:
Fritsch, K. (1932). "Die systematische Gruppierung der Monokotylen".
2507:
2440:
2087:
2012:
1917:
1721:
1707:
1485:
1413:
1378:
1092:
1019:
928:
893:
880:
627:
563:
529:
521:
489:
485:
481:
450:
291:
210:
4306:
4080:
4035:
3531:
3342:
3140:
3105:
The Genera of Plants : A Fragment Containing Part of Liriogamae
3058:
4392:
4208:
4172:
4103:
3980:. The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 3. Berlin:
3900:
2694:
2495:
2486:. Both nectar and pollen act as incentives to pollinating species.
2444:
2354:
2052:
2027:
1770:
1760:
1613:
1568:
1530:
1520:
1490:
1329:= 10. In the treatment by Manning et al. (2009) and Stevens at the
933:
901:
632:
511:
493:
438:
415:
388:
295:
3865:
2393:
Scilloideae are widely but discontinuously distributed. The genus
1445:. The tribe can in turn be divided into three clades (subtribes):
1010:
Modern classification systems for plants are largely derived from
959:
into two tribes, Lilieaoe and Scilleae. In the twentieth century,
488:). When joined, the perianth forms a tubular bell. The tepals are
4151:
3234:
Krause, K. (1930). "Liliaceae". In Engler, A.; Prantl, K (eds.).
3200:
Engler, A. (1887). "Liliaceae". In Engler, A.; Prantl, K (eds.).
2620:
2580:
2543:
2535:
Many members of the subfamily are popular garden plants, such as
2491:
2463:
2369:
2334:
2263:
2062:
1892:
1795:
1697:
1580:
1502:
1341:
1022:, the tendency was to create new families out of each identified
430:
394:
370:
334:
247:
3327:"An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants"
3977:
Flowering plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae)
3040:"Phylogenetics of Hyacinthaceae based on plastid DNA sequences"
2670:
2660:
2656:
2549:
2416:
2404:
2395:
2374:
N.R.Crouch, Mart.-AzorĂn, M.B.Crespo, M.Pinter & M.Ă.Alonso
2298:
2185:
1902:
1810:
1749:
1654:
1586:
1393:
1387:
1335:
1296:
1057:
Many sources have adopted the APG III system; for example, the
912:
584:
525:
515:
507:
437:, a characteristic which placed them within the older order of
426:
382:
253:
205:
3324:
941:
redistributed the genera into several families. In the 1870s,
3888:
2646:
2616:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
1023:
535:
386:). Other members are summer- and autumn-flowering, including
157:
75:
3704:
3640:
3591:
1034:. This placed many lilioid families and genera in the order
3641:
Pfosser, M.; Wetschnig, W.; Ungar, S.; Prenner, G. (2004).
2503:
2467:
1095:, which has, however, only "moderate" statistical support.
549:
545:
425:
Morphologically the subfamily is characterised by having 6
214:
3943:
3518:, a new genus and species of Massonieae (Hyacinthaceae)".
3396:
3363:
466:
inflorescences (in racemes, in spikes, and in heads). The
2708:
Several species are toxic. In South Africa, for example,
3939:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
2943:
2926:"Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Scilloideae"
2451:(i.e., with a pronounced dry season during the summer).
223:. Scilloideae is sometimes treated as a separate family
3690:"Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Agavoideae"
286:. Their flowers have six tepals and six stamens with a
2987:
879:
of 1968, they have been regarded as one large family (
484:: six tepals divided into two whorls, free or joined (
3998:
3552:
3587:
3585:
2983:
2981:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2919:
2917:
3472:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
3634:
1014:. The initial molecular analysis of the Liliaceae
449:order. They have also been included in the family
441:in many older classification systems, such as the
3905:L. (Squill): A Poisonous Plant of North Africa".
3901:el Bahri, L.; Djegham, M.; Makhlouf, M. (2000). "
3696:
3582:
3546:
3514:sensu lato in southern Africa and description of
2978:
2932:
4435:
3681:
3505:
3473:Manning, J.C.; Goldblatt, P.; Fay, M.F. (2004).
3468:
3466:
3464:
3175:Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany
3145:Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany
3009:
2997:
2894:
558:: Chromosome size varies widely, from 1.2 to 18
506:: composed of 6 stamens (exceptionally 3, as in
2993:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 109â137.
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2839:
2786:
1049:This compromise approach was abandoned in the
3748:
3461:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
2840:Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L.; Fay, M.F. (2009).
2693:Many Scilloideae produce poisonous steroidal
445:, but they now separate from them within the
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3037:
2824:
2403:. Other genera occur in Africa south of the
1294:= 15, 17. The tribe contains only the genus
263:(squills or scillas). Some are important as
3826:
3433:
3018:"Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales"
2447:habitats, but are more diverse in areas of
2380:
510:, for example), with the filaments free or
3946:Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach
3709:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
3499:
3445:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
3024:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2596:, among others, are grown as ornamentals.
1634:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
1617:, are currently placed in the Agavoideae.
1059:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
294:(Liliaceae), and their leaves are fleshy,
290:, which previously placed them within the
40:
3934:
3859:
3857:
3809:
3760:. United States Department of Agriculture
3725:
3617:
3490:
3424:
3414:
3381:
3164:
3102:
2991:Monocotyledons: Systematics and evolution
2961:
2857:
2502:of seeds may occur by water, wind, or by
992:
518:is monosulcate (having a linear furrow).
398:('pineapple lilies'). Most are native to
3863:
3506:Wetschnig, W.; Pfosser, M. (2003). "The
3403:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
3370:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
2846:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
2766:
2764:
2517:
2384:
1428:
1307:
996:
866:
613:
346:
333:
321:
3758:Germplasm Resources Information Network
3331:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
3325:The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998).
3305:
3251:
3214:
3047:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
2866:
2770:
945:used tribes to divide up the Liliaceae
14:
4436:
4021:
3854:
3838:U.MĂŒll.-Doblies & D.MĂŒll.-Doblies"
3383:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x
3299:
3280:
3245:
3233:
3227:
3208:
3199:
3193:
3111:
3096:
3079:
3073:
3038:Pfosser, Martin; Speta, Franz (1999).
2797:
2795:
927:. The group was reduced to a tribe by
270:Scilloideae are distributed mostly in
4085:
4084:
3962:
3510:puzzle â present status of the genus
3286:
3172:
3138:
3117:
3003:
2761:
2092:U.MĂŒll.-Doblies & D.MĂŒll.-Doblies
1600:
888:). At the other extreme, e.g. in the
456:Roots: contractile and mucilaginous.
3702:
3390:
3357:
3318:
3202:Die naaturlichen Pflanzenfamilien 11
2571:(including those formerly placed in
2427:, and on the east coast of Asia, in
4024:Systematics and Geography of Plants
3687:
3397:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009).
3364:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003).
3015:
2923:
2812:The International Plant Names Index
2792:
2389:Distribution of Scilloideae species
1381:. The basic chromosome numbers are
963:proposed the division of Liliaceae
402:zones and neighboring areas in the
27:Subfamily of bulbous monocot plants
24:
4385:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30298455-2
3187:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1872.tb00093.x
3157:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1870.tb00068.x
3118:Baker, J.G. (1870). "Monograph of
2804:IPNI Plant Name Query Results for
2399:is found only in parts of western
1373:Species within this tribe contain
1333:, the tribe contains four genera,
602:from ("ex") a 1797 publication by
25:
4460:
4051:
3236:Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien
2673:some tribes consume the bulbs of
2659:they are consumed as pickles. In
1627:
470:are articulated. The flowers are
3754:"Query GRIN Taxonomy for Plants"
3416:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
2882:The families of flowering plants
2859:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x
2771:Burnett, Gilbert Thomas (1835).
2627:. Bufadienolides isolated from
2605:
1702:(Wendelbo) Perss. & Wendelbo
1303:
62:
3928:
3907:Veterinary and Human Toxicology
3894:
3882:
3864:Pfosser, Martin; Speta, Franz.
3771:
3711:. The Board of Trustees of the
3289:Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. Munchen
2669:is consumed as a vegetable. In
2578:In South Africa the species of
1461:The only species in the genus,
1085:M.W.Chase, Reveal & M.F.Fay
1012:molecular phylogenetic analysis
598:, and is usually attributed to
2530:
1648:plus an additional 11 genera.
1424:
1351:(about 160 species, including
1046:broadly defined Asparagaceae.
569:
317:
13:
1:
2755:
532:at the septa of the ovaries.
2787:Chase, Reveal & Fay 2009
1417:(also sometimes included in
1368:
1331:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
1285:
609:
7:
3891:Lampascioni.it (in Italian)
3705:"search for "Asparagaceae""
3479:Edinburgh Journal of Botany
2876:Watson, L.; Dallwitz, M.J.
2688:
2439:. Scilloideae are found in
1756:(Climbing Onion, Sea Onion)
305:The Scilloideae, like most
10:
4465:
4015:10.11646/phytotaxa.201.2.7
3966:(1998). "Hyacintheae". In
3889:http://www.lampascione.it/
3802:10.11646/phytotaxa.365.2.1
3713:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
3449:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2950:American Journal of Botany
2655:are grown for food and in
1560:the treatment), including
1464:Pseudoprospero firmifolium
1028:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
4198:
4093:
4058:Hyacinthaceae in Topwalks
3659:10.1007/s10265-003-0076-8
3647:Journal of Plant Research
3492:10.1017/S0960428603000404
3080:Batsch, A.I.G.C. (1786).
1339:(about 110â140 species),
1214:
1201:
1194:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1151:
1144:
1131:
1124:
1111:
1104:
1069:
819:
804:
797:
782:
775:
733:
718:
711:
696:
689:
674:
667:
660:
217:plants within the family
177:
170:
163:
156:
59:Scientific classification
57:
48:
39:
34:
3870:Tree of Life Web Project
3103:Salisbury, R.A. (1866).
2775:. London: J. Churchill.
2739:Ornithogalum saundersiae
2705:, making them inedible.
2381:Distribution and ecology
1689:; sometimes included in
227:, named after the genus
4449:Asparagales subfamilies
4405:Watson & Dallwitz:
3516:Spetaea lachenaliiflora
3166:2027/hvd.32044106471428
3107:. London: J. v. Voorst.
2710:Ornithogalum thyrsoides
2666:Ornithogalum pyrenaicum
2640:
2625:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
2599:Ornithogalum thyrsoides
2513:
2488:Vegetative reproduction
2411:, on both sides of the
2361:(sometimes included in
2339:Wetschnig & Pfosser
2280:(sometimes included in
2235:(sometimes included in
2220:(sometimes included in
2019:(sometimes included in
1924:(sometimes included in
1909:(sometimes included in
1884:(sometimes included in
1802:(sometimes included in
1590:(about 30 species) and
1478:Bentham & Hooker f.
1407:(sometimes included in
1314:Ornithogalum narbonense
588:, and is attributed to
203:(named after the genus
3935:Mabberley, D. (1997).
2676:Ledebouria apertiflora
2527:
2390:
1438:
1317:
1061:places genera such as
1007:
993:Modern classifications
955:divided the Liliaceae
931:in 1836, and included
623:
590:Gilbert Thomas Burnett
410:. Others are found in
357:
344:
331:
272:Mediterranean climates
251:(grape hyacinths) and
4367:Paleobiology Database
4071:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
2663:the inflorescence of
2521:
2449:Mediterranean climate
2388:
2233:Garbari & Greuter
1512:(about 110 species),
1435:Lachenalia orchioides
1432:
1311:
1000:
867:Early classifications
617:
462:Flowers: arranged in
400:Mediterranean climate
350:
337:
325:
4076:links at CSDL, Texas
3984:. pp. 261â285.
3217:Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges
3139:Baker, J.G. (1871).
2494:or by seeds through
1584:(about 50 species),
1566:(about 50 species),
1518:(about 80 species),
1030:system of 1998, the
368:), grape hyacinths (
351:Leaves and bulbs of
298:, and arranged in a
3241:. pp. 227â386.
3084:(in Latin). Jenae.
2963:10.3732/ajb.1100468
2682:Ledebouria revoluta
2462:by a wide range of
2415:, further north in
1882:Lindl. & Paxton
1596:(about 25 species).
1006:, glory-of-the-snow
1003:Chionodoxa luciliae
620:Ornithogalum dubium
404:Mediterranean Basin
3610:10.1093/aob/mcq207
3568:10.1002/tax.581011
3266:10.1007/bf01256694
3151:(54â55): 349â436.
3132:Saunder's Ref. Bot
2773:Outlines of Botany
2730:L. ovatifolia
2721:Ledebouria cooperi
2623:from 1554 BC, the
2619:is mentioned in a
2528:
2524:Eucomis autumnalis
2391:
1622:sub-Saharan Africa
1601:Genera and species
1439:
1318:
1026:, as in the first
1008:
624:
358:
345:
332:
307:lily-like monocots
4431:
4430:
4354:Open Tree of Life
4087:Taxon identifiers
3955:978-0-87893-407-2
3204:. pp. 10â91.
2785:p. 428. Cited in
2726:L. inguinata
2409:Arabian Peninsula
2407:and parts of the
2375:
2360:
2350:
2340:
2317:
2304:
2294:
2279:
2269:
2259:
2249:
2234:
2219:
2209:
2198:
2191:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2093:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2058:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2018:
2008:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1966:
1955:
1948:
1938:
1923:
1908:
1898:
1883:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1801:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1766:
1755:
1744:
1737:
1727:
1717:
1703:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1636:as in the family
1554:
1479:
1456:
1443:homoisoflavanones
1279:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
859:
858:
850:
849:
841:
840:
832:
831:
764:
763:
755:
754:
746:
745:
604:Moritz Borkhausen
338:Inflorescence of
209:, "squill") is a
198:
197:
189:
152:
16:(Redirected from
4456:
4424:
4423:
4411:
4410:
4401:
4400:
4388:
4387:
4375:
4374:
4362:
4361:
4349:
4348:
4336:
4335:
4323:
4322:
4310:
4309:
4297:
4296:
4284:
4283:
4271:
4270:
4258:
4257:
4245:
4244:
4232:
4231:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4191:
4190:
4181:
4180:
4168:
4167:
4155:
4154:
4142:
4141:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4082:
4081:
4064:Monocot families
4047:
4018:
3995:
3959:
3940:
3923:
3922:
3903:Urginea maritima
3898:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3861:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3750:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3621:
3598:Annals of Botany
3589:
3580:
3579:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3470:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3418:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3170:
3168:
3135:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3044:
3035:
3022:
3021:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2965:
2941:
2930:
2929:
2921:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2837:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2799:
2790:
2784:
2768:
2734:L. revoluta
2652:Leopoldia comosa
2373:
2358:
2348:
2338:
2315:
2302:
2292:
2277:
2267:
2257:
2247:
2232:
2217:
2207:
2196:
2189:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2091:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2056:
2045:
2038:
2032:Thunb. ex Houtt.
2031:
2016:
2006:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1964:
1953:
1946:
1936:
1921:
1906:
1896:
1881:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1799:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1764:
1754:Harv. ex Hook.f.
1753:
1742:
1735:
1725:
1712:Martinez-AzorĂn
1711:
1701:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1552:
1477:
1454:
1197:
1196:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1166:
1147:
1146:
1127:
1126:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1098:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:, Ornithogaleae
1076:
877:Cronquist system
873:lilioid monocots
800:
799:
778:
777:
714:
713:
692:
691:
677:Aphyllanthoideae
670:
669:
663:
662:
653:
652:
443:Cronquist system
433:with a superior
181:
148:
67:
66:
44:
32:
31:
21:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4419:
4414:
4406:
4404:
4396:
4391:
4383:
4378:
4370:
4365:
4357:
4352:
4344:
4339:
4331:
4326:
4318:
4313:
4305:
4300:
4292:
4287:
4279:
4274:
4266:
4261:
4253:
4248:
4240:
4235:
4227:
4222:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4194:
4186:
4184:
4176:
4171:
4163:
4158:
4150:
4145:
4137:
4132:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4089:
4054:
4036:10.2307/3668693
3992:
3982:Springer-Verlag
3968:Kubitzki, Klaus
3956:
3931:
3926:
3899:
3895:
3887:
3883:
3874:
3872:
3866:"Hyacinthaceae"
3862:
3855:
3846:
3844:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3776:
3772:
3763:
3761:
3752:
3751:
3726:
3717:
3715:
3701:
3697:
3686:
3682:
3639:
3635:
3590:
3583:
3551:
3547:
3532:10.2307/3647303
3504:
3500:
3471:
3462:
3453:
3451:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3395:
3391:
3362:
3358:
3343:10.2307/2992015
3323:
3319:
3304:
3300:
3285:
3281:
3250:
3246:
3232:
3228:
3213:
3209:
3198:
3194:
3181:(68): 209â292.
3171:
3137:
3136:Appendix: 1â18.
3116:
3112:
3101:
3097:
3078:
3074:
3059:10.2307/2666172
3042:
3036:
3025:
3014:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2986:
2979:
2942:
2933:
2922:
2895:
2886:
2884:
2878:"Hyacinthaceae"
2874:
2867:
2838:
2825:
2816:
2814:
2810:. Vol. 1.
2801:
2800:
2793:
2769:
2762:
2758:
2749:Drimia maritima
2691:
2643:
2629:Drimia maritima
2612:Drimia maritima
2608:
2533:
2516:
2383:
2378:
1975:Jacq. ex Murray
1947:Heist. ex Fabr.
1630:
1603:
1427:
1371:
1306:
1288:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1072:
995:
977:genera such as
890:Dahlgren system
869:
860:
851:
842:
833:
765:
756:
747:
612:
572:
478:, often showy.
380:) and squills (
320:
147:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4462:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4421:wfo-7000001198
4412:
4402:
4389:
4376:
4363:
4350:
4337:
4324:
4311:
4298:
4285:
4272:
4259:
4246:
4233:
4220:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4182:
4169:
4156:
4143:
4130:
4115:
4099:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4060:
4053:
4052:External links
4050:
4049:
4048:
4030:(2): 449â454.
4019:
3996:
3990:
3972:Huber, Herbert
3960:
3954:
3941:
3937:The Plant-Book
3930:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3913:(2): 108â110.
3893:
3881:
3853:
3825:
3796:(2): 101â129.
3770:
3724:
3695:
3688:Stevens, P.F.
3680:
3653:(2): 115â132.
3633:
3581:
3545:
3508:Scilla plumbea
3498:
3485:(3): 533â568.
3460:
3432:
3409:(2): 105â121.
3389:
3376:(4): 399â436.
3356:
3337:(4): 531â553.
3317:
3298:
3279:
3260:(4): 428â450.
3254:Ăsterr. Bot. Z
3244:
3226:
3207:
3192:
3134:. Vol. 3.
3110:
3095:
3072:
3053:(4): 852â875.
3023:
3016:Stevens, P.F.
3008:
2996:
2977:
2956:(5): 875â889.
2931:
2924:Stevens, P.F.
2893:
2865:
2852:(2): 132â136.
2823:
2791:
2789:, p. 135.
2759:
2757:
2754:
2712:, and several
2699:bufadienolides
2690:
2687:
2642:
2639:
2607:
2604:
2532:
2529:
2515:
2512:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2351:
2341:
2331:
2295:
2285:
2270:
2260:
2250:
2244:Pseudoprospero
2240:
2225:
2218:(Kuntze) Engl.
2214:Pseudogaltonia
2210:
2200:
2182:
2094:
2084:
2059:
2049:
2024:
2009:
1999:
1967:
1957:
1939:
1929:
1914:
1899:
1889:
1874:
1807:
1792:
1767:
1757:
1746:
1728:
1718:
1704:
1694:
1650:
1629:
1628:List of genera
1626:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1547:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1472:
1458:
1457:
1451:Pseudoprospero
1426:
1423:
1375:bufadienolides
1370:
1367:
1362:Pseudogaltonia
1305:
1302:
1287:
1284:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1182:Pseudoprospero
1178:
1173:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:Ornithogaleae
1130:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1097:
1087:and Urgineeae
1071:
1068:
1051:APG III system
994:
991:
868:
865:
857:
856:
853:
852:
848:
847:
844:
843:
839:
838:
835:
834:
830:
829:
826:
825:
818:
815:
814:
811:
810:
803:
798:
796:
793:
792:
789:
788:
781:
776:
774:
771:
770:
767:
766:
762:
761:
758:
757:
753:
752:
749:
748:
744:
743:
740:
739:
732:
729:
728:
725:
724:
717:
712:
710:
707:
706:
703:
702:
695:
690:
688:
685:
684:
681:
680:
673:
668:
666:
661:
659:
651:
611:
608:
571:
568:
472:hermaphroditic
374:), bluebells (
319:
316:
311:APG III system
288:superior ovary
196:
195:
194:
193:
190:
180:Hyacinthaceae
175:
174:
168:
167:
161:
160:
154:
153:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
105:
104:
99:
92:
91:
86:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
55:
54:
51:Scilla bifolia
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4461:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4200:Hyacinthaceae
4197:
4189:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4003:
3997:
3993:
3991:3-540-64060-6
3987:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3932:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3885:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3858:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3829:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3783:
3774:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3703:WCSP (2011).
3699:
3691:
3684:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3586:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3562:(1): 77â107.
3561:
3557:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3203:
3196:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3106:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3019:
3012:
3005:
3000:
2992:
2984:
2982:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2927:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2870:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2806:Hyacinthaceae
2805:
2798:
2796:
2788:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2649:the bulbs of
2648:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2634:Drimia indica
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2606:Medicinal use
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2562:Hyacinthoides
2558:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2511:
2509:
2506:attracted by
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2482:, as well as
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:Mediterranean
2410:
2406:
2402:
2401:South America
2398:
2397:
2387:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2324:Nectaroscilla
2321:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2293:van der Merwe
2291:
2290:
2289:Schizocarphus
2286:
2283:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2268:van der Merwe
2266:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2231:
2230:
2229:Pseudomuscari
2226:
2223:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2170:
2169:Neopatersonia
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1945:
1944:
1943:Hyacinthoides
1940:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1677:Stellarioides
1671:
1664:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1575:Hyacinthoides
1571:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1551:Hyacinthinae
1550:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1537:Schizocarphus
1533:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1357:Neopatersonia
1354:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1304:Ornithogaleae
1301:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:Hyacinthinae
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1043:APG II system
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1004:
999:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
949:
944:
940:
936:
935:
930:
926:
925:
920:
919:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
898:sensu stricto
895:
891:
887:
886:
882:
878:
874:
864:
855:
854:
846:
845:
837:
836:
828:
827:
824:
823:
817:
816:
813:
812:
809:
808:
807:Asparagoideae
802:
801:
795:
794:
791:
790:
787:
786:
785:Lomandroideae
780:
779:
773:
772:
769:
768:
760:
759:
751:
750:
742:
741:
738:
737:
731:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
721:Brodiaeoideae
716:
715:
709:
708:
705:
704:
701:
700:
694:
693:
687:
686:
683:
682:
679:
678:
672:
671:
665:
664:
658:
655:
654:
650:
647:
645:
641:
640:
635:
634:
629:
622:
621:
616:
607:
605:
601:
600:August Batsch
597:
596:
591:
587:
586:
581:
577:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
551:
547:
543:
542:loculicidal.
541:
537:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
477:
476:actinomorphic
473:
469:
465:
460:
457:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
420:South America
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:
391:
390:
385:
384:
379:
378:
377:Hyacinthoides
373:
372:
367:
363:
356:
355:
349:
343:
342:
341:Hyacinthoides
336:
330:
329:
324:
315:
312:
308:
303:
301:
300:basal rosette
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:South America
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
261:
256:
255:
250:
249:
245:(bluebells),
244:
243:
242:Hyacinthoides
239:(hyacinths),
238:
237:
232:
231:
226:
225:Hyacinthaceae
222:
221:
216:
212:
208:
207:
202:
191:
188:
184:
179:
178:
176:
173:
169:
166:
162:
159:
155:
151:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:Tracheophytes
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
65:
60:
56:
53:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
18:Ornithogaleae
4199:
4094:
4063:
4027:
4023:
4006:
4000:
3976:
3964:Speta, Franz
3945:
3936:
3929:Bibliography
3910:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3884:
3873:. Retrieved
3869:
3845:. Retrieved
3841:
3835:
3828:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3773:
3762:. Retrieved
3757:
3716:. Retrieved
3708:
3698:
3683:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3601:
3597:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3526:(1): 75â91.
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3482:
3478:
3452:. Retrieved
3444:
3441:"Hyacinthus"
3435:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3239:
3238:2 Aufl., 15a
3235:
3229:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3201:
3195:
3178:
3174:
3148:
3144:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3104:
3098:
3081:
3075:
3050:
3046:
3011:
2999:
2990:
2953:
2949:
2885:. Retrieved
2881:
2849:
2845:
2815:. Retrieved
2807:
2803:
2772:
2747:
2744:Scilliroside
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2703:cardenolides
2692:
2680:
2674:
2664:
2650:
2644:
2632:
2628:
2610:
2609:
2597:
2591:
2587:Ornithogalum
2585:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2568:Ornithogalum
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2522:
2454:Scilloideae
2453:
2419:through the
2394:
2392:
2368:
2362:
2353:
2343:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2310:
2306:
2297:
2287:
2281:
2272:
2262:
2252:
2242:
2236:
2227:
2222:Ornithogalum
2221:
2212:
2202:
2193:
2184:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:Ornithogalum
2096:
2086:
2077:
2070:
2061:
2051:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2020:
2011:
2001:
1992:
1985:
1979:Brachyscypha
1978:
1969:
1965:Tourn. ex L.
1959:
1950:
1949:(including
1941:
1933:Hyacinthella
1931:
1925:
1916:
1910:
1901:
1891:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1826:Rhadamanthus
1825:
1818:
1809:
1804:Ornithogalum
1803:
1794:
1785:
1778:
1769:
1759:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1696:
1691:Ornithogalum
1690:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1653:
1646:Ornithogalum
1645:
1642:Ornithogalum
1641:
1638:Asparagaceae
1631:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1476:Massoniinae
1468:
1462:
1449:
1440:
1433:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:Ornithogalum
1346:
1340:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1312:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1281:
1215:
1203:Massoniinae
1202:
1181:
1180:
1170:Hyacintheae
1152:
1132:
1112:
1102:Scilloideae
1083:, Oziroëeae
1073:
1062:
1056:
1048:
1040:
1020:monophyletic
1015:
1009:
1001:
986:
982:
978:
964:
956:
946:
932:
922:
916:
910:
897:
883:
870:
861:
820:
805:
783:
735:
734:
719:
697:
675:
657:Asparagaceae
648:
637:
631:
625:
618:
593:
583:
576:generic name
573:
554:
544:
534:
528:. They have
520:
502:
480:
464:scapiflorous
461:
458:
455:
424:
412:Central Asia
408:South Africa
393:
387:
381:
375:
369:
365:
359:
352:
339:
328:Ornithogalum
326:
304:
296:mucilaginous
280:Central Asia
276:South Africa
274:, including
269:
258:
252:
246:
240:
234:
228:
224:
220:Asparagaceae
218:
204:
200:
199:
164:
144:
135:Asparagaceae
108:
95:
82:
49:
35:Scilloideae
29:
4444:Scilloideae
4289:iNaturalist
4125:Scilloideae
4119:Wikispecies
4095:Scilloideae
3811:10045/78227
3604:(1): 1â37.
3426:10654/18083
2531:Cultivation
2421:Middle East
2305:(including
2274:Schizobasis
2192:(including
2130:F.M.Leight.
2104:(including
2071:Botryanthus
2069:(including
2043:Whiteheadia
2034:(including
1977:(including
1868:Urgineopsis
1817:(including
1786:Androsiphon
1779:Amphisiphon
1777:(including
1738:(including
1684:Trimelopter
1663:Battandiera
1661:(including
1608:Chlorogalum
1526:Whiteheadia
1524:(including
1425:Hyacintheae
1404:Schizobasis
1397:(including
1036:Asparagales
987:Ornithoglum
906:Asparagales
822:Nolinoideae
736:Scilloideae
639:Chlorogalum
570:Systematics
562:in length,
556:Chromosomes
447:Asparagales
318:Description
292:lily family
265:cut flowers
201:Scilloideae
145:Scilloideae
141:Subfamily:
125:Asparagales
102:Angiosperms
4438:Categories
4307:30298455-2
4009:(2): 165.
3875:2013-03-23
3847:2013-03-22
3764:2013-03-22
3718:2013-03-22
3454:2013-03-27
3314:: 607â636.
3295:: 219â538.
3223:: 162â184.
3128:Drimiopsis
3124:Ledebouria
3004:Speta 1998
2887:2013-03-23
2817:2013-03-27
2756:References
2715:Ledebouria
2593:Veltheimia
2556:Puschkinia
2538:Hyacinthus
2508:elaiosomes
2490:may be by
2466:including
2460:pollinated
2345:Veltheimia
2312:Chionodoxa
2254:Puschkinia
2197:J.F.Macbr.
2194:Fortunatia
2155:Loncomelos
2120:Eliokarmos
2078:Muscarimia
2036:Neobakeria
2003:Ledebouria
1971:Lachenalia
1961:Hyacinthus
1886:Ledebouria
1878:Drimiopsis
1857:C.H.Wright
1854:Thuranthos
1840:Sypharissa
1833:Rhodocodon
1782:W.F.Barker
1740:Strangweja
1732:Bellevalia
1563:Bellevalia
1543:Veltheimia
1515:Ledebouria
1509:Lachenalia
1497:Drimiopsis
1486:elaiosomes
1153:Urgineeae
1113:Oziroëeae
1063:Hyacinthus
1032:APG system
979:Hyacinthus
937:. In 1866
924:Lachenalia
918:Hyacinthus
885:sensu lato
699:Agavoideae
644:Agavoideae
595:Hyacinthus
580:type genus
540:dehiscence
504:Androecium
366:Hyacinthus
354:Ledebouria
260:Puschkinia
236:Hyacinthus
230:Hyacinthus
4215:Q13833438
4002:Phytotaxa
3836:Namophila
3789:Phytotaxa
3782:Austronea
2718:species (
2500:dispersal
2456:reproduce
2441:temperate
2328:Oncostema
2320:Chouardia
2172:Schönland
2162:Melomphis
2088:Namophila
2013:Leopoldia
1918:Fusifilum
1819:Litanthus
1722:Barnardia
1708:Austronea
1553:Parlatore
1414:Fusifilum
1379:endosperm
1369:Urgineeae
1286:Oziroëeae
1093:cladogram
968:By 1969,
939:Salisbury
929:Endlicher
894:monophyly
881:Liliaceae
628:monophyly
610:Phylogeny
564:karyotype
530:nectaries
522:Gynoecium
490:imbricate
482:Perianths
468:peduncles
451:Liliaceae
362:hyacinths
211:subfamily
165:See text
72:Kingdom:
4408:hyacinth
4398:50324572
4393:Tropicos
4209:Wikidata
4185:VASCAN:
4178:50126263
4173:Tropicos
4152:65060379
4104:Wikidata
3974:(eds.).
3919:10750179
3842:eMonocot
3820:91373318
3667:12736783
3628:21163815
3576:27756826
3274:39696095
3090:84354311
2972:22539521
2697:such as
2695:saponins
2689:Toxicity
2573:Galtonia
2496:apomixis
2445:tropical
2355:Zagrosia
2204:Prospero
2148:Honorius
2141:Galtonia
2113:Cathissa
2106:Avonsera
2053:Merwilla
2028:Massonia
1993:Polyxena
1986:Periboea
1951:Endymion
1847:Tenicroa
1771:Daubenya
1761:Brimeura
1670:Coilonox
1614:Camassia
1593:Prospero
1569:Brimeura
1531:Merwilla
1521:Massonia
1491:Daubenya
1353:Galtonia
975:Linnaean
934:Camassia
902:Liliales
633:Camassia
494:petaloid
439:Liliales
416:Far East
389:Galtonia
192:Scilleae
172:Synonyms
131:Family:
115:Monocots
4268:3647445
4110:Q133292
4044:3668693
3675:7554964
3619:3002468
3540:3647303
3351:2992015
3067:2666172
2781:9537633
2752:bulbs.
2621:papyrus
2581:Eucomis
2544:Muscari
2492:bulbils
2464:insects
2370:Zingela
2335:Spetaea
2307:Autonoe
2264:Resnova
2237:Muscari
2208:Salisb.
2134:Ethesia
2116:Salisb.
2081:Kostel.
2063:Muscari
2039:Schltr.
2021:Muscari
1954:Dumort.
1893:Eucomis
1871:Compton
1864:Steinh.
1861:Urginea
1843:Salisb.
1829:Salisb.
1796:Dipcadi
1789:Schltr.
1765:Salisb.
1743:Bertol.
1736:Lapeyr.
1698:Alrawia
1581:Muscari
1503:Eucomis
1399:Urginea
1342:Dipcadi
1325:= 2 to
1077:Dumort.
961:Fritsch
578:of the
498:corolla
486:connate
431:stamens
395:Eucomis
371:Muscari
248:Muscari
215:bulbous
150:Burnett
121:Order:
76:Plantae
4333:897532
4320:100733
4294:204437
4242:413990
4229:127026
4139:223507
4066:(USDA)
4042:
3988:
3952:
3917:
3818:
3673:
3665:
3626:
3616:
3574:
3538:
3512:Scilla
3349:
3272:
3120:Scilla
3088:
3065:
2970:
2779:
2671:Africa
2661:France
2657:Greece
2565:, and
2550:Scilla
2498:. The
2417:Europe
2405:Sahara
2396:Oziroe
2363:Scilla
2316:Boiss.
2299:Scilla
2282:Drimia
2186:Oziroe
2176:Nicipe
2144:Decne.
2127:Elsiea
1926:Drimia
1911:Scilla
1903:Fessia
1897:L'HĂ©r.
1811:Drimia
1800:Medik.
1775:Lindl.
1750:Bowiea
1726:Lindl.
1680:Medik.
1655:Albuca
1587:Scilla
1419:Drimia
1411:) and
1409:Drimia
1394:Drimia
1388:Bowiea
1359:) and
1336:Albuca
1297:Oziroë
1070:Tribes
983:Scilla
953:Engler
913:Batsch
585:Scilla
526:locule
516:pollen
512:adnate
508:Albuca
496:. The
429:and 6
427:tepals
414:, the
383:Scilla
254:Scilla
206:Scilla
183:Batsch
158:Genera
4372:55845
4359:47206
4346:44985
4315:IRMNG
4255:10419
4040:JSTOR
3816:S2CID
3671:S2CID
3572:JSTOR
3556:Taxon
3536:JSTOR
3520:Taxon
3347:JSTOR
3270:S2CID
3063:JSTOR
3043:(PDF)
2647:Italy
2617:edema
2484:birds
2480:moths
2476:flies
2472:wasps
2437:Japan
2433:Korea
2429:China
2425:India
2359:Speta
2349:Gled.
2278:Baker
2258:Adams
2248:Speta
2109:Speta
2074:Kunth
2067:Mill.
2057:Speta
2046:Harv.
2017:Parl.
1996:Kunth
1989:Kunth
1982:Baker
1937:Schur
1907:Speta
1836:Baker
1822:Harv.
1815:Jacq.
1714:et al
1666:Maire
1455:Speta
1024:clade
970:Huber
943:Baker
536:Fruit
435:ovary
187:Bork.
109:Clade
96:Clade
83:Clade
4380:POWO
4341:NCBI
4328:ITIS
4302:IPNI
4276:GRIN
4263:GBIF
4237:BOLD
4224:APNI
4165:2525
4160:GRIN
4134:APNI
3986:ISBN
3950:ISBN
3915:PMID
3663:PMID
3624:PMID
3126:and
3086:OCLC
2968:PMID
2777:OCLC
2701:and
2679:and
2641:Food
2631:and
2514:Uses
2504:ants
2478:and
2468:bees
2435:and
2190:Raf.
2179:Raf.
2165:Raf.
2158:Raf.
2151:Gray
2137:Raf.
2123:Raf.
2007:Roth
1922:Raf.
1850:Raf.
1687:Raf.
1673:Raf.
1611:and
1540:and
1471:= 9.
1355:and
1089:Rouy
1081:Rouy
1016:s.l.
985:and
965:s.l.
957:s.l.
948:s.l.
921:and
904:and
626:The
550:aril
546:Seed
492:and
418:and
406:and
392:and
282:and
257:and
4416:WFO
4281:555
4250:FNA
4188:364
4147:EoL
4032:doi
4011:doi
4007:201
3806:hdl
3798:doi
3794:365
3655:doi
3651:116
3614:PMC
3606:doi
3602:107
3564:doi
3528:doi
3487:doi
3421:hdl
3411:doi
3407:161
3378:doi
3374:141
3339:doi
3262:doi
3221:50a
3183:doi
3161:hdl
3153:doi
3130:".
3055:doi
2958:doi
2854:doi
2850:161
2736:),
2575:).
2443:to
2423:to
1528:),
1421:).
1401:),
908:).
213:of
185:ex
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4026:.
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3649:.
3645:.
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3612:.
3600:.
3596:.
3584:^
3570:.
3560:58
3558:.
3534:.
3524:52
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3368:.
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3335:85
3333:.
3329:.
3312:29
3310:.
3291:.
3268:.
3258:95
3256:.
3219:.
3179:13
3177:.
3159:.
3149:11
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3143:.
3122::
3061:.
3051:86
3049:.
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3026:^
2980:^
2966:.
2954:99
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2948:.
2934:^
2896:^
2880:.
2868:^
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2794:^
2763:^
2732:,
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2685:.
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2559:,
2553:,
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2541:,
2510:.
2474:,
2470:,
2431:,
2326:,
2322:,
2318:,
2309:,
2303:L.
2174:,
2167:,
2160:,
2153:,
2146:,
2139:,
2132:,
2125:,
2118:,
2111:,
2102:L.
2076:,
2041:,
1991:,
1984:,
1866:,
1859:,
1852:,
1845:,
1838:,
1831:,
1824:,
1784:,
1682:,
1675:,
1668:,
1659:L.
1578:,
1572:,
1534:,
1506:,
1500:,
1494:,
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1300:.
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646:.
636:,
606:.
582:,
560:ÎŒm
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474:,
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