903:. Methadone and buprenorphine are associated with reduced mortality in those with opioid use disorder as well as higher drug treatment program retention, lower illicit drug use and decreased overdose deaths. The mortality benefit of long term naltrexone use in those with opioid use disorder is less well established. After a non-fatal opioid overdose, subsequent methadone or buprenorphine initiation and use reduce the risk of overdose death by 59% and 38% respectively. Initiating buprenorphine in the emergency department is associated with lower mortality and increased adherence to opioid use disorder treatment programs. Peer support groups have tentative evidence of benefit. There is also some evidence indicating benefits in community-based overdose education and naloxone distribution programs. Buprenorphine and methadone can help decrease drug cravings. Combining pharmacologic treatments with behavioral therapy, such as support or recovery groups, can increase likelihood of overcoming addiction and reduce the risk of an opioid overdose.
1264:
1368:
1408:
1388:
1334:
453:
1348:
944:
994:. There is some debate about whether increased doses of naloxone are required to reverse overdose from synthetic opioids; however, this concern has prompted FDA approval of higher dose naloxone formulations such as Kloxxado and Zimhi. The effects of naloxone last for approximately 30-90 minutes, at which point opioids present in the body may begin to take effect again depending on the specific opioids duration of action. Therefore, transport to a hospital is indicated after naloxone administration and the medication may need to be re-administered.
703:
391:
1200:
1082:
6254:
1136:
injectable naloxone over the counter, professional organizations recommending physicians to co-prescribe naloxone when opioids are used for pain management, free community overdose education and naloxone distribution (OEND) programs, and efforts to train non-medical first responders such as firefighters and police to use naloxone. These actions have reduced opioid-related deaths at the state and national levels and are cost-effective.
6278:
6266:
42:
681:. As such, affected individuals have almost double the risk of using opioids for pain relief in the long-term. Additionally, mental health challenges associated with trauma, economic depression, social environments conducive to substance abuse and risk-taking behaviours have been shown to increase opioid misuse. Furthermore, mental health challenges associated with
907:
present such as history of overdose, substance use disorder, or higher doses of opioids. With the CDC recommending naloxone be provided to all people on long term opioids who have risk factors for overdose, including a history of a substance use disorder, daily morphine equivalents greater than 50 mg or concurrent benzodiazepine use. Brief
982:. Intranasal forms include Narcan, approved in 2015, and Kloxxado, approved in 2021. Formulations that are injectable into the intramuscular or subcutaneous spaces include Evzio, approved in 2014, and Zimhi, approved in 2021. The doses are approved for both children and adults and may be repeated every 2–3 minutes. Synthetic opioids like
969:
Naloxone works by temporarily blocking the effects of opioids, including respiratory depression and sedation. Naloxone is safe and side effects are rare, generally limited to allergic reactions. It should be given if there is any suspicion of an opioid overdose. Naloxone is available to the public in
730:
distributed throughout the body—including the brain, skin and spinal cord. Three of the major opioid receptors include mu, kappa, delta, and nociception, each playing a role in eliciting the effects associated with opioids. An opioid overdose results from over-activation of these receptors, which can
582:
Higher doses of prescription opioids as well as long acting formulations are associated with an increased risk of overdose. In those on long term opioid treatment for chronic pain, daily morphine equivalents greater than 200 mg were associate with death from opioid related causes (including overdose)
1283:
In 2016, the World Health
Organization estimates 34 million people used opioids and 19 million used opiates. Of these, about 27 million people had opioid dependence, with the majority—but a decreasing number—using illicit heroin. In 2015, 118,000 people died from opioid use disorders, causing almost
886:
in those aged 14–18 years is recommended. The revised risk index for overdose or severe opioid induced respiratory depression (RIOSORD) is a validated screening tool that may be used to estimate the risk of overdose in people using opioids, or the rapid opioid dependence screen may be used as a more
890:
There are several medication-assisted treatments available for people with opioid use disorder or opioid dependence, who are at higher risk for opioid overdose. The selection of treatment depends on various factors, such as a person's preference, accessibility, and history of treatment. Examples of
2011:
Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, Casey DC, Charlson FJ, Chen AZ, Coates MM, Coggeshall M, Dandona L, Dicker DJ, Erskine HE, Ferrari AJ, Fitzmaurice C, Foreman K, Forouzanfar MH, Fraser MS, Fullman N, Gething PW, Goldberg EM, Graetz N, Haagsma JA, Hay SI, Huynh C, Johnson
1135:
Opioid overdose should be reversed as soon as possible. To shorten the time between overdose and naloxone administration, multiple programs have been enacted to improve naloxone access for drug users, caregivers, and first responders. In the US, these efforts include FDA approval of intranasal and
915:
Unused or old opioids should not be stored in the home as there is a risk of people using the drugs for non-medical purposes. Among adolescents and young-adults, non-medical use of prescription opioids is associated with a subsequent 13-fold increased risk of heroin use later in life. Opioids that
906:
Individuals diagnosed with opioid dependence should be prescribed naloxone to prevent overdose and should be directed to one of treatment options available, such as needle exchange programs and treatment centers. A naloxone prescription is also recommended when risk factors for opioid overdose are
1427:
hosts an annual health observance known as
National Prevention Week. Every third week of May, they encourage communities across the country to unite to share stories about positive mental and behavioral health and the importance of implementing prevention methods. They also sponsor recovery Month
877:
may help determine if an individual is receiving a high doses of opioids or combinations of medications such as benzodiazepines and opioids that put them at high risk. Limited amount of evidence suggests opioid therapy with extended-release or long-acting formulations may increase the risk of an
345:
Drug use contributes to 500,000 deaths worldwide, with opioid overdose resulting in approximately 115,000 of these deaths in 2018. This is up from 18,000 deaths in 1990. In 2018, approximately 269 million people had engaged in drug usage at least once, 58 million of which used opioids. Drug use
1302:
in the US in 2017, opioids were involved in 47,600 with three male deaths for each female death. This is an increase from 2016 where over 64,000 died from drug overdose, and opioids were involved in over 42,000. In 2017, the five states with the highest rates of death due to drug overdose were
693:
can cause opioid dependence and subsequent overdose. Notably, cyclic behaviours can be observed between mental illness and opioid abuse where individuals with mental health diagnoses engage in opioid use which further perpetuates mental health challenges and increased drug usage.
911:
can also be performed and has been shown to improve people's motivation to change their behavior. Despite these opportunities, the dissemination of prevention interventions in the US has been hampered by the lack of coordination and sluggish federal government response.
1387:
872:
behaviors or who have a history of substance abuse. Drug seeking behaviors include but are not limited to obsessiveness or impatience when it comes to attaining medications, seeking multiple pain adjunct medications, and inconsistent physiological presentation. A
358:
in the 1990s. This led to unwarranted trust and a subsequent heavy reliance on opioids. Though there are treatment interventions which can effectively reduce the risk of overdose in people with opioid dependence, less than 10% of affected individuals receive it.
443:
In young children, opioid overdose may not be apparent right away. This is due to absorption, distribution, and metabolism differences between young children and adults, and the higher amount of opioid ingestion per kilogram of body weight.
923:
In the United States, 49 states and the
District of Columbia have expanded naloxone access at a pharmacy level via standing order, protocol order, naloxone-specific collaborative practice agreement, or pharmacist prescriptive authority.
280:; however, its onset can depend on the method of ingestion, the dosage and individual risk factors. Although there were over 110,000 deaths in 2017 due to opioids, individuals who survived also faced adverse complications, including
1428:
every
September. Recovery Month aims to raise awareness about mental and substance use disorders and to honor individuals who recover, promoting the positive message that prevention works and that treatment is effective.
1347:
527:, etc.) can additionally cause a worsened condition with less likelihood of recovery cumulative to each added drug. This includes drugs less immediately classed to a slowing of the metabolism such as with GABAergic like
1186:. It works similarly to Naloxone but has a longer half life. It is approved for intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administration by prescription only, unlike the over the counter formulations of naloxone.
3455:
Zahradnik A, Otto C, Crackau B, Löhrmann I, Bischof G, John U, Rumpf HJ (January 2009). "Randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention for problematic prescription drug use in non-treatment-seeking patients".
3242:
1367:
4368:
4345:
3201:
Miller M, Barber CW, Leatherman S, Fonda J, Hermos JA, Cho K, Gagnon DR (April 2015). "Prescription opioid duration of action and the risk of unintentional overdose among patients receiving opioid therapy".
867:
Opioid overdoses can often be prevented. Clear protocols for staff at emergency departments and urgent care centers can reduce opioid prescriptions for individuals presenting in these settings who engage in
2014:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
9075:
622:. In contrast, Phase 2 metabolism causes the opioids to undergo conjugation, with little to no interaction with the CYP pathway. The opioids undergo phase 1 and phase 2 metabolism until they are
1158:
Opioid overdose leads to death when people stop breathing. Bystanders trained in first aid can evaluate people who have overdosed and provide basic life support including rescue breathing via
8223:
8218:
8213:
7541:
6459:
6454:
6449:
2063:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
6939:
4922:
8796:
1431:
International
Overdose Awareness Day is on 31 August to remember those who have died from an overdose, to decrease stigma of drug-related deaths, and to promote prevention of overdose.
9491:
7922:
887:
rapid and succinct method to screen for opioid use disorder. Other "drug seeking" behaviors and physical indications of drug use should be used as clues to perform formal screenings.
571:
and other central nervous system depressants. Benzodiazepine use with opioids increases the risk of overdose death by four-fold, whereas concomitant use with gabapentintoids such as
7656:
1407:
1326:
Concerning the 2017 data in the charts below, deaths from the various drugs add up to more than 70,200 because multiple drugs are involved in many of the deaths. According to the
1139:
In the UK, naloxone is a prescription-only medicine, but drug treatment services can supply it without a prescription. In an emergency anyone can use it as a life saving measure.
9067:
661:
Evidence suggests that mental health can be a significant facilitator for opioid abuse. Given that opioids are prescribed for pain management, mental health disorders, such as
1853:
Park TW, Lin LA, Hosanagar A, Kogowski A, Paige K, Bohnert AS (2016). "Understanding Risk
Factors for Opioid Overdose in Clinical Populations to Inform Treatment and Policy".
6934:
916:
are no longer being used may be taken to drug take back programs at local pharmacies, healthcare facilities or law enforcement agencies for safe disposal. The United States
9247:
7350:
2289:
Imam MZ, Kuo A, Ghassabian S, Smith MT (March 2018). "Progress in understanding mechanisms of opioid-induced gastrointestinal adverse effects and respiratory depression".
3249:
9280:
8548:
7796:
6839:
3273:
547:
End organ dysfunction (liver disease) which may lead to decreased drug clearance is a risk factor for opioid overdose. Other risk factors for opioid overdose include
9062:
7967:
7676:
4298:
1424:
6221:
430:
can lead to detrimental damage to the brain and spinal cord and can leave the person unable to walk or function normally, even if treatment with naloxone is given.
3100:
1901:"Part 12: Pediatric Advanced Life Support: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care"
2390:
Lazaryan M, Shasha-Zigelman C, Dagan Z, Berkovitch M (June 2015). "Codeine should not be prescribed for breastfeeding mothers or children under the age of 12".
1899:
de Caen AR, Berg MD, Chameides L, Gooden CK, Hickey RW, Scott HF, Sutton RM, Tijssen JA, Topjian A, van der Jagt ÉW, Schexnayder SM, Samson RA (November 2015).
9173:
8961:
6369:
8047:
1263:
6320:
4890:
4439:
3491:
1774:
Cunha-Oliveira T, Rego AC, Oliveira CR (June 2008). "Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the neurotoxicity of opioid and psychostimulant drugs".
9168:
8042:
3904:
1574:
3694:
9285:
1445:
523:, treatment drugs of a psychoactive or epileptic variety or any other such drug with its active function meant to calm or mitigate neuronal signaling (
6379:
6924:
6389:
5646:
4128:
3661:
3101:"Emergency Department and Urgent Care Clinicians Use Protocol To Reduce Opioid Prescriptions for Patients Suspected of Abusing Controlled Substances"
1293:
3854:
491:. In young children an overdose is usually due to opioids that are intended for their parents, older siblings, or grandparents. In mothers who take
7937:
7410:
5333:
641:
responses within each individual. This diversification leads to opioids being modified at varying rates, which can cause the drug to remain in the
677:
have an increased likelihood of being prescribed opioids and continuing usage for lengthy periods of time, consequently increasing likelihood for
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8148:
7606:
7491:
7300:
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2123:
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7405:
1210:
1092:
1535:
9143:
8468:
8353:
7746:
7101:
6764:
6424:
3010:
Bowman S, Eiserman J, Beletsky L, Stancliff S, Bruce RD (July 2013). "Reducing the health consequences of opioid addiction in primary care".
3955:
Boom M, Niesters M, Sarton E, Aarts L, Smith TW, Dahan A (2012). "Non-analgesic effects of opioids: opioid-induced respiratory depression".
3408:"A Review of Opioid Overdose Prevention and Naloxone Prescribing: Implications for Translating Community Programming Into Clinical Practice"
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5119:
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Prolonged exposure to opioids can cause these receptors to become internalized, leading to increased tolerance and increased opioid use.
495:
during breastfeeding, opioid overdoses have occurred in their baby. Codeine is therefore not recommended in those who are breastfeeding.
9310:
9300:
8493:
7506:
6192:
4177:
4124:
4103:
1989:
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8806:
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7856:
6854:
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2061:
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death
Collaborators, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015).
4180:. The numbers are in the data table below the map, and by running your cursor over the map at the source. CSV data link below table.
633:
There are various factors that play a role in how an opioid is metabolized. In phase 1 metabolism, the CYP family has several
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4465:
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2584:
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pupils instead, due to this drug's tendency to produce non-opioid central nervous system toxicity and excitation at elevated doses.
602:, which can lead to the activation or inhibition of these drugs. Phase 1 metabolism is the CYP pathway which consists of different
9026:
8951:
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8881:
350:
estimates that 70% of deaths due to drug use are in relation to opioids, with 30% being due to overdose. It is believed that the
2339:
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has shown to be equally effective. Other efforts to prevent deaths from overdose include increasing access to naloxone and
287:
Opioid overdoses are diagnosed based on symptoms and examination. Risk factors for opioid overdose include high levels of
6904:
6306:
4425:
406:
or death if left untreated. Hypoxia is typically caused by respiratory depression. The brain uses oxygen to regulate the
387:. Sometimes an opiate overdose can lead to such a decreased level of consciousness such that the person will not wake up.
4169:
4096:
5293:
5140:
4589:
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1671:
2676:"Depression and prescription opioid misuse among chronic opioid therapy recipients with no history of substance abuse"
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3243:"ASAM National Practice Guideline for the Use of Medications in the Treatment of Addiction Involving Opioid Use"
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4495:
4317:
841:
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1582:
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2239:"Respiratory depression and brain hypoxia induced by opioid drugs: Morphine, oxycodone, heroin, and fentanyl"
1167:
4216:
1948:
Chou R, Korthuis PT, McCarty D, Coffin PO, Griffin JC, Davis-O'Reilly C, Grusing S, Daya M (December 2017).
330:
is then recommended to those who cannot reverse the opioid's effects through breathing. Giving naloxone via
9506:
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also has a "flush list"; a list of medications that may be safely disposed of by flushing down the toilet.
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5150:
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4479:
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Boyer EW, McCance-Katz EF, Marcus S (January 2010). "Methadone and buprenorphine toxicity in children".
1950:"Management of Suspected Opioid Overdose With Naloxone in Out-of-Hospital Settings: A Systematic Review"
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unintentional overdose compared to shorter-acting agents. Routinely screening using tools such as the
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5156:
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1539:
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or having a predisposition for one, and use of opioids in combination with other substances, such as
3122:
Pretorius RW, Zurick GM (April 2008). "A systematic approach to identifying drug-seeking patients".
1150:
that can be implanted under the skin, which rapidly releases naloxone when an overdose is detected.
563:) which may reduce ventilation and concomitant use of sedating medications such as benzodiazepines,
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US yearly deaths from all opioid drugs. Included in this number are opioid analgesics, along with
519:
use. Other central nervous system depressants, muscle relaxers, pain relievers, anti-convulsants,
436:
also causes respiratory depression and therefore when taken with opioids can increase the risk of
9336:
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7375:
7157:
6202:
5823:
5733:
5537:
5135:
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4131:. Click on a map year. The data table is below the map. Number of deaths for each state, and the
2435:"Concomitant use of benzodiazepines in opiate overdose and the association with a poorer outcome"
1689:"Opioids and the treatment of chronic pain: controversies, current status, and future directions"
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975:
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3651:"EVZIO® (naloxone hydrochloride injection) Auto-Injector for intramuscular or subcutaneous use"
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422:. During cerebral hypoxia, there is a lack of sufficient oxygen supply to the brain. Prolonged
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91:
71:
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Preissner SC, Hoffmann MF, Preissner R, Dunkel M, Gewiess A, Preissner S (10 December 2013).
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with caption: "photo illustration of 2 milligrams of fentanyl, a lethal dose in most people".
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If someone is suspected to have overdosed on opioids, call for medical attention, administer
883:
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for either a longer or shorter period of time. Therefore, these polymorphisms control opioid
315:, which allows the tolerance level to fall, the risk of overdose upon return to use is high.
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943:
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5713:
5529:
5172:
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817:, although this requires further research. The most recent addition to these receptors are
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Initial treatment of an overdose involves supporting the person's breathing and providing
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4000:"Nalmefene: a long-acting opioid antagonist. Clinical applications in emergency medicine"
3547:
3300:"Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence"
2454:"Concomitant use of alcohol in opiate overdose and the association with a poorer outcome"
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797:. This increases erratic shifts in mood during withdrawal period and can prompt relapse.
598:, before being excreted through urine. Opioids are metabolized by phase 1 and/or phase 2
410:
of the body. In animal studies, it was found that opioids act on specific regions of the
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2728:"Prescription Opioid Use among Adults with Mental Health Disorders in the United States"
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effect on the brain, and are found in various parts of the nervous system including the
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665:, have been shown to increase use of opioids when treating conditions associated with
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has partly been caused due to assurances that prescription opioids were safe, by the
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54:
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141:, metabolic disorders, use of high doses of opioids, injection of opioids, use with
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2614:"Polymorphic cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) and their role in personalized therapy"
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4510:
4484:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3023:
2969:
2793:
2776:
2744:
2727:
2638:
1916:
1866:
1258:
833:
746:
603:
504:
476:
427:
351:
300:
277:
265:
150:
142:
79:
8771:
7927:
7167:
3713:"Fentanyl, fentanyl analogs and novel synthetic opioids: A comprehensive review"
3684:"ZIMHI (naloxone hydrochloride injection) for intramuscular or subcutaneous use"
821:
opioid receptors. Although they have been determined to be receptors to certain
9133:
8458:
7756:
7736:
7731:
7536:
6794:
6754:
6744:
6704:
6599:
6564:
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6444:
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6167:
6140:
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5471:
5418:
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4817:
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4191:
4132:
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3406:
Mueller SR, Walley AY, Calcaterra SL, Glanz JM, Binswanger IA (16 March 2015).
2453:
2434:
1827:
1440:
1330:, the lifetime odds of dying from an overdose in the United States is 1 in 96.
1166:. If the person who has overdosed does not have a pulse, rescuers should begin
1159:
853:
686:
646:
564:
516:
484:
433:
372:
312:
296:
4362:
4358:
3776:
3039:
2494:
Babu KM, Brent J, Juurlink DN (6 June 2019). "Prevention of Opioid
Overdose".
1835:
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9449:
9108:
8886:
8841:
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8714:
8702:
8408:
8323:
8303:
8288:
8283:
8228:
8002:
7992:
7696:
7616:
7340:
7280:
7270:
7207:
7182:
6976:
6919:
6709:
6654:
6644:
6639:
6619:
6554:
6504:
6489:
6404:
6298:
6035:
5926:
5848:
5696:
5481:
5438:
5354:
4474:
3154:"CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain--United States, 2016"
2837:
2198:
1757:
1320:
1304:
1299:
892:
806:
802:
732:
670:
650:
532:
5542:
4354:
4135:
rates of death for each state. Also, place cursor on map states to get data.
3712:
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702:
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9379:
9305:
9113:
8688:
8653:
8453:
8258:
8117:
7711:
7706:
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7571:
7395:
7320:
7066:
7021:
6874:
6869:
6824:
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6559:
6524:
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6051:
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4973:
4280:
4262:
3976:
3795:
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3623:
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3333:
3223:
3187:
3169:
3135:
3086:
3031:
2987:
2912:
2856:
2802:
2753:
2709:
2657:
2567:
2515:
2411:
2373:
2310:
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2216:
2096:
2047:
1975:
1934:
1874:
1805:
1722:
1646:
1312:
869:
782:
766:
666:
508:
488:
398:
Because of their effect on the part of the brain that regulates breathing,
390:
384:
308:
273:
177:
75:
4337:
4025:
2954:"Molecular mechanisms of opioid receptor-dependent signaling and behavior"
2507:
1737:
1628:
346:
disorders have affected around 35.6 million people worldwide in 2018. The
9374:
9351:
9265:
9191:
9158:
9138:
9016:
9001:
8996:
8986:
8976:
8896:
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8861:
8706:
8678:
8673:
8643:
8628:
8618:
8598:
8593:
8553:
8518:
8508:
8463:
8443:
8428:
8423:
8393:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8273:
8248:
8233:
8208:
8198:
8188:
8183:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8072:
8012:
8007:
7982:
7841:
7831:
7811:
7771:
7766:
7741:
7726:
7691:
7686:
7586:
7561:
7455:
7450:
7440:
7430:
7420:
7355:
7285:
7242:
7086:
7016:
6986:
6971:
6956:
6929:
6894:
6879:
6864:
6849:
6814:
6804:
6774:
6759:
6734:
6699:
6694:
6684:
6674:
6634:
6629:
6589:
6579:
6514:
6499:
6474:
6434:
6419:
6409:
6131:
6095:
6056:
6042:
5969:
5941:
5400:
5213:
5164:
987:
849:
552:
524:
520:
459:. 2 mg (white powder to the right) is a lethal dose in most people.
407:
185:
133:
5428:
2819:
Chiappini S, Guirguis A, John A, Corkery JM, Schifano F (29 July 2020).
471:, injecting opioids, using high doses of opioids, and use together with
9469:
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9414:
9295:
9206:
9186:
9163:
9006:
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8971:
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8608:
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8503:
8473:
8448:
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8398:
8378:
8368:
8348:
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8263:
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8062:
8057:
8032:
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7881:
7836:
7826:
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7761:
7751:
7681:
7596:
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7415:
7380:
7370:
7335:
7305:
7295:
7290:
7227:
7071:
7046:
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7036:
7026:
7011:
6981:
6899:
6889:
6884:
6834:
6789:
6769:
6739:
6689:
6669:
6624:
6549:
6439:
6429:
6187:
6085:
6047:
5984:
5948:
5913:
5575:
5300:
4857:
4811:
3373:
2674:
Grattan A, Sullivan MD, Saunders KW, Campbell CI, Von Korff MR (2012).
1183:
896:
814:
623:
619:
607:
599:
576:
572:
487:. Dependence on prescription opioids can occur from their use to treat
402:
can cause very slow or stopped breathing, during overdoses, leading to
307:. Dependence on prescription opioids can occur from their use to treat
2403:
2389:
1796:
848:. There is research indicating that opioids reduce pain by disrupting
9424:
9419:
9369:
9341:
9270:
9231:
9226:
9201:
9196:
9123:
9031:
9021:
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8693:
8683:
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8603:
8573:
8563:
8558:
8513:
8483:
8363:
8343:
8243:
8238:
8193:
8112:
8107:
8067:
8052:
8027:
7957:
7896:
7866:
7816:
7806:
7801:
7666:
7556:
7521:
7516:
7460:
7385:
7365:
7360:
7330:
7260:
7222:
7202:
7197:
7137:
7121:
7111:
7056:
6966:
6914:
6909:
6844:
6799:
6779:
6659:
6649:
6494:
6207:
6147:
6100:
6009:
5996:
5953:
5936:
5860:
5511:
5476:
5344:
5194:
4400:
2691:
1966:
1949:
1831:
1704:
1470:
1268:
1179:
900:
790:
778:
774:
770:
742:
715:
368:
367:
Opiate overdose symptoms and signs can be referred to as the "opioid
261:
125:
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9221:
8966:
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8856:
8846:
8801:
8730:
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8253:
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7651:
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7001:
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6719:
6664:
6574:
6509:
6479:
6364:
6105:
6090:
6023:
6013:
5931:
5605:
5349:
5267:
5108:
5103:
5002:
4984:
4831:
4690:
3855:"Expanding Access to Naloxone: A Review of Distribution Strategies"
3602:"Higher-Dose Naloxone Nasal Spray (Kloxxado) for Opioid Overdose".
1398:
1378:
1316:
1272:
983:
964:
933:
879:
758:
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723:
719:
536:
512:
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327:
257:
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241:
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200:
121:
117:
105:
1342:
Charts of deaths involving specific opioids and classes of opioids
291:, use of opioids via injection, high dosed opioid usage, having a
9394:
9275:
9153:
8836:
8720:
8498:
8488:
7716:
7646:
7581:
7531:
7390:
7142:
7116:
7106:
7091:
6996:
6809:
6784:
6534:
6414:
6226:
6135:
5852:
5497:
5233:
4934:
4224:
4108:
Source lists US totals for 2015 and 2016 and statistics by state.
4091:
3760:"Higher doses of naloxone are needed in the synthetic opioid era"
2821:"COVID-19: The Hidden Impact on Mental Health and Drug Addiction"
1473:(brand name Demerol) in particular, extreme overdose may produce
1178:
Another medication that can be used to treat opioid overdoses is
810:
638:
492:
480:
472:
380:
304:
245:
237:
154:
146:
109:
101:
6225:
is generally non-toxic metal, but in large doses it can lead to
2611:
9404:
9389:
9384:
9255:
9148:
8811:
8478:
8293:
7952:
7876:
7861:
7851:
7626:
7217:
7096:
6714:
6594:
6222:
6018:
5979:
5367:
5046:
4349:
3357:"Benefits of peer support groups in the treatment of addiction"
3009:
2673:
1354:
1276:
991:
948:
829:
822:
627:
591:
556:
399:
319:
249:
189:
113:
4060:
1687:
Rosenblum A, Marsch LA, Joseph H, Portenoy RK (October 2008).
882:
and the Drug Abuse
Screening Test (DAST-10) in adults and the
41:
9409:
9011:
8906:
8648:
8403:
8268:
7641:
7591:
7551:
7315:
7006:
6950:
6859:
6544:
6539:
6236:
6232:
5391:
1686:
1142:
In August 2024, a new device was developed by researchers at
1091:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
615:
611:
595:
6350:
4447:
4097:"Provisional Counts of Drug Overdose Deaths, as of 8/6/2017"
3454:
3405:
3274:"Current and Emerging Options to Combat the Opioid Epidemic"
2818:
8413:
3200:
3103:. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 12 March 2014
2876:
1337:
Drug overdose deaths in the US per 100,000 people by state.
1308:
419:
3710:
2183:"Historical Review: Opiate Addiction and Opioid Receptors"
1990:"Opioid epidemic: 6 key steps that states should take now"
1898:
1773:
9492:
Poisoning by drugs, medicaments and biological substances
3548:"Responding to a suspected opioid overdose | NIOSH | CDC"
3298:
Mattick RP, Breen C, Kimber J, Davoli M (February 2014).
2877:
Corder G, Castro DC, Bruchas MR, Scherrer G (July 2018).
1947:
1425:
Substance Abuse and Mental Health
Services Administration
832:
binds to these constitutively active receptors to reduce
690:
347:
264:. This preventable pathology can be fatal if it leads to
4247:"International Overdose Awareness Day - August 31, 2019"
3297:
1852:
1182:, which is an opioid derivative structurally similar to
579:
increase the risk of overdose death by nearly two-fold.
311:
in individuals. Additionally, if following a period of
272:
from slow and shallow breathing. Other symptoms include
3954:
3711:
Armenian P, Vo KT, Barr-Walker J, Lynch KL (May 2018).
3492:"Drug Disposal: FDA's Flush List for Certain Medicines"
2351:
2012:
CO, Kassebaum NJ, Kinfu Y, Kulikoff XR (October 2016).
825:
from opioids, their role has not yet fully understood.
3931:"An implantable sensor could reverse opioid overdoses"
2288:
2010:
731:
cause permanent brain damage from cerebral hypoxia or
414:
associated with respiratory regulation, including the
49:
A naloxone kit distributed in British Columbia, Canada
5341:
714:
Opioids bind with neural opioid receptors to provoke
4327:
3880:"Naloxone for Opioid Overdose: Life-Saving Science"
3151:
2777:"Risk Factors for Opioid-Use Disorder and Overdose"
1446:List of deaths from drug overdose and intoxication
990:are much more potent than prescription opioids and
970:the United States in two routes of administration:
844:, which are necessary for communication within the
757:, the pleasure centre of the brain, as well as the
726:effects. Opioids function by stimulating specific
3997:
3050:
781:— and other negative effects of withdrawal. While
4129:National Center for Injury Prevention and Control
3764:Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy
2726:Davis MA, Lin LA, Liu H, Sites BD (1 July 2017).
2493:
1393:US yearly deaths involving prescription opioids.
1294:US drug overdose death rates and totals over time
9483:
9472:(met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer)
4985:Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip)
3935:MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology
3051:Beletsky L, Rich JD, Walley AY (November 2012).
2951:
2732:Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
2725:
1992:. American Medical Association. 9 September 2019
1894:
1892:
16:Toxicity due to excessive consumption of opioids
3831:"KLOXXADO (naloxone hydrochloride) nasal spray"
3121:
998:Naloxone Formulations for Public Use in the US
6328:
3810:"NARCAN® (naloxone hydrochloride) nasal spray"
1836:"Opioids, cocaine, cannabis and illicit drugs"
1397:is a category dominated by illegally acquired
6314:
5695:
5327:
4433:
3152:Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R (April 2016).
2489:
2487:
2135:
2133:
1889:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1207:The examples and perspective in this article
1089:The examples and perspective in this section
1059:Intramuscular/subcutaneous prefilled syringe
789:contribute to continued abuse. They generate
394:Pinpoint pupils, or miosis, caused by opioids
3354:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
1826:
1693:Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology
1666:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. PT4876.
1663:Emergency Medicine: Expert Consult -- Online
793:in response to increasing stress levels via
4990:Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
4251:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
4040:"Revex (nalmefene hydrochloride injection)"
3518:"PDAPS - Naloxone Overdose Prevention Laws"
3304:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1413:US yearly overdose deaths involving heroin.
669:. Evidence has shown that individuals with
503:Opioid overdoses are often associated with
6321:
6307:
5334:
5320:
4440:
4426:
4178:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4125:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4116:
4114:
4104:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4085:
3998:Wang DS, Sternbach G, Varon J (May 1998).
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2919:
2879:"Endogenous and Exogenous Opioids in Pain"
2385:
2383:
2130:
1550:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1107:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
637:, which can account for the difference in
483:. The risk is particularly high following
371:triad": decreased level of consciousness,
40:
4270:
4015:
3785:
3775:
3757:
3431:
3382:
3372:
3323:
3177:
3076:
2977:
2952:Al-Hasani R, Bruchas MR (December 2011).
2902:
2846:
2836:
2792:
2743:
2699:
2647:
2637:
2585:"Drug Metabolism - Clinical Pharmacology"
2557:
2464:
2262:
2206:
2086:
2037:
2004:
1965:
1924:
1795:
1712:
1636:
1613:"Management of opioid analgesic overdose"
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1245:Learn how and when to remove this message
1123:Learn how and when to remove this message
1065:For individuals 12 years of age or older
1046:Intramuscular/subcutaneous auto-injector
467:Risk factors for opioid overdose include
4163:
2236:
2122:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1941:
1739:Medical emergencies in the dental office
1589:
1332:
1279:tip) is a lethal amount for most people.
1262:
951:and test strips at a community event in
942:
701:
451:
389:
5120:Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)
4300:Community management of opioid overdose
4111:
4053:
3905:"Widening the availability of naloxone"
2994:
2774:
2380:
2054:
1742:(6th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby.
1735:
9484:
5263:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
4189:
4172:. Pick year from menu below map. From
3849:
3847:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3355:Tracy K, Wallace SP (September 2016).
2814:
2812:
2721:
2719:
2669:
2667:
2451:
2432:
1536:"Information sheet on opioid overdose"
1491:
1284:one third of all drug related deaths.
586:
6302:
5315:
4787:Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions
4421:
4174:National Center for Health Statistics
4093:National Center for Health Statistics
3542:
3540:
3538:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3147:
3145:
3053:"Prevention of fatal opioid overdose"
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2607:
2605:
2579:
2577:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2284:
2282:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
1769:
1767:
1659:
1610:
1153:
1071:
836:. This is accomplished by inhibiting
561:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
362:
6265:
2180:
1193:
1075:
795:corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)
268:, a lethal condition that can cause
211:Supporting a person's breathing and
6277:
4306:. World Health Organization. 2014.
3844:
3758:Moss RB, Carlo DJ (February 2019).
3671:
3638:
3590:
3484:
2895:10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061522
2809:
2716:
2664:
1617:The New England Journal of Medicine
1173:
891:medication-assisted treatments are
35:Narcotic overdose, opioid poisoning
13:
5294:Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse
4923:Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder
4066:US Drug Enforcement Administration
3700:from the original on Nov 15, 2022.
3667:from the original on Nov 16, 2022.
3535:
3361:Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation
3230:
3142:
2863:
2602:
2589:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
2574:
2522:
2354:The American Journal on Addictions
2279:
2223:
2159:
1764:
1373:US yearly deaths involving other
777:to stimulate anti-reward effects —
583:in 3.8% of men and 2.2% of women.
531:or glutamatergic antagonists like
14:
9523:
8289:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
7617:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
6570:Dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene)
6555:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
4843:Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder
4291:
4004:The Journal of Emergency Medicine
1788:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.03.002
1581:. 20 January 2022. Archived from
606:– a set of enzymes that catalyze
594:are primarily metabolized in the
8669:Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether
6276:
6264:
6253:
6252:
4896:Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
4192:"About National Prevention Week"
4170:Drug Overdose Mortality by State
4073:from the original on 15 Nov 2023
3884:National Institute on Drug Abuse
3729:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.016
3610:(18): 1853–1854. November 2021.
3577:National Institute on Drug Abuse
3470:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02421.x
3012:The American Journal of Medicine
2931:National Institute on Drug Abuse
2366:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2009.00002.x
2303:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.032
2255:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.02.008
2145:National Institute on Drug Abuse
1579:National Institute on Drug Abuse
1406:
1386:
1366:
1346:
1287:
1198:
1080:
656:
618:reactions – to create an active
236:due to excessive consumption of
203:, treatment of opioid dependence
8664:Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether
4853:Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
4745:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
4239:
4209:
4183:
4138:
4032:
3991:
3948:
3923:
3897:
3872:
3823:
3802:
3751:
3704:
3565:
3510:
3448:
3399:
3348:
3291:
3266:
3216:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8071
3194:
3115:
3093:
2945:
2768:
2496:New England Journal of Medicine
2445:
2426:
2345:
2336:Drug Enforcement Administration
2325:
1982:
1846:
1542:. November 2014. Archived from
1189:
875:prescription monitoring program
828:When opioids are ingested, the
542:
498:
340:treatment for opioid dependence
8589:Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide
5247:Sudden sniffing death syndrome
4902:Intravenous marijuana syndrome
4496:Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome
3316:10.1002/14651858.CD002207.pub4
1820:
1729:
1680:
1653:
1463:
555:, pulmonary diseases (such as
1:
8564:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
7757:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
7366:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
6795:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
5074:Opioid-induced endocrinopathy
4017:10.1016/s0736-4679(98)00019-5
3957:Current Pharmaceutical Design
3424:10.1080/08897077.2015.1010032
2883:Annual Review of Neuroscience
2550:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)60750-7
2079:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
2030:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
1855:Journal of Addiction Medicine
1484:
927:
862:
785:are the source of addiction,
7787:N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon
5287:Anabolic-androgenic steroids
4814:(alcohol use disorder (AUD))
4756:Positional alcohol nystagmus
4721:Alcohol-related brain damage
4190:Heslin C (8 November 2013).
3024:10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.11.031
2970:10.1097/ALN.0b013e318238bba6
2794:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002496
2775:Webster LR (November 2017).
2745:10.3122/jabfm.2017.04.170112
2639:10.1371/journal.pone.0082562
1917:10.1161/cir.0000000000000266
1867:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000245
1418:
1148:Brigham and Women’s Hospital
918:Food and Drug Administration
895:(with or without naloxone),
809:, have been shown to reduce
697:
7:
9440:β-Lipotropin (proendorphin)
9068:((pF)Phe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
8449:Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29)
6935:Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone
5151:Benzodiazepine use disorder
5080:Opioid-induced constipation
5068:Opioid-induced hyperalgesia
4762:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
4726:Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
4515:Substance-related disorders
4480:Substance-induced psychosis
4452:substance-related disorders
1954:Annals of Internal Medicine
1434:
1221:, discuss the issue on the
1103:, discuss the issue on the
958:
753:. They can be found in the
728:G-protein coupled receptors
10:
9528:
9460:Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
9080:-NH)Gly)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
8184:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
7351:Methylsamidorphan chloride
6585:Dimethylaminopivalophenone
6410:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
6005:Arthropod bites and stings
5624:Nitrogen dioxide poisoning
4848:Caffeine-induced psychosis
4779:Respiratory tract diseases
4764:(WKS, Korsakoff psychosis)
4561:Combined drug intoxication
4217:"Home | RecoveryMonth.gov"
3969:10.2174/138161212803582469
3124:Family Practice Management
2334:. Image 4 of 17. US DEA (
1291:
1256:
1012:Additional Considerations
962:
549:sleep disordered breathing
9380:Racecadotril (acetorphan)
9328:
9240:
9055:
9044:
8787:Buprenorphine/samidorphan
8744:
8699:Tricyclic antidepressants
8141:
8130:
7910:
7777:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
7484:
7473:
7130:
6820:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
6339:
6248:
6220:
6216:
6180:
6124:
6072:
5995:
5911:
5847:
5840:
5799:
5772:
5764:Tricyclic antidepressants
5704:
5686:
5632:
5604:
5574:
5565:
5528:
5510:
5490:
5447:
5399:
5390:
5381:
5363:
5278:
5232:
5193:
5157:Benzodiazepine dependence
5141:Benzodiazepine withdrawal
5102:
5045:
5001:
4972:
4951:Prenatal cocaine exposure
4933:
4878:
4830:
4804:
4777:
4699:
4668:
4649:
4614:Gastrointestinal diseases
4612:
4588:
4581:
4572:
4538:
4458:
4391:
4331:
3777:10.1186/s13011-019-0195-4
2680:Annals of Family Medicine
2237:Kiyatkin EA (June 2019).
1911:(18 Suppl 2): S526–S542.
1540:World Health Organization
909:motivational interviewing
447:
379:. Other symptoms include
218:
207:
195:
171:
161:
132:
97:
85:
65:
53:
48:
39:
31:
26:
9365:Dexecadotril (retorphan)
9337:Enkephalinase inhibitors
9266:BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094)
9248:(Nphe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
9164:Nociceptin (orphanin FQ)
4716:Alcoholic polyneuropathy
4680:Alcohol-related dementia
4598:Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
4551:Polysubstance dependence
4524:Psychological dependence
4257:(34): 737. August 2019.
2838:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00767
2781:Anesthesia and Analgesia
2199:10.1177/0963689718811060
2141:"Opioid Overdose Crisis"
1456:
1401:, and has been excluded.
1395:Non-methadone synthetics
1319:(37.2 per 100,000), and
1006:Route of Administration
463:is 19 mm (0.75 in) wide.
9063:(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin
8334:Dynorphin B (rimorphin)
7376:Nalorphine dinicotinate
6203:List of types of poison
5759:Serotonergic substances
5136:Benzodiazepine overdose
4768:Wernicke encephalopathy
4622:Alcoholic liver disease
4590:Cardiovascular diseases
3616:10.1001/jama.2021.15948
3069:10.1001/jama.2012.14205
2825:Frontiers in Psychiatry
2538:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
1328:National Safety Council
773:effect. They bind with
356:pharmaceutical industry
336:injection into a muscle
8679:Spiradoline (U-62,066)
8624:Pethidine (meperidine)
7817:Pethidine (meperidine)
7507:ADL-5747 (PF-04856881)
7153:4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide
7052:Tetrahydropapaveroline
6967:Pethidine (meperidine)
5491:Other non-toxic metals
5222:Amphetamine dependence
5183:Barbiturate dependence
5014:Green Tobacco Sickness
4912:Amotivational syndrome
4792:Alcoholic lung disease
4732:Alcoholic hallucinosis
4711:Alcoholic hallucinosis
4659:Alcoholic ketoacidosis
4603:Alcohol flush reaction
4471:Substance intoxication
4263:10.15585/mmwr.mm6834a1
3204:JAMA Internal Medicine
3170:10.1001/jama.2016.1464
2532:Smith HS (July 2009).
2452:Barrie J (July 2005).
2433:Barrie J (July 2005).
1776:Brain Research Reviews
1611:Boyer EW (July 2012).
1575:"Overdose Death Rates"
1338:
1280:
955:
846:central nervous system
711:
706:Mu opioid receptor (a
683:cardiovascular disease
464:
438:respiratory depression
428:respiratory depression
412:central nervous system
395:
377:respiratory depression
322:to reduce the risk of
282:permanent brain damage
266:respiratory depression
173:Differential diagnosis
92:Permanent brain damage
72:Respiratory depression
9370:Ecadotril (sinorphan)
8857:CERC-501 (LY-2456302)
8757:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
8319:Dinalbuphine sebacate
8194:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
7918:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
7877:Thiobromadol (C-8813)
7517:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
7163:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
7143:2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol
6615:Dinalbuphine sebacate
5871:Ichthyoallyeinotoxism
4917:Cannabis use disorder
4640:Auto-brewery syndrome
4221:www.recoverymonth.gov
2508:10.1056/NEJMra1807054
2181:Wang S (March 2019).
1629:10.1056/NEJMra1202561
1336:
1292:Further information:
1266:
946:
940:as soon as possible.
705:
455:
393:
9227:Sunobinop (S-117957)
8962:N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic
8294:Diamorphine (heroin)
7627:Diamorphine (heroin)
6595:Diamorphine (heroin)
6395:Acetyldihydrocodeine
6375:7-Hydroxymitragynine
6370:7-Acetoxymitragynine
5173:Barbiturate overdose
4946:Cocaine intoxication
4686:Alcohol intoxication
4528:Substance dependence
4323:on 1 September 2022.
4121:Drug Overdose Deaths
3573:"Naloxone DrugFacts"
2187:Cell Transplantation
2024:(10053): 1459–1544.
1451:Responsible drug use
1323:(37.0 per 100,000).
1315:(44.3 per 100,000),
1311:(46.3 per 100,000),
1307:(57.8 per 100,000),
1227:create a new article
1219:improve this article
1209:may not represent a
1101:improve this section
769:, produce a similar
332:nasal administration
182:alcohol intoxication
9507:Medical emergencies
9430:Ubenimex (bestatin)
9174:Nociceptin (1-13)NH
8782:β-Chlornaltrexamine
8752:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
8174:β-Chlornaltrexamine
8048:N-Benzylnaltrindole
7943:β-Chlornaltrexamine
7862:TAN-67 (SB-205,607)
7527:AR-M100390 (ARM390)
7188:β-Chlornaltrexamine
7158:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
6385:α-Chlornaltrexamine
6241:foodborne illnesses
6198:Lists of poisonings
5881:Shellfish poisoning
5589:Aluminium phosphide
5206:Stimulant psychosis
5091:Opioid use disorder
5035:Nicotine dependence
5025:Nicotine withdrawal
4868:Caffeine dependence
4628:Alcoholic hepatitis
4520:Physical dependence
4491:Neonatal withdrawal
4227:on 30 November 2018
4061:"One Pill Can Kill"
3911:. February 18, 2019
2630:2013PLoSO...882562P
2534:"Opioid metabolism"
1736:Malamed SF (2007).
999:
953:Hopland, California
587:Metabolic disorders
424:lack of oxygenation
222:over 110,000 (2017)
199:Improved access to
8992:Norbinaltorphimine
8299:Diacetylnalorphine
7988:Diacetylnalorphine
7612:Desmethylclozapine
7266:Diacetylnalorphine
6946:Papaver somniferum
6530:Chloroxymorphamine
6193:EPA list of hazard
5975:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
5719:Anticholinesterase
5020:Nicotine poisoning
4962:Cocaine dependence
4891:Cannabis arteritis
4751:Korsakoff syndrome
4651:Endocrine diseases
4392:External resources
3374:10.2147/SAR.S81535
2115:has generic name (
1585:on 5 October 2022.
1546:on 6 October 2022.
1339:
1281:
1154:Basic Life Support
1072:Access to Naloxone
997:
956:
938:basic life support
712:
551:disorders such as
465:
396:
363:Signs and symptoms
60:Emergency medicine
9479:
9478:
9324:
9323:
9169:Nociceptin (1-11)
9040:
9039:
8169:14-Methoxymetopon
8126:
8125:
8043:Methylnaltrindole
7469:
7468:
7138:(3S,4S)-Picenadol
6750:Levacetylmethadol
6296:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6176:
6175:
6158:Poisonous animals
5836:
5835:
5801:Vitamin poisoning
5795:
5794:
5682:
5681:
5561:
5560:
5506:
5505:
5309:
5308:
5063:Opioid withdrawal
4826:
4825:
4800:
4799:
4415:
4414:
4102:. United States:
3963:(37): 5994–6004.
3723:(Pt A): 121–132.
3717:Neuropharmacology
3498:. October 1, 2020
3164:(15): 1624–1645.
3063:(18): 1863–1864.
2502:(23): 2246–2255.
2404:10.1111/apa.13012
2291:Neuropharmacology
2243:Neuropharmacology
2073:(9963): 117–171.
1840:Our World in Data
1834:(16 March 2018).
1749:978-0-323-07594-7
1660:Adams JG (2008).
1375:synthetic opioids
1359:synthetic opioids
1255:
1254:
1247:
1229:, as appropriate.
1133:
1132:
1125:
1069:
1068:
755:nucleus accumbens
675:anxiety disorders
469:opioid dependence
289:opioid dependence
226:
225:
167:Based on symptoms
163:Diagnostic method
139:Opioid dependence
21:Medical condition
9519:
9359:
9286:Nociceptin (1-7)
9182:Norbuprenorphine
9119:Dihydroetorphine
9053:
9052:
8942:Methylnaltrexone
8852:Catechin gallate
8584:Norbuprenorphine
8309:Dihydroetorphine
8179:β-Funaltrexamine
8139:
8138:
8038:Methylnaltrexone
7978:Catechin gallate
7792:Norbuprenorphine
7632:Dihydroetorphine
7482:
7481:
7346:Methylnaltrexone
7238:Catechin gallate
7193:β-Funaltrexamine
6605:Dihydroetorphine
6348:
6347:
6323:
6316:
6309:
6300:
6299:
6280:
6279:
6268:
6267:
6256:
6255:
6229:, which is rare.
6218:
6217:
6153:Venomous animals
5845:
5844:
5702:
5701:
5693:
5692:
5594:Organophosphates
5572:
5571:
5449:Dietary minerals
5397:
5396:
5388:
5387:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5313:
5312:
5253:Toluene toxicity
4737:Delirium tremens
4633:Zieve's syndrome
4586:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4419:
4418:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4322:
4316:. Archived from
4305:
4285:
4284:
4274:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4223:. Archived from
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4187:
4181:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4142:
4136:
4118:
4109:
4107:
4101:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4044:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4019:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3851:
3842:
3841:
3835:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3819:. November 2015.
3814:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3789:
3779:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3693:. October 2021.
3688:
3680:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3660:. October 2016.
3655:
3647:
3636:
3635:
3599:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3544:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3435:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3386:
3376:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3327:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3254:
3248:. Archived from
3247:
3239:
3228:
3227:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3149:
3140:
3139:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3048:
3037:
3035:
3007:
2992:
2991:
2981:
2964:(6): 1363–1381.
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2874:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2840:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2796:
2787:(5): 1741–1748.
2772:
2766:
2765:
2747:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2703:
2692:10.1370/afm.1371
2671:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2641:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2491:
2462:
2461:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2392:Acta Paediatrica
2387:
2378:
2377:
2349:
2343:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2234:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2178:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2100:
2090:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1967:10.7326/M17-2224
1945:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1799:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1705:10.1037/a0013628
1684:
1678:
1677:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1640:
1608:
1587:
1586:
1571:
1548:
1547:
1532:
1478:
1467:
1410:
1390:
1377:, predominately
1370:
1350:
1250:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1174:Other Treatments
1128:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1000:
996:
838:adenylyl cyclase
813:by binding with
604:cytochrome P450s
569:muscle relaxants
44:
24:
23:
9527:
9526:
9522:
9521:
9520:
9518:
9517:
9516:
9512:Causes of death
9482:
9481:
9480:
9475:
9357:
9320:
9251:
9236:
9177:
9099:
9091:
9083:
9079:
9071:
9048:
9036:
8832:Binaltorphimine
8777:6β-Naltrexol-d4
8740:
8359:Ethylketazocine
8314:Dihydromorphine
8134:
8122:
7933:6β-Naltrexol-d4
7906:
7662:Ethylketazocine
7637:Dihydromorphine
7477:
7465:
7173:6β-Naltrexol-d4
7126:
6925:Oxymorphonazine
6680:Furanylfentanyl
6610:Dihydromorphine
6465:Benzhydrocodone
6354:
6352:
6343:
6335:
6330:Opioid receptor
6327:
6297:
6288:
6244:
6230:
6212:
6172:
6120:
6068:
5991:
5907:
5832:
5827:
5791:
5768:
5734:Benzodiazepines
5678:
5664:Carbon monoxide
5652:Ethylene glycol
5628:
5600:
5557:
5524:
5502:
5486:
5443:
5377:
5359:
5340:
5310:
5305:
5274:
5235:
5228:
5189:
5107:
5098:
5058:Opioid overdose
5041:
4997:
4968:
4929:
4874:
4822:
4796:
4773:
4702:
4695:
4672:system diseases
4671:
4664:
4645:
4608:
4568:
4540:
4534:
4511:Substance abuse
4454:
4446:
4416:
4411:
4410:
4387:
4386:
4340:
4320:
4314:
4303:
4297:
4294:
4289:
4288:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4230:
4228:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4200:
4198:
4188:
4184:
4168:
4164:
4154:
4152:
4146:"Odds of Dying"
4144:
4143:
4139:
4119:
4112:
4099:
4090:
4086:
4076:
4074:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4033:
3996:
3992:
3953:
3949:
3940:
3938:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3889:
3887:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3864:
3862:
3853:
3852:
3845:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3756:
3752:
3709:
3705:
3697:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3672:
3664:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3639:
3601:
3600:
3591:
3582:
3580:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3557:
3555:
3546:
3545:
3536:
3526:
3524:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3501:
3499:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3453:
3449:
3412:Substance Abuse
3404:
3400:
3353:
3349:
3310:(2): CD002207.
3296:
3292:
3282:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3231:
3199:
3195:
3150:
3143:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3049:
3040:
3008:
2995:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2875:
2864:
2817:
2810:
2773:
2769:
2724:
2717:
2672:
2665:
2610:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2530:
2523:
2492:
2465:
2450:
2446:
2431:
2427:
2388:
2381:
2350:
2346:
2330:
2326:
2287:
2280:
2235:
2224:
2179:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2059:
2055:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1960:(12): 867–875.
1946:
1942:
1897:
1890:
1851:
1847:
1825:
1821:
1772:
1765:
1750:
1734:
1730:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1658:
1654:
1609:
1590:
1573:
1572:
1551:
1534:
1533:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1469:In the case of
1468:
1464:
1459:
1437:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1402:
1391:
1382:
1371:
1362:
1351:
1300:overdose deaths
1296:
1290:
1261:
1259:Opioid epidemic
1251:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1216:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1176:
1156:
1129:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1098:
1085:
1081:
1074:
967:
961:
930:
865:
834:neural activity
801:, found in the
799:Delta receptors
787:kappa receptors
763:Kappa receptors
747:cerebral cortex
700:
687:sleep disorders
659:
649:and facilitate
589:
545:
505:benzodiazepines
501:
477:benzodiazepines
450:
373:pinpoint pupils
365:
352:opioid epidemic
301:benzodiazepines
293:mental disorder
278:unconsciousness
230:opioid overdose
178:Low blood sugar
151:benzodiazepines
143:antidepressants
80:unconsciousness
27:Opioid overdose
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9525:
9515:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9477:
9476:
9474:
9473:
9463:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9433:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9360:-Phenylalanine
9354:
9349:
9344:
9332:
9330:
9326:
9325:
9322:
9321:
9319:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9249:
9244:
9242:
9238:
9237:
9235:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9187:Racemethorphan
9184:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9136:
9134:Levomethorphan
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9081:
9077:
9073:
9069:
9065:
9059:
9057:
9050:
9042:
9041:
9038:
9037:
9035:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8748:
8746:
8742:
8741:
8739:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8639:Racemethorphan
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8459:Levomethorphan
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8145:
8143:
8136:
8128:
8127:
8124:
8123:
8121:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7914:
7912:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7827:Racemethorphan
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7737:Levomethorphan
7734:
7732:Leu-enkephalin
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7488:
7486:
7479:
7471:
7470:
7467:
7466:
7464:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7411:Naltrexonazine
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7134:
7132:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7012:Racemethorphan
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6755:Levomethorphan
6752:
6747:
6745:Leu-enkephalin
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6705:Hydromorphinol
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6600:Dihydrocodeine
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6565:Dextromoramide
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6470:Benzylmorphine
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6400:Acetylfentanyl
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6361:
6359:
6345:
6337:
6336:
6326:
6325:
6318:
6311:
6303:
6294:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6274:
6262:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6168:Mycotoxicology
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6128:
6126:
6125:Related topics
6122:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6082:
6080:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6064:Tick paralysis
6061:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6031:Scorpion venom
6028:
6027:
6026:
6021:
6007:
6001:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5963:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5918:
5916:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5857:
5855:
5842:
5838:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5805:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5778:
5776:
5774:Cardiovascular
5770:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5710:
5708:
5699:
5697:Drug overdoses
5690:
5688:Pharmaceutical
5684:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5610:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5580:
5578:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5534:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5516:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5494:
5492:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5453:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5405:
5403:
5394:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5339:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5316:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5268:Inhalant abuse
5265:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5240:
5238:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5199:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5128:benzodiazepine
5124:
5123:
5122:
5113:
5111:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5077:
5071:
5065:
5060:
5051:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5007:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4987:
4978:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4948:
4939:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4914:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4893:
4884:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4836:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4818:Binge drinking
4815:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4783:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4734:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4707:
4705:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4676:
4674:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4655:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4618:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4592:
4583:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4544:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4517:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4493:
4482:
4477:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4445:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4422:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4365:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:Classification
4326:
4325:
4312:
4293:
4292:External links
4290:
4287:
4286:
4238:
4208:
4196:www.samhsa.gov
4182:
4162:
4137:
4110:
4084:
4052:
4031:
4010:(3): 471–475.
3990:
3947:
3922:
3896:
3871:
3843:
3822:
3801:
3750:
3703:
3670:
3637:
3589:
3564:
3534:
3509:
3483:
3464:(1): 109–117.
3447:
3418:(2): 240–253.
3398:
3347:
3290:
3265:
3229:
3210:(4): 608–615.
3193:
3141:
3114:
3092:
3038:
3018:(7): 565–571.
2993:
2958:Anesthesiology
2944:
2918:
2862:
2808:
2767:
2738:(4): 407–417.
2715:
2686:(4): 304–311.
2663:
2624:(12): e82562.
2601:
2573:
2544:(7): 613–624.
2521:
2463:
2444:
2425:
2398:(6): 550–556.
2379:
2344:
2324:
2278:
2222:
2193:(3): 233–238.
2158:
2129:
2113:|author1=
2053:
2003:
1981:
1940:
1888:
1861:(6): 369–381.
1845:
1819:
1782:(1): 192–208.
1763:
1748:
1728:
1699:(5): 405–416.
1679:
1673:978-1437721294
1672:
1652:
1623:(2): 146–155.
1588:
1549:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1441:Harm reduction
1436:
1433:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1372:
1365:
1363:
1352:
1345:
1343:
1298:Of the 70,200
1289:
1286:
1253:
1252:
1213:of the subject
1211:worldwide view
1206:
1204:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1175:
1172:
1164:mouth to mouth
1160:bag valve mask
1155:
1152:
1131:
1130:
1095:of the subject
1093:worldwide view
1088:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
963:Main article:
960:
957:
936:, and provide
929:
926:
864:
861:
854:vesicle fusion
699:
696:
658:
655:
588:
585:
565:gabapentinoids
544:
541:
500:
497:
485:detoxification
449:
446:
364:
361:
313:detoxification
224:
223:
220:
216:
215:
209:
205:
204:
197:
193:
192:
175:
169:
168:
165:
159:
158:
136:
130:
129:
99:
95:
94:
89:
83:
82:
69:
63:
62:
57:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9524:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9497:Drug overdose
9495:
9493:
9490:
9489:
9487:
9471:
9468:
9465:
9464:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9455:Pronociceptin
9453:
9451:
9450:Proenkephalin
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9435:
9434:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9334:
9333:
9331:
9327:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9246:
9245:
9243:
9239:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9109:Buprenorphine
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9094:
9092:
9086:
9084:
9074:
9072:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9060:
9058:
9054:
9051:
9047:
9043:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8842:Buprenorphine
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8792:Amentoflavone
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8749:
8747:
8743:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8716:
8715:nortriptyline
8712:
8708:
8704:
8703:amitriptyline
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8659:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8409:Hydromorphone
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8324:Diprenorphine
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8304:Difelikefalin
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8284:Cyprenorphine
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8229:Big dynorphin
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8149:3CS-nalmefene
8147:
8146:
8144:
8140:
8137:
8133:
8129:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7993:Diprenorphine
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7909:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7697:Hydromorphone
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7607:Deltorphin II
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7492:3CS-nalmefene
7490:
7489:
7487:
7483:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7341:Methocinnamox
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7301:Ginsenoside R
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7271:Diprenorphine
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7148:3CS-nalmefene
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7129:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6977:Phencyclidine
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6952:
6948:
6947:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6920:Oxymorphazone
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6710:Hydromorphone
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6655:Ethylmorphine
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6645:Endomorphin-2
6643:
6641:
6640:Endomorphin-1
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6620:Diphenoxylate
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6505:Butyrfentanyl
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6490:Buprenorphine
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6405:Acrylfentanyl
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6380:ψ-Akuammigine
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6349:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6324:
6319:
6317:
6312:
6310:
6305:
6304:
6301:
6285:
6284:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6228:
6224:
6219:
6215:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6181:Miscellaneous
6179:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6163:Deadly fungus
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6065:
6062:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6037:
6036:Charybdotoxin
6034:
6033:
6032:
6029:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5927:Batrachotoxin
5925:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5910:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5839:
5829:
5824:Megavitamin-B
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5798:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5538:Sulfuric acid
5536:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5527:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5330:
5325:
5323:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5231:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5105:
5101:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4698:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4667:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4541:substance use
4537:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4475:Drug overdose
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4443:
4438:
4436:
4431:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4334:
4330:
4319:
4315:
4313:9789241548816
4309:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4115:
4105:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4048:
4041:
4035:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3840:. April 2021.
3839:
3832:
3826:
3818:
3811:
3805:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3255:on 2019-04-07
3251:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3146:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3102:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2813:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2720:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2668:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2526:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2147:. 1 June 2017
2146:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2125:
2118:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2007:
1991:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1474:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1321:New Hampshire
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:West Virginia
1301:
1295:
1288:United States
1285:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1249:
1246:
1238:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1127:
1124:
1116:
1113:February 2024
1106:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
976:intramuscular
973:
966:
954:
950:
945:
941:
939:
935:
925:
921:
919:
913:
910:
904:
902:
898:
894:
893:buprenorphine
888:
885:
881:
876:
871:
860:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
807:limbic system
804:
803:basal ganglia
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
734:
733:neurotoxicity
729:
725:
721:
717:
709:
704:
695:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
657:Mental health
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:polymorphisms
631:
629:
626:enough to be
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
584:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:tranquilisers
506:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
462:
458:
454:
445:
441:
439:
435:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
392:
388:
386:
385:muscle spasms
382:
378:
374:
370:
360:
357:
353:
349:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
221:
217:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
191:
187:
183:
179:
176:
174:
170:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
96:
93:
90:
88:
87:Complications
84:
81:
77:
73:
70:
68:
64:
61:
58:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
9466:
9445:Prodynorphin
9437:Propeptides:
9436:
9335:
9306:Thienorphine
9129:JNJ-19385899
9114:Cebranopadol
9096:Ac-RYYRIK-NH
9088:Ac-RYYRWK-NH
8772:6β-Naltrexol
8689:Thienorphine
8654:Salvinorin A
8454:Levallorphan
8259:Cebranopadol
8118:Thienorphine
7928:6β-Naltrexol
7712:JNJ-20788560
7707:Isomethadone
7602:Deltorphin I
7597:Deltorphin A
7577:Cebranopadol
7572:Casokefamide
7406:Naltrexazone
7396:Naloxonazine
7321:Levallorphan
7168:6β-Naltrexol
7067:Thienorphine
7022:Remifentanil
6944:
6875:Nicomorphine
6870:Nicodicodine
6825:Morphiceptin
6725:Ketobemidone
6560:Desomorphine
6545:DAMGO (DAGO)
6525:Cebranopadol
6520:Casokefamide
6281:
6269:
6257:
6052:Latrodectism
6043:spider venom
5866:Haff disease
5787:Dipyridamole
5748:
5729:Barbiturates
5639:
5401:Toxic metals
5285:
5212:
5163:
5126:
5057:
4974:Hallucinogen
4701:Neurological
4449:Psychoactive
4399:
4367:
4344:
4318:the original
4299:
4254:
4250:
4241:
4229:. Retrieved
4225:the original
4220:
4211:
4199:. Retrieved
4195:
4185:
4165:
4153:. Retrieved
4150:Injury Facts
4149:
4140:
4133:age-adjusted
4087:
4075:. Retrieved
4064:
4055:
4046:
4034:
4007:
4003:
3993:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3939:. Retrieved
3937:. 2024-08-14
3934:
3925:
3913:. Retrieved
3908:
3899:
3888:. Retrieved
3886:. 2017-03-30
3883:
3874:
3863:. Retrieved
3861:. 2019-05-29
3858:
3837:
3825:
3816:
3804:
3767:
3763:
3753:
3720:
3716:
3706:
3690:
3657:
3607:
3603:
3581:. Retrieved
3579:. 2022-01-11
3576:
3567:
3556:. Retrieved
3554:. 2021-07-19
3551:
3525:. Retrieved
3521:
3512:
3500:. Retrieved
3495:
3486:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3281:. Retrieved
3277:
3268:
3257:. Retrieved
3250:the original
3207:
3203:
3196:
3161:
3157:
3130:(4): A3–A5.
3127:
3123:
3117:
3105:. Retrieved
3095:
3060:
3056:
3015:
3011:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2935:. Retrieved
2930:
2921:
2886:
2882:
2828:
2824:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2735:
2731:
2683:
2679:
2621:
2617:
2592:. Retrieved
2588:
2541:
2537:
2499:
2495:
2457:
2447:
2438:
2428:
2395:
2391:
2360:(1): 89–95.
2357:
2353:
2347:
2327:
2294:
2290:
2246:
2242:
2190:
2186:
2149:. Retrieved
2144:
2105:cite journal
2070:
2066:
2056:
2021:
2017:
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1984:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1908:
1904:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1839:
1822:
1779:
1775:
1738:
1731:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1662:
1655:
1620:
1616:
1583:the original
1544:the original
1465:
1430:
1422:
1357:and illicit
1325:
1313:Pennsylvania
1297:
1282:
1241:
1235:October 2018
1232:
1208:
1190:Epidemiology
1177:
1157:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1119:
1110:
1090:
980:subcutaneous
968:
931:
922:
914:
905:
889:
870:drug seeking
866:
858:
850:ion channels
827:
783:mu receptors
767:hypothalamus
739:Mu receptors
737:
713:
667:chronic pain
660:
632:
590:
581:
546:
543:Risk factors
525:barbiturates
502:
499:Co-ingestion
489:chronic pain
466:
442:
432:
397:
366:
344:
317:
309:chronic pain
286:
274:small pupils
229:
227:
134:Risk factors
76:small pupils
18:
9375:Kelatorphan
9352:Candoxatril
9241:Antagonists
9192:Racemorphan
9159:NNC 63-0532
9144:Lexanopadol
9139:Levorphanol
9017:Quadazocine
9002:Pawhuskin A
8997:Noribogaine
8987:Navacaprant
8977:Naltrindole
8897:Epicatechin
8862:Clocinnamox
8745:Antagonists
8707:desipramine
8674:Samidorphan
8644:Racemorphan
8629:Phenazocine
8619:Pentazocine
8599:Norketamine
8594:Noribogaine
8554:Nalfurafine
8519:Mirtazapine
8509:Metkefamide
8469:Lexanopadol
8464:Levorphanol
8444:Laudanosine
8429:ICI-204,448
8424:ICI-199,441
8394:Hemorphin-4
8354:Erinacine E
8339:Eluxadoline
8329:Dynorphin A
8274:Cyclazocine
8249:Butorphanol
8234:Bremazocine
8209:Asimadoline
8199:Allomatrine
8189:Akuammicine
8098:Quadazocine
8093:Pawhuskin A
8088:Noribogaine
8073:Naltrindole
8013:Epicatechin
8008:Eluxadoline
7983:Clocinnamox
7911:Antagonists
7842:Samidorphan
7832:Racemorphan
7812:Oxymorphone
7772:Mitragynine
7767:Metkefamide
7747:Lexanopadol
7742:Levorphanol
7727:Laudanosine
7692:Hydrocodone
7687:Hemorphin-4
7587:Cyclazocine
7562:Butorphanol
7537:β-Endorphin
7456:Samidorphan
7451:Quadazocine
7441:Pawhuskin A
7431:Noribogaine
7421:Naltrindole
7356:Naldemedine
7286:Epicatechin
7243:Clocinnamox
7131:Antagonists
7102:Tubotaiwine
7087:Trimebutine
7017:Racemorphan
6987:Piritramide
6972:Phenazocine
6957:Pentazocine
6930:Oxymorphone
6895:Oliceridine
6880:Norketamine
6865:Nicocodeine
6850:Naltalimide
6815:Mitragynine
6805:Metkefamide
6775:Loxicodegol
6765:Lexanopadol
6760:Levorphanol
6735:Laudanosine
6700:Hydrocodone
6695:Hodgkinsine
6685:Hemorphin-4
6675:Frakefamide
6635:Embutramide
6630:Dynorphin A
6590:Eluxadoline
6580:Dimenoxadol
6515:Carfentanil
6500:Butorphanol
6475:Bezitramide
6445:β-Endorphin
6435:Anileridine
6425:Akuammidine
6420:Akuammicine
6390:α-Narcotine
6283:WikiProject
6096:Fish toxins
6057:Loxoscelism
5970:Snake venom
5942:Physalaemin
5914:vertebrates
5754:Paracetamol
5214:amphetamine
5165:barbiturate
4231:20 November
3915:February 8,
3552:www.cdc.gov
3367:: 143–154.
2937:29 November
2933:. July 2017
2889:: 453–473.
2594:13 November
2297:: 238–255.
2249:: 219–226.
2151:29 November
1905:Circulation
1275:powder (on
1267:A two
1033:Intranasal
1020:Intranasal
1003:Brand name
988:carfentanil
819:nociception
815:enkephalins
643:bloodstream
639:therapeutic
624:hydrophilic
553:sleep apnea
521:anxiolytics
440:and death.
408:homeostasis
186:head trauma
32:Other names
9486:Categories
9470:Kyotorphin
9415:Spinorphin
9296:SB-612,111
9291:Nocistatin
9261:BAN-ORL-24
9212:SCH-486757
9207:SCH-221510
9046:Nociceptin
9007:PF-4455242
8982:Naringenin
8972:Naltrexone
8932:LY-2795050
8927:LY-2459989
8922:LY-2444296
8917:LY-2196044
8902:Hyperoside
8817:Aticaprant
8711:imipramine
8634:Proxorphan
8609:Oxilorphan
8579:Niravoline
8569:Nalorphine
8544:Nalbuphine
8529:Moxazocine
8504:Metazocine
8474:Lofentanil
8439:Ketazocine
8399:Herkinorin
8379:Gemazocine
8369:Fedotozine
8349:Eptazocine
8279:Cyclorphan
8264:Ciprefadol
8083:Naringenin
8063:Naltrexone
8058:Nalorphine
8033:LY-2196044
8023:ICI-174864
8018:ICI-154129
7963:Bevenopran
7938:α-Santolol
7902:Zenazocine
7882:Tonazocine
7837:RWJ-394674
7822:Proglumide
7762:Metazocine
7752:Lofentanil
7682:Fluorophen
7446:Rimonabant
7436:Oxilorphan
7426:Naringenin
7416:Naltrexone
7381:Naloxazone
7371:Nalorphine
7336:LY-2196044
7306:Hyperoside
7296:Gemazocine
7291:Eptazocine
7228:Bevenopran
7072:Tianeptine
7047:Tapentadol
7042:Sufentanil
7037:Sinomenine
7027:Salsolinol
6982:Piminodine
6900:Oxycodegol
6890:Octreotide
6885:Nufenoxole
6835:Nalbuphine
6790:Meptazinol
6770:Loperamide
6740:Lefetamine
6690:Herkinorin
6670:Fluorophen
6625:Dipipanone
6550:Dermorphin
6440:Apparicine
6430:Alfentanil
6353:(abridged;
6333:modulators
6231:including
6188:Antibiotic
6116:Strychnine
6086:Cinchonism
6048:Latrotoxin
5997:Arthropods
5985:Batroxobin
5896:Neurotoxic
5891:Diarrhetic
5841:Biological
5584:Pesticides
5576:Phosphorus
5512:Metalloids
5195:Stimulants
4858:Caffeinism
4812:Alcoholism
4485:Withdrawal
4201:1 November
4155:31 January
3941:2024-08-16
3890:2022-11-04
3865:2022-11-04
3583:2022-11-17
3558:2022-11-04
3527:23 October
3283:1 November
3259:2018-11-01
1996:14 October
1797:10316/4676
1485:References
1257:See also:
1184:Naltrexone
1062:5 mg
1049:2 mg
1036:8 mg
1023:4 mg
972:intranasal
928:Treatments
897:naltrexone
863:Prevention
842:cyclic AMP
775:dynorphins
679:dependence
663:depression
630:excreted.
620:metabolite
608:hydrolysis
600:metabolism
577:pregabalin
573:gabapentin
240:, such as
196:Prevention
9425:Tynorphin
9420:Thiorphan
9400:Opiorphan
9342:Amastatin
9271:J-113,397
9232:TH-030418
9202:Ro65-6570
9197:Ro64-6198
9124:Etorphine
9032:Zyklophin
9022:Taxifolin
8912:LY-255582
8872:Cyclofoxy
8822:Axelopran
8736:Xorphanol
8726:U-54,494A
8694:Tifluadom
8684:TH-030418
8614:Oxycodone
8604:Oripavine
8574:Naltriben
8559:Nalmefene
8514:Mianserin
8484:Lufuradom
8389:GR-103545
8364:Etorphine
8344:Enadoline
8244:Butorphan
8239:BRL-52537
8204:Apadoline
8113:Taxifolin
8108:SoRI-9409
8068:Naltriben
8053:Nalmefene
8028:LY-255582
7958:Axelopran
7897:Xorphanol
7867:TH-030418
7847:SB-235863
7807:Oxycodone
7802:Oripavine
7667:Etorphine
7557:Butorphan
7522:Amoxapine
7461:Taxifolin
7386:Naloxegol
7361:Nalmefene
7331:LY-255582
7261:Cyprodime
7256:Cyclofoxy
7223:Axelopran
7203:Alvimopan
7198:Akuammine
7183:α-Gliadin
7122:Xorphanol
7112:Valorphin
7057:TH-030418
6915:Oxycodone
6910:Oripavine
6845:Nalmexone
6800:Methadone
6780:LS-115509
6660:Etorphine
6650:Eseroline
6495:Butorphan
6356:full list
6208:Pollution
6148:Cnidocyte
6101:Lathyrism
6014:Bee venom
6010:Bee sting
5954:Coturnism
5937:Bufotenin
5922:Amphibian
5901:Paralytic
5876:Scombroid
5861:Ciguatera
5819:Vitamin E
5814:Vitamin D
5809:Vitamin A
5530:Nonmetals
5477:Manganese
5409:Beryllium
5383:Inorganic
5345:Poisoning
5301:Chocolate
4703:disorders
4406:emerg/330
4401:eMedicine
3632:243863732
3522:pdaps.org
3458:Addiction
3342:207854926
1828:Ritchie H
1758:769189432
1471:pethidine
1419:Awareness
1269:milligram
1223:talk page
1180:Nalmefene
1105:talk page
1030:Kloxxado
901:methadone
791:dysphoria
779:dysphoria
771:analgesic
765:, in the
743:analgesic
716:analgesic
698:Mechanism
647:tolerance
616:oxidation
612:reduction
369:toxidrome
334:or as an
262:methadone
208:Treatment
126:methadone
55:Specialty
9311:Trap-101
9301:SR-16430
9222:SR-16435
9076:(PheΨ(CH
9056:Agonists
8967:Naloxone
8877:Dezocine
8847:Catechin
8802:Apigenin
8731:U-69,593
8524:Morphine
8494:MB-1C-OH
8434:Ketamine
8419:Ibogaine
8384:GR-89696
8374:Fentanyl
8254:BW373U86
8142:Agonists
8132:κ-opioid
8078:Naloxone
7973:Catechin
7948:Apigenin
7887:Tramadol
7872:Thebaine
7782:Morphine
7702:Ibogaine
7672:Fentanyl
7652:DPI-3290
7622:Dezocine
7567:BW373U86
7547:Biphalin
7512:ADL-5859
7485:Agonists
7475:δ-opioid
7401:Naloxone
7326:Lobeline
7311:Ibogaine
7233:Catechin
7213:Apigenin
7082:Tramadol
7077:Tilidine
7062:Thebaine
7032:SC-17599
7002:Propiram
6962:Pericine
6905:OM-3-MNZ
6830:Morphine
6720:Ketamine
6665:Fentanyl
6575:Dezocine
6510:BW373U86
6480:Biphalin
6365:3-HO-PCP
6351:Agonists
6341:μ-opioid
6259:Category
6111:Mushroom
6091:Ergotism
6076: /
6050: /
6024:Melittin
6012: /
5968: /
5932:Bombesin
5851: /
5828:syndrome
5657:Methanol
5619:Nicotine
5606:Nitrogen
5553:Fluoride
5548:Chlorine
5543:Selenium
5457:Chromium
5434:Thallium
5355:Overdose
5350:Toxicity
5234:Volatile
5109:hypnotic
5104:Sedative
5003:Nicotine
4880:Cannabis
4832:Caffeine
4691:Hangover
4539:Combined
4281:31466079
4176:for the
4071:Archived
3977:22747535
3859:Penn LDI
3796:30777088
3770:(1): 6.
3745:21404877
3737:29042317
3695:Archived
3662:Archived
3624:34751711
3478:19133895
3442:25774771
3393:27729825
3334:24500948
3325:10617756
3224:25686208
3188:26977696
3136:18444310
3107:14 March
3087:23150005
3036:In press
3032:23664112
2988:22020140
2927:"Heroin"
2913:29852083
2857:32848937
2803:29049118
2762:23057867
2754:28720623
2710:22778118
2658:24340040
2618:PLOS ONE
2568:19567715
2516:31167053
2458:BestBets
2439:BestBets
2420:34870882
2412:25809057
2374:20132125
2332:Fentanyl
2311:29273520
2273:30735692
2217:30419763
2097:25530442
2048:27733281
1976:29181532
1935:26473000
1875:27525471
1814:17447665
1806:18440072
1723:18837637
1647:22784117
1435:See also
1399:fentanyl
1379:Fentanyl
1317:Kentucky
1273:fentanyl
1271:dose of
1217:You may
1099:You may
984:fentanyl
965:Naloxone
959:Naloxone
934:naloxone
880:CAGE-AID
759:amygdala
751:thalamus
741:have an
724:euphoric
720:sedative
651:overdose
537:ketamine
513:xylazine
461:US penny
457:Fentanyl
381:seizures
328:Naloxone
258:tramadol
254:fentanyl
242:morphine
234:toxicity
213:naloxone
201:naloxone
122:tramadol
118:fentanyl
106:morphine
67:Symptoms
9502:Opioids
9467:Others:
9395:RB-3007
9347:BL-2401
9316:UFP-101
9281:NalBzOH
9276:JTC-801
9217:SR-8993
9154:MT-7716
9104:BU08070
8957:MR-2266
8937:MeJDTic
8867:CVL-354
8837:BU09059
8827:AZ-MTAB
8807:Arodyne
8767:6'-GNTI
8762:5'-GNTI
8721:U-50488
8701:(e.g.,
8549:NalBzOH
8534:MR-2034
8499:Menthol
8489:Matrine
8224:BAM-22P
8219:BAM-18P
8214:BAM-12P
8154:6'-GNTI
7923:5'-NTII
7857:SNC-162
7797:NalBzOH
7717:KNT-127
7647:DPI-221
7582:Codeine
7542:BAM-18P
7532:AZD2327
7497:6'-GNTI
7391:Naloxol
7117:Viminol
7107:U-47700
7092:TRIMU 5
6997:Prodine
6940:OxyPNPH
6855:Neopine
6840:NalBzOH
6810:Metopon
6785:Matrine
6535:Codeine
6485:BU08070
6460:BAM-22P
6455:BAM-18P
6450:BAM-12P
6415:AH-7921
6271:Commons
6227:argyria
6136:Stinger
6106:Locoism
5886:Amnesic
5853:Seafood
5782:Digoxin
5749:Opioids
5744:Lithium
5739:Cocaine
5724:Aspirin
5714:Alcohol
5706:Nervous
5674:Toluene
5647:Ethanol
5641:alcohol
5614:Cyanide
5567:Organic
5520:Arsenic
5424:Mercury
5414:Cadmium
5373:History
5279:Related
5236:solvent
5047:Opioids
4935:Cocaine
4728:(AWS):
4670:Nervous
4624:(ALD):
4574:Alcohol
4459:General
4272:6715257
4047:FDA.gov
4026:9610980
3985:6751315
3838:FDA.gov
3817:FDA.gov
3787:6379922
3691:FDA.gov
3658:FDA.gov
3433:4470731
3384:5047716
3179:6390846
3078:3551246
2979:3698859
2904:6428583
2848:7403495
2831:: 767.
2701:3392289
2649:3858335
2626:Bibcode
2559:2704133
2340:archive
2338:). See
2319:3414348
2264:6500744
2208:6425114
2088:4340604
2039:5388903
1926:6191296
1883:8871126
1832:Roser M
1714:2711509
1638:3739053
1475:dilated
1017:Narcan
823:ligands
811:anxiety
805:of the
628:renally
592:Opioids
517:alcohol
493:codeine
481:cocaine
473:alcohol
434:Alcohol
416:medulla
404:hypoxia
400:opioids
324:hypoxia
305:cocaine
297:alcohol
270:hypoxia
246:codeine
238:opioids
155:cocaine
147:alcohol
128:, etc.)
110:codeine
102:Opioids
9405:Selank
9390:RB-120
9385:RB-101
9329:Others
9256:AT-076
9149:MCOPPB
8812:AT-076
8658:salvia
8539:N-MPPP
8479:LPK-26
8103:SDM25N
7953:AT-076
7892:TRV250
7852:SNC-80
7722:Kratom
7502:7-SIOM
7218:AT-076
7208:AM-251
7097:TRV734
6992:PL-017
6730:Kratom
6715:IBNtxA
6237:toxins
6233:venoms
6223:Silver
6074:Plants
6019:Apamin
5980:Ancrod
5966:Snakes
5961:Mammal
5912:Other
5669:Oxygen
5498:Silver
5467:Copper
5462:Cobalt
5429:Nickel
5392:Metals
5368:Poison
5290:: SUD
5249:(SSDS)
4992:(HPPD)
4747:(FASD)
4498:(PAWS)
4310:
4279:
4269:
4077:15 Nov
4024:
3983:
3975:
3909:GOV.UK
3794:
3784:
3743:
3735:
3630:
3622:
3502:31 May
3476:
3440:
3430:
3391:
3381:
3340:
3332:
3322:
3222:
3186:
3176:
3134:
3085:
3075:
3030:
2986:
2976:
2911:
2901:
2855:
2845:
2801:
2760:
2752:
2708:
2698:
2656:
2646:
2566:
2556:
2514:
2418:
2410:
2372:
2317:
2309:
2271:
2261:
2215:
2205:
2095:
2085:
2067:Lancet
2046:
2036:
2018:Lancet
1974:
1933:
1923:
1881:
1873:
1812:
1804:
1756:
1746:
1721:
1711:
1670:
1645:
1635:
1355:heroin
1277:pencil
1056:Zimhi
1043:Evzio
992:heroin
949:Narcan
899:, and
884:CRAFFT
830:ligand
722:, and
689:, and
614:, and
557:asthma
511:(e.g.
448:Causes
320:oxygen
260:, and
250:heroin
219:Deaths
190:stroke
114:heroin
98:Causes
9410:Semax
9049:(NOP)
9027:UPHIT
9012:RB-64
8952:ML350
8947:ML190
8907:JDTic
8882:DIPPA
8649:RB-64
8404:HS665
8269:CR665
8164:18-MC
8159:8-CAC
8135:(KOR)
7657:DSLET
7642:DPDPE
7592:DADLE
7552:BU-48
7478:(DOR)
7316:JDTic
7178:18-MC
7007:PZM21
6951:opium
6860:NFEPP
6540:DADLE
6344:(MOR)
6141:plant
6078:Fungi
5949:Birds
5153:(BUD)
5093:(OUD)
5082:(OIC)
5076:(OIE)
5070:(OIH)
5016:(GTS)
4953:(PCE)
4919:(CUD)
4898:(CHS)
4758:(PAN)
4739:(DTs)
4682:(ARD)
4661:(AKA)
4642:(ABS)
4605:(AFR)
4563:(CDI)
4382:965.0
4378:305.5
4363:T40.2
4359:T40.0
4321:(PDF)
4304:(PDF)
4100:(PDF)
4043:(PDF)
3981:S2CID
3834:(PDF)
3813:(PDF)
3741:S2CID
3698:(PDF)
3687:(PDF)
3665:(PDF)
3654:(PDF)
3628:S2CID
3338:S2CID
3253:(PDF)
3246:(PDF)
2758:S2CID
2416:S2CID
2315:S2CID
1879:S2CID
1810:S2CID
1457:Notes
1225:, or
1009:Dose
947:Free
596:liver
515:) or
479:, or
426:from
303:, or
8797:ANTI
8414:HZ-2
7968:BNTX
7251:CTOP
7247:CTAP
6134:and
6132:Bite
5849:Fish
5482:Zinc
5472:Iron
5419:Lead
5259:SUD
5243:SID
5218:SUD
5202:SID
5179:SUD
5169:SID
5147:SUD
5132:SID
5116:SID
5087:SUD
5054:SID
5031:SUD
5010:SID
4981:SID
4958:SUD
4942:SID
4908:SUD
4887:SID
4864:SUD
4839:SID
4770:(WE)
4557:SID
4547:SUD
4373:9-CM
4357:.0,
4308:ISBN
4277:PMID
4233:2018
4203:2018
4157:2019
4079:2023
4022:PMID
3973:PMID
3917:2024
3792:PMID
3733:PMID
3620:PMID
3604:JAMA
3529:2019
3504:2024
3474:PMID
3438:PMID
3389:PMID
3330:PMID
3308:2014
3285:2018
3278:AJMC
3220:PMID
3184:PMID
3158:JAMA
3132:PMID
3109:2014
3083:PMID
3057:JAMA
3028:PMID
2984:PMID
2939:2017
2909:PMID
2853:PMID
2799:PMID
2750:PMID
2706:PMID
2654:PMID
2596:2020
2564:PMID
2512:PMID
2408:PMID
2370:PMID
2307:PMID
2269:PMID
2213:PMID
2153:2017
2124:link
2117:help
2093:PMID
2044:PMID
1998:2020
1972:PMID
1931:PMID
1871:PMID
1802:PMID
1754:OCLC
1744:ISBN
1719:PMID
1668:ISBN
1643:PMID
1423:The
1309:Ohio
1146:and
986:and
974:and
852:and
840:and
749:and
708:GPCR
673:and
671:mood
420:pons
418:and
383:and
375:and
276:and
153:and
8892:ECG
8887:EGC
8003:EGC
7998:ECG
7677:FIT
7281:EGC
7276:ECG
5633:CHO
5439:Tin
4805:SUD
4582:SID
4506:SUD
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