Italian language - Knowledge

2772:; this diagnostic is effective if mutual intelligibility is minimal or absent (e.g. in Romance, Romanian and Portuguese), but it fails in cases such as Spanish-Portuguese or Spanish-Italian, as educated native speakers of either pairing can understand each other well if they choose to do so; however, the level of intelligibility is markedly lower between Italian-Spanish, and considerably higher between the Iberian sister languages of Portuguese-Spanish. Speakers of this latter pair can communicate with one another with remarkable ease, each speaking to the other in his own native language without slang/jargon. Nevertheless, on the basis of accumulated differences in morphology, syntax, phonology, and to some extent lexicon, it is not difficult to identify that for the Romance varieties of Italy, the first extant written evidence of languages that can no longer be considered Latin comes from the ninth and tenth centuries C.E. These written sources demonstrate certain vernacular characteristics and sometimes explicitly mention the use of the vernacular in Italy. Full literary manifestations of the vernacular began to surface around the 13th century in the form of various religious texts and poetry.Although these are the first written records of Italian varieties separate from Latin, the spoken language had probably diverged long before the first written records appeared since those who were literate generally wrote in Latin even if they spoke other Romance varieties in person. 10020:): "Pei, Mario A. "A New Methodology for Romance Classification." Word, v, 2 (Aug. 1949), 135–146. Demonstrates a comparative statistical method for determining the extent of change from the Latin for the free and checked stressed vowels of French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Rumanian, Old Provençal, and Logudorese Sardinian. By assigning 3½ change points per vowel (with 2 points for diphthongization, 1 point for modification in vowel quantity, ½ point for changes due to nasalization, palatalization or umlaut, and −½ point for failure to effect a normal change), there is a maximum of 77 change points for free and checked stressed vowel sounds (11×2×3½=77). According to this system (illustrated by seven charts at the end of the article), the percentage of change is greatest in French (44%) and least in Italian (12%) and Sardinian (8%). Prof. Pei suggests that this statistical method be extended not only to all other phonological but also to all morphological and syntactical, phenomena.". 10037:: "In the late forties and in the fifties some new proposals for classification of the Romance languages appeared. A statistical method attempting to evaluate the evidence quantitatively was developed in order to provide not only a classification but at the same time a measure of the divergence among the languages. The earliest attempt was made in 1949 by Mario Pei (1901–1978), who measured the divergence of seven modern Romance languages from Classical Latin, taking as his criterion the evolution of stressed vowels. Pei's results do not show the degree of contemporary divergence among the languages from each other but only the divergence of each one from Classical Latin. The closest language turned out to be Sardinian with 8% of change. Then followed Italian — 12%; Spanish — 20%; Romanian — 23,5%; Provençal — 25%; Portuguese — 31%; French — 44%." 2514: 9833:«La dominazione sabauda in Sardegna può essere considerata come la fase iniziale di un lungo processo di italianizzazione dell'isola, con la capillare diffusione dell'italiano in quanto strumento per il superamento della frammentarietà tipica del contesto linguistico dell'isola e con il conseguente inserimento delle sue strutture economiche e culturali in un contesto internazionale più ampio e aperto ai contatti di più lato respiro. Proprio la variegata composizione linguistica della Sardegna fu considerata negativamente per qualunque tentativo di assorbimento dell'isola nella sfera culturale italiana.» Loi Corvetto, Ines. 1740: 18608: 8772: 670: 16099: 9097: 1015: 1389:, were read throughout the peninsula and his written dialect became the "canonical standard" that all educated Italians could understand. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language. In addition to the widespread exposure gained through literature, the Florentine dialect also gained prestige due to the political and cultural significance of Florence at the time and the fact that it was linguistically an intermediate between the northern and the southern Italian dialects. Thus the dialect of 2670: 18745: 5915:: descriptive, invariable and form-changing. Descriptive adjectives are the most common, and their endings change to match the number and gender of the noun they modify. Invariable adjectives are adjectives whose endings do not change. The form-changing adjectives "buono (good), bello (beautiful), grande (big), and santo (saint)" change in form when placed before different types of nouns. Italian has three degrees for comparison of adjectives: positive, comparative, and superlative. 6176:. "To have" is used to form compound conjugation when the verb is transitive ("Ha detto", "ha fatto": he/she has said, he/she has made/done), while "to be" is used in the case of verbs of motion and some other intransitive verbs ("È andato", "è stato": he has gone, he has been). "To be" may be used with transitive verbs, but in such a case it makes the verb passive ("È detto", "è fatto": it is said, it is made/done). This rule is not absolute, and some exceptions do exist. 2725:. The most prevalent were substrata (the language of the original inhabitants), as the Italian dialects were most probably simply Latin as spoken by native cultural groups. Superstrata and adstrata were both less important. Foreign conquerors of Italy that dominated different regions at different times left behind little to no influence on the dialects. Foreign cultures with which Italy engaged in peaceful relations with, such as trade, had no significant influence either. 18728: 18620: 8786: 8641: 2275: 13909: 2662: 2073: 18584: 8800: 1238: 18694: 18632: 2780:, an Italian linguist, has asserted that in 1861 only 2.5% of the population of Italy could speak Standard Italian. He reports that in 1951 that percentage had risen to 87%. The ability to speak Italian did not necessarily mean it was in everyday use, and most people (63.5%) still usually spoke their native dialects. In addition, other factors such as mass emigration, industrialization, and urbanization, and internal migrations after 18711: 18677: 2450: 18762: 6129:. 'I see him, but not her'). Aside from personal pronouns, Italian also has demonstrative, interrogative, possessive, and relative pronouns. There are two types of demonstrative pronouns: relatively near (this) and relatively far (that); there exists a third type of demonstrative denoting vicinity only to the listener, but it has fallen out of use. Demonstratives in Italian are repeated before each noun, unlike in English. 1928: 1249: 14158: 2198:(1939–1943). Albania has a large population of non-native speakers, with over half of the population having some knowledge of the Italian language. The Albanian government has pushed to make Italian a compulsory second language in schools. The Italian language is well-known and studied in Albania, due to its historical ties and geographical proximity to Italy and to the diffusion of Italian television in the country. 18596: 15056: 13898: 8758: 1551: 18660: 10775: 2498: 10765: 4075:. Although in all these examples the second form has fallen out of usage, the dimorphism is thought to reflect the several-hundred-year period during which Italian developed as a literary language divorced from any native-speaking population, with an origin in 12th/13th-century Tuscan but with many words borrowed from 2057:, which, due to its linguistic proximity to the Italian standard language, appears both linguistically as an Italian dialect and therefore as a carrier of Italian culture, despite the French government's decades-long efforts to cut Corsica off from the Italian motherland. Italian was the official language in 2179: 2788:

beginning in 1861 were often of the uneducated lower class, and thus the emigration had the effect of increasing the percentage of literates, who often knew and understood the importance of Standard Italian, back home in Italy. A large percentage of those who had emigrated also eventually returned to

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for the most part unnecessary outside of dictionaries. Most of the time, the penultimate syllable is stressed. But if the stressed vowel is the final letter of the word, the accent is mandatory, otherwise, it is virtually always omitted. Exceptions are typically either in dictionaries, where all or

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There is no definitive date when the various Italian variants of Latin—including varieties that contributed to modern Standard Italian—began to be distinct enough from Latin to be considered separate languages. One criterion for determining that two language variants are to be considered separate

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Italian is widely taught in many schools around the world, but rarely as the first foreign language. In the 21st century, technology also allows for the continual spread of the Italian language, as people have new ways to learn how to speak, read, and write languages at their own pace and at any

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The order of words in the phrase is relatively free compared to most European languages. The position of the verb in the phrase is highly mobile. Word order often has a lesser grammatical function in Italian than in English. Adjectives are sometimes placed before their noun and sometimes after.

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Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the use of Standard Italian became increasingly widespread and was mirrored by a decline in the use of the dialects. An increase in literacy was one of the main driving factors (one can assume that only literates were capable of learning Standard Italian,

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and tonic pronouns. Personal pronouns are separated into three groups: subject, object (which takes the place of both direct and indirect objects), and reflexive. Second-person subject pronouns have both a polite and a familiar form. These two different types of addresses are very important in

1574:

in the 15th century, the number of printing presses in Italy grew rapidly and by the year 1500 reached a total of 56, the biggest number of printing presses in all of Europe. This enabled the production of more pieces of literature at a lower cost and Italian, as the dominant language, spread.

2482:

As of 2022, Australia had the highest number of students learning Italian in the world. This occurred because of support by the Italian community in Australia and the Italian Government and also because of successful educational reform efforts led by local governments in Australia.

1490:, Sicily became the first Italian land to adopt Occitan lyric moods (and words) in poetry. Even in the case of Northern Italian languages, however, scholars are careful not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages. 5550:

but the actual pronunciation depends on the context and regional accent. Generally one can find a flap consonant in an unstressed position whereas is more common in stressed syllables, but there may be exceptions. Especially people from the Northern part of Italy

3401:

is neutralized before consonants and at the beginning of words: the former is used before voiceless consonants and before vowels at the beginning of words; the latter is used before voiced consonants. The two can contrast only between vowels within a word, e.g.

10178: 1570:—individuals who placed emphasis on the human body and its full potential—began to shift focus from the church to human beings themselves. The continual advancements in technology play a crucial role in the diffusion of languages. After the invention of the 1618:, as well as a renewed interest in linguistics in the 16th century, sparked a debate that raged throughout Italy concerning the criteria that should govern the establishment of a modern Italian literary and spoken language. This discussion, known as 1327:

writers of the 12th century, and, although the grammar and core lexicon are basically unchanged from those used in Florence in the 13th century, the modern standard of the language was largely shaped by relatively recent events. However, Romance

2316:, people who speak Italian as their home language are 1.1% of the total population of the country. In Australia, Italian is the second most spoken foreign language after Chinese, with 1.4% of the population speaking it as their home language. 2693:

to the Tuscan that was the historical source of Italian. They can be quite different from Italian and from each other, with some belonging to different linguistic branches of Romance. The only exceptions to this are twelve groups considered

5907:

Like in English, common nouns are capitalized when occurring at the beginning of a sentence. Unlike English, nouns referring to languages (e.g. Italian), speakers of languages, or inhabitants of an area (e.g. Italians) are not capitalized.

3454:('I present'). There are many words for which dictionaries now indicate that both pronunciations, either or , are acceptable. Word-internally between vowels, the two phonemes have merged in many regional varieties of Italian, as either 10973: 2292:, only a little over one million people in the United States speak Italian at home. Nevertheless, an Italian language media market does exist in the country. In Canada, Italian is the second most spoken non-official language when 2307:

after the official language of Spanish, although its number of speakers, mainly of the older generation, is decreasing. Italian bilingual speakers can be found scattered across the Southeast of Brazil as well as in the South. In

2236:. Italian is today used in commerce, and it is still spoken especially among elders; besides that, Italian words are incorporated as loan words in the main language spoken in the country (Tigrinya). The capital city of Eritrea, 2613:, visiting Italy to see its great historical monuments and works of art. It was expected that the visitor would learn at least some Italian, understood as language based on Florentine. In England, while the classical languages 1332:

as language spoken in the Italian Peninsula has a longer history. In fact, the earliest surviving texts that can definitely be called vernacular (as distinct from its predecessor Vulgar Latin) are legal formulae known as the

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From the late 19th to the mid-20th century, millions of Italians settled in Argentina, Uruguay, Southern Brazil and Venezuela, as well as in Canada and the United States, where they formed a physical and cultural presence.

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Italian social distinctions. All object pronouns have two forms: stressed and unstressed (clitics). Unstressed object pronouns are much more frequently used, and come before a verb conjugated for subject-verb (

2052:

occurred in Nice case, and caused a near-disappearance of the Italian language as many of the Italian speakers in these areas migrated to Italy. In Corsica, on the other hand, almost everyone still speaks the

2827: 8676:"Not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces." 11368:"(...) in a large number of Italian accents, there is considerable friction involved in the pronunciation of , creating a voiced palatal lateral fricative (for which there is no established IPA symbol)" 2594:

times in much of Europe and the Mediterranean, Latin was replaced as the primary commercial language by languages of Italy, especially Tuscan and Venetian. These varieties were consolidated during the

2732:, are spoken. Regional differences can be recognized by various factors: the openness of vowels, the length of the consonants, and influence of the local language (for example, in informal situations 1626:), ran through the Italian culture until the end of the 19th century, often linked to the political debate on achieving a united Italian state. Renaissance scholars divided into three main factions: 9512: 3965:

Preservation of most intertonic vowels (those between the stressed syllable and either the beginning or ending syllable). This accounts for some of the most noticeable differences, as in the forms

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that are located around the world, in the 179 Italian schools located abroad, or in the 111 Italian lecturer sections belonging to foreign schools where Italian is taught as a language of culture.

1016: 10078: 1288:

over the course of centuries, unaffected by formal standards and teachings. They are not in any sense "dialects" of standard Italian, which itself started off as one of these local tongues, but

10969: 8878: 1162:(13% of the EU population) and it is spoken as a second language by 13.4 million EU citizens (3%). Including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries (such as Switzerland, Albania and the 11025: 2829: 10709: 4952:

yet". For monosyllabic words, the rule is different: when two orthographically identical monosyllabic words with different meanings exist, one is accented and the other is not (example:

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were the first to be learned, Italian became the second most common modern language after French, a position it held until the late 18th century when it tended to be replaced by German.

12187: 1396:

Italian was progressively made an official language of most of the Italian states predating unification, slowly replacing Latin, even when ruled by foreign powers (such as Spain in the

1135:, although Italian is neither a co-official nor a protected language in these countries. Some speakers of Italian are native bilinguals of both Italian (either in its standard form or 10801: 9343: 9278: 10010: 5939:'they love'). Noun objects normally come after the verb, as do pronoun objects after imperative verbs, infinitives and gerunds, but otherwise, pronoun objects come before the verb. 495: 10372: 10247: 3257:(commonly called "dental" for simplicity), pronounced with the blade of the tongue very close to the upper front teeth, with the tip of the tongue resting behind lower front teeth. 2240:, still has several Italian schools, established during the colonial period. In the early 19th century, Eritrea was the country with the highest number of Italians abroad, and the 1723:

in the early 19th century (who was himself of Italian-Corsican descent). This conquest propelled the unification of Italy some decades after and pushed the Italian language into a

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in Italian. There are four indefinite articles, selected by the gender of the noun they modify and by the phonological structure of the word that immediately follows the article.

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The conservative nature of Italian phonology is partly explained by its origin. Italian stems from a literary language that is derived from the 13th-century speech of the city of

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Tutti gli esseri umani nascono liberi ed eguali in dignità e diritti. Essi sono dotati di ragione e di coscienza e devono agire gli uni verso gli altri in spirito di fratellanza.

10844: 9923: 9443: 9162: 3207:

are always geminate intervocalically, including across word boundaries. Similarly, nasals, liquids, and sibilants are pronounced slightly longer in medial consonant clusters.

10562: 8689:"For her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general." 2639:

continue to be used in most languages in matters of art and music (especially classical music including opera), in the design and fashion industries, in some sports such as

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Italian immigrants to South America have also brought a presence of the language to that continent. According to some sources, Italian is the second most spoken language in

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whereas those who were illiterate had access only to their native dialect). The percentage of literates rose from 25% in 1861 to 60% in 1911, and then on to 78.1% in 1951.

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All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

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Andreose, Alvise; Renzi, Lorenzo (2013), "Geography and distribution of the Romance Languages in Europe", in Maiden, Martin; Smith, John Charles; Ledgeway, Adam (eds.),

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Today, even though for political reasons English is the most widely taught foreign language in Albanian schools, Italian is anyway the most widespread foreign language.

6136:, and various verbs are irregularly conjugated. Within each of these sets of conjugations, there are four simple (one-word) verbal conjugations by person/number in the 4023:

Compared with most other Romance languages, Italian has many inconsistent outcomes, where the same underlying sound produces different results in different words, e.g.

4651:

The Italian alphabet is typically considered to consist of 21 letters. The letters j, k, w, x, y are traditionally excluded, although they appear in loanwords such as

1905:), estimated that distance between Italian and Latin is higher than that between Sardinian and Latin. In particular, its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after 1359:

The language that came to be thought of as Italian developed in central Tuscany and was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer

1969:, the largest Italian-speaking city outside Italy, is the only canton where Italian is predominant. Italian is also used in administration and official documents in 1558:

was an influential figure in the development of the Italian language from the Tuscan dialect, as a literary medium, codifying the language for standard modern usage.

1280:, the established written language in Europe was Latin, although the great majority of people were illiterate, and only few were well versed in the language. In the 1190:

with numerous Italian words referring to music that have become international terms taken into various languages worldwide. Almost all native Italian words end with

9140: 9114: 1777:

After unification, a huge number of civil servants and soldiers recruited from all over the country introduced many more words and idioms from their home languages—

12056: 13945: 10895: 4357:, meaning very regular spelling with an almost one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds. In linguistic terms, the writing system is close to being a 2828: 1505:

remained in use in maritime trade alongside the Mediterranean. The increasing political and cultural relevance of Florence during the periods of the rise of the

1345:, probably from the 8th or early 9th century, contains a late form of Vulgar Latin that can be seen as a very early sample of a vernacular dialect of Italy. The 9564: 10047: 1447:"all right" is pronounced by a Roman (and by any standard Italian speaker), by a Milanese (and by any speaker whose native dialect lies to the north of the 10596: 10302: 9369: 9202: 1151: 475: 10398: 9504: 8730:"For his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions." 4107:, was once thought to be due to borrowing of northern voiced forms, but is now generally viewed as the result of early phonetic variation within Tuscany. 10089: 9008: 6172:. Corresponding to each of the simple conjugations, there is a compound conjugation involving a simple conjugation of "to be" or "to have" followed by a 1124: 18700: 1296:

with Italian varies widely, as it does with Romance languages in general. The Romance languages of Italy can differ greatly from Italian at all levels (

18555: 16087: 16065: 10717: 3493:, as well as 23 consonants. Compared with most other Romance languages, Italian phonology is conservative, preserving many words nearly unchanged from 2135:). Italian served as Malta's official language until 1934, when it was abolished by the British colonial administration amid strong local opposition. 18797: 11029: 10857:

L'italiano come lingua acquisita o riacquisita è largamente diffuso in Venezuela: recenti studi stimano circa 200.000 studenti di italiano nel Paese

2297: 11763: 15420: 12968: 9547: 18842: 18116: 4743:

may appear in dialectal words, but its use is discouraged in contemporary standard Italian. Letters used in foreign words can be replaced with

2171:, which caused the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians. Italian was the official language of the 12218: 11473: 11447: 6125:'seeing her'). Stressed object pronouns come after the verb, and are used when the emphasis is required, for contrast, or to avoid ambiguity ( 18156: 13000: 11644: 9590: 8984: 8949: 2576:

dialect of Argentina and Uruguay today has thus been heavily influenced by both standard Italian and Italian regional languages as a result.

1922: 1419:. As Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of 10797: 10331: 9536: 9327: 9262: 2155:

is an official minority language in the country, with many schools and public announcements published in both languages. The 2001 census in

14201: 14146: 13631: 12983: 10743: 10008: 9395: 11741: 10243: 9854:, according to whom "the idiom of the Roman court was as good as the Florentine one, and better understood by all" (G. Rossi, ed. (1930). 9421: 5772:'rivers, m. pl.', thus assignment of gender is arbitrary in terms of form, enough so that terms may be identical but of distinct genders: 1949:), although its use there has moderately declined since the 1970s. It is official both on the national level and on regional level in two 16227: 13938: 11122: 10376: 10273: 2689:

Italian". The Romance dialects of Italy are local evolutions of spoken Latin that pre-date the establishment of Italian, and as such are

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Learning to Read and Write: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective (Cambridge Studies in Cognitive and Perceptual Development, Series Number 2)

9249:...if the Romance languages are compared with Latin, it is seen that by most measures Sardinian and Italian are least differentiated... 1064:

Romance languages). Spoken by about 85 million people, including 67 million native speakers (2024), Italian is an official language in

982: 480: 10824: 9677:

L'italiano di oggi ha ancora in gran parte la stessa grammatica e usa ancora lo stesso lessico del fiorentino letterario del Trecento.

14617: 14124: 13729: 10330:. European Commission: Directorate General for Education and Culture and Directorate General Press and Communication. February 2006. 9949: 3381: 2632:, Italian is known by a large part of the ecclesiastical hierarchy and is used in substitution for Latin in some official documents. 1404:), although the masses kept speaking primarily their local vernaculars. Italian was also one of the many recognised languages in the 10018: 9927: 9901: 9450: 2244:

grew from 4,000 during World War I to nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II. In Asmara there are two Italian schools, the

1284:, as in most of Europe, most would instead speak a local vernacular. These dialects, as they are commonly referred to, evolved from 13636: 11003: 10660: 4335:

do not usually permit verbs and polysyllabic nouns to end with consonants, except in poetry and song, so foreign words may receive

1813:, etc. Only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak the Italian standardized language properly when the nation was unified in 1861. 4932:

most stressed vowels are commonly marked. Accents can optionally be used to disambiguate words that differ only by stress, as for

829: 14026: 13201: 10221: 9689: 9475: 8979: 5538:, which is always single. Geminate plosives and affricates are realized as lengthened closures. Geminate fricatives, nasals, and 1166:) and on other continents, the total number of speakers is approximately 85 million. Italian is the main working language of the 11100: 10684: 10554: 9236: 18519: 16080: 13931: 12413: 12137: 10544:

Zonova, Tatiana. "The Italian language: soft power or dolce potere?." Rivista di Studi Politici Internazionali (2013): 227–231.

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S'italianu in Sardìnnia candu, cumenti e poita d'ant impostu : 1720–1848; poderi e lìngua in Sardìnnia in edadi spanniola

9300: 2253: 2214: 10798:"Los segundos idiomas más hablados de Sudamérica | AméricaEconomía – El sitio de los negocios globales de América Latina" 9660: 16678: 14863: 14053: 13879: 13042: 12299: 12030: 11686: 11603: 10637: 9985: 9895: 9739: 9620: 8904: 8621: 8605: 2796:, as Italy unified under Standard Italian and continues to do so aided by mass media from newspapers to radio to television, 2278: 16610: 14350: 10523: 4087:

in the entire Romance-language area, passes only about 30 kilometres or 20 miles north of Florence.) Dual outcomes of Latin

2475:, every year there are more than 200,000 foreign students who study the Italian language; they are distributed among the 90 13676: 12951: 12759: 3175:. Geminate consonants shorten the preceding vowel (or block phonetic lengthening) and the first element of the geminate is 1061: 16413: 16408: 15487: 11053:"From the Periphery to the Center Stage: The Mainstreaming of Italian in the Australian Education System (1960s to 1990s)" 2833: 18648: 18214: 16352: 16240: 15413: 15386:

Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist.

13005: 12868: 10030: 10001: 3116: 3098: 2472: 2120: 710: 16513: 16403: 16095: 14402: 11525: 10484: 5792:. There are a number of nouns that have a masculine singular and a feminine plural, most commonly of the pattern m. sg. 2721:

that all languages in regular use are subject to, and to some extent to the presence of three other types of languages:

18827: 16628: 15668: 15636: 13724: 13309: 12936: 12769: 12530: 12081: 12050: 11973: 11537: 10713: 10175:""Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio" in seguito all'unità d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi" 3126: 1706: 14172: 12347: 10891: 10877: 3676:, and has changed little in the last 700 years or so. Furthermore, the Tuscan dialect is the most conservative of all 18822: 18149: 17467: 16073: 12956: 12931: 12774: 12285: 12271: 12147: 10517: 10457: 9568: 9337: 9272: 2008:

complained about the referendum that allowed France to annex Savoy and Nice, and a group of his followers (among the

1487: 1179: 1105: 532: 465: 455: 11556:

On a hypothetical 'transparency scale' of writing systems, Italian orthography should be placed close to one extreme

10055: 1683:

A fourth faction claimed that the best Italian was the one that the papal court adopted, which was a mixture of the

18812: 17527: 14139: 13328: 12609: 12495: 9136: 9110: 8743:"Who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden." 5173: 4372: 3363: 3057: 3004: 2453: 1941:

and is spoken fluently by the majority of the countries' populations. Italian is the third most spoken language in

1353: 835: 490: 210: 18550: 18421: 18234: 16815: 16420: 16220: 14716: 14292: 13452: 13364: 13211: 13206: 13037: 12905: 8883: 7667: 4848: 3027: 2609:

Italy came to enjoy increasing artistic prestige within Europe. A mark of the educated gentlemen was to make the

1401: 1346: 1159: 700: 11711: 10298: 9365: 9195: 2205:, Italian is still understood by some in former colonies such as Libya. Although it was the primary language in 1411:

Italy has always had a distinctive dialect for each city because the cities, until recently, were thought of as

1097: 18832: 18666: 18509: 18259: 17615: 17516: 15406: 13400: 12988: 12465: 10402: 8648: 4880: 975: 17486: 10424: 10152: 8717:"For his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times." 2804:

is not uncommon in emigrant communities among older speakers. Both situations normally involve some degree of

18837: 18431: 17423: 17101: 15876: 15696: 15691: 15654: 15622: 14058: 13651: 13482: 13369: 12900: 12895: 10432: 8969: 8909: 6022:'a different shirt'. There are seven forms for definite articles, both singular and plural. In the singular: 5603: 5227: 5201: 4391: 4300: 3065: 3011: 2717:

The differences in the evolution of Latin in the different regions of Italy can be attributed to the natural

2124: 2044:

did not agree to it. Italian is generally understood in Corsica by the population resident therein who speak

1758: 842: 824: 660: 595: 12042:

The Big Book of Italian Verbs: 900 Fully Conjugated Verbs in All Tenses. With IPA Transcription, 2nd Edition

10921: 613: 18817: 18807: 18524: 18476: 18346: 18341: 18142: 14031: 13410: 13349: 13334: 13186: 13047: 12500: 10585: 9859: 8954: 8899: 4924: 4860: 3041: 3034: 2990: 2168: 2136: 1101: 17550: 16953: 15686: 11984:"The sound pattern of Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome" 11429: 8590: 8575: 8560: 8545: 8530: 8515: 8500: 8485: 8470: 8455: 8440: 8425: 8390: 8375: 8360: 8345: 8330: 8315: 8300: 8232: 8219: 8206: 8193: 8157: 8142: 8127: 8112: 8097: 8082: 8067: 8052: 8037: 8022: 7987: 7972: 7957: 7942: 7927: 7912: 7897: 7882: 7867: 7852: 7817: 7802: 7787: 7772: 7757: 7742: 7727: 7712: 7697: 7682: 7351: 7327: 7303: 7286: 7269: 7252: 7230: 7227: 7177: 7174: 7171: 7135: 7118: 7110: 7075: 7072: 7044: 7041: 7018: 7015: 6991: 6974: 6971: 6941: 6906: 6902: 6879: 6862: 6845: 6828: 6811: 6808: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6768: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6695: 6678: 6675: 6639: 6636: 6633: 6599: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6566: 6562: 6538: 6520: 6485: 6468: 6450: 6447: 6423: 6406: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6378: 6342: 6325: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6263: 6241: 5971: 5959: 5955: 5614: 5606: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5560: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5503: 5496: 5489: 5485: 5415: 5403: 5389: 5375: 5356: 5342: 5326: 5314: 5269: 5265: 5249: 5245: 5191: 5163: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5116: 5108: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5082: 5043: 5039: 5023: 4644: 4637: 4630: 4623: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4570: 4563: 4556: 4552: 4537: 4530: 4523: 4516: 4501: 4497: 4481: 4469: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4428: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4385: 4366: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4180: 4176: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4123: 4119: 4088: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3988: 3981: 3959: 3928: 3897: 3859: 3844: 3835: 3821: 3808: 3758: 3654: 3639: 3610: 3574: 3533: 3490: 3478: 3474: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3436: 3425: 3413: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3372: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3293: 3289: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3247: 3241: 3237: 3224: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3168: 3164: 2225:

the sole official language of the country. A few hundred Italian settlers returned to Libya in the 2000s.

1881:

One study, analyzing the degree of differentiation of Romance languages in comparison to Latin (comparing

1699:

in Florence (1582–1583), the official legislative body of the Italian language, led to the publication of

18802: 18792: 17991: 17429: 16398: 16327: 15770: 14132: 13989: 13754: 13472: 13318: 13100: 13010: 12910: 12796: 12764: 12449: 8894: 4912: 4884: 3691:

The following are some of the conservative phonological features of Italian, as compared with the common

2768:

languages rather than variants of a single language is that they have evolved so that they are no longer

2695: 2585: 2195: 2152: 2021: 1583: 1502: 558: 17: 18734: 15777: 11427: 2513: 18574: 18481: 18306: 17712: 17284: 16719: 16277: 16213: 16184: 14919: 14508: 13984: 13979: 13809: 13437: 13257: 13164: 13137: 13072: 12946: 12480: 12406: 11755: 8889: 3281: 3089: 2937: 2476: 1195: 15557: 14154: 10626:"Una quantificazione della penetrazione della lingua italiana in Albania tramite la televisione (III)" 3375:

is realised as a trill with one or two contacts. Some literature treats the single-contact trill as a

1439:

in some contexts and the pronunciation of stressed "e", and of "s" between vowels in many words: e.g.

18787: 18486: 18448: 17299: 17211: 16820: 16661: 16376: 16305: 16287: 16270: 16265: 16255: 15757: 14732: 14241: 13839: 13605: 13528: 13492: 12510: 12475: 12470: 9544: 8919: 5199: 5171: 4389: 4370: 4080: 3685: 3379: 3361: 3353: 3335: 3327: 3297: 3049: 2997: 2681:—other than standard Italian and some languages spoken among immigrant communities—are often called " 2312:, Italian is the most spoken language after Spanish and Portuguese, with around 200,000 speakers. In 2218: 1980:

and France, especially in the southeastern part of the country. Italian was the official language in

1838: 1471: 1448: 968: 748: 731: 205: 185: 38: 12157:

Prifti, Elton (2014). "Enèrgeia in trasformazione: elementi analitici di linguistica migrazionale".

9096: 7248: 2518: 2267:

but fell out of use after government, educational and economic infrastructure were destroyed in the

1719:

An important event that helped the diffusion of Italian was the conquest and occupation of Italy by

18406: 18004: 17908: 16781: 16729: 16508: 16456: 16103: 15469: 15455: 14998: 14989: 14394: 14021: 13974: 13854: 13844: 13824: 13794: 13749: 13447: 13289: 13221: 13191: 13171: 13052: 12728: 12693: 12490: 11477: 11451: 3337: 3231: 2951: 2245: 1902: 1841:, a classification that includes most other central and southern Italian languages and the extinct 1746:

set the basis for the modern Italian language and helping create linguistic unity throughout Italy.

1739: 1301: 1175: 654: 11636: 11412: 2263:

through colonialism and was the sole official language of administration and education during the

2061:

until 1860, when it was replaced by the French. This was due to the annexation of the surrounding

919: 18376: 18336: 18316: 18296: 18199: 17372: 16963: 16917: 16798: 16771: 16710: 16647: 16593: 16300: 16260: 15827: 15798: 15790: 15752: 15733: 15714: 15662: 15630: 15539: 15515: 15158: 15143: 14929: 14837: 14694: 14571: 14374: 13734: 13497: 13354: 13324: 13299: 13216: 13176: 13115: 13014: 12779: 12749: 10324: 9533: 6133: 5820:

Latin nouns). An instance of neuter gender also exists in pronouns of the third person singular.

3681: 3386:. Single-contact trills can also occur elsewhere, particularly in unstressed syllables. Geminate 2967: 2944: 2321: 1405: 1041: 351: 333: 200: 175: 16968: 12361: 10739: 9391: 2845: 2163:) in the country (some 0.42% of the total population). Their numbers dropped dramatically after 30:

This article is about the Italian language. For the regional varieties of standard Italian, see

18751: 18514: 18311: 18090: 17306: 16724: 16670: 16322: 16054: 15497: 15284: 15201: 15116: 14924: 14634: 13432: 13420: 13196: 13181: 12873: 12515: 11733: 10131: 9417: 9040:, it is spoken by about half the population. It is also spoken by a minority in the village of 8829: 3285: 2875: 2640: 2222: 2066: 1989: 1694: 1672: 1619: 1463: 1293: 1128: 772: 669: 565: 523: 15612: 15526: 11130: 10628:[A quantification of the diffusion of the Italian language in Albania via television] 10269: 7106: 2784:, contributed to the proliferation of Standard Italian. The Italians who emigrated during the 1727:

used not only among clerks, nobility, and functionaries in the Italian courts but also by the

1657: 18636: 18534: 18466: 18436: 18391: 18386: 18361: 18219: 18122: 18067: 17873: 17868: 17521: 17499: 17390: 17318: 17141: 16803: 16566: 16194: 16122: 15850: 15738: 15719: 15706: 15429: 15347: 15196: 14700: 14543: 14340: 13739: 13666: 13646: 13560: 13509: 13267: 13247: 13057: 12651: 12619: 12505: 12485: 12399: 11935: 11910: 11885: 11860: 11835: 11810: 10447: 8934: 8847: 6082: 5920: 5234: 5050:

existed in Latin, it either disappeared or, in a few cases before a back vowel, changed to :

4748: 4485: 4336: 3329: 3146: 3076: 2958: 2911: 2902: 2769: 2722: 1950: 1676: 1613: 1607: 1563: 1416: 1352:

The Italian language has progressed through a long and slow process, which started after the

18504: 17786: 16754: 15725: 14666: 12305: 12040: 4361:. The most important of the few exceptions are the following (see below for more details): 3512: 3264:

alveolar . The stop component of the "apical" affricates is actually laminal denti-alveolar.

18426: 18416: 18366: 18326: 18284: 18279: 18274: 18264: 18249: 18244: 18239: 18224: 18209: 18204: 18194: 18189: 18184: 18179: 18072: 17846: 17462: 17435: 17361: 17221: 17020: 16948: 16900: 16894: 16857: 16840: 16189: 15907: 15510: 15191: 15168: 14939: 14799: 14753: 14494: 13590: 13405: 13294: 13272: 12926: 12824: 12708: 12576: 12378: 8841: 5816:'pairs, f. pl.'), and thus are sometimes considered neuter (these are usually derived from 5745: 4358: 4354: 2974: 2921: 2599: 2522: 2293: 2249: 1910: 1654:

was not dignified enough because it used elements from non-lyric registers of the language.

1432: 951: 17856: 17269: 16337: 15550: 15093: 15085: 14606: 14193: 14177: 10048:"Portland State Multicultural Topics in Communications Sciences & Disorders | Italian" 9941: 7068: 6516: 5581: 3504: 2143:

in the country. The official census, carried out in 2002, reported 2,258 ethnic Italians (

8: 18612: 18529: 18471: 18411: 18401: 18381: 18371: 18356: 18351: 18331: 18301: 18269: 18254: 18229: 18165: 17557: 17449: 17417: 17411: 17032: 16992: 16958: 16786: 16550: 15927: 15570: 15477: 15463: 15138: 15099: 14843: 14489: 14322: 14297: 13874: 13864: 13819: 13585: 13550: 13545: 13262: 12883: 12819: 12739: 9865: 9480: 9037: 8777: 8711: 7114: 6629: 6189:

Note: the plural form of verbs could also be used as an extremely formal (for example to

6149: 5696:'girl') or simply grammatical with no possible reference to biological gender (masculine 5273: 4895:"(he) can". The grave accent is used over any vowel to indicate word-final stress, as in 4348: 3696: 3600: 3541: 3021: 2982: 2573: 2339: 1867: 1475: 1317: 1183: 928: 910: 18683: 17820: 17253: 16928: 16862: 16158: 15763: 15676: 15597: 15273: 14820: 14598: 10658: 2718: 18624: 18441: 18396: 18321: 18291: 18062: 17791: 17647: 17605: 17571: 17565: 17455: 17398: 17355: 17338: 17076: 17069: 16905: 16693: 16634: 16490: 16478: 16357: 16295: 16017: 15969: 15858: 15125: 14934: 14884: 14481: 14472: 14458: 14276: 14221: 14162: 14068: 13999: 13849: 13834: 13814: 13671: 13612: 13565: 13487: 13344: 13314: 13304: 13279: 13252: 13159: 13152: 13088: 12844: 12839: 12556: 12210: 12174: 12117: 12005: 11785: 11074: 10479: 9851: 9786: 8914: 8873: 8814: 8791: 6098: 5817: 5681: 4304: 4076: 3636: 3299: 3254: 2870: 2682: 2678: 2652: 2533: 2355: 2264: 2172: 2160: 2041: 2005: 1906: 1863: 1855: 1842: 1834: 1763: 1743: 1602:

sway: the island's linguistic composition, roofed by the prestige of Spanish among the

1378: 1364: 1338: 1198:('e' and 'o' have mid-low and mid-high sounds). Italian has contrast between short and 1140: 1057: 877: 867: 852: 758: 260: 120: 17840: 16332: 15584: 10213: 9975: 9693: 9489: 8671: 8644: 6237: 1997: 646: 18019: 17998: 17918: 17878: 17737: 17665: 17659: 17583: 17475: 17385: 17326: 17238: 17196: 16997: 16943: 16749: 16734: 16705: 16688: 16598: 16561: 16530: 16518: 16437: 16425: 16342: 16317: 16311: 16236: 16205: 16033: 15986: 15951: 15892: 15844: 15813: 15744: 15278: 15268: 15260: 15186: 15076: 15006: 14975: 14962: 14953: 14898: 14892: 14877: 14723: 14661: 14643: 14549: 14525: 14448: 14421: 14407: 14379: 14330: 14307: 14197: 14185: 14181: 13799: 13789: 13661: 13575: 13540: 13467: 13457: 13235: 13105: 13019: 12849: 12829: 12803: 12791: 12586: 12581: 12566: 12561: 12546: 12295: 12281: 12267: 12214: 12178: 12143: 12077: 12046: 12026: 11969: 11682: 11599: 11533: 11092: 11078: 10770: 10677: 10513: 10453: 9981: 9891: 9745: 9735: 9626: 9616: 9333: 9268: 9228: 8944: 8929: 8924: 6153: 6090: 5943: 5654: 5070: 3708: 3700: 3228: 3106: 2882: 2821: 2703: 2699: 2549: 2537: 2506: 2395: 2389: 2241: 2140: 2112: 2054: 2045: 2029: 2017: 2009: 1875: 1786: 1631: 1579: 1498: 1397: 1334: 1281: 1155: 1147: 1037: 942: 802: 195: 17861: 16830: 16808: 15482: 14746: 14707: 14557: 11435:

Rhotics. New data and perspectives (Proc. of’r-atics-3, Libera Università di Bolzano

9790: 5613:. Phonetic is common in Central and Southern Italy as an intervocalic allophone of 3432:

is the initial sound of a word, if the compound is still felt as such: for example,

2001: 706: 685: Areas where it is a minority language or where it was the majority in the past 17972: 17962: 17947: 17935: 17851: 17800: 17764: 17742: 17729: 17723: 17652: 17641: 17545: 17510: 17494: 17343: 17331: 17264: 17228: 17216: 17184: 17109: 17081: 17054: 16884: 16879: 16867: 16847: 16835: 16776: 16683: 16640: 16581: 16576: 16571: 16535: 16466: 16347: 16152: 16148: 16132: 16009: 15902: 15897: 15803: 15446: 15437: 15017: 14871: 14813: 14792: 14776: 14769: 14760: 14686: 14535: 14517: 14427: 14361: 14355: 14345: 14258: 14225: 14213: 14081: 14043: 14036: 14006: 13994: 13869: 13691: 13641: 13622: 13570: 13477: 13415: 13395: 13383: 13339: 13142: 13122: 13110: 12973: 12854: 12571: 12434: 12426: 12352: 12314: 12292:

CLIC: Cultura e Lingua d'Italia in CD-ROM / Culture and Language of Italy on CD-ROM

12249: 12202: 12166: 12109: 12009: 11995: 11064: 10836: 10119:

the largest city in Ticino, and the largest Italian-speaking city outside of Italy.

9881: 9877: 9776: 8858: 8853: 8697: 6165: 6161: 6102: 5788:

as a non-gendered default plural marker. These nouns often, but not always, denote

5658: 5567: 5511: 4295:

Standard Italian also differs in some respects from most nearby Italian languages:

3704: 3677: 3658: 3614: 3578: 3537: 3528: 3261: 2865: 2860: 2785: 2729: 2656: 2492: 2345: 2289: 2285: 2268: 2144: 2096: 2037: 1859: 1822: 1804: 1646:, claimed the language might be based only on the great literary classics, such as 1494: 1479: 1420: 1266: 1221: 1199: 1136: 1112: 1093: 1032: 1009: 862: 765: 342: 319: 297: 180: 73: 31: 17747: 17697: 12941: 10625: 10555:"Albanian government makes Italian an obligatory language in professional schools" 3520: 2764:

in the area of Tuscany, Rome and Venice respectively for the infinitive "to go").

1993: 1459:"at home" is for Roman, or for standard, for Milanese and generally northern. 18588: 18056: 18042: 17923: 17825: 17815: 17759: 17610: 17598: 17538: 17533: 17348: 17277: 17259: 17233: 17206: 17136: 17093: 17005: 16986: 16938: 16825: 16791: 16744: 16739: 16461: 16393: 16365: 16038: 15978: 15932: 15607: 15544: 15352: 15333: 15303: 15251: 15232: 15148: 15024: 14850: 14739: 14656: 14651: 14611: 14580: 14217: 14016: 13779: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13656: 13580: 13442: 12961: 12859: 12744: 12644: 12551: 12129: 10664: 10507: 10014: 9551: 9540: 9029: 8964: 8959: 8939: 8868: 8863: 8805: 8725: 6259: 6173: 6169: 6137: 5670: 5662: 5638: 5596: 5360: 5223: 5219: 5214:. Other Romance languages and, to an extent, English have similar variations for 4110:

Some other features that distinguish Italian from the Western Romance languages:

3692: 3136: 2894: 2887: 2777: 2743: 2735: 2690: 2629: 2233: 2132: 2108: 2033: 1962: 1830: 1700: 1360: 1342: 1289: 1254: 933: 901: 812: 807: 797: 324: 286: 167: 155: 110: 17059: 15505: 13923: 11499: 11407: 11405: 9648:, vol. 2, Contexts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 302–308 4388:

at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound

4369:

at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound

2759: 1535:

in Italian, was seen as a time of rebirth, which is the literal meaning of both

1216:"History of Italian" redirects here. For the history of the Italian people, see 18107: 18014: 18009: 17930: 17810: 17772: 17504: 17064: 17010: 16980: 16872: 16556: 16484: 16430: 15937: 15808: 15681: 15602: 15592: 15578: 15339: 15215: 15178: 15163: 15011: 14970: 14806: 14312: 14302: 14268: 14209: 14106: 14076: 14011: 13912: 13859: 13829: 13774: 13681: 13555: 13502: 13462: 13132: 13127: 12978: 12878: 12834: 12786: 12734: 12688: 12656: 12614: 12591: 10079:"Recensement Fédéral de la Population 2000 — Le Paysage Linguistique en Suisse" 8974: 8684: 5685: 3797: 3176: 2931: 2805: 2711: 2665:

Linguistic map of Italy according to Clemente Merlo and Carlo Tagliavini (1937)

2618: 2541: 2502: 2202: 2183: 2062: 1961:. In the latter canton, however, it is only spoken by a small minority, in the 1871: 1766:, further defined the standard by "rinsing" his Milanese "in the waters of the 1684: 1599: 1595: 1571: 1493:

The economic might and relatively advanced development of Tuscany at the time (

1467: 1323:

The standard Italian language has a poetic and literary origin in the works of

1262: 1163: 887: 882: 872: 753: 460: 409: 308: 279: 255: 17153: 14101: 12254: 12237: 12206: 12000: 11983: 11573:

The Sounds, Forms, and Uses of Italian: An Introduction to Italian Linguistics

10840: 10474: 9886: 9765:"Information Technology and Economic Change: The Impact of the Printing Press" 9196:"Languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages" 5923:, so nominative pronouns are usually absent, with subject indicated by verbal 18781: 18049: 17952: 17940: 17672: 17380: 17037: 16975: 16471: 16127: 15992: 15644: 15520: 15308: 15237: 15224: 15153: 15031: 14588: 14205: 14189: 14048: 13784: 13425: 12995: 12683: 12661: 12520: 12133: 11402: 10874:

Instituto Nacional de Estadística Instituto Nacional de Estadística – Uruguay

9734:. Hill, Bennett D., Buckler, John. (8th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 9615:(2nd ed.). New York: New Amsterdam. pp. 13, 22, 19–20, 21, 35, 37. 9485: 9084: 9033: 6559:(in the sense of "I am fond of you", between lovers, friends, relatives etc.) 6141: 5644: 5572: 5440: 5074: 3866: 3376: 2685:", a label that can be very misleading if it is understood to mean "dialects 2210: 1946: 1931: 1724: 1688: 1517:

made its dialect, or rather a refined version of it, a standard in the arts.

1371: 1171: 956: 818: 421: 291: 9749: 9630: 6050:

used for both masculine and feminine singular before vowels. In the plural:

5119:

when between vowels and when clustered with voiced consonants. Intervocalic

2751: 2669: 18600: 17831: 17691: 17131: 17086: 16168: 16163: 16117: 15534: 15358: 15133: 15061: 14335: 13902: 13709: 13514: 13284: 12888: 12754: 12703: 12678: 12367: 11637:"Collins Italian Dictionary | Translations, Definitions and Pronunciations" 10869: 8763: 6157: 5666: 5453: 5445: 4868: 4840: 4332: 3494: 2781: 2565: 2382: 2326: 2164: 2049: 1970: 1826: 1635: 1562:

During this time, long-existing beliefs stemming from the teachings of the

1555: 1285: 1085: 1049: 1045: 394: 315: 250: 97: 12170: 10270:"Dal Piemonte alla Francia: la perdita dell'identità nizzarda e savoiarda" 10085: 9839:

Lingue, letterature, nazioni. Centri e periferie tra Europa e Mediterraneo

9163:"Pope Francis to receive Knights of Malta grand master Thursday – English" 5111:

word-initially before a vowel, when clustered with a voiceless consonant (

3546: 630: 17893: 17886: 17623: 17189: 16098: 15366: 14229: 13804: 13744: 13714: 13067: 12698: 11316: 11314: 9781: 9764: 9021: 6121:. 'You see her.'), after (in writing, attached to) non-conjugated verbs ( 6086: 5674: 5556: 2809: 2622: 2595: 2536:

were used, and some continue to use this regional language. Examples are

2350: 1942: 1728: 1691:

dialects. Eventually, Bembo's ideas prevailed, and the foundation of the

1641: 1526: 1514: 1506: 1277: 1073: 892: 389: 150: 102: 17158: 15398: 12339: 11679:

Practice Makes Perfect: Complete Italian Grammar, Premium Second Edition

11069: 11052: 8640: 5510:

Italian has geminate, or double, consonants, which are distinguished by

4691:("my ex-girlfriend"), "Ex-Jugoslavia" ("Former Yugoslavia"). The letter 1143:, most frequently the language spoken at home in their place of origin. 17201: 17171: 17163: 17119: 17114: 16764: 16523: 15868: 14676: 14413: 13062: 12671: 11595: 11178: 11176: 11174: 11172: 9089: 8879:

List of countries and territories where Italian is an official language

6145: 5924: 5901: 5543: 5155: 4736: 3172: 2801: 2793: 2661: 2610: 2376: 2334: 2131:, where nearly two-thirds of the population can speak it fluently (see 2092: 2072: 1938: 1898: 1886: 1850: 1767: 1603: 1412: 1393:

became the basis for what would become the official language of Italy.

1329: 1313: 1248: 1203: 1069: 384: 92: 18717: 18134: 12333:"Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. Prototipo edizione digitale" 12121: 11311: 9505:"Despite Brexit, English Remains The EU's Most Spoken Language By Far" 5419: 2468:

has 4.94 million English speakers learning the Italian language.

2274: 2178: 17967: 17805: 17147: 16442: 15836: 14453: 14096: 14086: 13969: 11207: 11205: 11203: 9971: 9025: 6106: 6006:, used before any consonant sound, and its abbreviated form, written 5912: 5330: 4744: 4440: 2797: 2561: 2553: 2428: 2408: 2319:

The main Italian-language newspapers published outside Italy are the

2309: 2304: 1890: 1882: 1798: 1679:, insisted that each local vernacular contribute to the new standard. 1578:

Italian became the language used in the courts of every state in the

1567: 1436: 1297: 1120: 639: 623: 605: 587: 245: 17593: 12319:(with a similar list of other Italian-modern languages dictionaries) 11703: 11390: 11380: 11378: 11169: 5423: 4303:, although metaphony is a feature characterizing nearly every other 2532:

In some cases, colonies were established where variants of regional

1237: 18583: 17752: 17588: 17404: 16852: 16700: 14783: 14091: 13719: 13704: 13699: 13600: 12634: 12629: 12188:"On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants" 12113: 10995: 10299:"Il monegasco, una lingua che si studia a scuola ed è obbligatoria" 10144: 8799: 8738: 6194: 6190: 5577: 5514:

and intensity. Length is distinctive for all consonants except for

5379: 5151: 5003:("year"). In the spoken language, the letter is always silent. The 4683:

is traditionally used; it is also common to use the Latin particle

4431:

pronounced , thus n also represents in the position preceding it:

4084: 3719: 3669: 2636: 2603: 2591: 2569: 2465: 2449: 2433: 2148: 2100: 2081: 1771: 1720: 1668: 1664:

preferred the version spoken by ordinary people in their own times.

1661: 1647: 1591: 1510: 1390: 1258: 1217: 1167: 1116: 779: 718: 546: 500: 470: 414: 140: 116: 17957: 11428:"A preliminary contribution to the study of phonetic variation of 11287: 11263: 11200: 10509:

Language contact and minority languages on the littorals of Europe

6002:'an uncle of mine'. The feminine singular indefinite articles are 5780:

meaning 'end, ending' (e.g. of a movie) is feminine, and both are

1927: 17576: 17441: 17179: 16603: 16588: 15313: 14829: 14384: 14369: 12666: 12391: 11591: 11500:"DOP: Dizionario di Ortografia e Pronunzia della lingua italiana" 11375: 11251: 10917: 10357:

The Malta Language Question: A Case Study in Cultural Imperialism

9805:

Lo spazio linguistico corso tra insularità e destino di frontiera

8702:"For his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art." 5789: 5650: 5346: 5020: 4724: 4708: 4700: 4411:) before the letters c and g when these represent velar plosives 3716: 3673: 2728:

Throughout Italy, regional varieties of Standard Italian, called

2707: 2545: 2457: 2420: 2360: 2313: 2296:

are not grouped together, with 375,645 claiming Italian as their

2260: 2229: 2191: 2156: 2104: 2077: 2025: 2013: 1958: 1587: 1324: 1309: 1132: 1089: 1081: 714: 550: 542: 538: 426: 126: 18768: 12100:

Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1944). "Italian phonemes and orthography".

11299: 11241: 11239: 11237: 11235: 11051:

Hajek, John; Aliani, Renata; Slaughter, Yvette (November 2022).

10624:

Longo, Maurizio; Ademi, Esmeralda; Bulija, Mirjana (June 2010).

5680:

There are two basic classes of nouns in Italian, referred to as

3684:

less than 160 kilometres (100 mi) to the north (across the

2028:

until 1859. Giuseppe Garibaldi called for the inclusion of the "

1550: 674:

Geographical distribution of the Italian language in the world:

17778: 17124: 17047: 17027: 16759: 14671: 13359: 10425:"Population by Ethnicity, by Towns/Municipalities, 2001 Census" 8635: 6113: 6105:, pejorative, attenuating, etc., which are also used to create 6094: 5986:

is used before a word beginning with any other sound. The noun

4716: 4704: 2557: 2237: 2116: 2085: 2058: 1977: 1966: 1954: 1894: 1478:

and its related dialects were largely unaffected by the Franco-

1305: 1265:

as the most prominent literary language in all of Italy in the

1077: 527: 438: 106: 6164:(present tense and past tense), one simple conjugation in the 18642: 17042: 17015: 14157: 12639: 12422: 11275: 11232: 9041: 5552: 5011:

additionally marks the contrasting open pronunciation of the

4712: 2837: 2614: 2548:

near Puebla, Mexico; each continues to use a derived form of

2206: 2128: 1981: 1501:

remained widespread in medieval Italian commercial life, and

1428: 1423:. The most characteristic differences, for instance, between 1191: 1187: 1065: 1053: 433: 379: 190: 87: 12383: 1988:

until 1860, when they were both annexed by France under the

1774:'s river), as he states in the preface to his 1840 edition. 1610:

to the Italian cultural sphere). The rediscovery of Dante's

13147: 12624: 8836: 6310: 5919:

Subject nouns generally come before the verb. Italian is a

5481: 5089:

depending on context, with few minimal pairs. For example:

4720: 3163:

Between two vowels, or between a vowel and an approximant (

2836:, 1–7 of the Bible being read by a speaker of Italian from 2625:, for instance, wrote some of his early poetry in Italian. 1985: 1780: 1483: 1424: 10445: 5744:

is a general neutral plural. A third category of nouns is

4079:

farther to the north, with different sound outcomes. (The

2464:

given time. For example, the free website and application

1711:

in 1604 followed by the first Italian dictionary in 1612.

717:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

691: Areas where Italian-speaking communities are present 12372: 12108:(2). American Association of Teachers of Italian: 72–82. 11222: 11220: 10076: 2792:

Although use of the Italian dialects has declined in the

2497: 1123:. Italian is included under the languages covered by the 12330: 9329:

Historical Linguistics: A cognitive grammar introduction

5609:

is present as a phoneme only in loanwords: for example,

3764:

Word that are an exception to this rule exist, such as:

2288:

in the Americas and Australia. Although over 17 million

1829:(colloquial spoken Latin). Standard Italian is based on 12332: 10816: 9418:"Lei n. 2.812/2021 - Do Município de Santa Teresa / ES" 16235: 11350: 11338: 11326: 11217: 9837:. Quoted in Putzu, Ignazio; Mazzon, Gabriella (2012). 9713: 9711: 6034:, which corresponds to the uses with the consonant of 4855:"why, because". In dictionaries, it is also used over 4675:

has become common in standard Italian with the prefix

2159:

reported 19,636 ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and

1150:

in Europe, being one of the official languages of the

18572: 12235: 11396: 11182: 11157: 5534:, which are always geminate when between vowels, and 2076:

Percent of inhabitants with Italian native tongue in

2048:, which is an Italo-Romance idiom similar to Tuscan. 1650:

and some part of Boccaccio). The purists thought the

16927: 15051: 11050: 10373:"La tutela delle minoranze linguistiche in Slovenia" 9392:"Lei n. 5.048/2023 - Do Município de Encantado / RS" 8753: 5019:

is also used in combinations with other letters. No

4450:

spelt with c or g before the letters i and e :

2789:

Italy, often more educated than when they had left.

2552:

dating back to the 19th century. Other examples are

1152:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

12906:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

11982:Bertinetto, Pier Marco; Loporcaro, Michele (2005). 11981: 11612: 11526:"Chapter 2: The acquisition of Italian orthography" 11320: 11293: 11269: 11211: 10429:

Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2001

10201:

Le français et les langues historiques de la France

9708: 9009:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

5026:exists in Italian. In nativized foreign words, the 2714:, from which Standard Italian derives and evolved. 1125:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

12128: 11384: 11188: 11145: 10088:: Office fédéral de la statistique. Archived from 5736:'girls'). For a group composed of boys and girls, 3390:manifests as a trill with three to seven contacts. 2486: 1606:, would therein make for a rather slow process of 1486:from France during the Middle Ages, but after the 13953: 12242:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 12195:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 11988:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 10466: 9874:Sforza Pallavicino: A Jesuit Life in Baroque Rome 9835:I Savoia e le "vie" dell'unificazione linguistica 3221:are the only consonants that cannot be geminated. 2196:annexation of the country to the Kingdom of Italy 1060:(meaning that Italian and Sardinian are the most 18779: 15084: 10623: 10472: 9611:Lepschy, Anna Laura; Lepschy, Giulio C. (1988). 9557: 4223:is not preserved, and vowel changes rather than 3854: 3544: 3489:Italian has a seven-vowel system, consisting of 3428:when intervocalic, except when the intervocalic 3416:'spindle'. According to Canepari, although, the 1566:began to be understood from new perspectives as 1367:. Dante's epic poems, known collectively as the 1261:(bottom) were influential in establishing their 11575:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 21, 66. 9020:Italian is the main language of the valleys of 5566:Of special interest to the linguistic study of 4407:, which is pronounced (as in the English word 2698:", which are officially recognized as distinct 2012:) took refuge in Italy in the following years. 1052:. Italian is the least divergent language from 37:"Italiano" redirects here. For other uses, see 11532:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–33. 11123:"Lingue di Minoranza e Scuola: Carta Generale" 11028:. Esteri.it. 28 September 2007. Archived from 10293: 10291: 9646:The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages 9610: 9444:"MULTILINGVISM ŞI LIMBI MINORITARE ÎN ROMÂNIA" 3942: 3911: 3880: 3848: 3707:). Some of these features are also present in 1937:Italian is the official language of Italy and 1790: 1220:. For the history of the Italian culture, see 18150: 16221: 16081: 15414: 14997: 14140: 13939: 12407: 11528:. In Harris, Margaret; Hatano, Giyoo (eds.). 9850:This faction was headed by Vincenzo Calmeta, 9643: 9591:List of Italian musical terms used in English 9476:"Europeans and their languages - Report - en" 8985:List of Italian musical terms used in English 8950:Italian-language international radio stations 8827: 8818: 7635: 7620: 7605: 7590: 7575: 7560: 7545: 7530: 7515: 7500: 7343: 7337: 7319: 7313: 7296: 7279: 7262: 7240: 7220: 7214: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7163: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7128: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7060: 7054: 7034: 7028: 7007: 7001: 6984: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6934: 6928: 6922: 6916: 6895: 6889: 6872: 6855: 6838: 6821: 6790: 6784: 6778: 6761: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6711: 6705: 6688: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6621: 6615: 6609: 6582: 6576: 6554: 6548: 6530: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6478: 6460: 6439: 6433: 6416: 6398: 6370: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6335: 6317: 6308: 6285: 6279: 6273: 6251: 6229: 6213: 6204: 5904:for gender and number (singular and plural). 5776:meaning 'aim', 'purpose' is masculine, while 5720:'boys'), and feminine nouns typically end in 4299:Perhaps most noticeable is the total lack of 3948: 3936: 3917: 3905: 3886: 3874: 3830: 3824: 2800:is still frequently encountered in Italy and 2380: 1923:Geographical distribution of Italian speakers 1878:. Estimates may differ according to sources. 1808: 1796: 1778: 1751: 1692: 1639: 1611: 1542: 1530: 1453: 1441: 1383: 1369: 1022: 999: 976: 770: 679: Areas where it is the majority language 571: 563: 349: 340: 60: 54: 15223: 12280:, LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano, 2003, 12266:, LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano, 1992, 12236:Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004). 11968:, Understanding Language series, Routledge, 11701: 11570: 10678:"L'emigrazione italiana in Africa orientale" 10262: 9866:"Language and Idiom in Sforza Pallavicino's 8636:Nobel Prizes for Italian language literature 3954: 3923: 3892: 3839: 2256:(Italian international senior high school). 1536: 1158:. It is the third-most-widely spoken native 18117:languages with more than 5 million speakers 11704:"Dizionario italiano-inglese WordReference" 10944:"Come si informano gli italiani all'estero" 10870:"Encuesta Telefónica de Idiomas (ETI) 2019" 10835:(2). Università degli Studi di Milano: 20. 10375:(in Italian). 22 April 2020. Archived from 10288: 5704:'coast'). Masculine nouns typically end in 5194:when word-final and before the back vowels 5166:when word-final and before the back vowels 3272:are apical alveolar in most environments. 2706:(a language spoken on the French island of 2598:with the strength of Italy and the rise of 1704: 18157: 18143: 17700:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance) 16228: 16214: 16088: 16074: 15421: 15407: 14147: 14133: 13946: 13932: 12414: 12400: 11571:Clivio, Gianrenzo; Danesi, Marcel (2000). 11566: 11564: 10822: 10446:Thammy Evans & Rudolf Abraham (2013). 10367: 10365: 10137: 10077:Lüdi, Georges; Werlen, Iwar (April 2005). 9934: 9527: 9468: 9137:"Centro documentazione per l'integrazione" 9111:"Centro documentazione per l'integrazione" 7304:/loˈstudjodellitaˈljanoaˈɡuttsalinˈdʒeɲɲo/ 5479:is stressed. For example, it is silent in 5158:depending on following vowels. The letter 5135:being more dominant in northern Italy and 3816:Preservation of geminate consonants, e.g. 3234:, commonly called "dental" for simplicity. 2201:Due to heavy Italian influence during the 1916: 983: 969: 668: 15428: 12253: 12025:] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, 11999: 11068: 11018: 10970:"Il giornale italo-brasiliano (Fanfulla)" 10505: 9885: 9780: 9384: 9007:Recognized as a minority language by the 9003: 9001: 7298:Lo studio dell'italiano aguzza l'ingegno. 6193:people in monarchies) singular form (see 5990:'uncle' selects masculine singular, thus 4699:and in some Italian place-names, such as 2646: 1996:", or the emigration of a quarter of the 1750:Italian literature's first modern novel, 1482:influences introduced to Italy mainly by 18798:Languages attested from the 10th century 14480: 12384:Articles related to the Italian language 12185: 12016: 11585: 11474:"Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia" 11448:"Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia" 11356: 11344: 11332: 11305: 11281: 11257: 11245: 11226: 10506:Lodge, R. Anthony; Pugh, Stefan (2007). 10317: 10206: 9663:. Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana. 8639: 5684:, masculine and feminine. Gender may be 4396:(as the first sound in the English word 4377:(as the first sound in the English word 3800:accent and historical standard Italian) 3631:"to win, earn, gain" < Vulgar Latin * 2825: 2679:other languages spoken as the vernacular 2668: 2660: 2512: 2496: 2454:Italian Secondary School in Rijeka/Fiume 2448: 2273: 2177: 2071: 1976:Italian is also spoken by a minority in 1926: 1738: 1549: 1341:that date from 960 to 963, although the 1178:as well as the official language of the 1154:and one of the working languages of the 18164: 14961: 12278:Capitoli di Storia Linguistica Italiana 12071: 12038: 12019:Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana 11756:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 11734:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 11588:Il MªPI – Manuale di pronuncia italiana 11561: 10362: 10130:The Vatican City State appendix to the 10070: 9863: 9762: 9717: 9658: 9325: 8980:List of English words of Italian origin 7293:The study of Italian sharpens the mind. 6132:There are three regular sets of verbal 5942:There are both indefinite and definite 5576:, or "Tuscan Throat", the weakening or 3420:standard has been replaced by a modern 3171:), consonants can be both singleton or 2024:. Italian was the official language of 1598:well into the late 18th century, under 1415:. Those dialects now have considerable 711:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 18780: 12156: 12090: 11676: 11672: 11670: 11668: 11666: 11664: 11662: 11631: 11629: 11627: 11618: 11151: 10602:from the original on 23 September 2015 10475:"Election Opens Old Wounds in Trieste" 9692:. Italian-language.biz. Archived from 9496: 9346:from the original on 18 September 2023 9307:from the original on 18 September 2023 9281:from the original on 18 September 2023 9143:from the original on 23 September 2015 9080: 8998: 4747:equivalent native Italian letters and 3620:; Italian usually prefers the shorter 18138: 16209: 16069: 15977: 15402: 14128: 13927: 12395: 12382: 12264:Studi di Storia della Lingua Italiana 12159:Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 11963: 11523: 11369: 10976:from the original on 14 December 2022 10950:from the original on 14 December 2022 10880:from the original on 28 October 2020. 10800:. Americaeconomia.com. 16 July 2015. 10583: 10359:, Valletta: Said International, 1993. 10181:from the original on 19 February 2020 9856:La secchia rapita, L’oceano e le rime 9729: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9600: 9598: 9332:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 9208:from the original on 13 December 2022 9190: 9188: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9060: 8905:Italian language in the United States 8622:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 8606:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 8398: 8226:two thousand (and) twenty-four (2024) 2279:Italian language in the United States 2228:Italian was the official language of 2213:, Italian greatly declined under the 1734: 1497:) gave its language weight, although 1088:. It has official minority status in 1031: 1008: 72: 18649: 12952:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 12099: 11936:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1997" 11911:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1975" 11886:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1959" 11861:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1934" 11836:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1926" 11811:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906" 11744:from the original on 7 January 2022. 11194: 11163: 11006:from the original on 23 October 2022 10898:from the original on 6 November 2015 10847:from the original on 2 February 2017 10804:from the original on 19 October 2015 10778:from the original on 11 October 2017 10526:from the original on 8 December 2022 10487:from the original on 9 February 2010 10391: 10276:from the original on 5 November 2021 10250:from the original on 3 November 2021 10203:, Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot, p.113 9488:. pp. 10 and 19. Archived from 9372:from the original on 27 January 2024 7653: 6168:, and one simple conjugation in the 5546:. There is only one vibrant phoneme 4551:before another vowel represent only 4435:. Elsewhere the letter n represents 4403:The letter n represents the phoneme 2723:substrata, superstrata, and adstrata 2286:immigrant and expatriate communities 1992:, a development that triggered the " 1113:immigrant and expatriate communities 12348:Swadesh list in English and Italian 12139:The Sounds of the World's Languages 11681:. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. 11659: 11624: 10892:"2011 Census QuickStats: Australia" 10690:from the original on 20 August 2013 10675: 10452:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 11. 10417: 10305:from the original on 17 August 2022 10224:from the original on 2 January 2018 10155:from the original on 15 August 2013 9970: 9924:"I Promessi sposi or The Betrothed" 9904:from the original on 1 October 2022 9565:"Italian — University of Leicester" 9502: 9424:from the original on 11 August 2024 9398:from the original on 11 August 2024 9326:Winters, Margaret E. (8 May 2020). 9239:from the original on 6 January 2020 9173:from the original on 13 August 2023 9117:from the original on 1 January 2016 8647:, the first Italian to receive the 8273: 6026:, which corresponds to the uses of 5950:is masculine singular, used before 5784:in the plural, a clear instance of 5115:), and when doubled; it symbolizes 3976:Slower consonant development, e.g. 3722:of consonants between vowels, e.g. 3276:are laminal denti-alveolar before 2673:Italy's ethno-linguistic minorities 2473:Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2190:It formerly had official status in 2121:Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands 2091:It formerly had official status in 1795:("slave", that is "your servant"), 1707:Floris italicae linguae libri novem 1182:. Italian has a significant use in 24: 18121:Languages between parentheses are 14323:Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan) 12421: 12059:from the original on 27 April 2024 11714:from the original on 7 August 2015 11586:Canepari, Luciano (January 1999). 11546:from the original on 27 April 2024 11103:from the original on 27 April 2024 10714:United States Bureau of the Census 10640:from the original on 8 August 2014 10634:Education et Sociétés Plurilingues 10593:Education et Sociétés Plurilingues 10565:from the original on 9 August 2018 10512:. Logos Verlag. pp. 235–238. 10337:from the original on 3 August 2008 10084:(in French, German, and Italian). 9952:from the original on 30 April 2021 9868:Trattato dello stile e del dialogo 9769:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 9723: 9595: 9260: 9185: 9057: 6160:), two simple conjugations in the 6112:There are 27 pronouns, grouped in 4919:), with a few exceptions, such as 4779:(including in the standard prefix 4439:pronounced , including before the 4384:The letter g represents the sound 4365:The letter c represents the sound 2643:and especially in culinary terms. 2125:Kingdom of Italy in the Dodecanese 1594:, which on the contrary underwent 450:An order and various organisations 25: 18854: 18556:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 18001:(unknown further classification) 12331:Salvatore Battaglia (1961–2002). 12324: 12023:Handbook of Italian Pronunciation 11766:from the original on 31 July 2021 11647:from the original on 15 July 2017 11321:Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005) 11294:Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005) 11270:Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005) 11212:Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005) 10746:from the original on 4 March 2016 10301:(in Italian). 15 September 2014. 9690:"History of the Italian language" 9667:from the original on 10 July 2015 7359: 6042:which corresponds to the uses of 4342: 4243:"female friend(s)" (cf. Romanian 3393:The phonemic distinction between 3145: 3125: 3115: 3097: 3088: 3064: 3056: 3048: 3040: 3033: 3026: 3010: 3003: 2996: 2989: 2973: 2966: 2957: 2950: 2943: 2936: 2920: 2910: 2901: 2710:) is closely related to medieval 2151:(0.11% of the total population). 1816: 1488:Norman conquest of southern Italy 1194:, and the language has a 7-vowel 1180:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 456:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 18760: 18743: 18726: 18709: 18692: 18675: 18658: 18630: 18618: 18606: 18594: 18582: 16097: 15380: 15054: 14173:Historical linguistic minorities 14156: 13963:Italian languages & dialects 13908: 13907: 13896: 11928: 11903: 11878: 11853: 11828: 11803: 11786:"Giosue Carducci | Italian poet" 11778: 11748: 11726: 11695: 11579: 11517: 11492: 11385:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) 11127:Minoranze-linguistiche-scuola.it 10924:from the original on 24 May 2022 10918:"QUOTIDIANI ITALIANI ALL'ESTERO" 10473:James M. Markham (6 June 1987). 10244:"Mediterraneo e lingua italiana" 9515:from the original on 7 June 2023 9095: 8798: 8784: 8770: 8756: 6093:. There are numerous productive 5900:Nouns, adjectives, and articles 3941:"I did" (cf. Romanian dialectal 3356:. In a large number of accents, 2844:This section is an excerpt from 2579: 2290:Americans are of Italian descent 2284:Italian is also spoken by large 1909:. As in most Romance languages, 1464:Gallo-Italic linguistic panorama 1247: 1236: 1111:Italian is also spoken by large 836:The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis 491:Mediterranean Universities Union 13637:Orders, decorations, and medals 11956: 11466: 11440: 11420: 11397:Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004) 11362: 11183:Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004) 11115: 11085: 11044: 10988: 10962: 10936: 10910: 10884: 10862: 10790: 10758: 10732: 10710:"Language Spoken at Home: 2000" 10702: 10669: 10652: 10617: 10586:"La lingua italiana in Albania" 10577: 10547: 10538: 10499: 10439: 10349: 10325:"Europeans and their Languages" 10236: 10193: 10167: 10149:Monaco-IQ Business Intelligence 10124: 10107: 10040: 10023: 9994: 9964: 9916: 9844: 9827: 9814: 9797: 9756: 9682: 9652: 9637: 9583: 9436: 9410: 9358: 9319: 9014: 8884:The Italian Language Foundation 8598: 6184: 5740:is the plural, suggesting that 4326: 3680:, radically different from the 2702:by the law. On the other hand, 2487:Influence and derived languages 2259:Italian was also introduced to 2254:Liceo Sperimentale "G. Marconi" 2248:(Italian primary school with a 2127:). Italian is widely spoken in 1932:Italian language in Switzerland 1377:, to which another Tuscan poet 1347:Commodilla catacomb inscription 18125:of the language on their left. 17995:(Western Romance-based pidgin) 11432:in Italian and Italo-Romance." 11057:History of Education Quarterly 10177:(in Italian). 28 August 2017. 9942:"Similar languages to Italian" 9293: 9254: 9221: 9155: 9129: 9103: 8817:(includes "Italian dialects", 6438:(for a good night sleeping) / 5712:'boy'), with plural marked by 5150:vary in pronunciation between 4310:No simplification of original 3466: 2846:Italian phonology § Consonants 2696:historical language minorities 1945:(after German and French; see 1520: 1160:language in the European Union 13: 1: 18843:Subject–verb–object languages 12313:(in Italian). it – via 11437:(2011): 209–226, pp. 213–214. 10433:Croatian Bureau of Statistics 9534:Europeans and their Languages 9449:(in Romanian). Archived from 9051: 8970:Languages of the Vatican City 8910:Italian language in Venezuela 5661:exist for personal pronouns ( 5653:is typical of the grammar of 5604:voiced postalveolar fricative 4907:-mid vowel, a stressed final 4731:, an alternative spelling of 4400:) before the letters e and i. 4381:) before the letters e and i. 4227:are used to mark the plural: 2756:replace the standard Italian 2477:Institutes of Italian Culture 1866:, 82% with Spanish, 80% with 1858:is 89% with French, 87% with 1714: 1590:(but not in the neighbouring 1042:Indo-European language family 825:Pontifical Academy of Arcadia 12294:, Interlinea, Novara, 2008, 9860:Francesco Sforza Pallavicino 9732:A history of Western society 8955:Lessico etimologico italiano 8900:Italian language in Slovenia 7125:I do not understand Italian. 5299:Before back vowel (A, O, U) 4687:to mean "former(ly)" as in: 3695:languages (French, Spanish, 3326:, where they are pronounced 2815: 2444: 2331:L'Informazione di San Marino 2139:is an officially recognized 2137:Italian language in Slovenia 2020:to France in 1769 after the 1096:, and the municipalities of 788: 7: 17992:Mediterranean Lingua Franca 13677:Water supply and sanitation 13101:Italian geographical region 12969:Monarchy and the World Wars 12911:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 12797:War of the Sicilian Vespers 12450:Timeline of Italian history 12307:Treccani Italian Dictionary 11414:A Handbook of Pronunciation 10823:Bernasconi, Giulia (2012). 10151:. Lydia Porter. 2007–2013. 9567:. .le.ac.uk. Archived from 8895:Italian language in Croatia 8749: 6054:is the masculine plural of 5982:, while masculine singular 5542:are realized as lengthened 5113:⟨p, f, c, ch⟩ 4337:extra terminal vowel sounds 4275:"three, six" (cf. Romanian 2586:Mediterranean Lingua Franca 2153:Italian language in Croatia 1402:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 1354:Western Roman Empire's fall 1033:[ˈliŋɡwaitaˈljaːna] 10: 18859: 17694:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish) 16720:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata 16514:Central−Southern Calabrian 14920:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata 14403:Central-Southern Calabrian 13596:Inventions and discoveries 13006:Fall of the Fascist regime 12989:Fourth War of Independence 12947:Expedition of the Thousand 12937:Second War of Independence 12093:Enciclopedia dell'italiano 12039:Berloco, Fabrizio (2018). 12017:Canepari, Luciano (1992), 11710:(in Italian and English). 10766:"Data tables, 2016 Census" 10636:(in Italian) (28): 53–63. 10595:(in Italian) (22): 51–56. 10218:, Encyclopedia Britannica" 9763:Dittmar, Jeremiah (2011). 9659:Coletti, Vittorio (2011). 9613:The Italian language today 8890:Italian language in Brazil 7648: 7201:(Voi) avete ragione/torto! 6734:("I am sorry", if male) / 6581:(for male/males or mixed) 6070:is the plural of feminine 5642: 5636: 5632: 5492:, but it is pronounced in 5463:is silent in the digraphs 5302:Before front vowel (I, E) 5123:varies regionally between 4695:appears in the first name 4427:. The letter q represents 4346: 3591:"same" < Vulgar Latin * 3468: 2843: 2819: 2650: 2583: 2521:, in Spanish, Italian and 2490: 2439:La gazzetta del Sud Africa 1920: 1227: 1215: 1211: 1206:(doubling) of consonants. 36: 29: 18828:Languages of Vatican City 18543: 18495: 18457: 18172: 18099: 18083: 18034: 17983: 17907: 17711: 17684: 17633: 17485: 17371: 17317: 17298: 17249: 16916: 16669: 16660: 16621: 16501: 16386: 16375: 16286: 16248: 16177: 16141: 16110: 16047: 16026: 16008: 15968: 15950: 15920: 15885: 15867: 15835: 15826: 15789: 15705: 15653: 15621: 15569: 15496: 15454: 15445: 15436: 15326: 15296: 15259: 15250: 15214: 15177: 15124: 15115: 15075: 15071: 15049: 14988: 14952: 14910: 14862: 14733:Comasco-Lecchese dialects 14685: 14642: 14633: 14597: 14579: 14570: 14534: 14516: 14507: 14471: 14439: 14393: 14321: 14285: 14267: 14249: 14240: 14236: 14169: 14115: 14067: 13962: 13892: 13690: 13536: 13527: 13391: 13382: 13370:Security and intelligence 13243: 13234: 13096: 13087: 13030: 12957:Third War of Independence 12932:First War of Independence 12919: 12812: 12721: 12602: 12539: 12458: 12442: 12433: 12389: 12353:Italorussian (Италоруссо) 12255:10.1017/S0025100304001628 12207:10.1017/S0025100312000199 12186:Recasens, Daniel (2013), 12091:Simone, Raffaele (2010). 12072:Palermo, Massimo (2015). 12001:10.1017/S0025100305002148 11641:www.collinsdictionary.com 11260:, pp. 57, 84, 88–89. 10894:. Censusdata.abs.gov.au. 10825:"L'Italiano in Venezuela" 9887:10.1163/9789004517240_008 9824:, pp. 80–93, Iskra, 2006. 9366:"World Population Review" 8828: 8649:Nobel Prize in Literature 6740:("I am sorry", if female) 5911:There are three types of 5367: 5306: 5301: 5298: 3566:, Spanish and Portuguese 3447:meaning 'I perceive') vs 3371:Intervocalically, single 3153: 3151: 3140: 3131: 3110: 3082: 3080: 3071: 3016: 2986: 2963: 2926: 2886: 2874: 2864: 2859: 2677:In Italy, almost all the 2544:is used, and the town of 1965:. Ticino, which includes 1693: 1174:(common language) in the 771: 749:Italo-Dalmatian languages 697: 667: 653: 637: 621: 603: 585: 580: 564: 557: 514: 367:Official language in 365: 360: 330: 305: 273: 238: 164: 146: 136: 80: 68: 53: 48: 39:Italiano (disambiguation) 18823:Languages of Switzerland 17002:North American dialects 16509:Extreme Southern Italian 16104:Languages of Switzerland 13048:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 13043:Institutional referendum 11964:Ashby, Patricia (2011), 11524:Cossu, Giuseppe (1999). 11308:, pp. 57–59, 88–89. 10663:17 December 2008 at the 10584:Longo, Maurizio (2007). 10115:Retail Market Study 2015 9864:Bellini, Eraldo (2022). 8991: 6553:(between lovers only) / 6444:(for a good night awake) 6179: 5724:, with plural marked by 5210:before the front vowels 5182:before the front vowels 5030:is silent. For example, 4923:, with a stressed final 4871:is used over word-final 4843:is used over word-final 4091:between vowels, such as 2519:San Francisco, Argentina 2246:Italian School of Asmara 2184:its colonial possessions 2169:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 2065:to France following the 1839:Italo-Dalmatian language 1837:, and is, therefore, an 1381:later affixed the title 1363:, written in his native 1349:is also a similar case. 1176:Roman Catholic hierarchy 730:This article is part of 356:"(Signed Exact Italian)" 153:: 65 million (2022) 18813:Languages of San Marino 16421:Central−Northern Latian 15669:Eastern Lower Carniolan 15637:Eastern Upper Carniolan 14293:Central-Northern Latian 13571:Emigration and diaspora 12780:Guelphs and Ghibellines 12765:the Sardinian Judicates 11966:Understanding Phonetics 11790:Encyclopædia Britannica 11677:Danesi, Marcel (2008). 11417:, chapter 3: «Italian». 10841:10.13130/2037-3597/1921 10199:Abalain, Hervé, (2007) 10134:is entirely in Italian. 10013:10 January 2023 at the 9730:McKay, John P. (2006). 9233:Encyclopædia Britannica 8233:/dueˌmilaˈventikwattro/ 7478: 7352:/mipjatʃe//mipjattʃono/ 7328:/didovessˈɛi//didoveˈɛ/ 7195:(Lei) ha ragione/torto! 7189:(Tu) hai ragione/torto! 7136:/nonkaˌpiskolitaˈljano/ 7130:Non capisco l'italiano. 5473:⟨a, o, u⟩ 5286:⟨a, o, u⟩ 5196:⟨a, o, u⟩ 5168:⟨a, o, u⟩ 4983:(present indicative of 4859:to indicate a stressed 4847:to indicate a stressed 4727:, among others, and in 4484:. It is used to form a 3796:"needle", (only in the 3682:Gallo-Italian languages 3318:do not contrast before 3179:. For example, compare 2215:rule of Muammar Gaddafi 2203:Italian colonial period 1917:Geographic distribution 1809: 1791: 1624:problem of the language 1406:Austro-Hungarian Empire 1320:as distinct languages. 1141:local language of Italy 352:italiano segnato esatto 18215:Bosnia and Herzegovina 16725:Gallo-Italic of Sicily 16055:Yugoslav Sign Language 14925:Gallo-Italic of Sicily 14717:Bustocco and Legnanese 13453:Science and technology 13401:Italian regions by GDP 13202:Marine protected areas 12874:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 10132:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 10113:Marc-Christian Riebe, 9539:6 January 2016 at the 8886:(in the United States) 8830:Accademia della Crusca 8819: 8651: 7636: 7621: 7606: 7591: 7576: 7561: 7546: 7531: 7516: 7501: 7348:(for multiple objects) 7344: 7338: 7320: 7314: 7297: 7280: 7263: 7241: 7237:Where is the bathroom? 7221: 7215: 7200: 7194: 7188: 7164: 7158: 7152: 7146: 7129: 7098: 7092: 7086: 7061: 7055: 7035: 7029: 7008: 7002: 6985: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6896: 6890: 6873: 6856: 6839: 6822: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6762: 6736: 6730: 6724: 6718: 6712: 6710:(only "I am sorry") / 6706: 6702:Excuse me / I am sorry 6689: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6650: 6622: 6616: 6610: 6583: 6577: 6555: 6549: 6531: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6479: 6461: 6440: 6434: 6417: 6399: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6336: 6318: 6309: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6252: 6230: 6214: 6205: 5748:for gender, ending in 5677:), but not for nouns. 4599:'biology'). Elsewhere 4480:'year' both represent 4191:"eye" (cf. Portuguese 4012:; but note Portuguese 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3910:"eight" (cf. Romanian 3906: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3879:"peace" (cf. Romanian 3875: 3855: 3849: 3840: 3831: 3825: 3545: 3527: 3519: 3511: 3509:"fourteen" < Latin 3503: 3458:(northern-central) or 2840: 2758: 2750: 2742: 2734: 2674: 2666: 2647:Languages and dialects 2525: 2510: 2460: 2381: 2371:(United Kingdom), the 2281: 2187: 2088: 2067:Treaty of Turin (1860) 1934: 1797: 1779: 1752: 1747: 1705: 1695:Accademia della Crusca 1673:Baldassare Castiglione 1640: 1620:questione della lingua 1612: 1586:used on the island of 1559: 1543: 1537: 1531: 1454: 1442: 1384: 1370: 1294:Mutual intelligibility 1129:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1044:that evolved from the 1023: 1000: 773:Accademia della Crusca 699:This article contains 572: 566:Accademia della Crusca 524:Bosnia and Herzegovina 350: 341: 61: 55: 18833:Languages of Slovenia 17212:Poitevin–Saintongeais 15877:Eastern Herzegovinian 15697:South White Carniolan 15692:North White Carniolan 15488:North Pohorje–Remšnik 15430:Languages of Slovenia 15348:Italian Sign Language 15297:Other German dialects 14440:Other Italo-Dalmatian 13652:Public administration 12760:the Holy Roman Empire 12171:10.1515/zrp-2014-0001 12142:. Oxford: Blackwell. 11284:, pp. 58, 88–89. 11248:, pp. 68, 75–76. 9811:, 43, pp. 79–80, 2003 9661:"Storia della lingua" 9550:29 April 2013 at the 9264:The peoples of Europe 8935:Italian Sign Language 8920:Italian musical terms 8848:Enciclopedia Italiana 8643: 7318:(general, informal)/ 7281:Il conto, per favore. 7082:Do you speak English? 6913:How much? / How many? 6587:(for female/females) 5921:null-subject language 5264:indicate "softness" ( 5046:respectively. (Where 4849:front close-mid vowel 4267:"female friend(s)"); 4153:"eight" (cf. Spanish 4083:, the most important 4081:La Spezia–Rimini Line 3991:"leaf" (cf. Romanian 3730:"life" (cf. Romanian 3686:La Spezia–Rimini Line 3443:meaning 'before' and 3424:which always prefers 3422:neutral pronunciation 3240:are pre-velar before 2832: 2770:mutually intelligible 2672: 2664: 2556:, an Italian–Spanish 2516: 2501:Municipalities where 2500: 2452: 2387:(United States), the 2277: 2181: 2075: 1930: 1742: 1677:Gian Giorgio Trissino 1634:, headed by Venetian 1614:De vulgari eloquentia 1564:Roman Catholic Church 1553: 1503:Ligurian (or Genoese) 1449:La Spezia–Rimini Line 1339:province of Benevento 1316:) and are classified 780:Enciclopedia Treccani 18838:Languages of Croatia 18166:Languages of Europe 17021:St. Marys Bay French 16545:Neapolitan–Calabrese 16142:Major dialect groups 14800:Southwestern Lombard 13880:World Heritage Sites 13335:Council of Ministers 13073:Coronavirus pandemic 12471:Currency and coinage 12074:Linguistica italiana 11026:"Dati e statistiche" 10742:. Netcapricorn.com. 10676:Podestà, Gian Luca. 9858:. Bari. p. 235) and 9554:, published in 2012. 9036:. In the village of 8842:CILS (Qualification) 7287:/ilˌkontoperfaˈvore/ 7184:You are right/wrong! 7051:I do not understand. 6975:/kwalˈɛilˌsu.oˈnome/ 6127:Vedo lui, ma non lei 6010:used before vowels: 5998:'an old uncle,' but 5752:in the singular and 5274:affricate consonants 5254:⟨i, e⟩ 5216:⟨c, g⟩ 5212:⟨e, i⟩ 5184:⟨e, i⟩ 4925:back close-mid vowel 4887:respectively, as in 4881:front open-mid vowel 4861:back close-mid vowel 4359:phonemic orthography 4318:(which often became 3865:Preservation of all 3829:"year" (cf. Spanish 3750:"foot" (cf. Spanish 3462:(southern-central). 2437:(Australia) and the 2322:L'Osservatore Romano 2294:varieties of Chinese 2252:department) and the 2234:Italian colonisation 2221:population and made 2032:" within Italy when 2022:Treaty of Versailles 1785:is derived from the 1433:syntactic gemination 1400:, or Austria in the 1356:in the 5th century. 1010:[itaˈljaːno] 952:Syntactic gemination 74:[itaˈljaːno] 18818:Languages of Sicily 18808:Languages of Monaco 18458:States with limited 17373:Galician–Portuguese 16399:Central Marchigiano 15100:Vaccarizzo Albanian 13411:Automotive industry 13350:Metropolitan cities 12896:Early Modern period 12869:Kingdom of Sardinia 12820:Italian city-states 11590:(second ed.). 11323:, pp. 134–135. 11070:10.1017/heq.2022.30 10720:on 12 February 2020 10095:on 29 November 2007 9696:on 3 September 2006 9456:on 14 December 2019 9229:"Romance languages" 8778:Vatican City portal 8712:Salvatore Quasimodo 8267:/ˈmilleˈmiˈljardi/ 8229:duemilaventiquattro 7342:(for one object) / 7310:Where are you from? 7111:/parˌlateinˈɡleːse/ 6959:Qual è il suo nome? 6375:(general, informal) 6150:imperfective aspect 6081:There are numerous 4913:back open-mid vowel 4911:is almost always a 4885:back open-mid vowel 4559:with no /i/ sound ( 4355:shallow orthography 4349:Italian orthography 3980:> Italo-Western 3869:final vowels, e.g. 3439:('I foresee', with 3253:Dentalized laminal 3250:have two variants: 3187:('fact'). However, 2854: 2853:Consonant phonemes 2574:Rioplatense Spanish 2517:Trilingual sign in 2405:L'Italia del Popolo 2401:Il punto d'incontro 2340:Corriere del Ticino 2217:, who expelled the 2175:from 1492 to 1807. 1658:Niccolò Machiavelli 1462:In contrast to the 1184:musical terminology 1146:Italian is a major 516:Recognised minority 347:"(Signed Italian)" 18803:Languages of Italy 18793:Fusional languages 17787:Catalan Ribagorçan 17634:Pyrenean–Mozarabic 16906:Judaeo-Piedmontese 16816:Bustocco–Legnanese 16611:Northern Calabrian 16111:Official languages 16027:Minority languages 15886:Standard varieties 14935:Judaeo-Piedmontese 14911:Other Gallo-Italic 14163:Languages of Italy 14069:Pidgin & Mixed 13473:Telecommunications 12840:Maritime republics 11940:www.nobelprize.org 11915:www.nobelprize.org 11890:www.nobelprize.org 11865:www.nobelprize.org 11840:www.nobelprize.org 11815:www.nobelprize.org 11702:Kellogg, Michael. 11411:Luciano Canepari, 11133:on 10 October 2017 11093:"Italian Language" 10829:Italiano LinguaDue 10480:The New York Times 10216:Sardinian language 10058:on 6 February 2017 9852:Alessandro Tassoni 9782:10.1093/qje/qjr035 8915:Italian literature 8874:Italian honorifics 8815:Languages of Italy 8792:Switzerland portal 8652: 8399:Months of the year 7389:what (standalone) 7025:Yes, I understand. 6948:What is your name? 6152:, past tense with 6016:una camicia bianca 5469:⟨gi⟩ 5465:⟨ci⟩ 5455:⟨gh⟩ 5447:⟨ch⟩ 5262:⟨gi⟩ 5258:⟨ci⟩ 5242:⟨gh⟩ 5238:⟨ch⟩ 4817:⟨cs⟩ 4813:⟨zz⟩ 4805:⟨ss⟩ 4773:⟨ch⟩ 4757:⟨ge⟩ 4753:⟨gi⟩ 4465:is always silent: 4263:"male friend(s)", 4235:"male friend(s)", 3558:"week" < Latin 2852: 2841: 2700:minority languages 2675: 2667: 2653:Languages of Italy 2564:and especially in 2534:languages of Italy 2526: 2511: 2505:is co-official in 2461: 2356:La Voce del Popolo 2282: 2188: 2173:Republic of Ragusa 2161:Dalmatian Italians 2089: 2042:Victor Emmanuel II 2006:Giuseppe Garibaldi 2000:to Italy, and the 1935: 1856:lexical similarity 1835:Florentine dialect 1825:, a descendant of 1764:Alessandro Manzoni 1748: 1744:Alessandro Manzoni 1735:Contemporary times 1560: 1541:(from French) and 1379:Giovanni Boccaccio 1137:regional varieties 121:Slovenian Littoral 18570: 18569: 18564: 18563: 18132: 18131: 18108:extinct languages 18030: 18029: 17707: 17706: 17666:Navarro-Aragonese 17551:Peruvian Ribereño 17476:Judaeo-Portuguese 17391:Galician–Asturian 17294: 17293: 17285:Old Gallo-Romance 17239:Wisconsin Walloon 16656: 16655: 16629:Dalmatian Romance 16237:Romance languages 16203: 16202: 16185:Swiss-German Sign 16063: 16062: 16004: 16003: 15946: 15945: 15916: 15915: 15822: 15821: 15758:Lower Sava Valley 15396: 15395: 15375: 15374: 15322: 15321: 15279:Southern Bavarian 15246: 15245: 15210: 15209: 15202:Triestine Serbian 15111: 15110: 15086:Arbëresh language 15047: 15046: 15043: 15042: 14984: 14983: 14948: 14947: 14701:Brianzöö dialects 14629: 14628: 14566: 14565: 14503: 14502: 14467: 14466: 14122: 14121: 13921: 13920: 13888: 13887: 13523: 13522: 13458:Southern question 13378: 13377: 13310:Political parties 13258:Foreign relations 13230: 13229: 13083: 13082: 12804:Kingdom of Naples 12792:Kingdom of Sicily 12340:Il Nuovo De Mauro 12300:978-88-8212-637-7 12032:978-88-08-24624-0 11708:WordReference.com 11688:978-1-259-58772-6 11605:978-88-08-24624-0 11426:Romano, Antonio. 11166:, pp. 77–78. 10774:. 2 August 2017. 10771:Statistics Canada 10561:. February 2014. 10379:on 15 August 2022 9987:978-0-397-00400-3 9977:Story of Language 9897:978-90-04-51724-0 9741:978-0-618-52273-6 9622:978-0-941533-22-5 9267:. Рипол Классик. 9093:(25th ed., 2022) 8945:Italian Knowledge 8930:Italian profanity 8925:Italian phonology 8747: 8746: 8619:Article 1 of the 8603:Article 1 of the 8596: 8595: 8396: 8395: 8271: 8270: 8170: 8169: 8163: 8162: 7993: 7992: 7823: 7822: 7646: 7645: 7627:/ˈmeze/, /ˈmese/ 7476: 7475: 7395:/ˈkɔza/, /ˈkɔsa/ 7357: 7356: 7276:The bill, please. 6486:/ˌbwɔn‿appeˈtito/ 6469:/ˌbwɔnadʒorˈnata/ 6154:perfective aspect 6062:is the plural of 6018:'a white shirt', 5898: 5897: 5808:'miles, f. pl.'; 5768:'river, m. sg.', 5700:'cost', feminine 5655:Romance languages 5477:⟨i⟩ 5461:⟨i⟩ 5437:⟨h⟩ 5430: 5429: 5188:⟨g⟩ 5160:⟨c⟩ 5148:⟨g⟩ 5144:⟨c⟩ 5121:⟨s⟩ 5105:⟨s⟩ 5079:⟨z⟩ 5067:⟨z⟩ 5063:⟨s⟩ 5048:⟨h⟩ 5028:⟨h⟩ 5017:⟨h⟩ 5013:⟨o⟩ 5005:⟨h⟩ 4965:⟨h⟩ 4940:"principles", or 4929:⟨ó⟩ 4909:⟨o⟩ 4901:⟨é⟩ 4877:⟨o⟩ 4873:⟨e⟩ 4857:⟨o⟩ 4845:⟨e⟩ 4833:⟨y⟩ 4829:⟨i⟩ 4825:⟨e⟩ 4821:⟨x⟩ 4809:⟨z⟩ 4801:⟨s⟩ 4797:⟨w⟩ 4793:⟨v⟩ 4789:⟨u⟩ 4785:⟨o⟩ 4777:⟨k⟩ 4769:⟨c⟩ 4765:⟨j⟩ 4761:⟨i⟩ 4741:⟨j⟩ 4693:⟨j⟩ 4673:⟨x⟩ 4581:precede stressed 3672:in the region of 3497:. Some examples: 3278:/t,d,t͡s,d͡z,s,z/ 3157: 3156: 2830: 2822:Italian phonology 2590:Starting in late 2538:Rio Grande do Sul 2507:Rio Grande do Sul 2471:According to the 2396:Corriere Italiano 2390:Corriere Canadese 2365:Corriere d'Italia 2242:Italian Eritreans 2141:minority language 2113:Venetian Dalmatia 2030:Corsican Italians 2018:Republic of Genoa 2010:Italian Savoyards 1833:, especially its 1582:, as well as the 1580:Italian Peninsula 1398:Kingdom of Naples 1335:Placiti Cassinesi 1282:Italian Peninsula 1170:, serving as the 1156:Council of Europe 993: 992: 819:The Divine Comedy 803:Placiti Cassinesi 762: 725: 724: 707:rendering support 703:phonetic symbols. 559:Regulated by 536: 442: 430: 418: 296:Various forms of 160:Total: 68 million 129:(Western Croatia) 16:(Redirected from 18850: 18788:Italian language 18773: 18765: 18764: 18763: 18756: 18748: 18747: 18746: 18739: 18738:from Wikiversity 18731: 18730: 18729: 18722: 18714: 18713: 18712: 18705: 18697: 18696: 18695: 18688: 18680: 18679: 18678: 18671: 18663: 18662: 18661: 18651: 18645:Italian language 18635: 18634: 18633: 18623: 18622: 18621: 18611: 18610: 18609: 18599: 18598: 18597: 18587: 18586: 18578: 18496:Dependencies and 18432:Northern Ireland 18173:Sovereign states 18159: 18152: 18145: 18136: 18135: 17653:Judaeo-Aragonese 17642:Andalusi Romance 17495:Amazonic Spanish 17332:Western Asturian 17315: 17314: 17254:Franco-Provençal 16925: 16924: 16821:Comasco–Lecchese 16679:Emilian–Romagnol 16667: 16666: 16467:Regional Italian 16457:Italo-Australian 16384: 16383: 16306:Megleno-Romanian 16230: 16223: 16216: 16207: 16206: 16102: 16101: 16090: 16083: 16076: 16067: 16066: 15995: 15975: 15974: 15853: 15833: 15832: 15780: 15773: 15771:Zagorje-Trbovlje 15766: 15747: 15728: 15671: 15639: 15587: 15560: 15553: 15529: 15472: 15452: 15451: 15443: 15442: 15423: 15416: 15409: 15400: 15399: 15387: 15384: 15361: 15342: 15287: 15257: 15256: 15221: 15220: 15122: 15121: 15102: 15082: 15081: 15073: 15072: 15064: 15059: 15058: 15057: 15034: 15027: 15020: 14995: 14994: 14959: 14958: 14901: 14887: 14880: 14864:Emilian–Romagnol 14853: 14846: 14832: 14823: 14816: 14809: 14802: 14795: 14786: 14779: 14772: 14763: 14756: 14749: 14742: 14735: 14726: 14719: 14710: 14703: 14640: 14639: 14620: 14599:Franco-Provençal 14577: 14576: 14552: 14514: 14513: 14509:Occitano-Romance 14478: 14477: 14430: 14416: 14395:Extreme Southern 14364: 14259:Regional Italian 14247: 14246: 14238: 14237: 14194:Franco-Provençal 14161: 14160: 14149: 14142: 14135: 14126: 14125: 14082:Italian Eritrean 13955:Italian language 13948: 13941: 13934: 13925: 13924: 13911: 13910: 13903:Italy portal 13900: 13899: 13840:National symbols 13534: 13533: 13389: 13388: 13241: 13240: 13094: 13093: 12974:Kingdom of Italy 12901:Napoleonic Italy 12440: 12439: 12416: 12409: 12402: 12393: 12392: 12380: 12379: 12362:Italian proverbs 12344: 12336: 12318: 12312: 12259: 12257: 12232: 12231: 12229: 12223: 12217:, archived from 12192: 12182: 12153: 12130:Ladefoged, Peter 12125: 12096: 12087: 12068: 12066: 12064: 12035: 12013: 12003: 11978: 11951: 11950: 11948: 11946: 11932: 11926: 11925: 11923: 11921: 11907: 11901: 11900: 11898: 11896: 11882: 11876: 11875: 11873: 11871: 11857: 11851: 11850: 11848: 11846: 11832: 11826: 11825: 11823: 11821: 11807: 11801: 11800: 11798: 11796: 11782: 11776: 11775: 11773: 11771: 11752: 11746: 11745: 11730: 11724: 11723: 11721: 11719: 11699: 11693: 11692: 11674: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11633: 11622: 11616: 11610: 11609: 11583: 11577: 11576: 11568: 11559: 11558: 11553: 11551: 11521: 11515: 11514: 11512: 11510: 11504:dop.netadcom.com 11496: 11490: 11489: 11487: 11485: 11476:. Archived from 11470: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11459: 11450:. Archived from 11444: 11438: 11431: 11424: 11418: 11409: 11400: 11394: 11388: 11382: 11373: 11366: 11360: 11354: 11348: 11342: 11336: 11330: 11324: 11318: 11309: 11303: 11297: 11291: 11285: 11279: 11273: 11267: 11261: 11255: 11249: 11243: 11230: 11224: 11215: 11209: 11198: 11192: 11186: 11180: 11167: 11161: 11155: 11149: 11143: 11142: 11140: 11138: 11129:. Archived from 11119: 11113: 11112: 11110: 11108: 11089: 11083: 11082: 11072: 11048: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11037: 11032:on 7 August 2011 11022: 11016: 11015: 11013: 11011: 10992: 10986: 10985: 10983: 10981: 10966: 10960: 10959: 10957: 10955: 10940: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10929: 10914: 10908: 10907: 10905: 10903: 10888: 10882: 10881: 10866: 10860: 10859: 10854: 10852: 10820: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10809: 10794: 10788: 10787: 10785: 10783: 10762: 10756: 10755: 10753: 10751: 10736: 10730: 10729: 10727: 10725: 10716:. Archived from 10706: 10700: 10699: 10697: 10695: 10689: 10682: 10673: 10667: 10656: 10650: 10649: 10647: 10645: 10631: 10621: 10615: 10614: 10609: 10607: 10601: 10590: 10581: 10575: 10574: 10572: 10570: 10551: 10545: 10542: 10536: 10535: 10533: 10531: 10503: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10492: 10470: 10464: 10463: 10443: 10437: 10436: 10421: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10410: 10405:on 6 August 2011 10401:. Archived from 10395: 10389: 10388: 10386: 10384: 10369: 10360: 10355:Hull, Geoffrey, 10353: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10336: 10329: 10321: 10315: 10314: 10312: 10310: 10295: 10286: 10285: 10283: 10281: 10272:. 16 June 2018. 10266: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10255: 10240: 10234: 10233: 10231: 10229: 10210: 10204: 10197: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10186: 10171: 10165: 10164: 10162: 10160: 10141: 10135: 10128: 10122: 10111: 10105: 10104: 10102: 10100: 10094: 10083: 10074: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10054:. Archived from 10044: 10038: 10027: 10021: 9998: 9992: 9991: 9968: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9957: 9938: 9932: 9931: 9930:on 18 July 2011. 9926:. Archived from 9920: 9914: 9913: 9911: 9909: 9889: 9878:Brill Publishers 9848: 9842: 9831: 9825: 9818: 9812: 9803:Toso, Fiorenzo. 9801: 9795: 9794: 9784: 9775:(3): 1133–1172. 9760: 9754: 9753: 9727: 9721: 9715: 9706: 9705: 9703: 9701: 9686: 9680: 9679: 9674: 9672: 9656: 9650: 9649: 9641: 9635: 9634: 9608: 9593: 9587: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9576: 9561: 9555: 9531: 9525: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9500: 9494: 9493: 9472: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9455: 9448: 9440: 9434: 9433: 9431: 9429: 9414: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9388: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9377: 9362: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9323: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9312: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9288: 9286: 9258: 9252: 9251: 9246: 9244: 9225: 9219: 9217: 9215: 9213: 9207: 9200: 9192: 9183: 9182: 9180: 9178: 9169:. 21 June 2016. 9159: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9148: 9133: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9107: 9101: 9100: 9099: 9082: 9045: 9018: 9012: 9005: 8859:Regional Italian 8854:Italian alphabet 8833: 8832: 8822: 8808: 8803: 8802: 8794: 8789: 8788: 8787: 8780: 8775: 8774: 8773: 8766: 8761: 8760: 8759: 8714: 8698:Luigi Pirandello 8654: 8653: 8592: 8577: 8562: 8547: 8532: 8517: 8502: 8487: 8472: 8457: 8442: 8427: 8403: 8402: 8392: 8377: 8362: 8347: 8332: 8317: 8302: 8278: 8277: 8274:Days of the week 8234: 8221: 8208: 8195: 8173: 8172: 8159: 8144: 8129: 8114: 8099: 8084: 8083:/ˌventiˈtʃinkwe/ 8069: 8068:/ˌventiˈkwattro/ 8054: 8039: 8024: 8000: 7999: 7989: 7974: 7959: 7944: 7929: 7914: 7899: 7884: 7869: 7854: 7830: 7829: 7819: 7804: 7789: 7774: 7759: 7744: 7729: 7714: 7699: 7684: 7658: 7657: 7654: 7639: 7624: 7609: 7594: 7579: 7564: 7549: 7534: 7519: 7504: 7483: 7482: 7364: 7363: 7353: 7347: 7341: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7305: 7300: 7288: 7283: 7271: 7266: 7254: 7244: 7232: 7229: 7224: 7218: 7211:What time is it? 7203: 7197: 7191: 7179: 7176: 7173: 7167: 7161: 7155: 7149: 7137: 7132: 7120: 7119:/ˌparlainˈɡlese/ 7112: 7101: 7099:Parlate inglese? 7095: 7089: 7077: 7074: 7064: 7058: 7046: 7043: 7038: 7032: 7020: 7017: 7011: 7005: 6993: 6988: 6976: 6973: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6943: 6938: 6932: 6926: 6920: 6908: 6904: 6899: 6893: 6881: 6876: 6864: 6859: 6847: 6842: 6830: 6825: 6813: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6799: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6770: 6765: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6697: 6692: 6685:You are welcome! 6680: 6679:/tirinˈɡrattsjo/ 6677: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6601: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6568: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6540: 6539:/ˌbwɔnaforˈtuna/ 6534: 6522: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6487: 6482: 6470: 6464: 6457:Have a nice day! 6452: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6425: 6420: 6408: 6402: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6344: 6339: 6327: 6321: 6315: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6265: 6255: 6243: 6233: 6217: 6208: 6200: 6199: 6166:conditional mood 6162:subjunctive mood 6089:with subsequent 6020:un'altra camicia 5973: 5961: 5957: 5826: 5825: 5804:'mile, m. sg.', 5764:'laws, f. pl.'; 5616: 5608: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5568:Regional Italian 5562: 5559:) may pronounce 5555:, Aosta Valley, 5549: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5505: 5498: 5491: 5487: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5448: 5443:in the digraphs 5438: 5417: 5405: 5391: 5377: 5358: 5344: 5328: 5316: 5294: 5293: 5287: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5217: 5213: 5205: 5198:. It symbolizes 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5177: 5170:. It symbolizes 5169: 5165: 5161: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5054:"I pull" ← Lat. 5049: 5045: 5041: 5029: 5025: 5018: 5014: 5006: 4987:"to have") from 4966: 4930: 4910: 4902: 4899:"youth". Unlike 4878: 4874: 4858: 4846: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4742: 4694: 4674: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4598: 4591: 4584: 4572: 4565: 4558: 4554: 4539: 4532: 4525: 4518: 4503: 4499: 4483: 4476:'they have' and 4471: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4430: 4418: 4414: 4406: 4395: 4387: 4376: 4368: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4305:Italian language 4270: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4209:); but Romanian 4208: 4204: 4197: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4102: 4094: 4090: 4066: 4050: 4038: 4026: 4018: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3979: 3961: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3899: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3861: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3810: 3803: 3791: 3783: 3775: 3767: 3760: 3745: 3725: 3678:Italian dialects 3656: 3641: 3634: 3612: 3594: 3576: 3561: 3550: 3535: 3516: 3492: 3481:do not contrast. 3480: 3476: 3473:in most accents 3472: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3438: 3427: 3415: 3409:'melted' versus 3408: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3385: 3374: 3367: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3249: 3243: 3239: 3226: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3170: 3166: 3149: 3129: 3119: 3101: 3092: 3068: 3060: 3052: 3044: 3037: 3030: 3014: 3007: 3000: 2993: 2977: 2970: 2961: 2954: 2947: 2940: 2924: 2914: 2905: 2855: 2851: 2831: 2786:Italian diaspora 2730:Regional Italian 2691:sister languages 2683:Italian dialects 2657:Regional Italian 2540:, Brazil, where 2493:Italian diaspora 2441:(South Africa). 2425:La Voce d'Italia 2386: 2346:laRegione Ticino 2269:Somali Civil War 2145:Istrian Italians 2119:(because of the 2107:(because of the 2097:Venetian Albania 2095:(because of the 2038:Kingdom of Italy 2034:Rome was annexed 2016:passed from the 1913:is distinctive. 1823:Romance language 1812: 1802: 1794: 1784: 1755: 1753:I promessi sposi 1710: 1698: 1697: 1645: 1617: 1584:prestige variety 1546: 1540: 1534: 1495:Late Middle Ages 1457: 1445: 1421:Regional Italian 1387: 1375: 1290:sister languages 1267:Late Middle Ages 1251: 1240: 1222:culture of Italy 1094:Slovenian Istria 1056:, together with 1038:Romance language 1035: 1030: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1012: 1007: 1003: 985: 978: 971: 911:Verb conjugation 776: 775: 766:Regional Italian 756: 740:Italian language 727: 726: 690: 684: 678: 672: 663: 649: 633: 626: 617: 616: 608: 599: 598: 590: 575: 569: 568: 533:2 municipalities 530: 518:language in 436: 424: 412: 355: 346: 343:Italiano segnato 336: 320:Italian alphabet 311: 298:regional Italian 170: 76: 64: 58: 46: 45: 32:Regional Italian 27:Romance language 21: 18858: 18857: 18853: 18852: 18851: 18849: 18848: 18847: 18778: 18777: 18776: 18766: 18761: 18759: 18755:from Wikivoyage 18749: 18744: 18742: 18732: 18727: 18725: 18715: 18710: 18708: 18704:from Wikisource 18698: 18693: 18691: 18681: 18676: 18674: 18664: 18659: 18657: 18654: 18650:sister projects 18647:at Knowledge's 18641: 18631: 18629: 18619: 18617: 18607: 18605: 18595: 18593: 18581: 18573: 18571: 18566: 18565: 18560: 18539: 18497: 18491: 18477:Northern Cyprus 18459: 18453: 18347:North Macedonia 18168: 18163: 18133: 18128: 18095: 18079: 18057:Pannonian Latin 18043:African Romance 18026: 17979: 17910: 17903: 17841:Judeo-Provençal 17714: 17703: 17680: 17629: 17539:Chilean Chilote 17481: 17367: 17308: 17304: 17301: 17290: 17278:Moselle Romance 17245: 17094:Missouri French 17055:Franco-Ontarian 16930: 16919: 16912: 16652: 16617: 16594:Southern Latian 16497: 16462:Maltese Italian 16394:Central Italian 16378: 16371: 16366:Common Romanian 16282: 16266:Italo-Dalmatian 16244: 16234: 16204: 16199: 16173: 16137: 16106: 16096: 16094: 16064: 16059: 16043: 16022: 16000: 15991: 15964: 15942: 15912: 15881: 15863: 15849: 15818: 15799:Slovenian Hills 15785: 15776: 15769: 15762: 15753:Kozje-Bizeljsko 15743: 15734:Central Styrian 15724: 15715:Central Savinja 15701: 15667: 15663:Lower Carniolan 15655:Lower Carniolan 15649: 15635: 15631:Upper Carniolan 15623:Upper Carniolan 15617: 15583: 15565: 15556: 15549: 15540:Inner Carniolan 15525: 15516:Natisone Valley 15492: 15468: 15432: 15427: 15397: 15392: 15391: 15390: 15385: 15381: 15371: 15357: 15338: 15318: 15304:Austrian German 15292: 15283: 15242: 15233:Calabrian Greek 15206: 15173: 15159:Natisone Valley 15144:Inner Carniolan 15107: 15098: 15067: 15060: 15055: 15053: 15039: 15030: 15023: 15016: 14980: 14944: 14912: 14906: 14897: 14883: 14876: 14858: 14849: 14842: 14838:Eastern Lombard 14828: 14819: 14812: 14805: 14798: 14791: 14782: 14775: 14768: 14759: 14752: 14745: 14738: 14731: 14722: 14715: 14706: 14699: 14695:Western Lombard 14681: 14625: 14616: 14593: 14562: 14548: 14530: 14499: 14463: 14441: 14435: 14426: 14412: 14389: 14375:Southern Latian 14360: 14341:Castelmezzanese 14317: 14281: 14263: 14232: 14165: 14155: 14153: 14123: 14118: 14111: 14063: 13958: 13952: 13922: 13917: 13897: 13884: 13855:Public holidays 13686: 13632:Life expectancy 13519: 13374: 13290:Law enforcement 13226: 13079: 13026: 13015:Social Republic 12979:Colonial Empire 12962:Capture of Rome 12915: 12808: 12717: 12610:Ancient peoples 12598: 12535: 12496:Historic states 12454: 12429: 12420: 12385: 12342: 12327: 12322: 12310: 12304: 12227: 12225: 12221: 12190: 12150: 12084: 12062: 12060: 12053: 12033: 11976: 11959: 11954: 11944: 11942: 11934: 11933: 11929: 11919: 11917: 11909: 11908: 11904: 11894: 11892: 11884: 11883: 11879: 11869: 11867: 11859: 11858: 11854: 11844: 11842: 11834: 11833: 11829: 11819: 11817: 11809: 11808: 11804: 11794: 11792: 11784: 11783: 11779: 11769: 11767: 11754: 11753: 11749: 11732: 11731: 11727: 11717: 11715: 11700: 11696: 11689: 11675: 11660: 11650: 11648: 11635: 11634: 11625: 11617: 11613: 11606: 11584: 11580: 11569: 11562: 11549: 11547: 11540: 11522: 11518: 11508: 11506: 11498: 11497: 11493: 11483: 11481: 11480:on 22 July 2011 11472: 11471: 11467: 11457: 11455: 11454:on 22 July 2011 11446: 11445: 11441: 11425: 11421: 11410: 11403: 11395: 11391: 11383: 11376: 11367: 11363: 11357:Recasens (2013) 11355: 11351: 11345:Canepari (1992) 11343: 11339: 11333:Canepari (1992) 11331: 11327: 11319: 11312: 11306:Canepari (1992) 11304: 11300: 11292: 11288: 11282:Canepari (1992) 11280: 11276: 11268: 11264: 11258:Canepari (1992) 11256: 11252: 11246:Canepari (1992) 11244: 11233: 11227:Canepari (1992) 11225: 11218: 11210: 11201: 11193: 11189: 11181: 11170: 11162: 11158: 11150: 11146: 11136: 11134: 11121: 11120: 11116: 11106: 11104: 11091: 11090: 11086: 11049: 11045: 11035: 11033: 11024: 11023: 11019: 11009: 11007: 10994: 10993: 10989: 10979: 10977: 10968: 10967: 10963: 10953: 10951: 10942: 10941: 10937: 10927: 10925: 10916: 10915: 10911: 10901: 10899: 10890: 10889: 10885: 10868: 10867: 10863: 10850: 10848: 10821: 10817: 10807: 10805: 10796: 10795: 10791: 10781: 10779: 10764: 10763: 10759: 10749: 10747: 10738: 10737: 10733: 10723: 10721: 10708: 10707: 10703: 10693: 10691: 10687: 10680: 10674: 10670: 10665:Wayback Machine 10657: 10653: 10643: 10641: 10629: 10622: 10618: 10605: 10603: 10599: 10588: 10582: 10578: 10568: 10566: 10553: 10552: 10548: 10543: 10539: 10529: 10527: 10520: 10504: 10500: 10490: 10488: 10471: 10467: 10460: 10444: 10440: 10423: 10422: 10418: 10408: 10406: 10397: 10396: 10392: 10382: 10380: 10371: 10370: 10363: 10354: 10350: 10340: 10338: 10334: 10327: 10323: 10322: 10318: 10308: 10306: 10297: 10296: 10289: 10279: 10277: 10268: 10267: 10263: 10253: 10251: 10242: 10241: 10237: 10227: 10225: 10212: 10211: 10207: 10198: 10194: 10184: 10182: 10173: 10172: 10168: 10158: 10156: 10143: 10142: 10138: 10129: 10125: 10112: 10108: 10098: 10096: 10092: 10081: 10075: 10071: 10061: 10059: 10046: 10045: 10041: 10028: 10024: 10015:Wayback Machine 9999: 9995: 9988: 9969: 9965: 9955: 9953: 9940: 9939: 9935: 9922: 9921: 9917: 9907: 9905: 9898: 9849: 9845: 9832: 9828: 9819: 9815: 9802: 9798: 9761: 9757: 9742: 9728: 9724: 9716: 9709: 9699: 9697: 9688: 9687: 9683: 9670: 9668: 9657: 9653: 9642: 9638: 9623: 9609: 9596: 9588: 9584: 9574: 9572: 9563: 9562: 9558: 9552:Wayback Machine 9541:Wayback Machine 9532: 9528: 9518: 9516: 9503:Keating, Dave. 9501: 9497: 9492:on 28 May 2024. 9474: 9473: 9469: 9459: 9457: 9453: 9446: 9442: 9441: 9437: 9427: 9425: 9416: 9415: 9411: 9401: 9399: 9390: 9389: 9385: 9375: 9373: 9364: 9363: 9359: 9349: 9347: 9340: 9324: 9320: 9310: 9308: 9299: 9298: 9294: 9284: 9282: 9275: 9259: 9255: 9242: 9240: 9227: 9226: 9222: 9211: 9209: 9205: 9198: 9194: 9193: 9186: 9176: 9174: 9161: 9160: 9156: 9146: 9144: 9135: 9134: 9130: 9120: 9118: 9109: 9108: 9104: 9094: 9083: 9058: 9054: 9049: 9048: 9019: 9015: 9006: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8965:Veronese Riddle 8960:Sicilian School 8940:Italian Studies 8869:Italian grammar 8864:Italian exonyms 8806:Language portal 8804: 8797: 8790: 8785: 8783: 8776: 8771: 8769: 8762: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8726:Eugenio Montale 8710: 8672:Giosuè Carducci 8645:Giosuè Carducci 8638: 8601: 8401: 8276: 8264:mille miliardi 8171: 7995: 7898:/kwatˈtorditʃi/ 7825: 7651: 7481: 7362: 7270:/ˌkwantoˈkɔsta/ 7259:How much is it? 7253:/doˌvɛilˈbaɲɲo/ 7242:Dov'è il bagno? 7076:/nonˌɔkkaˈpito/ 6972:/ˌkometiˈkjami/ 6965:Come si chiama? 6953:Come ti chiami? 6567:/tiˌvɔʎʎoˈbɛne/ 6521:/arriveˈdertʃi/ 6475:Enjoy the meal! 6462:Buona giornata! 6451:/ˌbwɔnaseˈrata/ 6299:/naturalˈmente/ 6296:/ˌtʃertaˈmente/ 6187: 6182: 6174:past participle 6170:imperative mood 6138:indicative mood 5996:uno zio anziano 5935:'(s)he loves', 5812:'pair, m. sg., 5760:'law, f. sg.', 5756:in the plural: 5647: 5641: 5639:Italian grammar 5635: 5597:Tuscan language 5504:/ˌfar.maˈtʃi.e/ 5497:/ˌfar.maˈtʃi.a/ 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5446: 5436: 5361:edible dormouse 5285: 5261: 5257: 5256:. The digraphs 5253: 5241: 5237: 5224:hard and soft G 5220:hard and soft C 5215: 5211: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5167: 5159: 5147: 5143: 5120: 5112: 5104: 5096:"mosquito" and 5078: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5047: 5038:are pronounced 5027: 5016: 5012: 5004: 4964: 4928: 4908: 4900: 4876: 4872: 4856: 4844: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4740: 4692: 4672: 4351: 4345: 4329: 4268: 4184: 4169: 4146: 4130: 4115: 4100: 4092: 4064: 4049:(ex)dēroteolāre 4048: 4036: 4024: 3977: 3932: 3901: 3870: 3817: 3801: 3789: 3781: 3773: 3765: 3743: 3723: 3693:Western Romance 3632: 3592: 3559: 3510: 3491:/a,ɛ,e,i,ɔ,o,u/ 3487: 3486: 3360:is a fricative 3354:alveolo-palatal 3342:, respectively. 3167:) or a liquid ( 2881: 2877: 2869: 2849: 2826: 2824: 2818: 2778:Tullio De Mauro 2659: 2649: 2630:Catholic Church 2588: 2582: 2560:once spoken in 2495: 2489: 2447: 2367:(Germany), the 2265:colonial period 2133:Maltese Italian 2109:Venetian Istria 1998:Niçard Italians 1990:Treaty of Turin 1963:Italian Grisons 1925: 1919: 1819: 1803:comes from the 1737: 1717: 1701:Agnolo Monosini 1532:il Rinascimento 1523: 1472:Italo-Dalmatian 1361:Dante Alighieri 1343:Veronese Riddle 1274: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1255:Dante Alighieri 1252: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1230: 1225: 1214: 1200:long consonants 1028: 1024:lingua italiana 1014: 1013: 1005: 989: 813:Dolce Stil Novo 808:Sicilian School 798:Veronese Riddle 705:Without proper 693: 692: 688: 686: 682: 680: 676: 659: 645: 629: 622: 612: 611: 604: 594: 593: 586: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 526: 519: 517: 510: 452: 451: 446: 445: 406: 405: 400: 399: 376: 375: 368: 361:Official status 348: 337: 332: 325:Italian Braille 323: 312: 307: 287:Maltese Italian 269: 241: 234: 206:Italo-Dalmatian 186:Latino-Faliscan 171: 168:Language family 166: 159: 154: 132: 111:Italian Grisons 62:lingua italiana 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18856: 18846: 18845: 18840: 18835: 18830: 18825: 18820: 18815: 18810: 18805: 18800: 18795: 18790: 18775: 18774: 18757: 18740: 18723: 18721:from Wikibooks 18706: 18689: 18687:from Wikiquote 18672: 18643: 18640: 18639: 18637:European Union 18627: 18615: 18603: 18591: 18568: 18567: 18562: 18561: 18559: 18558: 18553: 18551:European Union 18547: 18545: 18544:Other entities 18541: 18540: 18538: 18537: 18532: 18527: 18522: 18517: 18512: 18507: 18501: 18499: 18498:other entities 18493: 18492: 18490: 18489: 18484: 18479: 18474: 18469: 18463: 18461: 18455: 18454: 18452: 18451: 18446: 18445: 18444: 18439: 18434: 18429: 18422:United Kingdom 18419: 18414: 18409: 18404: 18399: 18394: 18389: 18384: 18379: 18374: 18369: 18364: 18359: 18354: 18349: 18344: 18339: 18334: 18329: 18324: 18319: 18314: 18309: 18304: 18299: 18294: 18289: 18287: 18282: 18277: 18272: 18267: 18262: 18257: 18252: 18247: 18242: 18237: 18235:Czech Republic 18232: 18227: 18222: 18217: 18212: 18207: 18202: 18197: 18192: 18187: 18182: 18176: 18174: 18170: 18169: 18162: 18161: 18154: 18147: 18139: 18130: 18129: 18127: 18126: 18119: 18110: 18100: 18097: 18096: 18094: 18093: 18087: 18085: 18081: 18080: 18078: 18077: 18076: 18075: 18070: 18060: 18053: 18046: 18038: 18036: 18032: 18031: 18028: 18027: 18025: 18024: 18023: 18022: 18017: 18012: 18007: 17996: 17987: 17985: 17981: 17980: 17978: 17977: 17976: 17975: 17970: 17965: 17960: 17955: 17945: 17944: 17943: 17938: 17928: 17927: 17926: 17915: 17913: 17905: 17904: 17902: 17901: 17900: 17899: 17898: 17897: 17883: 17882: 17881: 17876: 17866: 17865: 17864: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17837: 17836: 17835: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17808: 17798: 17797: 17796: 17795: 17794: 17789: 17781: 17776: 17773:Judaeo-Catalan 17769: 17768: 17767: 17762: 17757: 17756: 17755: 17750: 17740: 17732: 17719: 17717: 17709: 17708: 17705: 17704: 17702: 17701: 17695: 17688: 17686: 17682: 17681: 17679: 17678: 17677: 17676: 17662: 17657: 17656: 17655: 17645: 17637: 17635: 17631: 17630: 17628: 17627: 17620: 17619: 17618: 17613: 17608: 17603: 17602: 17601: 17596: 17591: 17586: 17581: 17580: 17579: 17562: 17561: 17560: 17555: 17554: 17553: 17543: 17542: 17541: 17528:Latin American 17524: 17519: 17507: 17505:Judaeo-Spanish 17502: 17497: 17491: 17489: 17483: 17482: 17480: 17479: 17472: 17471: 17470: 17465: 17460: 17459: 17458: 17446: 17445: 17444: 17432: 17427: 17420: 17408: 17401: 17396: 17395: 17394: 17383: 17377: 17375: 17369: 17368: 17366: 17365: 17358: 17353: 17352: 17351: 17341: 17336: 17335: 17334: 17323: 17321: 17312: 17296: 17295: 17292: 17291: 17289: 17288: 17281: 17274: 17273: 17272: 17267: 17262: 17250: 17247: 17246: 17244: 17243: 17242: 17241: 17236: 17226: 17225: 17224: 17219: 17209: 17204: 17199: 17194: 17193: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17177: 17176: 17175: 17168: 17167: 17166: 17156: 17151: 17134: 17129: 17128: 17127: 17122: 17117: 17107: 17106: 17105: 17098: 17097: 17096: 17091: 17090: 17089: 17079: 17074: 17073: 17072: 17067: 17062: 17057: 17052: 17051: 17050: 17045: 17035: 17030: 17025: 17024: 17023: 17018: 17000: 16995: 16983: 16978: 16973: 16972: 16971: 16966: 16956: 16951: 16946: 16941: 16935: 16933: 16922: 16914: 16913: 16911: 16910: 16909: 16908: 16898: 16891: 16890: 16889: 16888: 16887: 16882: 16877: 16876: 16875: 16870: 16865: 16855: 16850: 16845: 16844: 16843: 16838: 16833: 16828: 16818: 16813: 16812: 16811: 16796: 16795: 16794: 16789: 16774: 16769: 16768: 16767: 16762: 16757: 16752: 16747: 16742: 16732: 16727: 16722: 16717: 16716: 16715: 16714: 16713: 16708: 16698: 16697: 16696: 16691: 16675: 16673: 16664: 16658: 16657: 16654: 16653: 16651: 16650: 16648:Judaeo-Italian 16645: 16644: 16643: 16638: 16625: 16623: 16619: 16618: 16616: 16615: 16614: 16613: 16608: 16607: 16606: 16601: 16596: 16591: 16586: 16585: 16584: 16574: 16569: 16564: 16559: 16542: 16541: 16540: 16539: 16538: 16528: 16527: 16526: 16516: 16505: 16503: 16499: 16498: 16496: 16495: 16494: 16493: 16481: 16476: 16475: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16447: 16446: 16445: 16435: 16434: 16433: 16428: 16423: 16418: 16417: 16416: 16411: 16406: 16390: 16388: 16381: 16373: 16372: 16370: 16369: 16362: 16361: 16360: 16355: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16335: 16330: 16325: 16320: 16308: 16303: 16301:Istro-Romanian 16298: 16292: 16290: 16284: 16283: 16281: 16280: 16275: 16274: 16273: 16268: 16258: 16252: 16250: 16249:Major branches 16246: 16245: 16241:classification 16233: 16232: 16225: 16218: 16210: 16201: 16200: 16198: 16197: 16192: 16187: 16181: 16179: 16178:Sign languages 16175: 16174: 16172: 16171: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16145: 16143: 16139: 16138: 16136: 16135: 16130: 16125: 16120: 16114: 16112: 16108: 16107: 16093: 16092: 16085: 16078: 16070: 16061: 16060: 16058: 16057: 16051: 16049: 16048:Sign languages 16045: 16044: 16042: 16041: 16036: 16030: 16028: 16024: 16023: 16021: 16020: 16014: 16012: 16006: 16005: 16002: 16001: 15999: 15998: 15997: 15996: 15983: 15981: 15972: 15966: 15965: 15963: 15962: 15956: 15954: 15948: 15947: 15944: 15943: 15941: 15940: 15935: 15930: 15924: 15922: 15918: 15917: 15914: 15913: 15911: 15910: 15905: 15900: 15895: 15889: 15887: 15883: 15882: 15880: 15879: 15873: 15871: 15865: 15864: 15862: 15861: 15856: 15855: 15854: 15841: 15839: 15830: 15828:Serbo-Croatian 15824: 15823: 15820: 15819: 15817: 15816: 15811: 15806: 15801: 15795: 15793: 15787: 15786: 15784: 15783: 15782: 15781: 15774: 15767: 15755: 15750: 15749: 15748: 15736: 15731: 15730: 15729: 15717: 15711: 15709: 15703: 15702: 15700: 15699: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15679: 15674: 15673: 15672: 15659: 15657: 15651: 15650: 15648: 15647: 15642: 15641: 15640: 15627: 15625: 15619: 15618: 15616: 15615: 15610: 15605: 15600: 15595: 15590: 15589: 15588: 15575: 15573: 15567: 15566: 15564: 15563: 15562: 15561: 15554: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15531: 15530: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15502: 15500: 15494: 15493: 15491: 15490: 15485: 15480: 15475: 15474: 15473: 15460: 15458: 15449: 15440: 15434: 15433: 15426: 15425: 15418: 15411: 15403: 15394: 15393: 15389: 15388: 15378: 15377: 15376: 15373: 15372: 15370: 15369: 15364: 15363: 15362: 15350: 15345: 15344: 15343: 15340:Italian Hebrew 15330: 15328: 15324: 15323: 15320: 15319: 15317: 15316: 15311: 15306: 15300: 15298: 15294: 15293: 15291: 15290: 15289: 15288: 15285:South Tyrolean 15276: 15271: 15265: 15263: 15254: 15248: 15247: 15244: 15243: 15241: 15240: 15235: 15229: 15227: 15218: 15212: 15211: 15208: 15207: 15205: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15183: 15181: 15179:Serbo-Croatian 15175: 15174: 15172: 15171: 15166: 15161: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15130: 15128: 15119: 15113: 15112: 15109: 15108: 15106: 15105: 15104: 15103: 15090: 15088: 15079: 15069: 15068: 15066: 15065: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15044: 15041: 15040: 15038: 15037: 15036: 15035: 15028: 15021: 15009: 15003: 15001: 14999:Rhaeto-Romance 14992: 14990:Rhaeto-Romance 14986: 14985: 14982: 14981: 14979: 14978: 14973: 14967: 14965: 14956: 14950: 14949: 14946: 14945: 14943: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14916: 14914: 14908: 14907: 14905: 14904: 14903: 14902: 14890: 14889: 14888: 14881: 14868: 14866: 14860: 14859: 14857: 14856: 14855: 14854: 14847: 14835: 14834: 14833: 14826: 14825: 14824: 14817: 14810: 14796: 14789: 14788: 14787: 14773: 14766: 14765: 14764: 14757: 14750: 14743: 14729: 14728: 14727: 14713: 14712: 14711: 14691: 14689: 14683: 14682: 14680: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14648: 14646: 14637: 14631: 14630: 14627: 14626: 14624: 14623: 14622: 14621: 14609: 14603: 14601: 14595: 14594: 14592: 14591: 14585: 14583: 14574: 14568: 14567: 14564: 14563: 14561: 14560: 14555: 14554: 14553: 14540: 14538: 14532: 14531: 14529: 14528: 14522: 14520: 14511: 14505: 14504: 14501: 14500: 14498: 14497: 14492: 14486: 14484: 14475: 14469: 14468: 14465: 14464: 14462: 14461: 14456: 14451: 14445: 14443: 14437: 14436: 14434: 14433: 14432: 14431: 14419: 14418: 14417: 14405: 14399: 14397: 14391: 14390: 14388: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14366: 14365: 14353: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14333: 14327: 14325: 14319: 14318: 14316: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14289: 14287: 14283: 14282: 14280: 14279: 14273: 14271: 14265: 14264: 14262: 14261: 14255: 14253: 14244: 14234: 14233: 14170: 14167: 14166: 14152: 14151: 14144: 14137: 14129: 14120: 14119: 14116: 14113: 14112: 14110: 14109: 14104: 14099: 14094: 14089: 14084: 14079: 14073: 14071: 14065: 14064: 14062: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14040: 14039: 14029: 14024: 14019: 14014: 14009: 14004: 14003: 14002: 13997: 13987: 13982: 13977: 13972: 13966: 13964: 13960: 13959: 13951: 13950: 13943: 13936: 13928: 13919: 13918: 13916: 13915: 13905: 13893: 13890: 13889: 13886: 13885: 13883: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13702: 13696: 13694: 13688: 13687: 13685: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13634: 13629: 13628: 13627: 13626: 13625: 13610: 13609: 13608: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13537: 13531: 13525: 13524: 13521: 13520: 13518: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13506: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13463:Stock exchange 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13429: 13428: 13423: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13392: 13386: 13380: 13379: 13376: 13375: 13373: 13372: 13367: 13365:Municipalities 13362: 13357: 13352: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13325:Prime Minister 13322: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13276: 13275: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13244: 13238: 13232: 13231: 13228: 13227: 13225: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13212:Regional parks 13209: 13207:National parks 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13168: 13167: 13157: 13156: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13119: 13118: 13116:Climate change 13108: 13103: 13097: 13091: 13085: 13084: 13081: 13080: 13078: 13077: 13076: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13034: 13032: 13028: 13027: 13025: 13024: 13023: 13022: 13017: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12992: 12991: 12981: 12976: 12966: 12965: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12923: 12921: 12917: 12916: 12914: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12892: 12891: 12881: 12879:Duchy of Savoy 12876: 12871: 12866: 12865: 12864: 12863: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12816: 12814: 12810: 12809: 12807: 12806: 12801: 12800: 12799: 12789: 12787:Lombard League 12784: 12783: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12725: 12723: 12719: 12718: 12716: 12715: 12714: 12713: 12712: 12711: 12709:Western Empire 12701: 12696: 12694:Roman conquest 12691: 12686: 12676: 12675: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12648: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12615:Italic peoples 12606: 12604: 12600: 12599: 12597: 12596: 12595: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12543: 12541: 12537: 12536: 12534: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12462: 12460: 12456: 12455: 12453: 12452: 12446: 12444: 12437: 12431: 12430: 12419: 12418: 12411: 12404: 12396: 12390: 12387: 12386: 12377: 12376: 12364: 12359: 12350: 12345: 12337: 12326: 12325:External links 12323: 12321: 12320: 12302: 12288: 12274: 12260: 12248:(1): 117–121. 12233: 12183: 12154: 12148: 12134:Maddieson, Ian 12126: 12114:10.2307/475860 12097: 12088: 12083:978-8815258847 12082: 12069: 12052:978-8894034813 12051: 12036: 12031: 12014: 11994:(2): 131–151. 11979: 11975:978-0340928271 11974: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11952: 11927: 11902: 11877: 11852: 11827: 11802: 11777: 11747: 11725: 11694: 11687: 11658: 11623: 11611: 11604: 11578: 11560: 11539:978-0521621847 11538: 11516: 11491: 11465: 11439: 11419: 11401: 11399:, p. 118. 11389: 11387:, p. 221. 11374: 11361: 11349: 11337: 11325: 11310: 11298: 11296:, p. 134. 11286: 11274: 11272:, p. 133. 11262: 11250: 11231: 11216: 11214:, p. 132. 11199: 11187: 11185:, p. 117. 11168: 11156: 11144: 11114: 11084: 11043: 11017: 10987: 10972:(in Italian). 10961: 10946:(in Italian). 10935: 10920:(in Italian). 10909: 10883: 10861: 10831:(in Italian). 10815: 10789: 10757: 10731: 10701: 10668: 10651: 10616: 10576: 10546: 10537: 10518: 10498: 10465: 10458: 10438: 10416: 10390: 10361: 10348: 10316: 10287: 10261: 10246:(in Italian). 10235: 10205: 10192: 10166: 10136: 10123: 10106: 10069: 10039: 10022: 9993: 9986: 9980:. Lippincott. 9963: 9933: 9915: 9896: 9843: 9826: 9820:Cardia, Amos. 9813: 9796: 9755: 9740: 9722: 9707: 9681: 9651: 9636: 9621: 9594: 9582: 9556: 9526: 9495: 9467: 9435: 9409: 9383: 9357: 9338: 9318: 9292: 9273: 9261:Fleure, H. J. 9253: 9220: 9184: 9154: 9128: 9102: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9047: 9046: 9013: 8996: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8824: 8811: 8810: 8809: 8795: 8781: 8767: 8751: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8741: 8736: 8732: 8731: 8728: 8723: 8719: 8718: 8715: 8708: 8704: 8703: 8700: 8695: 8691: 8690: 8687: 8685:Grazia Deledda 8682: 8678: 8677: 8674: 8669: 8665: 8664: 8661: 8658: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8632: 8617: 8616: 8600: 8597: 8594: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8579: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8564: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8549: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8534: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8519: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8504: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8489: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8474: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8444: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8429: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8414: 8413: 8410: 8407: 8400: 8397: 8394: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8379: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8364: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8349: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8334: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8319: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8304: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8289: 8288: 8285: 8282: 8275: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8265: 8262: 8258: 8257: 8254: 8251: 8247: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8236: 8235: 8230: 8227: 8223: 8222: 8217: 8214: 8210: 8209: 8204: 8201: 8197: 8196: 8191: 8188: 8184: 8183: 8180: 8177: 8168: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8146: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8116: 8115: 8113:/ˌventiˈsɛtte/ 8110: 8105: 8101: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8071: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8056: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8041: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8026: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8011: 8010: 8007: 8004: 7997: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7976: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7961: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7946: 7945: 7943:/ditʃasˈsɛtte/ 7940: 7935: 7931: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7916: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7901: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7886: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7871: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7856: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7827: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7806: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7791: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7776: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7761: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7746: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7731: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7716: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7701: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7671: 7670: 7665: 7662: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7640: 7633: 7629: 7628: 7625: 7618: 7614: 7613: 7610: 7603: 7599: 7598: 7595: 7588: 7584: 7583: 7580: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7565: 7558: 7554: 7553: 7550: 7543: 7539: 7538: 7535: 7528: 7524: 7523: 7520: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7505: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7490: 7487: 7480: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7470: 7467: 7463: 7462: 7459: 7456: 7452: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7441: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7430: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7419: 7418: 7415: 7412: 7408: 7407: 7404: 7401: 7397: 7396: 7393: 7390: 7386: 7385: 7382: 7379: 7375: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7361: 7360:Question words 7358: 7355: 7354: 7349: 7335: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7311: 7307: 7306: 7301: 7294: 7290: 7289: 7284: 7277: 7273: 7272: 7267: 7260: 7256: 7255: 7245: 7238: 7234: 7233: 7225: 7212: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7185: 7181: 7180: 7169: 7143: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7126: 7122: 7121: 7103: 7093:Parla inglese? 7087:Parli inglese? 7083: 7079: 7078: 7065: 7062:Non ho capito. 7052: 7048: 7047: 7039: 7026: 7022: 7021: 7013: 7006:(masculine) / 6999: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6982: 6978: 6977: 6969: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6914: 6910: 6909: 6900: 6887: 6883: 6882: 6877: 6870: 6866: 6865: 6860: 6853: 6849: 6848: 6843: 6836: 6832: 6831: 6826: 6819: 6815: 6814: 6795: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6766: 6759: 6755: 6754: 6752:/midisˈpjatʃe/ 6741: 6703: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6686: 6682: 6681: 6673: 6647: 6643: 6642: 6640:/perkorteˈzia/ 6637:/perpjaˈtʃere/ 6626: 6607: 6603: 6602: 6588: 6584:/ Benvenuta/-e 6574: 6570: 6569: 6560: 6556:Ti voglio bene 6546: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6532:Buona fortuna! 6528: 6524: 6523: 6513: 6493: 6489: 6488: 6483: 6480:Buon appetito! 6476: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6448:/ˌbwɔnaˈnɔtte/ 6445: 6431: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6407:/ˌbwɔnˈdʒorno/ 6404: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6376: 6350: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6333: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6306: 6302: 6301: 6290: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6256: 6249: 6245: 6244: 6234: 6227: 6223: 6222: 6221:Pronunciation 6219: 6210: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 5994:'an uncle' or 5896: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5840: 5839: 5836: 5835:Singular Form 5833: 5830: 5637:Main article: 5634: 5631: 5625:'the people', 5573:gorgia toscana 5508: 5507: 5432: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5412: 5409: 5400: 5396: 5395: 5386: 5383: 5372: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5353: 5350: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5323: 5320: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5290: 5289: 5288:. For example: 5231: 5228:palatalization 5140: 5069:can symbolize 5059: 4967:distinguishes 4961: 4936:"princes" and 4879:to indicate a 4739:). The letter 4649: 4648: 4543:The spellings 4541: 4459: 4401: 4382: 4353:Italian has a 4347:Main article: 4344: 4343:Writing system 4341: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4308: 4293: 4292: 4217: 4166: 4127: 4021: 4020: 3974: 3963: 3863: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3666: 3665: 3625: 3585: 3562:(cf. Romanian 3552: 3485: 3484: 3483: 3482: 3391: 3369: 3343: 3309: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3260:Non-retracted 3258: 3245: 3235: 3232:denti-alveolar 3222: 3208: 3183:('fate') with 3155: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3123: 3120: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3095: 3093: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3061: 3054: 3045: 3038: 3031: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3008: 3001: 2994: 2987: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2971: 2964: 2962: 2955: 2948: 2941: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2918: 2915: 2908: 2906: 2899: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2885: 2873: 2863: 2858: 2850: 2842: 2820:Main article: 2817: 2814: 2806:code-switching 2648: 2645: 2581: 2578: 2488: 2485: 2446: 2443: 2417:Gente d'Italia 2415:(Brazil), the 2403:(Mexico), the 2399:(Canada), the 2369:L'italoeuropeo 2219:Italian Libyan 2167:following the 2063:County of Nice 2055:Corsican idiom 2002:Niçard Vespers 1918: 1915: 1818: 1817:Classification 1815: 1736: 1733: 1716: 1713: 1703:'s Latin tome 1681: 1680: 1665: 1655: 1596:Italianization 1572:printing press 1529:era, known as 1522: 1519: 1468:Northern Italy 1263:Tuscan dialect 1253: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1213: 1210: 1164:United Kingdom 991: 990: 988: 987: 980: 973: 965: 962: 961: 960: 959: 954: 946: 945: 939: 938: 937: 936: 931: 923: 922: 916: 915: 914: 913: 905: 904: 898: 897: 896: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 857: 856: 849: 848: 847: 846: 839: 832: 830:Italian Purism 827: 822: 815: 810: 805: 800: 792: 791: 785: 784: 783: 782: 777: 768: 763: 751: 743: 742: 736: 735: 723: 722: 709:, you may see 695: 694: 687: 681: 675: 673: 665: 664: 657: 651: 650: 643: 635: 634: 627: 619: 618: 609: 601: 600: 591: 583: 582: 581:Language codes 578: 577: 561: 555: 554: 522: 520: 515: 512: 511: 509: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 461:European Union 458: 449: 448: 447: 444: 443: 431: 419: 410:Slovene Istria 403: 402: 401: 398: 397: 392: 387: 382: 373: 372: 371: 369: 366: 363: 362: 358: 357: 338: 331: 328: 327: 313: 309:Writing system 306: 303: 302: 301: 300: 294: 289: 283: 282: 275: 271: 270: 268: 267: 266: 265: 264: 263: 244: 242: 239: 236: 235: 233: 232: 231: 230: 229: 228: 227: 226: 225: 224: 223: 222: 221: 220: 219: 218: 174: 172: 165: 162: 161: 148: 144: 143: 138: 134: 133: 131: 130: 124: 114: 100: 95: 90: 84: 82: 81:Native to 78: 77: 70: 66: 65: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18855: 18844: 18841: 18839: 18836: 18834: 18831: 18829: 18826: 18824: 18821: 18819: 18816: 18814: 18811: 18809: 18806: 18804: 18801: 18799: 18796: 18794: 18791: 18789: 18786: 18785: 18783: 18772:from Wikidata 18771: 18770: 18758: 18754: 18753: 18741: 18737: 18736: 18724: 18720: 18719: 18707: 18703: 18702: 18690: 18686: 18685: 18673: 18669: 18668: 18656: 18655: 18652: 18646: 18638: 18628: 18626: 18616: 18614: 18604: 18602: 18592: 18590: 18585: 18580: 18579: 18576: 18557: 18554: 18552: 18549: 18548: 18546: 18542: 18536: 18533: 18531: 18528: 18526: 18523: 18521: 18518: 18516: 18513: 18511: 18510:Faroe Islands 18508: 18506: 18503: 18502: 18500: 18494: 18488: 18485: 18483: 18482:South Ossetia 18480: 18478: 18475: 18473: 18470: 18468: 18465: 18464: 18462: 18456: 18450: 18447: 18443: 18440: 18438: 18435: 18433: 18430: 18428: 18425: 18424: 18423: 18420: 18418: 18415: 18413: 18410: 18408: 18405: 18403: 18400: 18398: 18395: 18393: 18390: 18388: 18385: 18383: 18380: 18378: 18375: 18373: 18370: 18368: 18365: 18363: 18360: 18358: 18355: 18353: 18350: 18348: 18345: 18343: 18340: 18338: 18335: 18333: 18330: 18328: 18325: 18323: 18320: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18307:Liechtenstein 18305: 18303: 18300: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18288: 18286: 18283: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18273: 18271: 18268: 18266: 18263: 18261: 18258: 18256: 18253: 18251: 18248: 18246: 18243: 18241: 18238: 18236: 18233: 18231: 18228: 18226: 18223: 18221: 18218: 18216: 18213: 18211: 18208: 18206: 18203: 18201: 18198: 18196: 18193: 18191: 18188: 18186: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18177: 18175: 18171: 18167: 18160: 18155: 18153: 18148: 18146: 18141: 18140: 18137: 18124: 18120: 18118: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18105: 18102: 18101: 18098: 18092: 18091:Proto-Romance 18089: 18088: 18086: 18084:Reconstructed 18082: 18074: 18071: 18069: 18066: 18065: 18064: 18061: 18059: 18058: 18054: 18052: 18051: 18050:British Latin 18047: 18045: 18044: 18040: 18039: 18037: 18033: 18021: 18018: 18016: 18013: 18011: 18008: 18006: 18003: 18002: 18000: 17997: 17994: 17993: 17989: 17988: 17986: 17982: 17974: 17971: 17969: 17966: 17964: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17954: 17951: 17950: 17949: 17946: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17933: 17932: 17929: 17925: 17922: 17921: 17920: 17917: 17916: 17914: 17912: 17906: 17896: 17895: 17891: 17890: 17889: 17888: 17884: 17880: 17877: 17875: 17872: 17871: 17870: 17869:Vivaro-Alpine 17867: 17863: 17860: 17859: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17842: 17838: 17834: 17833: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17813: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17803: 17802: 17799: 17793: 17790: 17788: 17785: 17784: 17782: 17780: 17777: 17775: 17774: 17770: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17754: 17751: 17749: 17746: 17745: 17744: 17741: 17739: 17736: 17735: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17727: 17726: 17725: 17721: 17720: 17718: 17716: 17710: 17699: 17696: 17693: 17690: 17689: 17687: 17683: 17675: 17674: 17673:Old Navarrese 17670: 17669: 17668: 17667: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17654: 17651: 17650: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17643: 17639: 17638: 17636: 17632: 17626: 17625: 17621: 17617: 17614: 17612: 17609: 17607: 17604: 17600: 17597: 17595: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17585: 17582: 17578: 17575: 17574: 17573: 17570: 17569: 17568: 17567: 17563: 17559: 17556: 17552: 17549: 17548: 17547: 17544: 17540: 17537: 17536: 17535: 17532: 17531: 17530: 17529: 17525: 17523: 17522:Equatoguinean 17520: 17518: 17515: 17514: 17513: 17512: 17508: 17506: 17503: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17493: 17492: 17490: 17488: 17484: 17478: 17477: 17473: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17457: 17454: 17453: 17452: 17451: 17447: 17443: 17440: 17439: 17438: 17437: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17426: 17425: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17415: 17414: 17413: 17409: 17407: 17406: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17392: 17389: 17388: 17387: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17378: 17376: 17374: 17370: 17364: 17363: 17359: 17357: 17354: 17350: 17347: 17346: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17337: 17333: 17330: 17329: 17328: 17325: 17324: 17322: 17320: 17316: 17313: 17310: 17303: 17297: 17287: 17286: 17282: 17280: 17279: 17275: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17257: 17255: 17252: 17251: 17248: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17231: 17230: 17227: 17223: 17220: 17218: 17215: 17214: 17213: 17210: 17208: 17205: 17203: 17200: 17198: 17195: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17174: 17173: 17169: 17165: 17162: 17161: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17150: 17149: 17145: 17144: 17143: 17140: 17139: 17138: 17135: 17133: 17130: 17126: 17123: 17121: 17118: 17116: 17113: 17112: 17111: 17108: 17104: 17103: 17099: 17095: 17092: 17088: 17085: 17084: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17075: 17071: 17068: 17066: 17063: 17061: 17058: 17056: 17053: 17049: 17046: 17044: 17041: 17040: 17039: 17036: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17026: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17014: 17013: 17012: 17009: 17008: 17007: 17004: 17003: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16990: 16989: 16988: 16984: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16976:Frainc-Comtou 16974: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16962: 16961: 16960: 16957: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16947: 16945: 16942: 16940: 16937: 16936: 16934: 16932: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16915: 16907: 16904: 16903: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16896: 16892: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16878: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16861: 16860: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16846: 16842: 16839: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16823: 16822: 16819: 16817: 16814: 16810: 16807: 16806: 16805: 16802: 16801: 16800: 16797: 16793: 16790: 16788: 16785: 16784: 16783: 16780: 16779: 16778: 16775: 16773: 16772:Judeo-Italian 16770: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16738: 16737: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16703: 16702: 16699: 16695: 16692: 16690: 16687: 16686: 16685: 16682: 16681: 16680: 16677: 16676: 16674: 16672: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16659: 16649: 16646: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16636: 16632: 16631: 16630: 16627: 16626: 16624: 16620: 16612: 16609: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16590: 16587: 16583: 16580: 16579: 16578: 16575: 16573: 16570: 16568: 16567:Castelmezzano 16565: 16563: 16560: 16558: 16555: 16554: 16553: 16552: 16548: 16547: 16546: 16543: 16537: 16534: 16533: 16532: 16529: 16525: 16522: 16521: 16520: 16517: 16515: 16512: 16511: 16510: 16507: 16506: 16504: 16500: 16492: 16489: 16488: 16487: 16486: 16482: 16480: 16477: 16473: 16472:Swiss Italian 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16454: 16453: 16452: 16448: 16444: 16441: 16440: 16439: 16436: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16407: 16405: 16402: 16401: 16400: 16397: 16396: 16395: 16392: 16391: 16389: 16385: 16382: 16380: 16374: 16368: 16367: 16363: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16353:Transylvanian 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16315: 16314: 16313: 16312:Daco-Romanian 16309: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16293: 16291: 16289: 16285: 16279: 16276: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16263: 16262: 16261:Italo-Western 16259: 16257: 16254: 16253: 16251: 16247: 16242: 16238: 16231: 16226: 16224: 16219: 16217: 16212: 16211: 16208: 16196: 16193: 16191: 16188: 16186: 16183: 16182: 16180: 16176: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16154: 16150: 16147: 16146: 16144: 16140: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16121: 16119: 16116: 16115: 16113: 16109: 16105: 16100: 16091: 16086: 16084: 16079: 16077: 16072: 16071: 16068: 16056: 16053: 16052: 16050: 16046: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16031: 16029: 16025: 16019: 16016: 16015: 16013: 16011: 16007: 15994: 15993:Gottscheerish 15990: 15989: 15988: 15985: 15984: 15982: 15980: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15967: 15961: 15958: 15957: 15955: 15953: 15949: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15925: 15923: 15919: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15890: 15888: 15884: 15878: 15875: 15874: 15872: 15870: 15866: 15860: 15857: 15852: 15848: 15847: 15846: 15843: 15842: 15840: 15838: 15834: 15831: 15829: 15825: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15805: 15802: 15800: 15797: 15796: 15794: 15792: 15788: 15779: 15778:Sevnica-Krško 15775: 15772: 15768: 15765: 15761: 15760: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15746: 15742: 15741: 15740: 15739:South Pohorje 15737: 15735: 15732: 15727: 15723: 15722: 15721: 15720:Upper Savinja 15718: 15716: 15713: 15712: 15710: 15708: 15704: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15670: 15666: 15665: 15664: 15661: 15660: 15658: 15656: 15652: 15646: 15643: 15638: 15634: 15633: 15632: 15629: 15628: 15626: 15624: 15620: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15586: 15582: 15581: 15580: 15577: 15576: 15574: 15572: 15568: 15559: 15555: 15552: 15548: 15547: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15528: 15524: 15523: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15503: 15501: 15499: 15495: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15471: 15470:Kranjska Gora 15467: 15466: 15465: 15462: 15461: 15459: 15457: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15435: 15431: 15424: 15419: 15417: 15412: 15410: 15405: 15404: 15401: 15383: 15379: 15368: 15365: 15360: 15356: 15355: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15341: 15337: 15336: 15335: 15332: 15331: 15329: 15325: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15301: 15299: 15295: 15286: 15282: 15281: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15270: 15267: 15266: 15264: 15262: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15249: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15230: 15228: 15226: 15225:Italiot Greek 15222: 15219: 15217: 15213: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15197:Slavomolisano 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15184: 15182: 15180: 15176: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15131: 15129: 15127: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15114: 15101: 15097: 15096: 15095: 15092: 15091: 15089: 15087: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15074: 15070: 15063: 15052: 15033: 15029: 15026: 15022: 15019: 15015: 15014: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15004: 15002: 15000: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14987: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14968: 14966: 14964: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14951: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14930:Judeo-Italian 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14917: 14915: 14909: 14900: 14896: 14895: 14894: 14891: 14886: 14882: 14879: 14875: 14874: 14873: 14870: 14869: 14867: 14865: 14861: 14852: 14848: 14845: 14841: 14840: 14839: 14836: 14831: 14827: 14822: 14818: 14815: 14811: 14808: 14804: 14803: 14801: 14797: 14794: 14790: 14785: 14781: 14780: 14778: 14774: 14771: 14767: 14762: 14758: 14755: 14751: 14748: 14744: 14741: 14737: 14736: 14734: 14730: 14725: 14721: 14720: 14718: 14714: 14709: 14705: 14704: 14702: 14698: 14697: 14696: 14693: 14692: 14690: 14688: 14684: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14649: 14647: 14645: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14632: 14619: 14615: 14614: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14604: 14602: 14600: 14596: 14590: 14587: 14586: 14584: 14582: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14572:Gallo-Romance 14569: 14559: 14556: 14551: 14547: 14546: 14545: 14544:Vivaro-Alpine 14542: 14541: 14539: 14537: 14533: 14527: 14524: 14523: 14521: 14519: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14506: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14487: 14485: 14483: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14470: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14446: 14444: 14438: 14429: 14425: 14424: 14423: 14420: 14415: 14411: 14410: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14400: 14398: 14396: 14392: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14363: 14359: 14358: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14328: 14326: 14324: 14320: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14290: 14288: 14284: 14278: 14275: 14274: 14272: 14270: 14266: 14260: 14257: 14256: 14254: 14252: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14242:Italo-Romance 14239: 14235: 14231: 14227: 14223: 14219: 14215: 14211: 14207: 14203: 14199: 14195: 14191: 14187: 14183: 14179: 14175: 14174: 14168: 14164: 14159: 14150: 14145: 14143: 14138: 14136: 14131: 14130: 14127: 14117:autochthonous 14114: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14074: 14072: 14070: 14066: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14054:United States 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14038: 14035: 14034: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13992: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13967: 13965: 13961: 13956: 13949: 13944: 13942: 13937: 13935: 13930: 13929: 13926: 13914: 13906: 13904: 13895: 13894: 13891: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13697: 13695: 13693: 13689: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13624: 13621: 13620: 13619: 13616: 13615: 13614: 13611: 13607: 13604: 13603: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13538: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13526: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13490: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13418: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13393: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13381: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13330: 13326: 13323: 13320: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13274: 13271: 13270: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13245: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13233: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13166: 13163: 13162: 13161: 13158: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13140: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13117: 13114: 13113: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13098: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13086: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13058:Years of Lead 13056: 13054: 13053:Economic Boom 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13040: 13039: 13036: 13035: 13033: 13029: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12996:Fascist Italy 12994: 12990: 12987: 12986: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12971: 12970: 12967: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12942:Niçard exodus 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12929: 12928: 12925: 12924: 12922: 12918: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12890: 12887: 12886: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12842: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12822: 12821: 12818: 12817: 12815: 12811: 12805: 12802: 12798: 12795: 12794: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12732: 12731: 12730: 12727: 12726: 12724: 12720: 12710: 12707: 12706: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12681: 12680: 12677: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12662:Magna Graecia 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12617: 12616: 12613: 12612: 12611: 12608: 12607: 12605: 12601: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12549: 12548: 12545: 12544: 12542: 12538: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12463: 12461: 12457: 12451: 12448: 12447: 12445: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12432: 12428: 12424: 12417: 12412: 12410: 12405: 12403: 12398: 12397: 12394: 12388: 12381: 12375: 12374: 12369: 12368:Learn Italian 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12341: 12338: 12334: 12329: 12328: 12316: 12309: 12308: 12303: 12301: 12297: 12293: 12289: 12287: 12286:88-7916-211-X 12283: 12279: 12275: 12273: 12272:88-7916-015-X 12269: 12265: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12247: 12243: 12239: 12234: 12224:on 6 May 2021 12220: 12216: 12212: 12208: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12189: 12184: 12180: 12176: 12172: 12168: 12164: 12160: 12155: 12151: 12149:0-631-19815-6 12145: 12141: 12140: 12135: 12131: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12115: 12111: 12107: 12103: 12098: 12094: 12089: 12085: 12079: 12076:. Il Mulino. 12075: 12070: 12058: 12054: 12048: 12044: 12043: 12037: 12034: 12028: 12024: 12020: 12015: 12011: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11985: 11980: 11977: 11971: 11967: 11962: 11961: 11941: 11937: 11931: 11916: 11912: 11906: 11891: 11887: 11881: 11866: 11862: 11856: 11841: 11837: 11831: 11816: 11812: 11806: 11791: 11787: 11781: 11765: 11761: 11757: 11751: 11743: 11739: 11735: 11729: 11713: 11709: 11705: 11698: 11690: 11684: 11680: 11673: 11671: 11669: 11667: 11665: 11663: 11646: 11642: 11638: 11632: 11630: 11628: 11620: 11615: 11607: 11601: 11597: 11593: 11589: 11582: 11574: 11567: 11565: 11557: 11545: 11541: 11535: 11531: 11527: 11520: 11505: 11501: 11495: 11479: 11475: 11469: 11453: 11449: 11443: 11436: 11433: 11423: 11416: 11415: 11408: 11406: 11398: 11393: 11386: 11381: 11379: 11371: 11365: 11359:, p. 13. 11358: 11353: 11347:, p. 58. 11346: 11341: 11335:, p. 59. 11334: 11329: 11322: 11317: 11315: 11307: 11302: 11295: 11290: 11283: 11278: 11271: 11266: 11259: 11254: 11247: 11242: 11240: 11238: 11236: 11229:, p. 62. 11228: 11223: 11221: 11213: 11208: 11206: 11204: 11197:, p. 78. 11196: 11191: 11184: 11179: 11177: 11175: 11173: 11165: 11160: 11153: 11152:Prifti (2014) 11148: 11132: 11128: 11124: 11118: 11102: 11098: 11094: 11088: 11080: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11063:(4): 475–97. 11062: 11058: 11054: 11047: 11031: 11027: 11021: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10991: 10975: 10971: 10965: 10949: 10945: 10939: 10923: 10919: 10913: 10897: 10893: 10887: 10879: 10875: 10871: 10865: 10858: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10819: 10803: 10799: 10793: 10777: 10773: 10772: 10767: 10761: 10745: 10741: 10735: 10719: 10715: 10711: 10705: 10686: 10679: 10672: 10666: 10662: 10659: 10655: 10639: 10635: 10627: 10620: 10613: 10598: 10594: 10587: 10580: 10564: 10560: 10556: 10550: 10541: 10525: 10521: 10519:9783832516444 10515: 10511: 10510: 10502: 10486: 10482: 10481: 10476: 10469: 10461: 10459:9781841624457 10455: 10451: 10450: 10442: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10420: 10404: 10400: 10394: 10378: 10374: 10368: 10366: 10358: 10352: 10333: 10326: 10320: 10304: 10300: 10294: 10292: 10275: 10271: 10265: 10249: 10245: 10239: 10223: 10219: 10217: 10209: 10202: 10196: 10180: 10176: 10170: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10140: 10133: 10127: 10120: 10116: 10110: 10091: 10087: 10080: 10073: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10043: 10036: 10034: 10026: 10019: 10016: 10012: 10009: 10006: 10004: 9997: 9989: 9983: 9979: 9978: 9973: 9967: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9937: 9929: 9925: 9919: 9903: 9899: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9869: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9847: 9840: 9836: 9830: 9823: 9817: 9810: 9806: 9800: 9792: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9759: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9737: 9733: 9726: 9719: 9714: 9712: 9695: 9691: 9685: 9678: 9666: 9662: 9655: 9647: 9640: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9618: 9614: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9592: 9586: 9571:on 2 May 2014 9570: 9566: 9560: 9553: 9549: 9546: 9545:Data for EU27 9542: 9538: 9535: 9530: 9514: 9510: 9506: 9499: 9491: 9487: 9486:Eurobarometer 9483: 9482: 9477: 9471: 9452: 9445: 9439: 9423: 9419: 9413: 9397: 9393: 9387: 9371: 9367: 9361: 9345: 9341: 9339:9789027261236 9335: 9331: 9330: 9322: 9306: 9302: 9296: 9280: 9276: 9274:9781176926981 9270: 9266: 9265: 9257: 9250: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9224: 9204: 9197: 9191: 9189: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9158: 9142: 9138: 9132: 9116: 9112: 9106: 9098: 9092: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9071: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9056: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9034:val Poschiavo 9031: 9027: 9023: 9017: 9010: 9004: 9002: 8997: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8849: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8831: 8825: 8821: 8816: 8813: 8812: 8807: 8801: 8796: 8793: 8782: 8779: 8768: 8765: 8754: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8734: 8733: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8721: 8720: 8716: 8713: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8693: 8692: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8663:Contribution 8662: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8631: 8628: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8623: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8607: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8581: 8580: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8521: 8520: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8446: 8445: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8431: 8430: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8416: 8415: 8411: 8408: 8405: 8404: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8381: 8380: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8366: 8365: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8351: 8350: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8331:/ˌmerkoleˈdi/ 8329: 8327: 8324: 8321: 8320: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8291: 8290: 8286: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8266: 8263: 8261:one trillion 8260: 8259: 8255: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8244: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8231: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8218: 8215: 8212: 8211: 8205: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8192: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8181: 8178: 8175: 8174: 8166: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8143:/ˌventiˈnɔve/ 8141: 8139: 8136: 8133: 8132: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8103: 8102: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8088: 8087: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8008: 8005: 8002: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7973:/ditʃanˈnɔve/ 7971: 7969: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7917: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7873: 7872: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7838: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7669: 7666: 7663: 7660: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7641: 7638: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7612:/settiˈmana/ 7611: 7608: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7596: 7593: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7581: 7578: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7566: 7563: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7551: 7548: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7536: 7533: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7521: 7518: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7499: 7496: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7471: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7460: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7449: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7433:why, because 7432: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7394: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7372: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7350: 7346: 7340: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7302: 7299: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7268: 7265: 7264:Quanto costa? 7261: 7258: 7257: 7250: 7246: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7231:/keˌoreˈsono/ 7226: 7223: 7222:Che ore sono? 7217: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7206: 7202: 7196: 7192:(informal) / 7190: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7170: 7166: 7160: 7154: 7150:(informal) / 7148: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7134: 7131: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7116: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7094: 7090:(informal) / 7088: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7073:/nonkaˈpisko/ 7070: 7066: 7063: 7057: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7040: 7037: 7031: 7027: 7024: 7023: 7014: 7010: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6990: 6987: 6983: 6981:My name is... 6980: 6979: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6956:(informal) / 6954: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6940: 6937: 6931: 6925: 6919: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6901: 6898: 6892: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6869:Why / Because 6868: 6867: 6861: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6844: 6841: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6827: 6824: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6796: 6793: 6787: 6781: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6767: 6764: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6742: 6738: 6737:Sono desolata 6732: 6731:Sono desolato 6726: 6720: 6716:(informal) / 6714: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6694: 6691: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6674: 6670: 6669:Vi ringrazio! 6664: 6663:La ringrazio! 6660:(informal) / 6658: 6657:Ti ringrazio! 6652: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6589: 6585: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6561: 6557: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6484: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6446: 6442: 6441:Buona serata! 6436: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6424:/ˌbwɔnaˈsera/ 6422: 6419: 6415: 6413:Good evening! 6412: 6411: 6405: 6403:(= Good day!) 6401: 6397: 6395:Good morning! 6394: 6393: 6386:/ˌkomeˈstate/ 6377: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6357:(informal) / 6355: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6324: 6322:(semi-formal) 6320: 6316:(informal) / 6314: 6312: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6291: 6288: 6287:Naturalmente! 6282: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6202: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6142:present tense 6139: 6135: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5969: 5965: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5916: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5903: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5645:Italian verbs 5640: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5621:'people' but 5620: 5612: 5605: 5600: 5598: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5558: 5554: 5545: 5513: 5502: 5495: 5484: 5483: 5458: 5457: 5450: 5449: 5442: 5434: 5433: 5426: 5425: 5421: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5373: 5370: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5209: 5203: 5186:. The letter 5181: 5175: 5157: 5153: 5141: 5139:in the south. 5099: 5092: 5076: 5072: 5060: 5053: 5037: 5033: 5022: 5015:. The letter 5010: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4944:"anchor" and 4943: 4939: 4935: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4906: 4903:, which is a 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4782: 4750: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4671:. The letter 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4643: 4636: 4629: 4622: 4606: 4602: 4597:/bioloˈdʒi.a/ 4595: 4590:/farmaˈtʃi.a/ 4588: 4580: 4576: 4569: 4562: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4496:to represent 4495: 4491: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4457: 4453: 4442: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4410: 4402: 4399: 4393: 4383: 4380: 4374: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4296: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4218: 4212: 4201: 4194: 4190: 4175: 4168:Vulgar Latin 4167: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4128: 4124:/(t)se,(t)si/ 4113: 4112: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4098: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4046: 4042: 4034: 4030: 4015: 4008: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3868: 3867:Proto-Romance 3864: 3857: 3853:, Portuguese 3851: 3842: 3833: 3827: 3815: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3779: 3771: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3718: 3715:Little or no 3714: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3660: 3653: 3649: 3646:, Portuguese 3645: 3642:(cf. Spanish 3638: 3630: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3595:(cf. Spanish 3590: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3531: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3517:(cf. Spanish 3515: 3514: 3513:quattuordecim 3508: 3507: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3471: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3405: 3392: 3383: 3378: 3370: 3365: 3355: 3344: 3339: 3331: 3310: 3301: 3287: 3283: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3248:/t͡s,d͡z,s,z/ 3246: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3223: 3209: 3178: 3174: 3162: 3161: 3160: 3148: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2856: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2771: 2765: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2737: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2671: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2580:Lingua franca 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2484: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2298:mother tongue 2295: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2211:colonial rule 2208: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1994:Niçard exodus 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1947:Swiss Italian 1944: 1940: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1848:According to 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1821:Italian is a 1814: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1800: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1782: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1759:The Betrothed 1754: 1745: 1741: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1725:lingua franca 1722: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1686: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1652:Divine Comedy 1649: 1644: 1643: 1638:(who, in his 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1615: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1528: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1380: 1376: 1374: 1373: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1318:typologically 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1250: 1239: 1223: 1219: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1172:lingua franca 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1025: 1017: 1011: 1002: 997: 986: 981: 979: 974: 972: 967: 966: 964: 963: 958: 957:Tuscan gorgia 955: 953: 950: 949: 948: 947: 944: 941: 940: 935: 932: 930: 927: 926: 925: 924: 921: 918: 917: 912: 909: 908: 907: 906: 903: 900: 899: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 860: 859: 858: 854: 851: 850: 845: 844: 843:The Betrothed 840: 838: 837: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 820: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 795: 794: 793: 790: 787: 786: 781: 778: 774: 769: 767: 764: 760: 755: 752: 750: 747: 746: 745: 744: 741: 738: 737: 733: 729: 728: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 702: 696: 671: 666: 662: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 642: 641: 636: 632: 628: 625: 620: 615: 610: 607: 602: 597: 592: 589: 584: 579: 574: 567: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 534: 529: 525: 521: 513: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 453: 440: 435: 432: 428: 423: 422:Istria County 420: 416: 411: 408: 407: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 370: 364: 359: 354: 353: 345: 344: 339: 335: 329: 326: 321: 317: 314: 310: 304: 299: 295: 293: 292:Swiss Italian 290: 288: 285: 284: 281: 278: 277: 276: 272: 262: 259: 258: 257: 254: 253: 252: 249: 248: 247: 243: 237: 217: 214: 213: 212: 211:Italo-Romance 209: 208: 207: 204: 203: 202: 201:Italo-Western 199: 198: 197: 194: 193: 192: 189: 188: 187: 184: 183: 182: 179: 178: 177: 176:Indo-European 173: 169: 163: 158:: 3.1 million 157: 152: 149: 145: 142: 139: 135: 128: 125: 122: 118: 115: 112: 108: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 85: 83: 79: 75: 71: 69:Pronunciation 67: 63: 57: 52: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 18767: 18750: 18733: 18716: 18699: 18682: 18670:from Commons 18665: 18644: 18613:Vatican City 18487:Transnistria 18449:Vatican City 18112: 18103: 18055: 18048: 18041: 17990: 17892: 17885: 17847:Languedocien 17839: 17832:Judeo-Gascon 17830: 17771: 17722: 17692:Barranquenho 17671: 17664: 17640: 17622: 17564: 17526: 17509: 17500:Extremaduran 17474: 17448: 17434: 17422: 17410: 17403: 17360: 17319:Asturleonese 17283: 17276: 17234:West Walloon 17222:Saintongeais 17170: 17146: 17142:Anglo-Norman 17100: 17033:Newfoundland 16993:Jersey Legal 16985: 16893: 16858:Southwestern 16841:Vallassinese 16730:Gallo-Picene 16671:Gallo-Italic 16633: 16549: 16544: 16483: 16450: 16449: 16364: 16310: 16195:Italian Sign 16169:Swiss German 15959: 15558:Šavrin Hills 15511:Torre Valley 15382: 15359:Sinte Romani 15169:Torre Valley 15117:South Slavic 15062:Italy portal 14754:Vallassinese 14635:Gallo-Italic 14250: 14171: 13957:in the world 13954: 13740:Architecture 13710:Quattrocento 13667:Social class 13647:Prostitution 13617: 13561:Demographics 13483:Trade unions 13426:Central Bank 13268:Human rights 13248:Constitution 13031:Contemporary 13001:World War II 12889:Italian Wars 12813:Early modern 12755:Papal States 12733:Italy under 12679:Ancient Rome 12371: 12356: 12343:(in Italian) 12306: 12291: 12277: 12276:S. Morgana, 12263: 12245: 12241: 12226:, retrieved 12219:the original 12198: 12194: 12162: 12158: 12138: 12105: 12101: 12092: 12073: 12061:. Retrieved 12041: 12022: 12018: 11991: 11987: 11965: 11957:Bibliography 11943:. Retrieved 11939: 11930: 11918:. Retrieved 11914: 11905: 11893:. Retrieved 11889: 11880: 11868:. Retrieved 11864: 11855: 11843:. Retrieved 11839: 11830: 11818:. Retrieved 11814: 11805: 11793:. Retrieved 11789: 11780: 11768:. Retrieved 11759: 11750: 11737: 11728: 11716:. Retrieved 11707: 11697: 11678: 11649:. Retrieved 11640: 11614: 11587: 11581: 11572: 11555: 11548:. Retrieved 11529: 11519: 11507:. Retrieved 11503: 11494: 11482:. Retrieved 11478:the original 11468: 11456:. Retrieved 11452:the original 11442: 11434: 11422: 11413: 11392: 11364: 11352: 11340: 11328: 11301: 11289: 11277: 11265: 11253: 11190: 11159: 11147: 11135:. Retrieved 11131:the original 11126: 11117: 11105:. Retrieved 11097:ilsonline.it 11096: 11087: 11060: 11056: 11046: 11034:. Retrieved 11030:the original 11020: 11008:. Retrieved 10999: 10990: 10978:. Retrieved 10964: 10952:. Retrieved 10938: 10926:. Retrieved 10912: 10900:. Retrieved 10886: 10873: 10864: 10856: 10849:. Retrieved 10832: 10828: 10818: 10806:. Retrieved 10792: 10780:. Retrieved 10769: 10760: 10748:. Retrieved 10740:"Newsletter" 10734: 10722:. Retrieved 10718:the original 10704: 10692:. Retrieved 10671: 10654: 10642:. Retrieved 10633: 10619: 10611: 10604:. Retrieved 10592: 10579: 10567:. Retrieved 10559:balkaneu.com 10558: 10549: 10540: 10528:. Retrieved 10508: 10501: 10489:. Retrieved 10478: 10468: 10448: 10441: 10428: 10419: 10407:. Retrieved 10403:the original 10399:"Popis 2002" 10393: 10381:. Retrieved 10377:the original 10356: 10351: 10339:. Retrieved 10319: 10307:. Retrieved 10278:. Retrieved 10264: 10252:. Retrieved 10238: 10226:. Retrieved 10215: 10208: 10200: 10195: 10183:. Retrieved 10169: 10157:. Retrieved 10148: 10139: 10126: 10118: 10114: 10109: 10097:. Retrieved 10090:the original 10072: 10060:. Retrieved 10056:the original 10051: 10042: 10032: 10025: 10002: 9996: 9976: 9966: 9954:. Retrieved 9945: 9936: 9928:the original 9918: 9906:. Retrieved 9873: 9867: 9855: 9846: 9838: 9834: 9829: 9821: 9816: 9808: 9804: 9799: 9772: 9768: 9758: 9731: 9725: 9718:Berloco 2018 9700:24 September 9698:. Retrieved 9694:the original 9684: 9676: 9669:. Retrieved 9654: 9645: 9639: 9612: 9585: 9573:. Retrieved 9569:the original 9559: 9529: 9517:. Retrieved 9508: 9498: 9490:the original 9479: 9470: 9458:. Retrieved 9451:the original 9438: 9426:. Retrieved 9412: 9400:. Retrieved 9386: 9374:. Retrieved 9360: 9348:. Retrieved 9328: 9321: 9309:. Retrieved 9301:"Hermathena" 9295: 9283:. Retrieved 9263: 9256: 9248: 9241:. Retrieved 9232: 9223: 9210:. Retrieved 9175:. Retrieved 9166: 9157: 9145:. Retrieved 9139:. Cdila.it. 9131: 9119:. Retrieved 9113:. Cdila.it. 9105: 9088: 9016: 8846: 8764:Italy portal 8629: 8625:in English: 8620: 8618: 8613: 8609:in Italian: 8604: 8602: 8599:Example text 8591:/diˈtʃɛmbre/ 8585: 8570: 8555: 8546:/setˈtɛmbre/ 8540: 8525: 8510: 8495: 8480: 8465: 8450: 8435: 8420: 8385: 8370: 8355: 8340: 8325: 8310: 8295: 8256:/miˈljardo/ 8253:un miliardo 8250:one billion 8239:one million 8213:two thousand 8200:one thousand 8164: 8152: 8137: 8122: 8119:twenty-eight 8107: 8104:twenty-seven 8098:/ˌventiˈsɛi/ 8092: 8077: 8063:ventiquattro 8062: 8053:/ˌventiˈtre/ 8047: 8044:twenty-three 8038:/ˌventiˈdue/ 8032: 8017: 7994: 7982: 7967: 7952: 7937: 7922: 7913:/ˈkwinditʃi/ 7907: 7892: 7877: 7862: 7847: 7824: 7812: 7797: 7782: 7767: 7752: 7737: 7722: 7707: 7692: 7677: 7378:what (adj.) 7345:Mi piacciono 7315:Di dove sei? 7175:/ajuˈtatemi/ 7056:Non capisco. 7042:/sikaˈpisko/ 7030:Sì, capisco. 6986:Mi chiamo... 6654:(general) / 6634:/perfaˈvore/ 6623:Per cortesia 6600:/benveˈnute/ 6597:/benveˈnuta/ 6594:/benveˈnuti/ 6591:/benveˈnuto/ 6578:Benvenuto/-i 6500:(general) / 6379:/ˌkomeˈstai/ 6349:How are you? 6188: 6185:Conversation 6158:future tense 6134:conjugations 6131: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6111: 6103:augmentative 6087:prepositions 6083:contractions 6080: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5917: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5838:Plural Form 5822: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5679: 5657:in general. 5648: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5610: 5601: 5582:intervocalic 5571: 5565: 5563:as , , or . 5509: 5500: 5493: 5480: 5452: 5444: 5418: 5406: 5392: 5378: 5376:/tʃamˈbɛlla/ 5359: 5345: 5329: 5317: 5315:/karaˈmɛlla/ 5281: 5277: 5226:. (See also 5207: 5179: 5142:The letters 5101:/natˈtsjone/ 5097: 5094:/dzanˈdzara/ 5090: 5077:consonants. 5061:The letters 5051: 5044:/ˈɔverkraft/ 5035: 5031: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4995:("to the"), 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4920: 4916: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4869:grave accent 4864: 4852: 4841:acute accent 4780: 4745:phonetically 4732: 4728: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4650: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4620: 4615:followed by 4604: 4600: 4593: 4592:'pharmacy', 4586: 4578: 4574: 4567: 4566:'pacifier', 4560: 4548: 4544: 4534: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4493: 4489: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4451: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4408: 4397: 4378: 4352: 4333:phonotactics 4330: 4327:Assimilation 4294: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4210: 4199: 4192: 4188: 4179:rather than 4173: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4137:rather than 4122:rather than 4109: 4104: 4096: 4072: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4053:sdrucciolare 4052: 4044: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4013: 4006: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3973:given above. 3970: 3966: 3805: 3793: 3785: 3777: 3769: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3690: 3667: 3661: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3628: 3621: 3617: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3593:medi(p)simum 3588: 3581: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3526: 3518: 3502: 3495:Vulgar Latin 3488: 3467: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3403: 3286:postalveolar 3158: 2791: 2782:World War II 2774: 2766: 2757: 2749: 2741: 2733: 2727: 2716: 2686: 2676: 2634: 2627: 2608: 2589: 2566:Buenos Aires 2531: 2527: 2481: 2470: 2462: 2438: 2432: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2383:America Oggi 2372: 2368: 2364: 2354: 2344: 2338: 2330: 2327:Vatican City 2320: 2318: 2302: 2283: 2258: 2227: 2200: 2189: 2165:World War II 2115:), parts of 2099:), parts of 2090: 2050:Francization 1975: 1971:Vatican City 1936: 1880: 1849: 1847: 1827:Vulgar Latin 1820: 1776: 1757: 1749: 1718: 1682: 1651: 1636:Pietro Bembo 1623: 1608:assimilation 1577: 1561: 1556:Pietro Bembo 1544:rinascimento 1524: 1492: 1461: 1452: 1440: 1431:Italian are 1427:Italian and 1410: 1395: 1382: 1368: 1358: 1351: 1322: 1292:of Italian. 1286:Vulgar Latin 1275: 1208: 1196:sound system 1145: 1110: 1098:Santa Tereza 1086:Vatican City 1062:conservative 1050:Roman Empire 1046:Vulgar Latin 995: 994: 841: 834: 817: 739: 698: 655:Linguasphere 638: 505: 395:Vatican City 334:Signed forms 316:Latin script 251:Vulgar Latin 215: 98:Vatican City 43: 18625:Switzerland 18525:Isle of Man 18460:recognition 18407:Switzerland 18342:Netherlands 18068:Campidanese 17894:Old Catalan 17887:Old Occitan 17624:Old Spanish 17558:Rioplatense 17362:Old Leonese 17190:Cotentinais 17154:Guernésiais 17077:Frenchville 17070:New England 16949:Bourbonnais 16901:Piedmontese 16895:Old Lombard 16787:Bergamasque 16711:Sammarinese 16190:French Sign 15908:Montenegrin 15613:Škofja Loka 15478:Jaun Valley 15464:Gail Valley 15367:Wenzhounese 15192:Montenegrin 15139:Gail Valley 14940:Piedmontese 14844:Bergamasque 14490:Campidanese 14331:Beneventano 14298:Marchigiano 14230:Wenzhounese 14102:Macarrônico 14049:Switzerland 13805:Italophilia 13765:Coat of arm 13715:Cinquecento 13591:Immigration 13541:Aristocracy 13406:Agriculture 13300:Nationality 13273:LGBT rights 13187:Earthquakes 13068:Mani pulite 12984:World War I 12927:Unification 12920:Late modern 12884:Renaissance 12729:Middle Ages 12722:Middle Ages 12699:Roman Italy 12466:Citizenship 12315:archive.org 12290:J. Kinder, 12262:M. Vitale, 12201:(1): 1–22, 12165:(1): 1–22. 12095:. Treccani. 11619:Simone 2010 11550:17 December 11484:12 December 11458:12 December 11370:Ashby (2011 11195:Hall (1944) 11164:Hall (1944) 10694:10 February 10052:www.pdx.edu 10035:(1990: 294) 9880:: 126–172. 9809:Linguistica 9243:19 February 8576:/noˈvɛmbre/ 8441:/febˈbrajo/ 8426:/dʒenˈnajo/ 8391:/doˈmenika/ 8245:/miˈljone/ 8242:un milione 8220:/ˌdueˈmila/ 8187:one hundred 8134:twenty-nine 8128:/venˈtɔtto/ 8078:venticinque 8074:twenty-five 8059:twenty-four 7958:/diˈtʃɔtto/ 7938:diciassette 7893:quattordici 7883:/ˈtreditʃi/ 7552:/seˈkondo/ 7198:(formal) / 7162:(plural) / 7156:(formal) / 7096:(formal) / 7045:/ɔkkaˈpito/ 7019:/ˌkwestaˈɛ/ 7016:/ˌkwestoˈɛ/ 7009:Questa è... 7003:Questo è... 6962:(formal) / 6728:(plural) / 6722:(formal) / 6707:Mi dispiace 6676:/ˈɡrattsje/ 6666:(formal) / 6617:Per piacere 6506:(formal) / 6503:Arrivederla 6497:Arrivederci 6435:Buonanotte! 6430:Good night! 6400:Buongiorno! 6383:/ˌkomeˈsta/ 6369:(plural) / 6366:Come state? 6363:(formal) / 6281:Certamente! 6014:'a shirt', 6012:una camicia 5964:s+consonant 5925:inflections 5829:Definition 5557:South Tyrol 5544:continuants 5475:unless the 5276:of English 5190:symbolizes 5162:symbolizes 5107:symbolizes 5081:symbolizes 4963:The letter 4679:, although 4533:'needles', 4461:The letter 4322:elsewhere). 4161:Portuguese 3967:quattordici 3847:, Romanian 3780:"receive", 3640:/waidanjan/ 3505:quattordici 3452:/preˈzɛnto/ 3437:/preˈsɛnto/ 3418:traditional 3290:/t͡ʃ,d͡ʒ,ʃ/ 3282:palatalized 3077:Approximant 2810:code-mixing 2628:Within the 2623:John Milton 2596:Renaissance 2523:Piedmontese 2373:Passaparola 2351:Switzerland 2194:due to the 2123:and by the 2040:, but King 1943:Switzerland 1874:, 77% with 1870:, 78% with 1862:, 85% with 1729:bourgeoisie 1662:Florentines 1642:Gli Asolani 1622:(i.e., the 1547:(Italian). 1538:renaissance 1527:Renaissance 1521:Renaissance 1515:Renaissance 1507:Medici Bank 1435:of initial 1413:city-states 1278:Middle Ages 1276:During the 1074:Switzerland 929:Orthography 893:Italophilia 713:instead of 390:Switzerland 374:4 countries 240:Early forms 103:Switzerland 18:Old Italian 18782:Categories 18752:Phrasebook 18684:Quotations 18377:San Marino 18337:Montenegro 18317:Luxembourg 18297:Kazakhstan 18200:Azerbaijan 18115:indicates 18073:Logudorese 17606:Philippine 17572:Andalusian 17566:Peninsular 17456:Estremenho 17412:Portuguese 17339:Cantabrian 17172:Law French 17164:Sercquiais 16998:Meridional 16959:Champenois 16954:Burgundian 16765:Tabarchino 16755:Monégasque 16694:Parmigiano 16551:Neapolitan 16524:Manduriano 16491:Florentine 16358:Wallachian 16328:Bukovinian 15928:Macedonian 15869:Shtokavian 15456:Carinthian 14885:Parmigiano 14677:Tabarchino 14667:Monégasque 14495:Logudorese 14414:Manduriano 14277:Florentine 13875:Traditions 13865:Television 13850:Philosophy 13815:Literature 13755:Cathedrals 13725:Settecento 13586:Healthcare 13551:Corruption 13546:Censorship 13305:Parliament 13263:Government 13063:Maxi Trial 13011:Resistance 12740:Ostrogoths 12672:Messapians 12557:Villanovan 12547:Prehistory 12540:Prehistory 12063:5 November 11596:Zanichelli 11036:22 October 10996:"duolingo" 10902:22 October 10851:22 January 10808:22 October 10782:26 October 10750:22 October 10569:8 November 10431:. Zagreb: 10254:2 November 10117:, p. 36. " 10062:5 February 9972:Pei, Mario 9946:ezglot.com 9671:10 October 9575:22 October 9519:7 February 9350:17 January 9311:17 January 9285:17 January 9177:16 October 9147:22 October 9121:22 October 9090:Ethnologue 9052:References 8561:/otˈtobre/ 8361:/venerˈdi/ 8346:/dʒoveˈdi/ 8316:/marteˈdi/ 8108:ventisette 8089:twenty-six 8029:twenty-two 8023:/venˈtuno/ 8014:twenty-one 7968:diciannove 7928:/ˈseditʃi/ 7868:/ˈdoditʃi/ 7853:/ˈunditʃi/ 7743:/ˈtʃinkwe/ 7728:/ˈkwattro/ 7597:/ˈdʒorno/ 7567:/miˈnuto/ 7537:/doˈmani/ 7512:yesterday 7472:/ˈkwanto/ 7461:/ˈkwando/ 7321:Di dove è? 7228:/keˌoraˈɛ/ 7216:Che ora è? 7172:/aˈjutami/ 7159:Aiutatemi! 7036:Ho capito. 7012:(feminine) 6998:This is... 6992:/miˈkjamo/ 6903:/diˈnwɔvo/ 6802:/kekˈkɔsa/ 6798:/kekˈkɔza/ 6646:Thank you! 6611:Per favore 6545:I love you 6527:Good luck! 6512:(informal) 6418:Buonasera! 6354:Come stai? 6270:Of course! 6146:past tense 6107:neologisms 6099:diminutive 6000:un mio zio 5931:'I love', 5913:adjectives 5874:Masculine 5846:Masculine 5823:Examples: 5790:inanimates 5671:accusative 5663:nominative 5643:See also: 5629:'reason'. 5488:and cielo 5374:ciambella 5368:Affricate 5313:caramella 5244:indicate ( 5218:. Compare 5156:affricates 5103:"nation". 5036:hovercraft 4891:"tea" and 4737:Ionian Sea 4647:'Thames'.* 4645:/taˈmidʒi/ 4633:'kisses'; 4607:represent 4571:/ˈdʒordʒo/ 4564:/ˈtʃuttʃo/ 4441:affricates 4283:; Spanish 4259:; Spanish 4057:druzzolare 3998:, Spanish 3947:, Spanish 3916:, Spanish 3885:, Spanish 3734:, Spanish 3697:Portuguese 3633:guadaniāre 3629:guadagnare 3601:Portuguese 3542:Portuguese 3177:unreleased 2802:triglossia 2794:modern era 2651:See also: 2611:Grand Tour 2584:See also: 2491:See also: 2377:Luxembourg 2335:San Marino 2250:Montessori 2182:Italy and 2093:Montenegro 1939:San Marino 1921:See also: 1903:intonation 1899:vocabulary 1887:inflection 1868:Portuguese 1851:Ethnologue 1715:Modern era 1671:, such as 1660:and other 1604:Sardinians 1513:, and the 1476:Neapolitan 1437:consonants 1365:Florentine 1330:vernacular 1314:pragmatics 1302:morphology 1257:(top) and 1204:gemination 1070:San Marino 1029:pronounced 1006:pronounced 878:Philosophy 868:Literature 853:Literature 759:Florentine 732:the series 506:and others 385:San Marino 261:Florentine 93:San Marino 18735:Resources 18718:Textbooks 18515:Gibraltar 18312:Lithuania 18123:varieties 18106:indicate 18063:Sardinian 18020:Triestine 17968:Sursilvan 17879:Mentonasc 17857:Provençal 17806:Auvergnat 17792:Valencian 17748:Mallorcan 17738:Algherese 17713:Occitano- 17660:Navarrese 17648:Aragonese 17584:Castilian 17487:Castilian 17463:Uruguayan 17436:Brazilian 17399:Minderico 17393:/Eonavian 17356:Mirandese 17270:Valdôtain 17256:/Arpitan 17197:Orléanais 17148:Auregnais 17132:Mayennais 17082:Louisiana 16964:Ardennais 16944:Berrichon 16750:Intemelio 16706:Forlivese 16689:Bolognese 16635:Dalmatian 16599:Tarantino 16562:Benevento 16519:Salentino 16479:Sassarese 16443:Gallurese 16426:Romanesco 16379:Dalmatian 16343:Moldavian 16338:Maramureș 16296:Aromanian 16018:Hungarian 15837:Chakavian 15814:Prekmurje 15791:Pannonian 15126:Slovenian 14976:Triestine 14913:languages 14899:Forlivese 14878:Bolognese 14724:Legnanese 14662:Intemelio 14607:Valdôtain 14550:Mentonasc 14526:Algherese 14482:Sardinian 14473:Sardinian 14459:Sassarese 14454:Gallurese 14442:languages 14408:Salentino 14380:Tarantino 14351:Cosentino 14308:Romanesco 14222:Sardinian 14097:Cocoliche 14087:Itanglese 14059:Venezuela 13975:Australia 13970:Argentina 13835:Mythology 13810:Libraries 13730:Ottocento 13672:Terrorism 13613:Languages 13566:Education 13488:Transport 13438:Companies 13345:Provinces 13315:President 13280:Judiciary 13253:Elections 13165:Volcanoes 13160:Volcanism 13153:Apennines 13138:Mountains 13106:Peninsula 13089:Geography 13020:Civil War 12745:Byzantium 12652:Etruscans 12587:Canegrate 12582:Golasecca 12567:Rinaldone 12562:Terramare 12552:Neolithic 12238:"Italian" 12215:145463946 12179:142121342 12045:. Lengu. 11795:22 August 11770:7 January 11738:ohchr.org 11509:24 August 11137:8 October 11107:7 October 11079:253447737 10145:"Society" 10099:5 January 10086:Neuchâtel 9908:1 October 9481:europa.eu 9428:11 August 9402:11 August 9030:Bregaglia 9026:Mesolcina 8541:settembre 8537:September 8531:/aˈɡosto/ 8501:/ˈdʒuɲɲo/ 8486:/ˈmaddʒo/ 8471:/aˈprile/ 8456:/ˈmartso/ 8376:/ˈsabato/ 8326:mercoledì 8322:Wednesday 8301:/luneˈdi/ 8194:/ˈtʃɛnto/ 8158:/ˈtrenta/ 8138:ventinove 7934:seventeen 7818:/ˈdjɛtʃi/ 7607:settimana 7527:tomorrow 7507:/ˈɔddʒi/ 7466:how much 7450:/ˈkwale/ 7439:/perˈke/ 7168:(general) 7153:Mi aiuti! 6942:/ˈkwanto/ 6907:/anˈkora/ 6829:/ˈkwando/ 6780:Che cosa? 6725:Scusatemi 6713:Scusa(mi) 6535:(general) 6389:/ˌkomeva/ 6360:Come sta? 6343:/saˈlute/ 6293:/ˈtʃɛrto/ 6212:Italian ( 6203:English ( 6123:vedendola 6056:lo and l' 5888:Feminine 5860:Feminine 5796:, f. pl. 5490:/ˈtʃɛ.lo/ 5404:/ˈdʒallo/ 5331:India ink 5284:) before 5252:) before 5075:voiceless 4927:, making 4733:Mar Ionio 4729:Mar Jonio 4689:la mia ex 4573:) unless 4320:/nn/,/mm/ 4301:metaphony 4269:trēs, sex 4198:, French 4157:, French 4120:/tʃe,tʃi/ 4077:languages 4061:ruzzolare 4005:, French 3996:/ˈfo̯aje/ 3971:settimana 3953:, French 3922:, French 3891:, French 3838:, French 3754:, French 3738:, French 3650:, French 3606:, French 3570:, French 3564:săptămână 3560:septimāna 3556:settimana 3525:, French 3296:is velar 3242:/i,e,ɛ,j/ 3022:Fricative 2983:Affricate 2816:Phonology 2798:diglossia 2637:loanwords 2562:Argentina 2554:Cocoliche 2445:Education 2429:Venezuela 2409:Argentina 2310:Venezuela 2305:Argentina 2300:in 2016. 1907:Sardinian 1891:discourse 1883:phonology 1864:Sardinian 1843:Dalmatian 1799:panettone 1669:courtiers 1568:humanists 1554:Venetian 1337:from the 1298:phonology 1121:Australia 1102:Encantado 1058:Sardinian 943:Phonology 855:and other 640:Glottolog 624:ISO 639-3 606:ISO 639-2 588:ISO 639-1 404:3 regions 246:Old Latin 137:Ethnicity 18589:Language 18535:Svalbard 18520:Guernsey 18467:Abkhazia 18437:Scotland 18392:Slovenia 18387:Slovakia 18362:Portugal 18220:Bulgaria 17999:Venetian 17973:Vallader 17963:Surmiran 17936:Cadorino 17919:Friulian 17852:Limousin 17821:Béarnese 17783:Western 17765:Northern 17753:Menorcan 17743:Balearic 17734:Eastern 17730:dialects 17589:Castrapo 17546:Peruvian 17517:dialects 17450:European 17418:dialects 17405:Portugis 17386:Galician 17327:Asturian 17265:Savoyard 17217:Poitevin 17185:Cauchois 17159:Jèrriais 17006:Canadian 16885:Varesino 16880:Ticinese 16868:Novarese 16863:Cremunés 16853:Ossolano 16848:Milanese 16836:Lecchese 16804:Brianzöö 16735:Ligurian 16701:Romagnol 16582:Arianese 16577:Irpinian 16572:Cilentan 16536:Pantesco 16531:Sicilian 16502:Southern 16438:Corsican 16414:Macerata 16409:Fabriano 16348:Oltenian 16318:dialects 16278:Southern 16153:Ticinese 16034:Albanian 15987:Bavarian 15970:Germanic 15893:Croatian 15859:Southern 15851:Čičarija 15804:Prlekija 15677:Čabranka 15598:Črni Vrh 15527:Banjšice 15498:Littoral 15269:Cimbrian 15261:Bavarian 15187:Croatian 15094:Arbëresh 15077:Albanian 15018:Cadorino 15007:Friulian 14963:Venetian 14954:Venetian 14893:Romagnol 14821:Cremunés 14814:Novarese 14793:Varesino 14784:Ossolano 14777:Ticinese 14770:Milanese 14761:Lecchese 14644:Ligurian 14449:Corsican 14428:Pantesco 14422:Sicilian 14362:Arianese 14356:Irpinian 14346:Cilentan 14303:Marinese 14202:Germanic 14198:Friulian 14186:Croatian 14178:Albanian 14092:Lunfardo 14032:Slovenia 14000:Dalmatia 13913:Category 13800:Internet 13790:Folklore 13720:Seicento 13705:Trecento 13700:Duecento 13662:Religion 13623:Regional 13601:Italians 13576:Gambling 13468:Taxation 13295:Military 13236:Politics 13038:Republic 12825:Florence 12750:Lombards 12689:Republic 12635:Samnites 12630:Picentes 12572:Apennine 12531:Railways 12511:Military 12459:By topic 12443:Overview 12427:articles 12357:Omniglot 12228:21 March 12136:(1996). 12057:Archived 11764:Archived 11742:Archived 11718:7 August 11712:Archived 11645:Archived 11544:Archived 11101:Archived 11004:Archived 11000:duolingo 10974:Archived 10948:Archived 10922:Archived 10896:Archived 10878:Archived 10876:. 2019. 10845:Archived 10802:Archived 10776:Archived 10744:Archived 10724:8 August 10685:Archived 10661:Archived 10638:Archived 10597:Archived 10563:Archived 10524:Archived 10485:Archived 10332:Archived 10303:Archived 10274:Archived 10248:Archived 10222:Archived 10179:Archived 10153:Archived 10011:Archived 10005:1950: 46 9974:(1949). 9950:Archived 9902:Archived 9841:, p.488. 9791:11701054 9750:58837884 9665:Archived 9631:17650220 9548:Archived 9537:Archived 9513:Archived 9422:Archived 9396:Archived 9376:15 March 9370:Archived 9368:. 2024. 9344:Archived 9305:Archived 9303:. 1942. 9279:Archived 9237:Archived 9203:Archived 9171:Archived 9141:Archived 9115:Archived 8826:Italian 8820:dialetti 8750:See also 8739:Dario Fo 8586:dicembre 8582:December 8571:novembre 8567:November 8516:/ˈluʎʎo/ 8436:febbraio 8432:February 8386:domenica 8367:Saturday 8337:Thursday 8207:/ˈmille/ 8123:ventotto 8093:ventisei 8048:ventitré 8033:ventidue 7988:/ˈventi/ 7964:nineteen 7953:diciotto 7949:eighteen 7908:quindici 7889:fourteen 7874:thirteen 7773:/ˈsɛtte/ 7642:/ˈanno/ 7522:/ˈjɛri/ 7489:Italian 7486:English 7428:/ˈdove/ 7417:/ˈkome/ 7370:Italian 7367:English 7339:Mi piace 7324:(formal) 7204:(plural) 7178:/aˈjuto/ 7147:Aiutami! 7142:Help me! 7102:(plural) 6968:(formal) 6891:Di nuovo 6880:/perˈke/ 6748:/ˈskuza/ 6744:/ˈskuzi/ 6719:Mi scusi 6696:/ˈprɛɡo/ 6672:(plural) 6573:Welcome 6563:/tiˈamo/ 6492:Goodbye! 6465:(formal) 6372:Come va? 6215:italiano 6195:royal we 6095:suffixes 6091:articles 5944:articles 5746:unmarked 5732:'girl', 5649:Italian 5623:la gente 5578:lenition 5501:farmacie 5494:farmacia 5486:/ˈtʃa.o/ 5416:/ˈdʒiro/ 5390:/ˈtʃina/ 5343:/ˈɡallo/ 5307:Plosive 5235:digraphs 5152:plosives 4999:("to"), 4991:("or"), 4938:princìpi 4934:prìncipi 4897:gioventù 4851:, as in 4749:digraphs 4681:(e)stra- 4669:xilofono 4665:xenofobo 4640:'trip', 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UTET. 12102:Italica 12010:6479830 11945:12 July 11920:12 July 11895:12 July 11870:12 July 11845:12 July 11820:12 July 11651:28 July 11592:Bologna 11010:18 July 10644:28 July 10606:28 July 10435:. 2002. 10409:10 June 10341:28 June 10159:28 June 10031:Koutna 10003:Italica 9862:. 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