192:
491:
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268:
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254:
605:, which are usually carved from coral and limestone. Wooden carved grave markers are common later on, usually made from or carved from the boat belonging to the deceased. These are usually carved into human figures that represent the deceased. With graves of women identifiable by the presence of combs and mirrors, and graves of men by the depiction of head coverings. Graves of children usually have smaller figures. A common relatively recent tradition is the carving of elaborate stylized bed frames as grave markers. These graves are often decorated with buntings and food offerings, again reflecting the ancient
110:
416:
636:
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36:
342:
became a symbol of power and status. As such, they increasingly became more and more elaborate, developing the flowing characteristics that it possesses today. It influenced other
Maranao artforms greatly due to its association with rank and prestige, becoming used in textiles, musical instruments,
674:
motifs are so stylized that it is often easy to tell whether a carving is
Maranao or not. Other ethnic groups usually introduce other elements or motifs that are non-traditional to the original Maranao
466:, and thus tend to be highly variable. Each artist carves according to his own tastes. Despite this, there are still shared motifs that bind them all together as Sama.
683:
designs, particularly for textiles, are distinctive enough that a
Maranao can usually distinguish which region someone is from based only on the patterns of their
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1188:
1112:
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1229:
82:
234:(Badjao) people, which are often highly individualistic and rectilinear. The Sama are master carvers, and they made lavish decorations on ritual
691:
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183:, and Lumad groups. The design elements vary among these ethnic groups, with the greatest refinement being found among the Maranao.
593:
498:
122:
597:) which are found in the ancient traditional burial grounds of the Sama people in some (usually uninhabited) islands of Sulu and
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motifs. They are a particularly common motif in the beautifully-carved prows, sterns, and gunwales of various Sama-Bajau boats.
347:
containers, sculptures, weaponry, silver inlays, and so on. These designs became the standard for what came to be known as
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386:; even influencing the carving traditions of the Sama later on. However, it had limited penetration among the
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are usually placed on top of poles during celebrations. Other creature motifs traditionally depicted in
534:
also feature designs which are realistic copies of natural forms, rather than stylized designs like in
1237:. Vol. 29. Intangible Cultural Heritage Courier of Asia and the Pacific, UNESCO. pp. 16–17.
756:
include crocodiles, parrots, grasshopper heads, and swallowtails. After contact with other cultures,
1277:
994:- a motif of a fern growing vertically, with a central point from which the design radiates outwards
238:
objects, grave markers (both in wood and stone), and their houseboats. These precursor forms of the
1435:
1064:. It is the traditional center of Maranao artisans and is the industrial capital of Lanao del Sur.
61:
253:
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109:
1420:
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designs are deliberately stylized when depicting living things, due to
Islamic beliefs against
267:
78:
1061:
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The rectilinear designs of the Sama were adopted and refined by the
Maranao to decorate the
152:
17:
8:
948:- a motif of combined complex designs propagating horizontally, vertically, or diagonally
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branches, feature representational artforms like human figures. These are absent in the
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246:(lowland) regions of Lake Lanao, and they contrast markedly from the later flowing
738:, a rooster-like bird with a fish in its beak and another fish in its claws). The
1405:
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has also depicted non-native animals, including lions, peacocks, and elephants.
394:
Tausug, the dominant ethnic group of Sulu. They viewed such carvings as "pagan".
387:
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From the
Maranao, this spread to nearby regions through the migrations of the
313:
boat prows. These protrude in the front of the house and styled with elaborate
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These elements can be put together to create motifs. Some examples include:
358:(the descendants of the merchant and outcast clans of Maranao). Elements of
167:(Badjao) tribes, although it can also be found to a lesser extent among the
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139:, is the term for rectilinear and curvilinear plant-based designs and folk
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can be divided into two traditions, the predominantly curvilinear "male"
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144:
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Complete designs using these motifs are usually given poetic names like
323:(a sea serpent or dragon). These were meant to drive away evil spirits.
1228:
Jesusa L. Paquibot (2016). "Lepa: The Sea as Home". In Kwon Huh (ed.).
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designs can still be found in the art traditions of the
Maranao in the
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546:), usually with a person riding on its back. The three most common
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1060:-carving traditions among the Maranao is prominent in the town of
1189:"The Boats of the Tawi-Tawi Bajau, Sulu Archipelago, Philippines"
538:. Marine themes are particularly common, including depictions of
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222:. They are believed to have originated from the much earlier
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331:("intestine of the house"), which had ritual significance.
1113:"Some Implications of the Okir Motif in Lanao and Sulu Art"
581:(sea serpent) figure is believed to be related to the Sama
344:
334:
Unlike the decorative carving traditions of the Sama, the
159:. It is particularly associated with the artwork of the
1171:
Anthropological Papers (National Museum (Philippines))
986:- rope-like designs that are usually used for borders
398:
among the Tausug is usually limited to the hilts and
1317:. National Museum of the Philippines. Archived from
591:
are also highly important among Sama grave markers (
956:- a motif of simple elements repeating horizontally
1227:
458:were incorporated into later Sama carvings. Sama
327:were also featured in the central housebeam, the
204:handle made from horn and brass with an S-shaped
77:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
1412:
856:- a fern frond with two or more cuts on one edge
510:can be divided into two types. The most ancient
1339:
601:. These include some of the oldest examples of
706:, and the predominantly rectilinear "female"
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1025:- a pattern of squares of different colors
844:- a fern frond resembling a rooster feather
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454:of the Maranao, although elements of the
940:- a combination of a fern, leaf, and bud
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763:The most common individual elements of
526:versions of the Sama that converted to
307:, the carved floor beams modeled after
299:class. The most prominent parts of the
27:Southeast Asian folk motifs and designs
14:
1413:
1342:"Bajau laut boat-building in Semporna"
1145:
1085:
826:- a sea serpent in the shape of an 'S'
405:
1361:"Okir Motif in Lanao and in Sulu Art"
1186:
972:designs of leaves, vines, and flowers
850:- a fern frond with a cut at one edge
362:have been adopted by the neighboring
230:decorative carving traditions of the
1333:
1177:
1052:
722:. Traditional creatures featured in
662:(decorative strip) featuring female
143:that can be usually found among the
29:
1358:
1231:Traditional Shipbuilding Techniques
689:and their woven decorative strips (
627:A Maranao spinning wheel (note the
550:motifs used by the Muslim Sama are
434:The older Sama carving traditions (
24:
1399:Tugaya, Lanao del Sur Arts website
1284:
558:(curlicues and curved lines), and
67:for transliterated languages, and
47:of its non-English content, using
25:
1447:
1392:
1307:
1291:Jun Mercado (November 10, 2008).
1017:- four-sided designs in a series
34:
462:aren't bound to rules like the
450:Sama) differ markedly from the
123:National Museum of Anthropology
1352:
573:share some common motifs with
514:which still survive among the
83:multilingual support templates
13:
1:
1167:"Southwestern Philippine Art"
1079:
964:- a motif which features the
566:(fish or crocodile motifs).
518:Sama, usually the sea-going
7:
1067:
798:, a bladed carpenter's tool
317:designs, usually that of a
10:
1452:
1293:"Carvers, kumpit builders"
1165:Peralta, Jesus T. (1980).
1111:Baradas, David B. (1968).
838:- a fern frond or a spiral
814:- fingernail-like patterns
618:
615:) traditions of the Sama.
186:
1404:January 10, 2015, at the
1041:("branch of happiness"),
804:- a pattern resembling a
794:- a pattern resembling a
1340:Clifford Sather (2001).
1187:Nimmo, H. Arlo (1990).
808:, a small kitchen knife
767:include the following:
410:
730:(sea serpent) and the
679:designs. In the past,
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632:
503:
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431:
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155:, as well as parts of
125:
1217:on November 15, 2019.
1062:Tugaya, Lanao del Sur
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293:houses of the ruling
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194:
112:
1385:on January 29, 2019.
1141:on January 29, 2019.
486:designs on the stern
442:, sometimes spelled
153:Southern Philippines
45:specify the language
43:This article should
1049:("yellow bamboo").
1045:("tree leaves") or
631:-shaped projection)
569:Nevertheless, Sama
406:Elements and motifs
390:-descended heavily-
1196:Asian Perspectives
897:- a circle or moon
668:
646:
633:
504:
488:
432:
285:
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212:
126:
1348:(35–36): 177–198.
1295:. GMA News Online
1053:Modern traditions
1039:sapak a madanding
742:is common in the
210:design and a fish
105:
104:
85:may also be used.
16:(Redirected from
1443:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1378:. Archived from
1368:Semantic Scholar
1365:
1359:Baradas, David.
1356:
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1349:
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1321:on July 28, 2019
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1245:. Archived from
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1210:. Archived from
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1134:. Archived from
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607:ancestor worship
384:Sulu Archipelago
121:motif, from the
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746:designs, while
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482:houseboat with
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214:The origins of
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1393:External links
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1252:on May 7, 2018
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710:. Unlike Sama
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577:. The Maranao
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376:Tausug peoples
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1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
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1297:. Retrieved
1286:
1254:. Retrieved
1247:the original
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1223:
1212:the original
1202:(1): 51–88.
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1047:tring indawa
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113:Detail of a
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79:ISO 639 code
75:}}
69:{{
65:}}
59:{{
55:}}
49:{{
44:
1315:"Lepa Boat"
1173:(7): 32–34.
1043:raon a kayo
1030:Saragonting
991:Pako rabong
968:along with
903:- rectangle
848:Pako longat
773:okir-a-dato
704:okir-a-dato
552:dauan-dauan
520:Sama Dilaut
364:Maguindanao
220:pre-Islamic
169:Maguindanao
1415:Categories
1346:Traversées
1080:References
983:tiali-tali
913:Katimbuang
886:okir-a-bai
878:- a flower
820:- a circle
734:(feminine
708:okir-a-bai
652:A Maranao
345:betel quid
277:Sama-Bajau
271:Detail of
257:A Maranao
195:A Maranao
1431:Ornaments
1276:ignored (
1266:cite book
1243:2092-7959
1033:- a cross
1014:Pinagapat
977:Obid-obid
915:- diamond
895:Olan-olan
864:betel nut
842:Pako lawi
749:sarimanok
732:sarimanok
642:sarimanok
599:Tawi-Tawi
583:agta-agta
560:agta-agta
448:Malaysian
440:okil-okil
400:scabbards
392:Islamized
260:kulintang
250:designs.
236:animistic
228:okil-okil
1426:Patterns
1402:Archived
1376:27892222
1208:31792662
1132:27892222
1068:See also
1022:Pinatola
1006:Binotoon
953:Magoyoda
921:- zigzag
909:- square
884:Female (
854:Pako nai
788:- a leaf
744:panolong
726:are the
720:idolatry
698:Maranao
670:Maranao
629:panolong
430:carvings
382:and the
380:Mindanao
336:panolong
305:panolong
303:are the
263:ensemble
202:jaw harp
115:panolong
96:May 2021
1256:June 7,
1074:T'nalak
937:Armalis
907:Pialang
901:Biangon
872:- a bud
832:- fruit
818:Matilak
812:Kianoko
792:Dianawi
736:papanok
692:langkit
666:designs
660:langkit
658:with a
619:Maranao
540:dugongs
530:. Sama
516:animist
388:Visayan
378:of the
340:torogan
338:of the
301:torogan
290:torogan
187:History
161:Maranao
117:with a
88:See why
1374:
1325:May 7,
1299:May 7,
1241:
1206:
1130:
999:Female
870:Potyok
860:Piowas
802:Gaglat
771:Male (
686:malong
655:malong
594:sunduk
556:kaloon
544:duyong
499:sunduk
446:among
374:, and
198:kubing
177:Tausug
173:Iranun
141:motifs
1383:(PDF)
1372:S2CID
1364:(PDF)
1250:(PDF)
1235:(PDF)
1215:(PDF)
1204:S2CID
1192:(PDF)
1139:(PDF)
1128:S2CID
1116:(PDF)
961:Niaga
945:Birdo
919:Onsod
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