1050:
1090:
1076:
1064:
518:
1043:
Cys-360 allows an interaction to occur. As the phosphate of PLP is stabilized by Arg 277 and a Gly-rich loop (235-237), the difluoromethyl group of eflornithine is able to interact and remain fixated to both Cys-360 and PLP prior to transimination. As shown in the figure, the pyrroline ring interferes with ornithine's entry (Figure 4). Eflornithine will remain permanently bound in this position to Cys-360. As ODC has two active sites, two eflornithine molecules are required to completely inhibit ODC from ornithine decarboxylation.
51:
1163:
42:
2839:
1089:
1225:
chemopreventive therapy specifically for colon cancer in combination with other medications. Several additional studies have found that eflornithine in combination with other compounds decreases the carcinogen concentrations of ethylnitrosourea, dimethylhydrazine, azoxymethane, methylnitrosourea, and hydroxybutylnitrosamine in the brain, spinal cord, intestine, mammary gland, and urinary bladder.
5835:
1003:, of ODC was calculated to be 0.5 s at 4 °C. From this characterization, the rate-limiting step was determined to be the release of the product putrescine from ODC's reaction with ornithine. In studying the hypothetical reaction mechanism for eflornithine, information collected from radioactive peptide and eflornithine mapping, high pressure liquid
823:
a patient with Human
African trypanosomiasis caused by a trypanosome that contains a mutated or ineffective TbAAT6 gene, then the medication will be ineffective against the disease. Resistance to eflornithine has increased the use of melarsoprol despite its toxicity, which has been linked to the deaths of 5% of recipient HAT patients.
1212:, causing impairment of RNA and DNA synthesis. Typically, drugs that inhibit cell growth are considered candidates for cancer therapy, so eflornithine was naturally believed to have potential utility as an anti-cancer agent. By inhibiting ODC, eflornithine inhibits cell growth and division of both cancerous and noncancerous cells.
1049:
1220:
by ODC activity can be ameliorated by dietary and bacterial means because high concentrations are found in cheese, red meat, and some intestinal bacteria, providing reserves if ODC is inhibited. Although the role of polyamines in carcinogenesis is still unclear, polyamine synthesis has been supported
921:
were seen in approximately 8% of patients, but may be related to the disease state rather than the drug. Reversible hearing loss has occurred in 30–70% of patients receiving long-term therapy (more than 4–8 weeks of therapy or a total dose of >300 grams); high-frequency hearing is lost first,
822:
The gene TbAAT6, conserved in the genome of
Trypanosomes, is believed to be responsible for the transmembrane transporter that brings eflornithine into the cell. The loss of this gene due to specific mutations causes resistance to eflornithine in several trypanosomes. If eflornithine is prescribed to
1175:
Vaniqa is a cream, which is white to off-white in colour. It is supplied in tubes of 30 g and 60 g in Europe. Vaniqa contains 15% w/w eflornithine hydrochloride monohydrate, corresponding to 11.5% w/w anhydrous eflornithine (EU), respectively 13.9% w/w anhydrous eflornithine hydrochloride (U.S.), in
1150:
According to Médecins sans Frontières, this only happened after "years of international pressure," and coinciding with the period when media attention was generated because of the launch of another eflornithine-based product (Vaniqa, for the prevention of facial-hair in women), while its life-saving
1097:
Active Site of ODC Formed by
Homodimerization (Green and White Surface Structures) (A) Ornithine in the Active Site of ODC, Cys-360 highlighted in yellow (B) Product of Eflornithine Decarboxylation bound to Cys 360 (highlighted in yellow). The pyrroline ring blocks ornithine from entering the active
875:
When taken orally the risk-benefit should be assessed in people with impaired renal function or pre-existing hematologic abnormalities, as well as those with eighth-cranial-nerve impairment. Adequate and well-controlled studies with eflornithine have not been performed regarding pregnancy in humans.
835:
in women. It is the only topical prescription treatment that slows the growth of facial hair. In clinical studies with Vaniqa, 81% percent of women showed clinical improvement after twelve months of treatment. Positive results were seen after eight weeks. However, discontinuation of the cream caused
795:
A randomized control trial was conducted in Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Uganda to determine if a 7-day intravenous regimen was as efficient as the standard 14-day regimen for new and relapsing cases. The results showed that the shortened regimen was efficacious in
1224:
Other studies have suggested that eflornithine can still aid in some chemoprevention by lowering polyamine levels in colorectal mucosa, with additional strong preclinical evidence available for application of eflornithine in colorectal and skin carcinogenesis. This has made eflornithine a supported
968:
occurs with PLP followed by decarboxylation. During the event of decarboxylation, the fluoride atoms attached to the additional methyl group pull the resulting negative charge from the release of carbon dioxide, causing a fluoride ion to be released. In the natural substrate of ODC, the ring of PLP
1187:
Vaniqa, granted marketing approval by the US FDA, as well as by the
European Commission among others, is currently the only topical prescription treatment that slows the growth of facial hair. Besides being a non-mechanical and non-cosmetic treatment, it is the only non-hormonal and non-systemic
1042:
of ornithine decarboxylase. The size of the opening to the active site is approximately 13.6 Å. When these openings to the active site are blocked, there are no other ways through which ornithine can enter the active site. During the intermediate stage of eflornithine with PLP, its position near
998:
ODC with ornithine was characterized by UV-VIS spectroscopy in order to identify unique intermediates that occurred during the reaction. The specific method of multiwavelength stopped-flow spectroscopy utilized monochromatic light and fluorescence to identify five specific intermediates due to
912:
The intravenous dosage form of eflornithine is sold under the brand name
Ornidyl. Most side effects related to systemic use through injection are transient and reversible by discontinuing the drug or decreasing the dose. Hematologic abnormalities occur frequently, ranging from 10 to 55%. These
1121:
In the 1980s, Gillette was awarded a patent for the discovery that topical application of eflornithine HCl cream inhibits hair growth. In the 1990s, Gillette conducted dose-ranging studies with eflornithine in hirsute women that demonstrated that the drug slows the rate of facial hair growth.
980:
atom that resides attached to the additional methyl group creates an electrophilic carbon that is attacked by the nearby thiol group of Cys-360, allowing eflornithine to remain permanently attached to the enzyme following the release of the second fluoride atom and transimination.
1108:
Eflornithine was initially developed for cancer treatment at
Merrell Dow Research Institute in the late 1970s, but was found to be ineffective in treating malignancies. However, it was discovered to be highly effective in reducing hair growth, as well as in the treatment of
876:
Eflornithine should only be used during pregnancy if the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk to the fetus. However, since
African trypanosomiasis has a high mortality rate if left untreated, treatment with eflornithine may justify any potential risk to the fetus.
1142:
In 2001, Aventis and the WHO formed a five-year partnership, during which more than 320,000 vials of pentamidine, over 420,000 vials of melarsoprol, and over 200,000 bottles of eflornithine were produced by
Aventis, to be given to the WHO and distributed by the association
779:
Eflornithine is also effective in combination with other drugs, such as melarsoprol and nifurtimox. A study in 2005 compared the safety of eflornithine alone to melarsoprol and found eflornithine to be more effective and safe in treating second-stage sleeping sickness
960:
with the aid of cofactor pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). Because of its additional difluoromethyl group in comparison to ornithine, eflornithine is able to bind to a neighboring Cys-360 residue, permanently remaining fixated within the active site.
2412:
Wolf JE, Shander D, Huber F, Jackson J, Lin CS, Mathes BM, et al. (January 2007). "Randomized, double-blind clinical evaluation of the efficacy and safety of topical eflornithine HCl 13.9% cream in the treatment of women with facial hair".
2064:
Wolf JE, Shander D, Huber F, Jackson J, Lin CS, Mathes BM, et al. (January 2007). "Randomized, double-blind clinical evaluation of the efficacy and safety of topical eflornithine HCl 13.9% cream in the treatment of women with facial hair".
1215:
However, several clinical trials demonstrated minor results. It was found that inhibition of ODC by eflornithine does not kill proliferating cells, making eflornithine ineffective as a chemotherapeutic agent. The inhibition of the formation of
1138:
The drug was registered for the treatment of gambiense sleeping sickness on 28 November 1990. However, in 1995 Aventis (now Sanofi-Aventis) stopped producing the drug, whose main market was
African countries, because it did not make a profit.
1243:
infection of mouse and it is generally without toxicity. Klug et al. 2016 are of the opinion that this demonstrates good promise for oral treatment. However although Jansson et al. 2008 also effectively treated mice with it they found the
2376:
Grishin NV, Osterman AL, Brooks HB, Phillips MA, Goldsmith EJ (November 1999). "X-ray structure of ornithine decarboxylase from Trypanosoma brucei: the native structure and the structure in complex with alpha-difluoromethylornithine".
792:. Another randomized control trial in Uganda compared the efficacy of various combinations of these drugs and found that the nifurtimox-eflornithine combination was the most promising first-line theory regimen.
1057:(A) 3D structure of L-Ornithine (B) 3D structure of Eflornithine. This molecule is similar to the structure of L-Ornithine, but its alpha-difluoromethyl group allows interaction with Cys-360 in the active site
904:(7–14%). Other side effects commonly (> 1%) reported are skin problems, such as skin reactions from in-growing hair, hair loss, burning, stinging or tingling sensations, dry skin, itching, redness or rash.
2108:
Jackson J, Caro JJ, Caro G, Garfield F, Huber F, Zhou W, et al. (flornithine HCl Study Group) (September 2007). "The effect of eflornithine 13.9% cream on the bother and discomfort due to hirsutism".
814:
After its introduction to the market in the 1980s, eflornithine has replaced melarsoprol as the first line medication against Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) due to its reduced toxicity to the host.
1038:
Eflornithine's suicide inhibition of ODC physically blocks the natural substrate ornithine from accessing the active site of the enzyme (Figure 3). There are two distinct active sites formed by the
1154:
From 2001 (when production was restarted) through 2006, 14 million diagnoses were made. This greatly contributed to stemming the spread of sleeping sickness, and to saving nearly 110,000 lives.
867:
Throughout clinical trials, data from a limited number of exposed pregnancies indicate that there is no clinical evidence that treatment with Vaniqa adversely affects pregnant women or fetuses.
1188:
prescription option available for women with facial hirsutism. Vaniqa is marketed by Almirall in Europe, SkinMedica in the US, Triton in Canada, Medison in Israel, and Menarini in Australia.
2337:"Mechanism of the irreversible inactivation of mouse ornithine decarboxylase by alpha-difluoromethylornithine. Characterization of sequences at the inhibitor and coenzyme binding sites"
1011:
ODC's active site. Utilizing fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS), the structural conformation of eflornithine following its interaction with ODC was determined to be (
2295:
Brooks HB, Phillips MA (December 1997). "Characterization of the reaction mechanism for Trypanosoma brucei ornithine decarboxylase by multiwavelength stopped-flow spectroscopy".
2606:
2895:
1015:)-((2-(1-pyrroline-methyl) cysteine, a cyclic imine adduct. Presence of this particular product was supported by the possibility to further reduce the end product to (
2051:
Randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled safety and efficacy evaluation of eflornithine 15% cream in the treatment of women with excessive facial hair. Poster 291
5213:
5895:
1343:
922:
followed by middle- and low-frequency hearing. Because treatment for African trypanosomiasis is short-term, patients are unlikely to experience hearing loss.
147:
1784:
2456:
Pepin J, Milord F, Guern C, Schechter PJ (December 1987). "Difluoromethylornithine for arseno-resistant Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness".
1785:"Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination treatment for sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis): WHO wraps up training of key health care personnel"
655:
1075:
956:(ODC) and preventing the natural substrate ornithine from accessing the active site (Figure 1). Within the active site of ODC, eflornithine undergoes
5357:
3625:
2225:
2531:
1964:
1804:"Monitoring the use of nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy (NECT) in the treatment of second stage gambiense human African trypanosomiasis"
2157:
2888:
2633:
Raul F (April 2007). "Revival of 2-(difluoromethyl)ornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis, as a cancer chemopreventive agent".
2510:
1420:
5434:
1480:
The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)
799:
81:
5652:
5273:
4325:
3012:
611:
4154:
4134:
4119:
1461:
2548:
2881:
1414:
740:
2275:
1687:"Eflornithine is safer than melarsoprol for the treatment of second-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense human African trypanosomiasis"
1208:(ODC) exhibits high activity in tumor cells, promoting cell growth and division, while absence of ODC activity leads to depletion of
1191:
Ornidyl, the injectable form of eflornithine hydrochloride, is licensed by Sanofi-Aventis, but is currently discontinued in the US.
5582:
1855:"Proline modulates the Trypanosoma cruzi resistance to reactive oxygen species and drugs through a novel D, L-proline transporter"
1511:
2598:
1305:
1274:
1377:
4541:
1584:"Three drug combinations for late-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness: a randomized clinical trial in Uganda"
1063:
5789:
5350:
5301:
3618:
2036:
Evaluation of the long-term safety of eflornithine 15% cream in the treatment of women with excessive facial hair, Poster 294
772:
and eflornithine intravenous injection in the second phase of the disease. Efornithine is commonly given in combination with
736:
2855:
for "Preventative Trial of Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) in High Risk Patients With Neuroblastoma That is in Remission" at
716:
Common side effects when applied as a cream include rash, redness, and burning. Side effects of the injectable form include
964:
During the reaction, eflornithine's decarboxylation mechanism is analogous to that of ornithine in the active site, where
597:
4908:
2570:
2049:
Schrode K, Huber F, Staszak J, Altman DJ, Shander D, Morton J, et al. (The Eflornithine Study Group) (March 2000).
1252:
very negative. Brun et al. 2010 are of the opinion that Jansson's results have killed the prospects for oral treatment.
662:
118:
5875:
4060:
4016:
3894:
768:(depending on subspecies of parasite) delivered by intramuscular injection in the first phase of the disease, and with
3603:
5885:
3819:
1455:
1336:
631:
5880:
5806:
5343:
5318:
3611:
2178:
900:
The topical form of elflornithine is sold under the brand name Vaniqa. The most frequently reported side effect is
4335:
2198:"Percutaneous absorption and pharmacokinetics of eflornithine HCl 13.9% cream in women with unwanted facial hair"
1788:
291:
197:
99:
1179:
Ornidyl, intended for injection, was supplied in the strength of 200 mg eflornithine hydrochloride per ml.
776:, which reduces the treatment time to 7 days of eflornithine infusions plus 10 days of oral nifurtimox tablets.
4954:
3956:
3846:
366:
5860:
4876:
4859:
4734:
4498:
3876:
2843:
1144:
1007:, and gas phase peptide sequencing suggested that Lys-69 and Cys-360 are covalently bound to eflornithine in
5890:
5404:
4608:
4204:
1123:
417:
4810:
2197:
497:
4200:
4170:
2524:
2161:
1971:
5855:
5825:
3990:
1408:
5335:
4095:
2502:
486:
5176:
5056:
5046:
3576:
3431:
2769:
1475:
1239:
864:
Topical use is contraindicated in people hypersensitive to eflornithine or to any of the excipients.
744:
3354:
3247:
5228:
5161:
5131:
4749:
3999:
3310:
513:
1535:"A current analysis of chemotherapy strategies for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis"
691:
on the face in women. Specifically it is used for the second stage of sleeping sickness caused by
5794:
5306:
5031:
4746:
4232:
4080:
4007:
3507:
3238:
1205:
1110:
953:
803:
717:
710:
684:
129:
63:
17:
5750:
5532:
5111:
5101:
4834:
4676:
3502:
2252:. Cipher Pharmaceuticals Inc. 8 July 2015 – via Drug and Health Product Register, Canada.
1122:
Gillette then filed a patent for the formulation of eflornithine cream. In July 2000, the U.S.
743:. In regions of the world where the disease is common eflornithine is provided for free by the
140:
2787:
Büscher P, Cecchi G, Jamonneau V, Priotto G (November 2017). "Human African trypanosomiasis".
1443:
466:
5870:
5865:
5689:
5540:
5536:
4383:
4030:
3345:
3091:
3032:
2552:
1582:
Priotto G, Fogg C, Balasegaram M, Erphas O, Louga A, Checchi F, et al. (December 2006).
357:
1130:
for Vaniqa. The following year, the European Commission issued its Marketing Authorisation.
5720:
5450:
4781:
4658:
4179:
3567:
3268:
3199:
3100:
2268:
1866:
1733:
Vincent IM, Creek D, Watson DG, Kamleh MA, Woods DJ, Wong PE, et al. (November 2010).
1127:
426:
321:
255:
2873:
406:
8:
5590:
5571:
5521:
5476:
5066:
4966:
4945:
4666:
4488:
4320:
4051:
3947:
3384:
3287:
3186:
2967:
2938:
1147:(also known as Doctors Without Borders) in countries where sleeping sickness is endemic.
788:
due to the parasite's low sensitivity to the drug. Instead, melarsoprol is used to treat
312:
136:
2034:
Schrode K, Huber F, Staszak J, et al. (The Eflornithine Study Group) (March 2000).
1870:
735:
Eflornithine was developed in the 1970s and came into medical use in 1990. It is on the
517:
5513:
5395:
4124:
3633:
3007:
2977:
2868:
2856:
2816:
2755:
2726:
2702:
2481:
2438:
2134:
2090:
2016:
1938:
1914:"Human African trypanosomiasis: pharmacological re-engagement with a neglected disease"
1913:
1889:
1854:
1830:
1803:
1761:
1734:
1662:
1637:
1610:
1583:
1559:
1534:
1503:
1020:
991:
949:
2804:
2469:
2353:
2336:
1113:(sleeping sickness), especially the West African form (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense).
796:
relapse cases, but was inferior to the standard regimen for new cases of the disease.
5557:
5248:
4822:
3656:
3537:
3517:
3452:
3111:
3106:
3002:
2808:
2760:
2694:
2650:
2473:
2430:
2426:
2394:
2358:
2312:
2217:
2126:
2122:
2082:
2078:
2008:
2004:
1943:
1894:
1835:
1766:
1708:
1667:
1615:
1564:
1451:
839:
Vaniqa treatment significantly reduces the psychological burden of facial hirsutism.
212:
2706:
2485:
2442:
2138:
2094:
2020:
1373:
91:
5253:
5010:
4725:
4359:
4344:
4065:
3477:
3467:
2820:
2800:
2750:
2742:
2686:
2642:
2465:
2422:
2386:
2348:
2304:
2209:
2118:
2074:
2000:
1933:
1925:
1884:
1874:
1825:
1815:
1756:
1746:
1698:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1605:
1595:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1483:
1245:
1039:
917:
is thought to be due to a production defect rather than to peripheral destruction.
914:
534:
225:
180:
170:
160:
2863:
2851:
1533:
Babokhov P, Sanyaolu AO, Oyibo WA, Fagbenro-Beyioku AF, Iriemenam NC (July 2013).
5839:
5674:
5618:
4692:
4654:
4445:
3867:
3782:
3562:
3512:
3437:
3222:
3119:
3017:
2918:
1879:
1751:
1600:
957:
693:
346:
245:
233:
2674:
1853:
Sayé M, Miranda MR, di Girolamo F, de los Milagros Cámara M, Pereira CA (2014).
884:
Eflornithine is not genotoxic; no tumour-inducing effects have been observed in
5800:
5728:
5697:
5626:
5594:
5525:
5484:
5461:
5426:
5312:
4846:
4437:
3931:
3795:
3682:
3652:
3639:
3394:
3297:
3227:
3135:
3124:
3077:
2948:
2905:
2746:
1004:
965:
2566:
2213:
5849:
5732:
5705:
5640:
5630:
5386:
5366:
5186:
5146:
4516:
4389:
4270:
4213:
3971:
3920:
3557:
3422:
3171:
3025:
1685:
Chappuis F, Udayraj N, Stietenroth K, Meussen A, Bovier PA (September 2005).
1221:
to be more of a causative agent rather than an associative effect in cancer.
729:
702:
33:
1852:
1802:
Franco JR, Simarro PP, Diarra A, Ruiz-Postigo JA, Samo M, Jannin JG (2012).
5756:
5746:
5666:
5656:
5488:
5465:
5377:
5233:
5197:
5081:
5025:
5021:
4983:
4891:
4681:
4620:
4616:
4597:
4592:
4571:
4560:
4374:
4368:
4354:
4349:
4280:
4275:
4228:
4114:
3981:
3961:
3890:
3839:
3829:
3643:
3635:
3592:
3542:
3527:
3472:
3379:
3373:
3333:
3302:
3282:
3276:
3209:
3194:
3176:
3143:
3055:
3043:
2992:
2987:
2933:
2927:
2909:
2812:
2764:
2698:
2654:
2434:
2398:
2221:
2130:
2086:
2012:
1947:
1929:
1898:
1839:
1770:
1735:"A molecular mechanism for eflornithine resistance in African trypanosomes"
1712:
1671:
1619:
1568:
802:(NECT) is an effective regimen for the treatment of second stage gambiense
175:
165:
155:
2477:
2362:
2316:
2244:
2038:. 58th Annual Meeting American Academy of Dermatology. San Francisco; USA.
5770:
5760:
5737:
5701:
5644:
5561:
5551:
5547:
5444:
5440:
5430:
5278:
5258:
5243:
5238:
5223:
5181:
5151:
5091:
5061:
5005:
4978:
4851:
4792:
4764:
4754:
4707:
4671:
4587:
4549:
4531:
4526:
4506:
4483:
4454:
4432:
4412:
4402:
4253:
4238:
4218:
4104:
4035:
4021:
3976:
3909:
3904:
3881:
3856:
3824:
3767:
3730:
3707:
3692:
3687:
3672:
3582:
3572:
3552:
3547:
3462:
3442:
3417:
3365:
3360:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3163:
3153:
3061:
3038:
2182:
769:
761:
639:
InChI=1S/C6H12F2N2O2/c7-4(8)6(10,5(11)12)2-1-3-9/h4H,1-3,9-10H2,(H,11,12)
2053:. 58th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Dermatology. San Francisco; USA.
1820:
1488:
386:
5709:
5678:
5662:
5634:
5498:
5494:
5365:
5268:
5171:
5166:
5141:
5136:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5086:
5076:
5041:
5036:
5016:
4971:
4959:
4934:
4929:
4919:
4901:
4896:
4886:
4881:
4839:
4827:
4815:
4787:
4774:
4769:
4739:
4702:
4697:
4635:
4630:
4576:
4521:
4473:
4459:
4407:
4394:
4363:
4296:
4285:
4258:
4248:
4243:
4189:
4144:
4139:
4040:
4004:
3936:
3926:
3915:
3899:
3851:
3834:
3810:
3762:
3750:
3702:
3587:
3532:
3522:
3482:
3328:
3214:
3072:
3048:
2997:
2982:
2962:
2956:
2646:
1209:
999:
changes in absorbance measurements. The steady-state turnover number, k
889:
885:
773:
739:. In the United States the injectable form can be obtained from the US
698:
680:
573:
397:
2390:
2308:
851:
to reduce the risk of relapse in people with high-risk neuroblastoma.
50:
5609:
5422:
5412:
5283:
5263:
5218:
5208:
5202:
5106:
5051:
5000:
4924:
4914:
4869:
4856:
4797:
4759:
4687:
4625:
4566:
4555:
4511:
4468:
4427:
4421:
4417:
4379:
4306:
4301:
4291:
4263:
4223:
4184:
4159:
4149:
4109:
3755:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3697:
3496:
3487:
3389:
3316:
3292:
3204:
2971:
2943:
2582:
2580:
1959:
1957:
1532:
1217:
1162:
848:
832:
725:
706:
688:
332:
271:
85:
2690:
1409:"CDC - African Trypanosomiasis - Resources for Health Professionals"
5766:
5567:
5373:
5370:
5192:
5156:
5096:
4864:
4802:
4582:
4478:
4450:
4129:
3966:
3492:
3457:
3447:
3427:
3148:
3067:
2796:
2738:
1703:
1686:
1444:"Sleeping Sickness and Nagana Disease Caused by Trypanosoma brucei"
977:
918:
721:
446:
377:
113:
2577:
1954:
935:
No interaction studies with the topical form have been performed.
819:
resistant to eflornithine was reported as early as the mid-1980s.
596:
5454:
4085:
3986:
3800:
3661:
1684:
765:
3725:
3082:
2838:
1801:
732:. It is recommended typically for children over the age of 12.
477:
276:
41:
2786:
2375:
1991:
Balfour JA, McClellan K (June 2001). "Topical eflornithine".
1638:"Chemotherapy for second-stage human African trypanosomiasis"
1234:
587:
457:
2727:"Repurposing strategies for tropical disease drug discovery"
2335:
Poulin R, Lu L, Ackermann B, Bey P, Pegg AE (January 1992).
2196:
Malhotra B, Noveck R, Behr D, Palmisano M (September 2001).
1581:
1151:
formulation (for sleeping sickness) was not being produced.
502:
3087:
2903:
2195:
2173:
2171:
1912:
Barrett MP, Boykin DW, Brun R, Tidwell RR (December 2007).
913:
abnormalities are dose-related and are usually reversible.
901:
437:
264:
1787:. World Health Organization. 23 March 2010. Archived from
2675:"Polyamines and cancer: old molecules, new understanding"
2455:
2048:
1474:
1337:"19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2015)"
1249:
836:
regrowth of hair back to baseline levels within 8 weeks.
2867:
for "Neuroblastoma Maintenance Therapy Trial (NMTT)" at
2168:
1911:
1732:
969:
accepts the electrons that result from the release of CO
2411:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2107:
2063:
1986:
1984:
831:
The topical cream is indicated for treatment of facial
760:
Sleeping sickness, or trypanosomiasis, is treated with
737:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
1237:. Bacchi et al. 1980 found the drug to be curative in
888:
studies, including one photocarcinogenicity study. No
5823:
2517:
1376:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
2668:
2666:
2664:
2334:
2145:
1981:
1504:"Trypanosomiasis, human African (sleeping sickness)"
784:. Eflornithine is not effective in the treatment of
2033:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1019:)-((2-pyrrole) methyl) cysteine in the presence of
365:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2720:
2718:
2716:
1635:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1083:Experimental Evidence for Eflornithine End Product
2724:
2661:
5847:
2158:"Vaniqa Summary of Product Characteristics 2008"
1990:
1293:
1030:)-((2-pyrrolidine) methyl) cysteine (Figure 2).
345:
2775:
2713:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1262:
320:
2672:
2294:
1133:
826:
303:)-2,5-Diamino-2-(difluoromethyl)pentanoic acid
5896:World Health Organization essential medicines
5351:
3619:
2889:
2549:"IFPMA Health Initiatives: Sleeping Sickness"
2525:"Sanofi-Aventis Access to Medicines Brochure"
2503:"Supply of sleeping sickness drugs confirmed"
2263:
2261:
2259:
1199:
800:Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination treatment
2731:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
2725:Klug DM, Gelb MH, Pollastri MP (June 2016).
2628:
2626:
2624:
2587:Vaniqa Training Programme Module 5 (Report).
2101:
1905:
1719:
1631:
1629:
1306:"Iwilfin- eflornithine hydrochloride tablet"
724:. It is unclear if it is safe to use during
117:
1642:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
217:In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
5358:
5344:
3626:
3612:
2896:
2882:
2449:
2256:
1636:Lutje V, Seixas J, Kennedy A (June 2013).
1441:
1415:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1368:
1366:
1364:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1275:"Vaniqa- eflornithine hydrochloride cream"
741:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
516:
405:
2754:
2621:
2352:
1937:
1888:
1878:
1829:
1819:
1808:Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine
1760:
1750:
1702:
1661:
1626:
1609:
1599:
1558:
1487:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
809:
425:
2027:
1993:American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
1575:
1161:
2673:Gerner EW, Meyskens FL (October 2004).
2599:"Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products"
2513:from the original on 21 September 2015.
2330:
2328:
2326:
2290:
2288:
2269:"Vaniqa US Patient Information Leaflet"
1464:from the original on 10 September 2017.
1361:
1324:
512:
385:
14:
5848:
2537:from the original on 14 November 2008.
2497:
2495:
2281:from the original on 15 February 2010.
2228:from the original on 12 November 2016.
1795:
1496:
1468:
1392:
1157:
938:
870:
5339:
3607:
3008:Selenium disulfide (selenium sulfide)
2877:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2042:
1482:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1423:from the original on 28 November 2016
1380:from the original on 20 December 2016
485:
465:
206:
108:
90:
2632:
2415:International Journal of Dermatology
2405:
2323:
2285:
2111:International Journal of Dermatology
2067:International Journal of Dermatology
1965:"NHS and UKMi New Medicines Profile"
1514:from the original on 4 December 2016
1176:a cream for topical administration.
854:
755:
179:
169:
159:
3895:ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors
2609:from the original on 13 August 2014
2492:
2341:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1069:Eflornithine ODC reaction mechanism
445:
336:
24:
4061:Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor
4017:Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor
2573:from the original on 20 July 2011.
2232:
1228:
1170:
25:
5907:
3820:Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor
3018:Zinc pyrithione (pyrithione zinc)
2831:
76:α-difluoromethylornithine or DFMO
5833:
2837:
2635:Biochemical Society Transactions
2427:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.03079.x
2202:Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
2123:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03270.x
2079:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.03079.x
2005:10.2165/00128071-200102030-00009
1349:from the original on 13 May 2015
1088:
1074:
1062:
1048:
1026:and oxidize the end product to (
842:
557:
551:
545:
49:
40:
2978:Ciclopirox olamine (ciclopirox)
2591:
2559:
2541:
2369:
2189:
2057:
1918:British Journal of Pharmacology
1846:
1777:
1678:
925:
879:
750:
644:Key:VLCYCQAOQCDTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
3957:Thymidylate synthase inhibitor
3847:Thymidylate synthase inhibitor
1999:(3): 197–201, discussion 202.
1654:10.1002/14651858.cd006201.pub3
1551:10.1179/2047773213Y.0000000105
1526:
1435:
1033:
943:
907:
790:Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
786:Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
563:
539:
13:
1:
3877:Adenosine deaminase inhibitor
3718:Block microtubule disassembly
2805:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60829-1
2470:10.1016/S0140-6736(87)91131-7
2354:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)48472-4
1255:
1233:Eflornithine is effective in
1880:10.1371/journal.pone.0092028
1752:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001204
1691:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1601:10.1371/journal.pctr.0010039
1124:Food and Drug Administration
1116:
930:
895:
892:effects have been detected.
782:Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
675:, sold under the brand name
7:
1539:Pathogens and Global Health
1194:
1134:Sleeping sickness treatment
984:
952:," irreversibly binding to
847:In the US, eflornithine is
827:Excess facial hair in women
705:(injection into a vein) or
10:
5912:
2747:10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.103
2179:"Ornidyl Drug Information"
1492:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
1248:of oral administration in
1200:Chemo preventative therapy
1103:
989:The reaction mechanism of
859:
529:Chemical and physical data
5876:Drugs developed by AbbVie
5784:
5719:
5688:
5617:
5608:
5581:
5512:
5475:
5403:
5394:
5385:
5296:
5177:Omacetaxine mepesuccinate
5057:Ciltacabtagene autoleucel
5047:Brexucabtagene autoleucel
4993:
4944:
4724:
4717:
4653:
4607:
4540:
4497:
4334:
4319:
4199:
4169:
4094:
4079:
4050:
3946:
3866:
3809:
3792:
3781:
3717:
3670:
3651:
3410:
3344:
3311:Potassium channel openers
3237:
3185:
3162:
3134:
2917:
2214:10.1177/00912700122010951
1508:World Health Organization
1476:World Health Organization
1450:. Springer. p. 292.
1446:. In Marcondes CB (ed.).
1182:
745:World Health Organization
652:
627:
607:
585:
572:
533:
528:
496:
476:
456:
436:
416:
396:
376:
356:
331:
311:
287:
282:
270:
254:
244:
232:
224:
196:
191:
146:
128:
98:
80:
72:
62:
57:
48:
39:
5886:Difluoromethyl compounds
5229:Talimogene laherparepvec
5162:Nadofaragene firadenovec
5132:Lisocabtagene maraleucel
4081:Topoisomerase inhibitors
4000:DNA polymerase inhibitor
2507:Médecins Sans Frontières
2246:Vaniqa Product Monograph
1448:Arthropod Borne Diseases
1145:Médecins sans Frontières
687:(sleeping sickness) and
5881:Fluorinated amino acids
5533:Pentavalent antimonials
5405:African trypanosomiasis
5032:Axicabtagene ciloleucel
3636:chemotherapeutic agents
3508:Glycopyrronium tosylate
3423:Aminobenzoate potassium
3355:5α-Reductase inhibitors
3303:Topilutamide (fluridil)
3248:5α-Reductase inhibitors
3223:Topical corticosteroids
3120:Topical corticosteroids
1206:ornithine decarboxylase
1204:It has been noted that
1111:African trypanosomiasis
954:ornithine decarboxylase
804:African trypanosomiasis
718:bone marrow suppression
711:ornithine decarboxylase
685:African trypanosomiasis
68:Vaniqa, Iwilfin, others
5214:Sitimagene ceradenovec
5112:Idecabtagene vicleucel
4677:Methyl aminolevulinate
3503:Glycopyrronium bromide
3346:Hair growth inhibitors
3033:Calcineurin inhibitors
2861:Clinical trial number
2849:Clinical trial number
2679:Nature Reviews. Cancer
2603:www.accessdata.fda.gov
1930:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707354
1167:
810:Trypanosome resistance
5541:Sodium stibogluconate
5537:Meglumine antimoniate
4688:Porphyrin derivatives
4384:Melphalan flufenamide
4031:Hypomethylating agent
3640:antineoplastic agents
3092:urea-containing cream
1442:Steverding D (2016).
1165:
697:and may be used with
689:excessive hair growth
619:FC(F)C(N)(C(=O)O)CCCN
5861:Antiprotozoal agents
5451:naphthalenesulfonate
5017:Asparagine depleters
4946:Receptor antagonists
4860:+abiraterone acetate
3568:Pregnenolone acetate
3269:Saw palmetto extract
2846:at Wikimedia Commons
1977:on 15 February 2010.
1588:PLOS Clinical Trials
1166:Vial of eflornithine
1128:New Drug Application
240:Negligible (topical)
5891:Covalent inhibitors
5067:Denileukin diftitox
4967:Retinoid X receptor
4667:Aminolevulinic acid
4489:Triethylenemelamine
4321:Crosslinking of DNA
4052:Deoxyribonucleotide
3991:+gimeracil/oteracil
3385:Cyproterone acetate
3288:Cyproterone acetate
3239:Alopecia treatments
3187:Anti-inflammatories
2968:Cetrimonium bromide
2939:Cyproterone acetate
2464:(8573): 1431–1433.
2385:(46): 15174–15184.
2303:(49): 15147–15155.
2164:on 5 December 2009.
1871:2014PLoSO...992028S
1821:10.2147/RRTM.S34399
1791:on 21 October 2014.
1342:. WHO. April 2015.
1281:. 18 September 2012
1158:Society and culture
948:Eflornithine is a "
939:Mechanism of action
871:Oral administration
679:among others, is a
36:
5811:Never to phase III
5323:Never to phase III
4125:Etirinotecan pegol
2869:ClinicalTrials.gov
2857:ClinicalTrials.gov
2647:10.1042/BST0350353
2555:on 29 August 2006.
1419:. 10 August 2016.
1312:. 21 December 2023
1168:
992:Trypanosoma brucei
817:Trypanosoma brucei
238:100% (Intravenous)
32:
5856:Alpha-Amino acids
5821:
5820:
5780:
5779:
5604:
5603:
5558:phosphorylcholine
5508:
5507:
5333:
5332:
5292:
5291:
5249:Tigilanol tiglate
4726:Enzyme inhibitors
4649:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4345:Nitrogen mustards
4315:
4314:
4075:
4074:
3777:
3776:
3601:
3600:
3538:Magnesium sulfate
3518:Hydrogen peroxide
3453:Calcium gluconate
3112:Lithium succinate
3107:Lithium gluconate
3003:Piroctone olamine
2842:Media related to
2391:10.1021/bi9915115
2309:10.1021/bi971652b
1510:. February 2016.
950:suicide inhibitor
855:Contraindications
756:Sleeping sickness
670:
669:
598:Interactive image
498:CompTox Dashboard
210:
111:
27:Chemical compound
16:(Redirected from
5903:
5838:
5837:
5836:
5829:
5615:
5614:
5401:
5400:
5392:
5391:
5360:
5353:
5346:
5337:
5336:
5254:Tisagenlecleucel
5011:Arsenic trioxide
4722:
4721:
4655:Photosensitizers
4446:Alkyl sulfonates
4360:Cyclophosphamide
4332:
4331:
4271:Anthracenediones
4092:
4091:
4066:Hydroxycarbamide
3807:
3806:
3790:
3789:
3668:
3667:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3605:
3604:
3478:Deoxycholic acid
3468:Cromoglicic acid
2919:Anti-seborrheics
2898:
2891:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2841:
2825:
2824:
2784:
2773:
2768:
2758:
2722:
2711:
2710:
2670:
2659:
2658:
2630:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2551:. Archived from
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2529:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2499:
2490:
2489:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2332:
2321:
2320:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2273:
2265:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2241:
2230:
2229:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2181:. Archived from
2175:
2166:
2165:
2160:. Archived from
2154:
2143:
2142:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2031:
2025:
2024:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1970:. Archived from
1969:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1882:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1823:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1764:
1754:
1745:(11): e1001204.
1730:
1717:
1716:
1706:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1613:
1603:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1405:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1370:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1302:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1271:
1246:pharmacokinetics
1126:(FDA) granted a
1092:
1078:
1066:
1052:
1040:homodimerization
997:
915:Thrombocytopenia
720:, vomiting, and
666:
665:
658:
600:
580:
565:
559:
553:
547:
541:
521:
520:
506:
504:
489:
469:
449:
429:
409:
389:
369:
349:
339:
338:
324:
259:
208:
205:
183:
173:
163:
121:
110:
107:
94:
53:
44:
37:
35:
31:
21:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5834:
5832:
5824:
5822:
5817:
5816:
5801:Clinical trials
5776:
5741:
5721:Dientamoebiasis
5715:
5684:
5600:
5577:
5504:
5471:
5458:
5396:Trypanosomiasis
5381:
5364:
5334:
5329:
5328:
5313:Clinical trials
5288:
4994:Other/ungrouped
4989:
4940:
4713:
4693:Porfimer sodium
4641:
4603:
4536:
4493:
4323:
4311:
4195:
4165:
4083:
4071:
4046:
3942:
3862:
3798:
3796:antimetabolites
3794:
3793:DNA precursors/
3785:
3783:DNA replication
3773:
3713:
3683:Vinca alkaloids
3659:
3647:
3632:
3602:
3597:
3563:Povidone-iodine
3513:Hyaluronic acid
3438:Benzoylperoxide
3406:
3340:
3233:
3181:
3158:
3136:Skin lightening
3130:
2913:
2902:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2785:
2776:
2723:
2714:
2691:10.1038/nrc1454
2685:(10): 781–792.
2671:
2662:
2641:(Pt 2): 353–5.
2631:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2567:"Ornidyl facts"
2565:
2564:
2560:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2501:
2500:
2493:
2454:
2450:
2410:
2406:
2374:
2370:
2333:
2324:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2257:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2233:
2194:
2190:
2185:on 7 June 2011.
2177:
2176:
2169:
2156:
2155:
2146:
2106:
2102:
2062:
2058:
2047:
2043:
2032:
2028:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1910:
1906:
1851:
1847:
1800:
1796:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1731:
1720:
1683:
1679:
1648:(6): CD006201.
1634:
1627:
1580:
1576:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1473:
1469:
1458:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1407:
1406:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1273:
1272:
1263:
1258:
1231:
1229:Veterinary uses
1202:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1171:Available forms
1160:
1136:
1119:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1070:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1036:
1024:
1002:
995:
987:
972:
958:decarboxylation
946:
941:
933:
928:
910:
898:
886:carcinogenicity
882:
873:
862:
857:
845:
829:
812:
758:
753:
694:T. b. gambiense
661:
659:
656:(what is this?)
653:
648:
645:
640:
635:
634:
623:
620:
615:
614:
603:
578:
568:
562:
556:
550:
544:
524:
500:
492:
472:
452:
432:
412:
392:
372:
352:
335:
327:
307:
304:
295:
294:
257:
250:Not metabolized
239:
234:Bioavailability
226:Pharmacokinetic
220:
187:
131:
124:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5909:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5843:
5842:
5819:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5809:
5798:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5764:
5754:
5743:
5742:
5735:
5729:nitroimidazole
5725:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5698:nitroimidazole
5694:
5692:
5690:Trichomoniasis
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5671:
5670:
5660:
5649:
5648:
5638:
5627:nitroimidazole
5623:
5621:
5612:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5595:Amphotericin B
5587:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5565:
5555:
5530:
5529:
5526:Amphotericin B
5518:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5492:
5485:nitroimidazole
5481:
5479:
5477:Chagas disease
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5462:nitroimidazole
5459:
5448:
5438:
5420:
5409:
5407:
5398:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5367:Antiparasitics
5363:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5340:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5310:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5200:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4975:
4963:
4950:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4905:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4873:
4867:
4862:
4854:
4847:PARP inhibitor
4843:
4831:
4819:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4778:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4743:
4730:
4728:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4613:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4595:
4590:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4499:Platinum-based
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4464:
4463:
4457:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4415:
4410:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4357:
4352:
4340:
4338:
4329:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4278:
4267:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4226:
4221:
4214:Anthracyclines
4209:
4207:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4187:
4175:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4100:
4098:
4089:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4056:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4038:
4026:
4025:
4012:
4011:
3995:
3994:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3952:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3934:
3932:Mercaptopurine
3923:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3902:
3886:
3885:
3872:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3854:
3843:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3815:
3813:
3804:
3787:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3759:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3678:
3676:
3665:
3649:
3648:
3634:Intracellular
3631:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3608:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3395:Spironolactone
3392:
3387:
3382:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3298:Spironolactone
3295:
3290:
3285:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3243:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3228:hydrocortisone
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3200:Gamolenic acid
3197:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3164:Skin darkening
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3125:hydrocortisone
3116:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3085:
3080:
3078:Salicylic acid
3075:
3070:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3029:
3026:Antihistamines
3022:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2965:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2949:Spironolactone
2946:
2941:
2936:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2908:preparations (
2906:dermatological
2901:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2833:
2832:External links
2830:
2827:
2826:
2774:
2712:
2660:
2620:
2590:
2576:
2558:
2540:
2516:
2509:. 3 May 2001.
2491:
2448:
2404:
2368:
2347:(1): 150–158.
2322:
2284:
2255:
2231:
2208:(9): 972–978.
2188:
2167:
2144:
2100:
2056:
2041:
2026:
1980:
1953:
1924:(8): 1155–71.
1904:
1845:
1794:
1776:
1739:PLOS Pathogens
1718:
1704:10.1086/432576
1697:(5): 748–751.
1677:
1625:
1574:
1545:(5): 242–252.
1525:
1495:
1467:
1456:
1434:
1391:
1374:"Eflornithine"
1360:
1323:
1292:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1230:
1227:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1184:
1181:
1172:
1169:
1159:
1156:
1135:
1132:
1118:
1115:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1047:
1035:
1032:
1022:
1005:chromatography
1000:
986:
983:
976:The remaining
970:
966:transamination
945:
942:
940:
937:
932:
929:
927:
924:
909:
906:
897:
894:
881:
878:
872:
869:
861:
858:
856:
853:
844:
841:
828:
825:
811:
808:
757:
754:
752:
749:
701:. It is taken
683:used to treat
668:
667:
650:
649:
647:
646:
643:
641:
638:
630:
629:
628:
625:
624:
622:
621:
618:
610:
609:
608:
605:
604:
602:
601:
593:
591:
583:
582:
576:
570:
569:
566:
560:
554:
548:
542:
537:
531:
530:
526:
525:
523:
522:
509:
507:
494:
493:
491:
490:
482:
480:
474:
473:
471:
470:
462:
460:
454:
453:
451:
450:
442:
440:
434:
433:
431:
430:
422:
420:
414:
413:
411:
410:
402:
400:
394:
393:
391:
390:
382:
380:
374:
373:
371:
370:
362:
360:
354:
353:
351:
350:
342:
340:
329:
328:
326:
325:
317:
315:
309:
308:
306:
305:
298:
290:
289:
288:
285:
284:
280:
279:
274:
268:
267:
261:
252:
251:
248:
242:
241:
236:
230:
229:
222:
221:
219:
218:
215:
202:
200:
194:
193:
189:
188:
186:
185:
152:
150:
144:
143:
134:
132:administration
126:
125:
123:
122:
104:
102:
96:
95:
88:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
66:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5908:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5841:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5772:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5752:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5733:Metronidazole
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5711:
5707:
5706:Metronidazole
5703:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5680:
5676:
5675:aminoacridine
5673:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5641:benzimidazole
5639:
5636:
5632:
5631:Metronidazole
5628:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5596:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5580:
5573:
5569:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5514:Leishmaniasis
5511:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5387:Discicristata
5384:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5368:
5361:
5356:
5354:
5349:
5347:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5188:
5187:Tabelecleucel
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5147:Lurbinectedin
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4609:Intercalation
4606:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4517:Dicycloplatin
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4390:Prednimustine
4388:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4322:
4318:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4205:Intercalation
4202:
4198:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4008:+daunorubicin
4006:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:Doxifluridine
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3921:Rabacfosadine
3919:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3629:
3624:
3622:
3617:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3558:Oxymetazoline
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3374:Antiandrogens
3371:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3277:Antiandrogens
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:Afamelanotide
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3101:Lithium salts
3098:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2928:Antiandrogens
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2799:: 2397–2409.
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2741:: 2569–2576.
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2583:
2581:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2533:
2526:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2289:
2277:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2117:(9): 976–81.
2116:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1865:(3): e92028.
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1457:9783319138848
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1345:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1192:
1189:
1180:
1177:
1164:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1114:
1112:
1091:
1086:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
994:
993:
982:
979:
974:
967:
962:
959:
955:
951:
936:
923:
920:
916:
905:
903:
893:
891:
887:
877:
868:
865:
852:
850:
843:Neuroblastoma
840:
837:
834:
824:
820:
818:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
791:
787:
783:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
748:
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
730:breastfeeding
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
703:intravenously
700:
696:
695:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
664:
657:
651:
642:
637:
636:
633:
626:
617:
616:
613:
606:
599:
595:
594:
592:
589:
584:
577:
575:
571:
538:
536:
532:
527:
519:
515:
514:DTXSID3020467
511:
510:
508:
499:
495:
488:
484:
483:
481:
479:
475:
468:
464:
463:
461:
459:
455:
448:
444:
443:
441:
439:
435:
428:
424:
423:
421:
419:
415:
408:
404:
403:
401:
399:
395:
388:
384:
383:
381:
379:
375:
368:
364:
363:
361:
359:
355:
348:
344:
343:
341:
334:
330:
323:
319:
318:
316:
314:
310:
302:
297:
296:
293:
286:
281:
278:
275:
273:
269:
266:
262:
260:
253:
249:
247:
243:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
216:
214:
204:
203:
201:
199:
195:
190:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
154:
153:
151:
149:
145:
142:
138:
135:
133:
127:
120:
115:
106:
105:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
65:
61:
58:Clinical data
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
30:
19:
5871:Orphan drugs
5866:Hair removal
5757:tetracycline
5747:oxyquinoline
5667:Furazolidone
5657:Nitazoxanide
5531:
5489:Benznidazole
5466:Fexinidazole
5435:Tryparsamide
5417:Eflornithine
5416:
5369:directed at
5234:Tazemetostat
5198:Alitretinoin
5191:
5102:Estramustine
5082:Elsamitrucin
5072:Eflornithine
5071:
5026:Pegaspargase
5022:Asparaginase
5015:
4984:Testolactone
4977:
4965:
4953:
4907:
4892:Panobinostat
4875:
4845:
4833:
4821:
4809:
4780:
4745:
4733:
4686:
4682:Padeliporfin
4621:Dactinomycin
4617:Streptomyces
4598:Temozolomide
4593:Mitozolomide
4581:
4572:Mitobronitol
4561:Procarbazine
4554:
4542:Nonclassical
4467:
4444:
4438:Streptozocin
4403:Nitrosoureas
4401:
4375:Chlorambucil
4369:Trofosfamide
4355:Chlormethine
4350:Bendamustine
4343:
4281:Mitoxantrone
4276:Losoxantrone
4269:
4229:Daunorubicin
4212:
4178:
4115:Camptothecin
4103:
4059:
4029:
4015:
3998:
3982:Fluorouracil
3962:Capecitabine
3955:
3925:
3889:
3875:
3845:
3840:Pralatrexate
3830:Methotrexate
3818:
3761:
3724:
3681:
3593:Tralokinumab
3577:progesterone
3573:Progestogens
3543:Metandienone
3528:Lebrikizumab
3473:Delgocitinib
3432:testosterone
3402:Eflornithine
3401:
3380:Bicalutamide
3372:
3353:
3334:Ritlecitinib
3323:
3309:
3283:Bicalutamide
3275:
3246:
3221:
3210:Pimecrolimus
3195:Alitretinoin
3177:Melanotan II
3144:Hydroquinone
3118:
3099:
3062:Keratolytics
3060:
3056:Isotretinoin
3044:Pimecrolimus
3031:
3024:
2993:Ketoconazole
2988:Clotrimazole
2955:
2934:Bicalutamide
2926:
2862:
2850:
2844:Eflornithine
2792:
2788:
2734:
2730:
2682:
2678:
2638:
2634:
2611:. Retrieved
2602:
2593:
2561:
2553:the original
2543:
2519:
2506:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2421:(1): 94–98.
2418:
2414:
2407:
2382:
2379:Biochemistry
2378:
2371:
2344:
2340:
2300:
2297:Biochemistry
2296:
2245:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2183:the original
2162:the original
2114:
2110:
2103:
2073:(1): 94–98.
2070:
2066:
2059:
2050:
2044:
2035:
2029:
1996:
1992:
1972:the original
1921:
1917:
1907:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1789:the original
1779:
1742:
1738:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1645:
1641:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1516:. Retrieved
1507:
1498:
1489:10665/371090
1479:
1470:
1447:
1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1412:
1382:. Retrieved
1351:. Retrieved
1314:. Retrieved
1309:
1283:. Retrieved
1278:
1240:T. b. brucei
1238:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1203:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1120:
1107:
1037:
1027:
1016:
1012:
1008:
990:
988:
975:
963:
947:
934:
926:Interactions
911:
899:
883:
880:Side effects
874:
866:
863:
846:
838:
830:
821:
816:
813:
798:
794:
789:
785:
781:
778:
759:
751:Medical uses
734:
715:
692:
676:
673:Eflornithine
672:
671:
660:
654:
300:
256:Elimination
198:Legal status
192:Legal status
119:Eflornithine
100:License data
34:Eflornithine
29:
5797:from market
5771:Paromomycin
5761:Doxycycline
5738:Secnidazole
5702:Carnidazole
5645:Albendazole
5572:Paromomycin
5562:Miltefosine
5552:Pentamidine
5548:benzamidine
5445:Pentamidine
5441:benzamidine
5431:Melarsoprol
5309:from market
5279:Vorasidenib
5259:Trabectedin
5244:Tiazofurine
5239:Tebentafusp
5224:Tagraxofusp
5182:Plitidepsin
5152:Mitoguazone
5092:Epacadostat
5062:Demecolcine
5006:Aflibercept
4979:Sex steroid
4852:Fuzuloparib
4793:Carfilzomib
4765:Palbociclib
4755:Abemaciclib
4708:Verteporfin
4672:Efaproxiral
4588:Dacarbazine
4550:Altretamine
4532:Satraplatin
4527:Oxaliplatin
4507:Carboplatin
4484:Triaziquone
4455:Mannosulfan
4433:Ranimustine
4413:Fotemustine
4254:Pirarubicin
4239:Doxorubicin
4233:+cytarabine
4219:Aclarubicin
4180:Podophyllum
4105:Camptotheca
4036:Azacitidine
4022:Gemcitabine
3977:Floxuridine
3910:Fludarabine
3905:Clofarabine
3891:Halogenated
3882:Pentostatin
3857:Raltitrexed
3825:Aminopterin
3768:Ixabepilone
3763:Epothilones
3731:Cabazitaxel
3708:Vinorelbine
3693:Vincristine
3688:Vinblastine
3673:microtubule
3583:Ruxolitinib
3553:Oclacitinib
3548:Nemolizumab
3463:Crisaborole
3443:Brimonidine
3418:Abrocitinib
3366:Finasteride
3361:Dutasteride
3264:Finasteride
3259:Dutasteride
3254:Alfatradiol
3154:Monobenzone
3039:Cyclosporin
2957:Antifungals
2864:NCT02679144
2852:NCT02395666
2613:17 November
1384:28 November
1316:26 February
1285:26 February
1034:Active site
944:Description
908:Intravenous
890:teratogenic
770:melarsoprol
762:pentamidine
713:inhibitor.
709:. It is an
581: g·mol
467:CHEBI:41948
283:Identifiers
137:intravenous
73:Other names
64:Trade names
5850:Categories
5751:Iodoquinol
5710:Tinidazole
5679:Quinacrine
5663:nitrofuran
5653:thiazolide
5635:Tinidazole
5619:Giardiasis
5499:Nifurtimox
5495:nitrofuran
5274:Verdinexor
5269:Venetoclax
5172:Oblimersen
5167:Navitoclax
5142:Lucanthone
5137:Lonidamine
5127:Lifileucel
5122:Ivosidenib
5117:Imetelstat
5087:Enasidenib
5077:Elesclomol
5042:Bexarotene
5037:Belzutifan
4972:Bexarotene
4960:Atrasentan
4935:Umbralisib
4930:Idelalisib
4920:Copanlisib
4902:Vorinostat
4897:Romidepsin
4887:Entinostat
4882:Belinostat
4840:Masoprocol
4828:Tiazofurin
4816:Anagrelide
4788:Bortezomib
4775:Seliciclib
4770:Ribociclib
4750:inhibitors
4740:Tipifarnib
4703:Temoporfin
4698:Talaporfin
4636:Plicamycin
4631:Mitomycins
4577:Pipobroman
4556:Hydrazines
4522:Nedaplatin
4474:Carboquone
4469:Aziridines
4460:Treosulfan
4408:Carmustine
4395:Uramustine
4364:Ifosfamide
4336:Alkylating
4297:Bisantrene
4286:Pixantrone
4259:Valrubicin
4249:Idarubicin
4244:Epirubicin
4190:Teniposide
4145:Lurtotecan
4140:Irinotecan
4041:Decitabine
4005:Cytarabine
3948:Pyrimidine
3937:Tioguanine
3927:Thiopurine
3916:Nelarabine
3900:Cladribine
3852:Pemetrexed
3835:Pemetrexed
3811:Folic acid
3751:Paclitaxel
3703:Vinflunine
3588:Tiratricol
3533:Lokivetmab
3523:Ivermectin
3483:Diclofenac
3329:Nepidermin
3215:Tacrolimus
3073:Resorcinol
3049:Tacrolimus
3013:Xenysalate
2998:Miconazole
2983:Climbazole
2963:Bifonazole
1814:: 93–101.
1594:(8): e39.
1518:7 December
1427:6 December
1256:References
1218:polyamines
1210:putrescine
774:nifurtimox
699:nifurtimox
681:medication
586:3D model (
574:Molar mass
427:ZQN1G5V6SR
398:ChemSpider
358:IUPHAR/BPS
322:70052-12-9
313:CAS Number
292:IUPAC name
246:Metabolism
5807:Phase III
5795:Withdrawn
5767:neomycin
5610:Trichozoa
5423:arsenical
5413:ornithine
5374:parasites
5319:Phase III
5307:Withdrawn
5284:Vosaroxin
5264:Veliparib
5219:Sotorasib
5209:Selinexor
5203:Tretinoin
5193:Retinoids
5107:Glasdegib
5052:Celecoxib
5001:Adagrasib
4925:Duvelisib
4915:Alpelisib
4870:Rucaparib
4857:Niraparib
4798:Oprozomib
4760:Alvocidib
4626:Bleomycin
4583:Triazenes
4567:Etoglucid
4512:Cisplatin
4428:Nimustine
4422:Semustine
4418:Lomustine
4380:Melphalan
4307:Menogaril
4302:Crisnatol
4292:Amsacrine
4264:Zorubicin
4224:Amrubicin
4185:Etoposide
4160:Topotecan
4155:Silatecan
4150:Rubitecan
4135:Gimatecan
4120:Cositecan
4110:Belotecan
3786:inhibitor
3756:Tesetaxel
3746:Ortataxel
3741:Larotaxel
3736:Docetaxel
3698:Vindesine
3497:estradiol
3493:Estrogens
3488:Dupilumab
3428:Androgens
3390:Flutamide
3317:Minoxidil
3293:Flutamide
3205:Oxaceprol
2972:cetrimide
2944:Flutamide
2795:(10110).
1117:Hirsutism
1095:Figure 3
1081:Figure 2
1009:T. brucei
849:indicated
833:hirsutism
726:pregnancy
707:topically
487:ChEMBL830
272:Excretion
258:half-life
130:Routes of
92:Monograph
86:Drugs.com
5840:Medicine
5568:neomycin
5371:excavata
5157:Mitotane
5097:Eribulin
4865:Olaparib
4803:Ixazomib
4479:Thiotepa
4451:Busulfan
4130:Exatecan
3967:Carmofur
3675:assembly
3638: /
3458:Collagen
3448:Caffeine
3149:Mequinol
3068:Coal tar
2813:28673422
2797:Elsevier
2765:27080183
2739:Elsevier
2707:37647479
2699:15510159
2655:17371277
2607:Archived
2571:Archived
2532:Archived
2511:Archived
2486:41019313
2443:10795478
2435:17214730
2399:10563800
2276:Archived
2226:Archived
2222:11549102
2139:25986442
2131:17822506
2095:10795478
2087:17214730
2021:26181011
2013:11705097
1948:17618313
1899:24637744
1859:PLOS ONE
1840:30100776
1771:21124824
1713:16080099
1672:23807762
1620:17160135
1569:23916333
1512:Archived
1478:(2023).
1462:Archived
1421:Archived
1378:Archived
1344:Archived
1310:DailyMed
1279:DailyMed
1195:Research
1055:Figure 1
985:Evidence
978:fluoride
919:Seizures
722:seizures
663:(verify)
378:DrugBank
148:ATC code
114:DailyMed
5591:polyene
5522:polyene
5455:Suramin
4086:S phase
3987:Tegafur
3801:S phase
3726:Taxanes
3662:M phase
3575:(e.g.,
3495:(e.g.,
3430:(e.g.,
3226:(e.g.,
3123:(e.g.,
2821:4853616
2772:777366.
2756:4853260
2478:2891995
2363:1730582
2317:9398243
1939:2441931
1890:3956872
1867:Bibcode
1831:6067772
1762:2991269
1663:6532745
1611:1687208
1560:4001453
1104:History
931:Topical
896:Topical
860:Topical
766:suramin
579:182.171
535:Formula
387:DB06243
333:PubChem
178: (
176:L01XX79
168: (
166:P01CX03
164:)
158: (
156:D11AX16
141:topical
116::
18:Ornidyl
5826:Portal
5790:WHO-EM
5427:Atoxyl
5302:WHO-EM
4911:(Pi3K)
3868:Purine
3671:Block
3411:Others
3324:Others
3083:Sulfur
2904:Other
2819:
2811:
2789:Lancet
2763:
2753:
2737:(11).
2705:
2697:
2653:
2484:
2476:
2458:Lancet
2441:
2433:
2397:
2361:
2315:
2220:
2137:
2129:
2093:
2085:
2019:
2011:
1946:
1936:
1897:
1887:
1838:
1828:
1769:
1759:
1711:
1670:
1660:
1618:
1608:
1567:
1557:
1454:
1353:10 May
1183:Market
996:'s
677:Vaniqa
612:SMILES
478:ChEMBL
447:D07883
277:Kidney
213:℞-only
211:
112:
4823:IMPDI
4718:Other
2817:S2CID
2770:NIHMS
2703:S2CID
2535:(PDF)
2528:(PDF)
2482:S2CID
2439:S2CID
2279:(PDF)
2272:(PDF)
2250:(PDF)
2135:S2CID
2091:S2CID
2017:S2CID
1975:(PDF)
1968:(PDF)
1417:(CDC)
1413:U.S.
1347:(PDF)
1340:(PDF)
632:InChI
588:JSmol
458:ChEBI
265:hours
4909:PIKI
4877:HDAC
4326:CCNS
3088:Urea
2809:PMID
2761:PMID
2695:PMID
2651:PMID
2615:2016
2474:PMID
2431:PMID
2395:PMID
2359:PMID
2313:PMID
2218:PMID
2127:PMID
2083:PMID
2009:PMID
1944:PMID
1895:PMID
1836:PMID
1767:PMID
1709:PMID
1668:PMID
1646:2013
1616:PMID
1565:PMID
1520:2016
1452:ISBN
1429:2016
1386:2016
1355:2015
1318:2024
1287:2024
1250:rats
1235:mice
1098:site
1021:NaBH
902:acne
438:KEGG
418:UNII
407:2902
367:5176
347:3009
228:data
82:AHFS
5583:PAM
5378:P01
4955:ERA
4811:PhI
4782:PrI
4747:CDK
4659:PDT
3657:MIs
3653:SPs
3644:L01
2910:D11
2801:doi
2793:390
2751:PMC
2743:doi
2687:doi
2643:doi
2466:doi
2423:doi
2387:doi
2349:doi
2345:267
2305:doi
2210:doi
2119:doi
2075:doi
2001:doi
1934:PMC
1926:doi
1922:152
1885:PMC
1875:doi
1826:PMC
1816:doi
1757:PMC
1747:doi
1699:doi
1658:PMC
1650:doi
1606:PMC
1596:doi
1555:PMC
1547:doi
1543:107
1484:hdl
1001:cat
764:or
728:or
503:EPA
337:CID
181:WHO
174:),
171:WHO
161:WHO
5852::
5803::
5708:,
5704:,
5633:,
5543:)
5539:,
5433:,
5429:,
5315::
4835:LI
4735:FI
4201:II
4171:II
3993:))
2815:.
2807:.
2791:.
2777:^
2759:.
2749:.
2735:26
2733:.
2729:.
2715:^
2701:.
2693:.
2681:.
2677:.
2663:^
2649:.
2639:35
2637:.
2623:^
2605:.
2601:.
2579:^
2569:.
2530:.
2505:.
2494:^
2480:.
2472:.
2460:.
2437:.
2429:.
2419:46
2417:.
2393:.
2383:38
2381:.
2357:.
2343:.
2339:.
2325:^
2311:.
2301:36
2299:.
2287:^
2274:.
2258:^
2234:^
2224:.
2216:.
2206:41
2204:.
2200:.
2170:^
2147:^
2133:.
2125:.
2115:46
2113:.
2089:.
2081:.
2071:46
2069:.
2015:.
2007:.
1995:.
1983:^
1956:^
1942:.
1932:.
1920:.
1916:.
1893:.
1883:.
1873:.
1861:.
1857:.
1834:.
1824:.
1810:.
1806:.
1765:.
1755:.
1741:.
1737:.
1721:^
1707:.
1695:41
1693:.
1689:.
1666:.
1656:.
1644:.
1640:.
1628:^
1614:.
1604:.
1590:.
1586:.
1563:.
1553:.
1541:.
1537:.
1506:.
1460:.
1411:.
1394:^
1363:^
1326:^
1308:.
1295:^
1277:.
1264:^
973:.
806:.
747:.
549:12
301:RS
263:8
207:US
139:,
109:US
5828::
5773:)
5769:(
5763:)
5759:(
5753:)
5749:(
5740:)
5731:(
5712:)
5700:(
5681:)
5677:(
5669:)
5665:(
5659:)
5655:(
5647:)
5643:(
5637:)
5629:(
5597:)
5593:(
5574:)
5570:(
5564:)
5560:(
5554:)
5550:(
5535:(
5528:)
5524:(
5501:)
5497:(
5491:)
5487:(
5468:)
5464:(
5457:)
5453:(
5447:)
5443:(
5437:)
5425:(
5419:)
5415:(
5380:)
5376:(
5359:e
5352:t
5345:v
5205:)
5196:(
5028:)
5024:/
5020:(
4986:)
4982:(
4974:)
4970:(
4962:)
4958:(
4937:)
4913:(
4904:)
4880:(
4872:)
4850:(
4842:)
4838:(
4830:)
4826:(
4818:)
4814:(
4777:)
4753:(
4742:)
4738:(
4710:)
4691:(
4657:/
4638:)
4619:(
4600:)
4586:(
4563:)
4559:(
4471::
4462:)
4453:(
4448::
4424:)
4420:(
4405::
4386:)
4382:(
4371:)
4362:(
4347::
4328:)
4324:(
4288:)
4274:(
4266:)
4235:)
4231:(
4217:(
4203:+
4192:)
4183:(
4162:)
4108:(
4096:I
4088:)
4084:(
4068:)
4064:(
4043:)
4034:(
4024:)
4020:(
4010:)
4003:(
3989:(
3960:(
3939:)
3930:(
3912:)
3898:(
3893:/
3884:)
3880:(
3859:)
3850:(
3842:)
3823:(
3803:)
3799:(
3770:)
3766:(
3758:)
3729:(
3710:)
3686:(
3664:)
3660:(
3655:/
3646:)
3642:(
3627:e
3620:t
3613:v
3579:)
3499:)
3434:)
3230:)
3127:)
3094:)
3090:(
2974:)
2970:(
2912:)
2897:e
2890:t
2883:v
2823:.
2803::
2767:.
2745::
2709:.
2689::
2683:4
2657:.
2645::
2617:.
2488:.
2468::
2462:2
2445:.
2425::
2401:.
2389::
2365:.
2351::
2319:.
2307::
2212::
2141:.
2121::
2097:.
2077::
2023:.
2003::
1997:2
1950:.
1928::
1901:.
1877::
1869::
1863:9
1842:.
1818::
1812:3
1773:.
1749::
1743:6
1715:.
1701::
1674:.
1652::
1622:.
1598::
1592:1
1571:.
1549::
1522:.
1486::
1431:.
1388:.
1357:.
1320:.
1289:.
1028:S
1023:4
1017:S
1013:S
971:2
590:)
567:2
564:O
561:2
558:N
555:2
552:F
546:H
543:6
540:C
505:)
501:(
299:(
209::
184:)
84:/
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
