Offside (association football)

1028:, the offside trap is a defensive tactic designed to force the attacking team into an offside position. Just before an attacking player is played a through ball, the last defender or defenders move up field, isolating the attacker into an offside position. The execution requires careful timing by the defence and is considered a risk, since running up field against the direction of attack may leave the goal exposed. Now that changes to the interpretations of "interfering with play, interfering with an opponent and gaining an advantage" mean a player is not guilty of an offside offence unless they become directly and clearly involved in active play, players not involved in active play cannot be "caught offside", making the tactic riskier. An attacker, upon realising they are in an offside position, may simply choose to avoid interfering with play until the ball is played by someone else. 29: 2502:, hon. secretary, said that he had endeavoured as faithfully as he could to draw up the laws according to the suggestions made, but he wished to call the attention of the meeting to other matters that had taken place. The Cambridge University Football Club, probably stimulated by the Football Association, had formed some laws in which gentlemen of note from six of the public schools had taken part. Those rules, so approved, were entitled to the greatest consideration and respect at the hands of the association, and they ought not to pass them over without giving them all the weight that the feeling of six of the public schools entitled them to. 4695: 667: 341: 99:) that occurs after an offence has taken place, but before the referee is able to stop the play, is nullified. The only time an offence related to offside is cautionable is if a defender deliberately leaves the field in order to deceive their opponents regarding a player's offside position, or if a forward, having left the field, returns and gains an advantage. In neither of these cases is the player penalised for being offside; instead they are cautioned for acts of unsporting behaviour. 641:

The opponents of hacking brought the delegates' attention to the Cambridge Rules of 1863 (which banned carrying and hacking): Discussion of the Cambridge rules, and suggestions for possible communication with Cambridge on the subject, served to delay the final "settlement" of the laws to a further meeting, on 1 December. A number of representatives who supported rugby-style football did not attend this additional meeting, resulting in hacking and carrying being banned.

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position, 'nearer to his opponents' goal line' means that any part of their head, body or feet is nearer to their opponents' goal line than both the ball and the second last opponent. The arms are not included in this definition". By 2017, the wording had changed to say that, in judging offside position, "The hands and arms of all players, including the goalkeepers, are not considered." In other words, a player is in an

153: 4708: 573: 396:, "or a player to place himself nearer his opponent's goal than the ball, and to wait for it to be kicked to him, is not anywhere recognised but as being decidedly unfair". Curry and Dunning suggest that offside play was considered "highly ungentlemanly" at some schools; this attitude may have been reflected in the use of terminology such as "sneaking" at Eton and "loiter" at Cambridge. 357:, who generally keeps in line with the second-to-last opponent, the ball, or the halfway line, whichever is closer to the goal line of their relevant end. An assistant referee signals for an offside offence by first raising their flag to a vertical position and then, if the referee stops play, by partly lowering their flag to an angle that signifies the location of the offence: 803:. After they resumed in 1920, the SFA once again proposed the two-player rule in 1922, 1923, and 1924. In 1922 and 1923, the Scottish Association withdrew its proposal after English FA opposed it. In 1924, the Scottish proposal was once again opposed by the English FA, and defeated; it was, however, indicated that a version of the proposal would be adopted the next year. 2402:

sneaking. A player might constantly be far in advance of the play, wait there unfairly, and carry the ball on, when kicked up to him; only taking care (according to the letter of the law) that there be the goal-keeper, the back player, and one other between himself and goal. I think that this would be a serious defect.

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A player is 'out of play' immediately he is in front of the ball, and must return behind the ball as soon as possible. If the ball is kicked by his own side past a player, he may not touch or kick it, or advance, until one of the other side has first kicked it, or one of his own side, having followed

2401:

I do doubt whether the rule that "a player is 'in play' if only there happen to be three of the opposite side between him and their goal" would be stringent enough for general adoption. Where members are unlimited, and the spirit of the game not formed, such a rule would allow of an immense amount of

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The first published set of laws of any code of football (Rugby School, 1845), stated that " player is off his side if the ball has touched one of his own side behind him, until the other side touch it." Such a player was prevented from kicking the ball, touching the ball down, or interfering with an

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The assistant referees' task with regard to offside can be difficult, as they need to keep up with attacks and counter-attacks, consider which players are in an offside position when the ball is played, and then determine whether and when the offside-positioned players become involved in active play.

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made a further clarification that, "In situations where a player moving from, or standing in, an offside position is in the way of an opponent and interferes with the movement of the opponent towards the ball this is an offside offence if it impacts on the ability of the opponent to play or challenge

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player might at his own risk stand in advance of the ball, and even stand immediately behind it, if kicked in front of him, being in play as soon as it may have touched or been touched in any way by the opposite side. This certainly was the acknowledged practice of Rugby men formerly at Cambridge –

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On 24 November, Morley presented his draft laws to the FA for final approval. That meeting was, however, disrupted by a dispute over the subject of "hacking" (allowing players to carry the ball, provided they could be kicked in the shins by opponents when doing so, in the manner of Rugby School).

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issued new guidelines for interpreting the offside law in 2003; and these were incorporated into Law 11 in July 2005. The new wording sought to define the three cases more precisely, but a number of football associations and confederations continued to request more information about what movements a

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A player who was offside when their teammate played the ball (and therefore liable for an offside offence should they interfere with play) but becomes onside when the ball is played by another player then ceases to be liable for an offside offence. That is, the determination of offside is reset each

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The law adopted by the FA was "strict"—i.e., it penalised any player in front of the ball. There was one exception for the "kick from behind the goal line" (the 1863 laws' equivalent of a goal kick). This exception was necessary because every player on the attacking side would have otherwise been

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A player is "out of play" immediately he is in front of the ball and must return behind the ball as soon as possible. If the ball is kicked by his own side past a player he may not touch or kick it, or advance until one of the other side has first kicked it or one of his own side on a level with or

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circular 3 was issued in 2015 to provide additional guidance on the criteria for interfering with an opponent. This additional guidance is now included in the main body of the law, and forms the last three conditions under the heading "Interfering with an opponent" as shown above. The circular also

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Since offside is judged at the time the ball is touched or played by a teammate, not when the player receives the ball, it is possible for a player to receive the ball significantly past the second-to-last opponent, or even the last opponent, without committing an offence, since an onside player is

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When a player kicks the ball, or throws it in from touch, any one of the same side who, at such moment of kicking or throwing, is nearer to the opponents' goal-line is out of play, and may not touch the ball himself, nor in any way whatever prevent any other player from doing so until the ball has

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When a player plays the ball, any player of the same side who at such moment of playing is nearer to his opponents' goal-line is out of play, and may not touch the ball himself, nor in any way whatever interfere with an opponent, or with the play, until the ball has been again played, unless there

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When a player has kicked the ball, any one of the same side who is nearer to the opponents' goal line is out of play, and may not touch the ball himself, nor in any way whatever prevent any other player from doing so, until the ball has been played, unless there are at least three of his opponents

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When a player has kicked the ball any one of the same side who is nearer to the opponent's goal line is out of play and may not touch the ball himself nor in any way whatever prevent any other player from doing so until the ball has been played; but no player is out of play when the ball is kicked

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was an advocate for the strictest possible offside law. A resident master at Uppingham School from 1859 to 1864, Thring criticised most existing offside laws for being too lax. The Rugby laws, for example, were at fault because they permitted an offside player to rejoin play immediately after an

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At the same time, with a view apparently to secure the co-operation of Westminster and Charterhouse, the strict off-side rule which had been in force was modified to ensure uniformity in this essential principle of the game. The adoption of the rule which had prevailed at these two schools, which

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A 1920 proposal by the FA to exempt the free-kick from the offside rule was unexpectedly rejected by IFAB. A further unsuccessful proposal to remove the possibility of being offside from a direct free-kick was rejected in 1929. Similar proposals to prevent offside offences from any free-kick were

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In 2005, IFAB clarified that, when evaluating an attacking player's position for the purposes of the offside law, the part of the player's head, body or feet closest to the defending team's goal-line should be considered, with the hands and arms being excluded because "there is no advantage to be

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In 1990, IFAB declared that an attacker level with the second-last defender is onside, whereas previously such a player had been considered offside. This change, proposed by the Scottish FA, was made in order to "encourage the attacking team" by "giving the attacking player an advantage over the

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In general, offside rules intend to prevent players from "goal-hanging"–staying near the opponent's goal and waiting for the ball to be passed to them directly. This was considered to be unsportsmanlike and made the game boring. In contrast, the offside rules force players not to get ahead of the

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Some researchers believe that offside officiating errors are "optically inevitable". It has been argued that human beings and technological media are incapable of accurately detecting an offside position quickly enough to make a timely decision. Sometimes it simply is not possible to keep all the

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effect, which occurs when the distance between the attacking player and the assistant referee is significantly different from the distance to the defending player, and the assistant referee is not directly in line with the defender. The difficulty of offside officiating is often underestimated by

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A player is in an "offside position" if they are in the opposing team's half of the field and also "nearer to the opponents' goal line than both the ball and the second-last opponent." The 2005 edition of the Laws of the Game included a new IFAB decision that stated, "In the definition of offside

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is to assist the referee in adjudicating offside—their position on the sidelines giving a more useful view sideways across the pitch. Assistant referees communicate that an offside offence has occurred by raising a signal flag. However, as with all officiating decisions in the game, adjudicating

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A player is out of play when he gets between the ball and his adversaries' goal but he is in play again—first, as soon as he places himself between his own goal and the ball—second, one of his own side has kicked the ball between him and his adversaries' goal—or third, one of his adversaries has

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was required to be taken from the corner-flag itself, which made it impossible for an attacking player to be in an offside position relative to the ball. In 1874, the corner-kick was allowed to be taken up to one yard from the corner-flag, thus opening up the possibility of a player being in an

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The Scottish proposal gained support in England. At the 1906 meeting of the International Football Association Board, the Scottish FA announced that it would introduce the proposed change at the next annual meeting, in 1907. In March 1907, the council of the Football Association approved this

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An attacker who is able to receive the ball behind the opposition defenders is often in a good position to score. The offside rule limits attackers' ability to do this, requiring that they be onside when the ball is played forward. Though restricted, well-timed passes and fast running allow an

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A player is not out of play when the ball is kicked off from goal, when a corner-kick is taken, when the ball has been last played by an opponent, or when he himself is within his own half of the field of play at the moment the ball is played or thrown in from touch by any player of the same

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The two-player proposal was considered by the FA at its annual meeting on 8 June. Proponents cited the new rule's potential to reduce stoppages, avoid refereeing errors, and improve the spectacle, while opponents complained that it would give "undue advantage to attackers"; referees were

948:. (According to the "strict" offside law used in 1863, every player on the attacking side would automatically have been in an offside position from such a goalkick, since it had to be taken from the goal line and a player could be in an offside position even when in their own half.) 79:

Offside is judged at the moment the ball is last touched by the most recent teammate to touch the ball. Being in an offside position is not an offence in itself. A player who was in an offside position at the moment the ball was last touched or played by a teammate must then become

908:, complained that it was unfair to expect teams to play under one set of rules in one game and then a different set a few days before or later. The experiment was quietly dropped after the 1974–75 season, as no proposal for a further experiment or rule change was submitted for the 3970:

been played, unless there are at such moment of kicking or throwing at least three of his opponents nearer their own goal line; but no player is out of play in the case of a corner-kick or when the ball is kicked from the goal line, or when it has been last played by an opponent.

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The two-player rule was one of the more significant rule changes in the history of the game during the 20th century. It led to an immediate change in the style of play, with the game becoming more stretched, "short passing giv way to longer balls", and the development of the

1012:. At the next annual meeting, the FA reported to IFAB that the experiment had, as predicted, "assisted further the non-offending team and also generated more action near goal, resulting in greater excitement for players and spectators"; it nevertheless withdrew the proposal. 966:

This situation lasted until 1920, when the law was altered to prevent a player being offside from a throw-in. This rule-change was praised on the grounds that it would deter teams from "seeking safety or wasting time by sending into touch", and thus reduce stoppages.

742:") and the Football Association. However, the two codes were eventually unified without any change in this area; the Sheffield Clubs accepted the FA's three-player offside rule in 1877, after the FA compromised by allowing the throw-in to be taken in any direction. 107:

the ball is kicked forward without committing the offence. Officiating decisions regarding offside, which can often be a matter of only centimetres or inches, can be critical in games, as they may determine whether a promising attack can continue, or even if a

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if they receive the ball or will otherwise become "involved in active play", will "interfere with an opponent", or will "gain an advantage" by being in that position. Offside is often considered one of the most difficult-to-understand aspects of the sport.

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match in December 1901. When an attacking team adopted the so-called "one back" game, in which only the goalkeeper and one outfield player remained in defensive positions, it was even possible for players to be caught offside in their own penalty area.

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The blue forward on the left of the diagram is in an offside position as they are ahead of both the ball and the second-last opponent (marked by the dotted line) in the opponents' half of the pitch. This does not necessarily mean they are committing an

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No player being off his side shall kick the ball in any case whatever No player being off his side shall hack, charge, run in, touch the ball in goal, or interrupt a catch A player being off his side shall not touch the ball on the ground, except in

792:, and again rejected. A further proposal from the SFA also failed in 1913, after the Football Association objected. The SFA advanced the same proposal in 1914, when it was again rejected after opposition from both the Football Association and the 787:

The Scottish FA urged the change from a three-player to a two-player offside rule as early as 1893. Such a change was first proposed at a meeting of IFAB in 1894, where it was rejected. It was proposed again by the SFA in 1902, upon the urging of

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competitions. The concept was that offside should only apply in the last 18 yards (16 m) of play (inside or beside the penalty area). To signify this, the horizontal line of the penalty area was extended to the touchlines. FIFA President Sir

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was also known for using a high defensive line, with distance between the defence and midfield lines never greater than 25 to 30 metres (yards), and the offside trap with his teams. He introduced a more attacking–minded tactical philosophy with

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In case the ball goes behind the goal line, if a player on the side to whom the goal belongs first touches the ball, one of his side shall be entitled to a free kick from the goal line at the point opposite the place where the ball shall be

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kept a player on side as long as there were three of the opposite side between him and the enemy's goal, removed, in fact, the one remaining bar to the establishment of one universal code, for Association players in the south at least.

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spectators. Trying to judge if a player is level with an opponent at the moment the ball is kicked is not easy: if an attacker and a defender are running in opposite directions, they can be two metres (6') apart in less than a second.

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In 2016, it was clarified that a player on the halfway line itself cannot be in an offside position: part of the player's head, body or feet must be within the opponent's half of the field of play in order to be considered offside.

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In 2009, it was stated that a defender who leaves the field of play without the referee's permission must be considered to be on the nearest boundary line for the purposes of deciding whether an attacker is in an offside position.

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adopted a variation of the offside rule in which it added a line on the field 35 yards from each goal line; a player could only be offside within that area of the opponent's half. The rule was dropped in 1982 at the insistence of

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international of April 1906 ended with the Scottish wingers being repeatedly caught offside by England's use of a "one back" game, Clyde again proposed the same rule-change to the Scottish FA meeting: this time it was accepted.

161:. It becomes an offence only if the ball is played or touched by a teammate while the player is in an offside position and subsequently becomes involved in active play according to the definitions given in the Laws of the Game 810:

where two proposed changes to the offside rules were tested. During the first half, a player could not be offside unless within forty yards of the opponents' goal-line. In the second half, the two-player rule was used.

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overwhelmingly opposed to the change. The two-player rule was nevertheless approved by the FA by a large majority. At IFAB's meeting later that month, the two-player rule finally became part of the Laws of the Game.

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When a player has kicked the ball, any one of the same side who is nearer to the opponent's goal line is out of play, and may not touch the ball himself, nor in any way whatsoever prevent any other player from doing

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that it would be better to do away with the off side altogether, especially as the Sheffield clubs had none. It being found, however, that the rule could not be expunged without notice, the alteration was passed."

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There were attempts to introduce the one-player rule of the Sheffield Football Association in 1867 (Sheffield FC), 1872 (Sheffield Football Association), 1873 (Nottingham Forest), and 1874 (Sheffield Association).

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Many other school and university laws from this period were similar to Rugby School's in that they were "strict"—i.e. any player ahead of the ball was in an off-side position. (This is similar to the current

276:, "A 'save' is when a player stops, or attempts to stop, a ball which is going into or very close to the goal with any part of the body except the hands/arms (unless the goalkeeper within the penalty area)." 344:

An assistant referee signals that the offside offence was in the middle of the pitch; on the far side the flag would be pointed up at 45 degrees and near the assistant referee it would be pointed down at 45

708:, to join the association. Those two schools did indeed become members of the FA after the next annual FA meeting (February 1867), in response to a letter-writing campaign by newly installed FA secretary 310:. In an effort to avoid such criticisms, which were based on the fact that phrases such as "interfering with play", "interfering with an opponent", and "gaining an advantage" were not clearly defined, 3810:

When the ball is in touch a player of the opposite side to that which kicked it out shall throw it from the point on the boundary line where it left the ground in any direction the thrower may choose

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If the ball has passed a player, and has come from the direction of his own goal, he may not touch it till the other side have kicked it, unless there are more than three of the other side before him

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In 1867, Barnes FC proposed that the offside rule should be removed altogether, arguing that "a player did not stop to count whether there were three of his opponents between him and their own goal".

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gained if only the arms are in advance of the opponent". In 2016, it was further clarified that this principle should apply to all players, both attackers and defenders, including the goalkeeper.

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It was also proposed that the FA should revert to its original "strict" offside rule. This change was introduced in 1868 (Branham College), 1871 ("The Oxford Association") and 1872 (Notts County).

960:; however, since the ball was required to be thrown in at right-angles to the touch-line, it would have been unusual for a player to gain significant advantage from being ahead of the ball. 750:

The original laws allowed players to be in an offside position even when in their own half. This happened rarely, but was possible when one team pressed high up the field, for example in a

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When the ball is in touch the first player who touches it shall throw it from the point on the boundary line where it left the ground, in a direction at right angles with the boundary line

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Even more gratifying to the Scottish delegates was the understanding, which it is said was arrived at, that next year their offside rule proposal would be adopted after some adjustment

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Although the offside law was not itself a significant issue in the dispute between the pro- and anti-hacking clubs, it was completely rewritten. The original law, taken from Thring's

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In 1877, the throw-in law was changed to allow the ball to be thrown in any direction. The next year (1878) a new law was introduced to allow a player to be offside from a throw-in.

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A player is in an off-side position if he is nearer his opponents' goal-line than the ball, unless ... e is not nearer to his opponents' goal-line than at least two of his opponents

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When a player kicks the ball, or it is thrown in from touch, any one of the same side who at such moment of kicking or throwing is nearer to the opponents' goal-line, is out of play

601:, Thring included a strict offside law which required a player in an offside position ("out of play", in Thring's terminology) to "return behind the ball as soon as possible". 302:

Determining whether a player is "involved in active play" can be complex. The quote, "If he's not interfering with play, what's he doing on the pitch?" has been attributed to

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My sons! you have gone past the ball, and must struggle now right through the scrummage, and get round and back again to your own side, before you can be of any further use

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Offside laws are found in the largely uncodified and informal football games played at English public schools in the early 19th century. An 1832 article discussing the

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thus making forward and unfair play a display of daring, and a profitable one too, instead of a breach of law and sneaking. The off-side rule does not prevent it ...

521:, a player could not be considered "sneaking" if there were four or more opponents between him and the opponents' goal line. A similar "rule of four" was found in the 4560: 3561: 2844:

The off side rule is the only material point of difference , and this is one that can never be played in Sheffield, being characterised by the meeting as ridiculous

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and a high back–line line playing the offside trap, which largely deviated from previous systems in Italian football, despite still maintaining defensive solidity.

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but if kicked behind by any one of the side whose goal line it is, a player of the opposite side shall kick it from within one yard of the nearest corner flag-post

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The exact date on which the two schools joined the F.A. is uncertain. Both were members as of 1 January 1868 (see Graham op. cit.). Charterhouse was still using

1354: 735: 1062:, a noted follower of Sacchi, have been known for their highly effective offside trap. It involves playing a high defensive line with quick centre-backs like 4548: 4424: 4282: 4475: 2337:

wrote that Sheffield FC had adopted a rule at the beginning of the 1863 season requiring one opponent to be level or closer to the opponent's goal. See

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of December 1882, it was agreed that a player should not be offside from a corner-kick; this change was incorporated into the Laws of the Game in 1883.

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When the ball is kicked behind the goal line, a player of the opposite side to that which kicked it out, shall kick it in from the nearest corner-flag

272:. It is also not an offence if the ball was last deliberately played by an opponent (except for a deliberate save). In this context, according to the 66:

Being in an offside position is not an offence in itself, but a player so positioned when the ball is played by a teammate can be judged guilty of an

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ost of the play was confined to the Sunderland quarters, and we had the spectacle of one of their forwards being given off-side in his own half

1806: 4628: 2856: 1443: 4309: 84:, in the opinion of the referee, in order for an offence to occur. When the offside offence occurs, the referee stops play, and awards an 4577: 2180:

Any player is off his side, or behind, when only three or less than three of the opposite side are between himself and the opposite goal.

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A player is considered to be sneaking when only three, or less than three, of the opposite side are before him and may not kick the ball.

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A player is considered to be sneaking when only three, or less than three, of the opposite side are before him and may not kick the ball.

494:, under which any player between the ball and the opponent's goal who takes part in play, is liable to be penalised.) Such laws included 92: 584:

opponent touched the ball, while Eton's rule of four allowed "an immense amount of sneaking" when the number of players was unlimited.

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contained additional guidance on the meaning of a save, in the context of a ball that has "been deliberately saved by any opponent."

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Since the first FA laws of 1863, a player has not been penalised for being in an offside position at the moment a teammate takes a

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Any part of the player's head, body or feet is closer to the opponents' goal line than both the ball and the second-last opponent.

116: 33: 770:. It was objected that the change would lead to "forwards hanging about close to the half-way line, as opportunists". After the 4484: 4468: 4255: 2613: 1041: 48: 4497: 1465:

Oudejans, Raôul R. D.; Verheijen, Raymond; Bakker, Frank C.; Gerrits, Jeroen C.; Steinbrückner, Marten; Beek, Peter J. (2000),

181:, as they are behind the ball, despite the fact that they are closer to the opponents' goal line than the second-last opponent. 389:

The motivations for offside rules varied at different times, and were not always clearly stated when the rules were changed.

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Flag pointed at a 45-degree angle upwards: offence has occurred in the third of the pitch furthest from the assistant referee.

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A player in an offside position at the moment the ball is touched or played by a teammate is only penalised for committing an

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At the first revision of the FA laws, in February 1866, an important qualifier was added to soften the "strict" offside law:

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Flag pointed at a 45-degree angle downwards: offence has occurred in the third of the pitch nearest to the assistant referee;

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relevant players in the visual field at once. There have been some proposals for automated enforcement of the offside rule.

3444: 1915: 996:. The free kick contrasts, in this respect, with other restarts of play such as the goal kick, corner kick, and throw-in. 230:"preventing an opponent from playing or being able to play the ball by clearly obstructing the opponent's line of vision or 2167: 4589: 3554: 2541: 2523: 2355: 2062: 1314: 1284: 1249: 1212: 1045: 2591: 1984: 4461: 2556:

called Mr Campbell's attention to the fact that, so far from ignoring the Cambridge rules, they had adopted their No. 6

593: 332:

for the opponent at the place where the offence occurred, even if it is in the player's own half of the field of play.

1179: 1145: 1048:, an attractive, fast, attacking, and possession-based playing style, and which also used innovative elements such as 820: 553:(1859). In the Sheffield game, players known as "kick-throughs" were positioned permanently near the opponents' goal. 2685: 2487: 2023:

A player is off his side immediately he is in front of the ball, and must return behind the ball as soon as possible.

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than both the ball and the second-last opponent (the last opponent is usually, but not necessarily, the goalkeeper).

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We have no printed rule at all like your No. 6 , but I have written in the book a rule which is always played by us.

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When a player has kicked the ball any one of the same side who is nearer to the opponent's goal line is out of play

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Forest F. C. issued its printed rules in 1861 and adopted the Cambridge Rules in full with a few special additions

928:

which threatened to withdraw recognition of the league if it did not apply all of the official rules of football.

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Over the next seven years, there were several attempts to change the three-player rule, but none was successful:

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counts as an opponent in the second condition, but it is not necessary that the last opponent be the goalkeeper.

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Any part of the player's head, body or feet is in the opponents' half of the field (excluding the half-way line).

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featured a strict offside law. Sheffield FC adopted a weak offside law at the beginning of the 1863–64 season.

4530: 2293:. From the context, it is clear that "the Cambridge Rules" is intended to refer to the Cambridge Rules of 1856. 897: 684:

between him and their own goal; but no player is out of play when the ball is kicked from behind the goal line.

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player in an offside position could make without interfering with an opponent. In response to these requests,

4685: 4670: 4229: 909: 793: 767: 503: 4169: 2692:, Alcock made a claim that the change "secured the co-operation of Westminster and Charterhouse Schools" in 1789: 2817: 2753:

was still advertised as containing the "rules of the game as played at Westminster" in November 1867; see

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Some school and university rules provided an exception to this general pattern. In the 1847 laws of the

303: 4362: 1862: 1847: 766:

suggested that players should not be offside in their own half, but this suggestion was rejected by the

4700: 4524: 1071: 465: 56: 2799: 2166: 1835: 1376: 1074:, they caught 53% more the amount of opponents offside than the next best team (144 times compared to 4206: 2061: 1961: 2356:"The Football Association [letter from W. Chesterman, Hon. Sec. of Sheffield Football Club]" 1983: 1647: 1611:

Belda Maruenda, F. (2005), "Can the human eye detect an offside position during a football match?",

560:

adopted a set of laws based on the 1856 Cambridge Rules, with its "rule of four". The 1862 laws of

4763: 4655: 4453: 4184: 236:

clearly attempting to play a ball which is close to them when this action impacts on an opponent or

2730: 541:

from before 1860 lack any offside law. This is true of the brief handwritten set of laws for the

4554: 2036: 755: 550: 546: 545:

of Edinburgh (1833), the published laws of Surrey Football Club (1849), the first set of laws of

463:, with a vast number more", using the term "sneaking" to refer to Eton's offside law. The novel 4419: 1118: 88:

to the defending team from the place where the offending player became involved in active play.

1879: 1642: 1347: 604:

The influence of Thring's views is evidenced by the adoption of his proposed offside law from

239:

making an obvious action which clearly impacts on the ability of an opponent to play the ball"

4073:"Approved Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1987" 2334: 1808:

Barbarians, Gentlemen and Players: A Sociological Study of the Development of Rugby Football

666: 4488: 2442: 2010: 1478: 1001: 709: 688:

At the FA's meeting, the alteration "gave rise to a lengthy discussion, many thinking with

617: 44: 2746: 1408: 8: 884: 705: 580: 526: 55:

if any of their body parts, except the hands and arms, are in the opponents' half of the

1661:"Football: A Comparison of the Principal Rules as Played in the Leading Codes of Laws". 1548: 1482: 1025: 245:"- rebounded or been deflected off the goalpost, crossbar, match official or an opponent 3461:

are at such moment of playing at least two of his opponents nearer their own goal-line

2350: 1504: 701: 507: 329: 307: 284: 252:

In addition to the above criteria, in the 2017–18 edition of the Laws of the Game, the

85: 3849:"International Football Association Board: 1920 Minutes of the Annual General Meeting" 1595: 1570: 1067: 522: 511: 4399: 2749:. Westminster had "adopted the rules of the association" by 19 October 1867, though 2681: 2262: 1939: 1812: 1763: 1682: 1600: 1496: 1187: 1153: 1021: 992:

The laws of football have always permitted an offside offence to be committed from a

700:, writing in 1890, suggested that it was made in order to induce two public schools, 697: 587:

Thring expressed his views through correspondence in the sporting newspapers such as

495: 4116:"Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1988" 4048:"Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1986" 4023:"Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1974" 3998:"Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1929" 3483:"Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1990" 3438:"Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1925" 3320:"Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1914" 3220:"Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1913" 3180:"Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1902" 3125:"Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1894" 3058:"Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1907" 3018:"Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1906" 648:, was replaced by a modified version of the equivalent law from the Cambridge Rules: 242:

Gaining an advantage by playing the ball or interfering with an opponent when it has

3679: 1843: 1620: 1590: 1582: 1540: 1530: 1508: 1486: 499: 364:

Flag parallel to the ground: offence has occurred in the middle third of the pitch;

280: 4430: 2304: 1544: 430:

he may not throw it to any of his mates, standing neerer the goale, then himselfe.

279:

An offside offence may occur if a player receives the ball directly from either a

4732: 4727: 4437: 4176: 3587: 3526: 1075: 1063: 800: 739: 689: 634: 518: 487: 419: 20: 4115: 4072: 4047: 4022: 3997: 3848: 3482: 3437: 3319: 3219: 3179: 3124: 3057: 3017: 2193: 2115: 1703: 1059: 900:, which was played using these rules. The manager of one of the teams involved, 400:

ball, and thus favour dribbling the ball and short passes over few long passes.

4506: 1055: 823:. It also led to an increase in goalscoring: 4,700 goals were scored in 1,848 557: 542: 491: 440: 373: 3705:

but no player is out of play when the ball is kicked from behind the goal line

2284:

Witty, J. R. (1960), "Early Codes", in Fabian, A. H.; Green, Geoffrey (eds.),

1860: 1586: 392:

According to the anonymous author of a November 1863 newspaper article in the

340: 91:

The offside offence is neither a foul nor misconduct as it does not belong to

4747: 2465: 2035: 1767: 1624: 1535: 1191: 1157: 1049: 1032: 934: 888: 799:

Meetings of the International Board were suspended after 1914 because of the

4337:"Incredible stat debunks weird criticism of Liverpool's high defensive line" 2169:

Description of the Rules of Football as played at Charterhouse School (1863)

633:

This text was reflected in the first draft of laws drawn up by FA secretary

163:

no matter if any of these events occur after they move to an onside position

2064:

Description of the Rules of Football as played at Winchester College (1863)

1878: 1604: 1500: 1404: 1381: 893: 470: 288: 217:

if, in the opinion of the referee, they become involved in active play by:

1986:

Description of the Rules of Football as played at Shrewsbury School (1855)

1742:

No player is allowed to loiter between the ball and the adversaries' goal.

956:

Under the original laws of 1863, it was not possible to be offside from a

260:

There is no offside offence if a player receives the ball directly from a

4607: 1523:"An offside position in football cannot be detected in zero milliseconds" 976: 901: 883:

seasons, an experimental version of the offside rule was operated in the

265: 2075:

No player is allowed to be in advance of the ball, lying in wait for it.

3964: 3938: 3912: 3831: 3805: 3779: 3753: 3726: 3700: 3091: 2577: 2473: 2450: 2441: 2423: 2312: 2270: 2247: 2224: 2201: 2175: 2149: 2123: 2096: 2070: 2044: 2018: 2009: 1992: 1887: 1737: 1711: 1571:"Can the human eye detect an offside position during a football match?" 1037: 905: 751: 4310:"Liverpool: Video of Reds' offside trap shows how clever it really is" 132:

The application of the offside rule may be considered in three steps:

4601: 3956: 3930: 3904: 3823: 3797: 3771: 3745: 3718: 3692: 3083: 2569: 1997:

No one might stand wilfully between the ball and his opponent's goal.

1491: 993: 945: 827:. This number rose to 6,373 goals (from the same number of games) in 789: 561: 261: 4483: 2239: 2141: 2088: 1729: 1000:

advanced in 1974 and 1986, each time without success. In 1987, the

696:

Contemporaneous reports do not indicate the reason for the change.

4595: 957: 807: 763: 269: 124:, who can overrule the advice of their assistants if they see fit. 834: 169: 2261: 2610:"150 years of Association Football ~ How the Rules have changed" 1070:

who can move forward quickly to catch opponents offside. In the

4142:"The Question: Why is the modern offside law a work of genius?" 2415: 2288:, vol. 1, London: Caxton Publishing Company, p. 144, 1756:"The Question: Why is the modern offside law a work of genius?" 670:

Historical development of the laws relating to offside position

572: 224:"playing or touching the ball passed or touched by a team-mate" 152: 2303: 1464: 3374:"Offside Rule in Football: English F.A. Against Alteration". 2216: 469:, published in 1857 but based on the author's experiences at 3625:"How the Scottish FA tried to revolutionise the offside law" 2362:. 5 December 1863. p. 1 – via Wikimedia Commons. 2192: 2114: 1702: 912:

board to consider. It was briefly experimented again in the

852: 661: 4711: 1414: 1005: 925: 734:

Offside was the subject of the biggest dispute between the

443:

complained of "he interminable multiplicity of rules about

316: 311: 273: 253: 3655:"MONDIALI UNDER 17 LA FIFA FA LE PROVE - la Repubblica.it" 935:

Subsequent developments: exceptions at the restart of play

2464: 1418: 1040:, which was highly successful, namely an aggressive high- 715: 3549: 3547: 2836:"Sheffield Football Association: Annual General Meeting" 473:

from 1834 to 1842, discussed that school's offside law:

372:

The risk of false judgement is further increased by the

3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3359:"Penalty Kicks: A Practice that Must be Discontinued". 2429:

it up, has been able, when in front of him, to kick it.

1679:

Association Football: A Study in Figurational Sociology

299:

time the ball is played by a different onside player.

4104:. 15 June 1987. p. 28 – via Newspapers.com. 2914:

Pickford, W. (11 December 1905). "Hints to Referees".

2881:

Pickford, W. (20 November 1905). "Hints to Referees".

1641:, Proceedings of the IAPR Workshop on Machine Vision, 295:

free to run to any position after the ball is played.

3982:

Looker-On (12 June 1920). "Leaves from my Notebook".

3544: 620:

adopted a resolution mirroring Thring's law from the

4448:

Professional Referee Organization offside discussion

4199: 3605: 556:

In the early 1860s, this began to change. In 1861,

4283:"È il Mondiale del Codino. I miracoli e le lacrime" 4230:"I ct degli altri sport difendono l'Italia di Zoff" 2349:This claim is confirmed by a letter from secretary 2038:

Rules of football, Trinity College, Hartford (1858)

806:On 30 March 1925, the FA arranged a trial match at 4185:"The greatest teams of all time: AC Milan 1988–90" 3458:– via South Bay Soccer Referee Association. 2776: 2774: 2660:. London: George Bell & Sons. pp. 13–14. 2049:Each side must keep on their own side of the ball. 1842:(viii). Eton: T. Ingalton: 284. 19 November 1832. 3955: 3929: 3903: 3822: 3796: 3770: 3744: 3717: 3691: 3082: 2678:The Football Association 1863–1883: A Source Book 2568: 1881:Laws of Football as played at Rugby School (1845) 1410:Commentary: Brazil vs Netherlands, World Cup 1994 1355:Fédération Internationale de Football Association 1113: 1111: 1024:and later adopted by influential Argentine coach 779:change, and it was passed by IFAB in June 1907. 434: 418:A law similar to offside was used in the game of 4745: 4450:, from 2015 pre-season (includes video examples) 2238: 2140: 2087: 1728: 1636: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1091: 177:in the penalty area of the diagram is not in an 4387: 4182: 3680:The history of the North American Soccer League 2857:"Meeting of the Sheffield Football Association" 2771: 2708:"The Early History of the Football Association" 1279: 1277: 1275: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1238: 835:Attacker level with second-last defender (1990) 608:in the first draft of the FA laws (see below). 426:ee who hath the ball must deale no Fore-ball, 3422:"The Offside Rule: Proposed Change Favoured". 3204:Pickford, W. (3 March 1913). "Offside Again". 1610: 1342: 1340: 4469: 2712:The Badminton Magazine of Sports and Pastimes 2444:Laws of the Game (1863) (initial resolutions) 2012:Rules for Football at Uppingham School (1857) 1940:"Law 11 – Offside and Onside in General Play" 1804: 1213:"Law 10 – Determining the Outcome of a Match" 1205: 1088: 745: 537:Most surviving rules of independent football 422:played in Cornwall in the early 17th century: 95:. Like fouls, however, any play (such as the 4256:"Gli italiani si dividono tra Zoff e Sacchi" 3344:"Football: Meeting of International Board". 2735:. London: George Bell and Sons. p. 156. 2718:. London: Longmans, Green, & Co.: 81–82. 1676: 1444:The International Football Association Board 1307: 1272: 1235: 3588:"Amendments to the Laws of the Game – 2009" 3527:"Amendments to the Laws of the Game – 2005" 2876: 2874: 2414: 1794:(new ed.). London: B. Law. p. 74. 1639:Tracking soccer player using multiple views 1520: 1337: 674: 4476: 4462: 4378:Squad Miscellaneous Stats (Opponent Stats) 3948: 2339:Chambers, Harry W. (9 February 1867). "". 1568: 1285:"Practical Guidelines for Match Officials" 597:, a proposed set of laws of football. In 328:The sanction for an offside offence is an 248:– been deliberately saved by any opponent" 4280: 3981: 3877:. No. 8827. 14 June 1920. p. 2. 3585: 2333:in February 1867, Sheffield FC secretary 2215: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1646: 1594: 1534: 1490: 1467:"Errors in judging 'offside' in football" 1348:"Amendments to the Laws of the Game 2005" 853:Defender outside the field of play (2009) 782: 662:Subsequent developments: offside position 629:in front of him has been able to kick it. 611: 591:, and through the publication in 1862 of 4227: 3203: 2913: 2880: 2871: 2375: 2338: 1805:Dunning, Eric; Sheard, Kenneth (2005) . 1323:International Football Association Board 1293:International Football Association Board 1258:International Football Association Board 1221:International Football Association Board 1127:International Football Association Board 1123:Laws of the game of Association Football 870: 665: 571: 339: 168: 151: 51:. The law states that a player is in an 36:signals for offside by raising his flag. 27: 3622: 2987:"Scottish Association Annual Meeting". 2637:"Football Association – Annual Meeting" 2602: 2264:Rules of Melbourne Football Club (1859) 1020:Pioneered in the early 20th century by 843: 233:challenging an opponent for the ball or 103:attacker to move into such a situation 19:For offside rules in other sports, see 4746: 4393: 4307: 4139: 3567:from the original on 11 September 2016 2705: 2680:. Nottingham: Soccerdata. p. 29. 2653: 2480: 2376:J. C. T. (15 March 1862). "Football". 1913: 1898: 1753: 1177: 1143: 861: 716:Early proposals for change (1867–1874) 616:On 17 November 1863, the newly formed 4457: 4334: 3524: 2675: 2516: 2283: 1787: 1677:Curry, Graham; Dunning, Eric (2015). 1133:from the original on 26 October 2021. 4209:. ESPN.com Soccernet. 9 January 2001 3450:from the original on 15 January 2020 3042:"Football: Next Season's F.A. Cup". 2763:"Routledge's Handbook of Football". 2306:Rules of Barnes Football Club (1862) 1867:. Cambridge: Macmillan. p. 117. 413: 3514:. London. 29 June 1990. p. 23. 3304:"Football Government and Finance". 2861:Sheffield and Rotherham Independent 2840:Sheffield and Rotherham Independent 2824:(939). London: 4. 29 February 1868. 2728: 2546:Supplement to Bell's Life in London 2528:Supplement to Bell's Life in London 2360:Supplement to Bell's Life in London 1811:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 27. 1250:"Law 6 – The Other Match Officials" 1178:Mather, Victor (21 November 2022). 1144:Mather, Victor (21 November 2022). 975:When first introduced in 1872, the 323: 147: 13: 4561:Determining the Outcome of a Match 4431:Offside explained at AskTheRef.com 4308:Wilson, Scott (14 February 2022). 4228:Vincenzi, Massimo (26 June 2000). 4140:Wilson, Jonathan (13 April 2010), 3248:. Birmingham: 1. 21 February 1914. 2806:(334). London: 4. 1 February 1868. 2747:its own rules as of 5 October 1867 2195:Rules of The Foot-Ball Club (1833) 2117:Laws of the Eton Field Game (1847) 1754:Wilson, Jonathan (13 April 2010). 1705:Laws of the Eton Field Game (1847) 1377:"Guardian Football: The Knowledge" 208: 14: 4775: 4413: 4281:Schianchi, Andrea (28 May 2014). 4098:"FA told to bring back red cards" 3109:"Proposed Alterations of Rules". 1681:. London: Routledge. p. 41. 982:International Football Conference 914:1991 FIFA U-17 World Championship 4754:Association football terminology 4706: 4693: 4678: 4663: 4648: 4363:"2021-2022 Premier League Stats" 4355: 4335:Lusby, Jack (14 February 2022). 4328: 4301: 4274: 4248: 4221: 4156: 4133: 4108: 4090: 4065: 4040: 4015: 3990: 3975: 3922: 3896: 3881: 3866: 3841: 3815: 3789: 3763: 3737: 3710: 3684: 3673: 3647: 3579: 3518: 3503: 3475: 3466: 3291:Liverpool Daily Post and Mercury 2972:"Football: the S.F.A. Meeting". 2751:Routledge's Handbook of Football 1004:(FA) obtained the permission of 825:Football League games in 1924–25 658:"out of play" from such a kick. 532: 120:offside is ultimately up to the 4420:Laws of the Game 2021 - Offside 4183:Paolo Menicucci (4 July 2015). 3623:Russell, Grant (1 April 2011). 3430: 3415: 3400: 3382: 3367: 3352: 3337: 3312: 3297: 3282: 3267: 3252: 3237: 3212: 3197: 3172: 3157: 3142: 3117: 3102: 3075: 3050: 3035: 3010: 2995: 2980: 2965: 2950: 2941: 2922: 2907: 2889: 2849: 2828: 2810: 2792: 2739: 2722: 2699: 2668: 2647: 2628: 2584: 2561: 2534: 2507: 2494:. 28 November 1863. p. 6. 2467:Laws of the Game (1863) (draft) 2457: 2434: 2407: 2388: 2369: 2323: 2296: 2277: 2254: 2231: 2208: 2185: 2159: 2133: 2107: 2080: 2054: 2028: 2002: 1976: 1954: 1932: 1871: 1854: 1828: 1823:here was also an 'offside' rule 1798: 1781: 1747: 1721: 1695: 1670: 1654: 1630: 1562: 1514: 1458: 1432: 1397: 1295:. 22 May 2017. pp. 173–202 1015: 567: 74: 59:, and closer to the opponents' 4207:"Sacchi to take over at Parma" 2657:Football: The Association Game 2548:. 5 December 1863. p. 1. 1369: 1171: 1137: 1010:1987–88 GM Vauxhall Conference 970: 898:1973 Scottish League Cup Final 736:Sheffield Football Association 435:School and university football 408: 335: 127: 115:One of the main duties of the 1: 4686:Football Association of Wales 4671:Scottish Football Association 4549:The Start and Restart of Play 3426:. Lichfield: 7. 12 June 1925. 3244:"Altering the Off-Side Law". 2530:. 5 December 1863. p. 1. 1325:. 22 May 2017. pp. 61–67 1260:. 22 May 2017. pp. 69–74 1223:. 22 May 2017. pp. 87–88 1072:2021–22 Premier League season 910:Scottish Football Association 794:Football Association of Wales 768:Scottish Football Association 384: 4759:Laws of association football 4388:General and cited references 3274:"Off-Side Rule Discussion". 2598:(2288): 7. 24 February 1866. 1180:"What Is Offside in Soccer?" 1146:"What Is Offside in Soccer?" 1081: 987: 939: 921:North American Soccer League 349:In enforcing this rule, the 227:Interfering with an opponent 47:, codified in Law 11 of the 7: 4555:The Ball In and Out of Play 4343:. Soccer Publishing Limited 3892:. 24 April 1920. p. 5. 3659:Archivio - la Repubblica.it 3306:Huddersfield Daily Examiner 3276:Huddersfield Daily Examiner 3168:. Dundee: 5. 27 March 1902. 2318:kicked or touched the ball. 1008:to test such a rule in the 951: 190:if two conditions are met: 16:Law in association football 10: 4780: 4701:Irish Football Association 4398:. New York: Nation Books. 4394:Wilson, Jonathan (2013) . 4262:(in Italian). 16 June 2000 3873:"Off Side Law Unaltered". 3555:"Laws of the Game 2016/17" 3293:. Dundee: 5. 1 April 1914. 3263:. Dundee: 5. 1 April 1914. 3261:Evening Telegraph and Post 2782:"The Football Association" 2643:(722): 1. 7 February 1866. 2592:"The Football Association" 2542:"The Football Association" 2524:"The Football Association" 2513:Harvey (2005), pp. 144–145 2488:"The Football Association" 1836:"On Eton Games, Continued" 1413:(YouTube). United States: 980:offside position. At the 746:Offside in own half (1907) 653:from behind the goal line. 403: 18: 4720: 4637: 4616: 4543:The Duration of the Match 4537:The Other Match Officials 4496: 4425:FIFA Offside Presentation 4165:Intercontinental Cup 1968 3661:(in Italian). 1 June 1991 3378:. Dundee: 6. 3 June 1924. 3002:"English Athletic News". 2867:(5722): 7. 24 April 1877. 1637:S Iwase, H Saito (2002), 1587:10.1136/bmj.329.7480.1470 738:(which produced its own " 504:Trinity College, Hartford 4656:The Football Association 4624:Football and rugby union 3510:"Offside Rule Changed". 3407:"Off-Side Experiments". 2937:. 8 May 1905. p. 1. 2896:"Sunderland Outplayed". 2788:(2341): 9. 2 March 1867. 2755:"Football Association". 2399:: 19. 22 February 1862. 1916:"The History of Offside" 1788:Carew, Richard (1769) . 1625:10.1136/bmj.330.7484.188 1536:10.1038/npre.2009.3835.1 1357:. 17 May 2005. p. 3 1319:Laws of the Game 2017–18 1289:Laws of the Game 2017–18 1254:Laws of the Game 2017–18 1217:Laws of the Game 2017–18 675:Three-player rule (1866) 4436:31 January 2011 at the 4287:La Gazzetta dello Sport 3958:Laws of the Game (1883) 3932:Laws of the Game (1874) 3906:Laws of the Game (1872) 3825:Laws of the Game (1878) 3799:Laws of the Game (1877) 3773:Laws of the Game (1863) 3747:Laws of the Game (1863) 3720:Laws of the Game (1863) 3694:Laws of the Game (1863) 3085:Laws of the Game (1907) 2957:"Scotland v. England". 2900:: 5. 30 December 1901. 2759:: 326. 19 October 1867. 2571:Laws of the Game (1866) 2353:to the FA in 1863: see 1964:. Rugby Football League 1914:Carosi, Julian (2006). 1864:Tom Brown's School Days 1848:2027/mdp.39015062248128 1575:British Medical Journal 756:Wolverhampton Wanderers 551:Melbourne Football Club 547:Sheffield Football Club 512:Cambridge Rules of 1863 466:Tom Brown's School Days 82:involved in active play 4525:The Players' Equipment 4443:FIFA interactive guide 4316:. Sports New Media Ltd 3888:"Offside Alteration". 3004:Edinburgh Evening News 2989:Edinburgh Evening News 2974:Edinburgh Evening News 2842:: 3. 12 October 1871. 2818:"Football Association" 2800:"Football Association" 2767:: 13. 9 November 1867. 2706:Graham, R. G. (1899). 2654:Alcock, C. W (1906) . 2241:Sheffield Rules (1858) 2143:Cambridge Rules (1856) 2090:Cambridge Rules (1863) 1861:"An Old Boy" (1857). 1791:The Survey of Cornwall 1731:Cambridge Rules (1856) 1665:: 4. 28 November 1863. 1545:10101/npre.2009.3835.1 783:Two-player rule (1925) 686: 671: 655: 631: 612:The F. A. laws of 1863 577: 479: 432: 353:depends greatly on an 346: 182: 166: 43:is one of the laws in 37: 4519:The Number of Players 4396:Inverting the Pyramid 3890:Lancashire Daily Post 3631:. STV. Archived from 3289:"The Off-Side Rule". 3259:"The Off-Side Rule". 3164:"Football Comments". 2959:Lancashire Daily Post 2786:Bell's Life in London 2596:Bell's Life in London 2492:Bell's Life in London 1840:Eton College Magazine 1315:"Law 5 – The Referee" 1044:system, which used a 871:Unadopted experiments 681: 669: 650: 626: 575: 475: 424: 343: 221:Interfering with play 172: 155: 112:is allowed to stand. 31: 4578:Fouls and Misconduct 4489:association football 3472:Wilson (2013), p. 20 3046:: 11. 26 March 1907. 2947:Wilson (2013), p. 37 2676:Brown, Tony (2011). 2286:Association Football 1521:FB Maruenda (2009), 1002:Football Association 844:Parts of body (2005) 618:Football Association 549:(1858) and those of 523:1856 Cambridge Rules 45:association football 4629:Football and futsal 4152:on 27 December 2018 3635:on 13 December 2013 3411:: 8. 31 March 1925. 3393:: 1. 23 June 1924. 3153:: 1. 17 March 1902. 3113:: 2. 14 April 1893. 2729:Tod, A. H. (1900). 1619:(7484): 1470–1472, 1569:B Maruenda (2004). 1483:2000Natur.404...33O 1385:. 13 September 2006 885:Scottish League Cup 862:Halfway line (2016) 527:Charterhouse School 4172:on 6 November 2012 3348:: 4. 12 June 1922. 3044:Manchester Courier 2961:: 3. 7 April 1906. 2351:William Chesterman 1962:"Law 14 – Offside" 1551:on 15 October 2016 1184:The New York Times 1150:The New York Times 1119:"Law 11 – Offside" 772:Scotland v England 672: 578: 508:Winchester College 347: 330:indirect free kick 308:Danny Blanchflower 285:indirect free kick 183: 167: 117:assistant referees 86:indirect free kick 38: 4741: 4740: 4507:The Field of Play 4405:978-1-56858-963-3 3875:Lincolnshire Echo 3363:: 6. 4 June 1924. 3308:: 4. 28 May 1914. 3278:: 3. 27 May 1914. 3006:: 4. 10 May 1906. 2641:The Sporting Life 2417:The Simplest Game 1688:978-1-138-82851-3 1667:; emphasis added. 1527:Nature Precedings 1440:"IFAB Circular 3" 606:The Simplest Game 599:The Simplest Game 594:The Simplest Game 525:and the rules of 496:Shrewsbury School 414:Traditional games 355:assistant referee 97:scoring of a goal 34:assistant referee 4771: 4710: 4709: 4703: 4699: 4697: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4673: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4658: 4654: 4652: 4651: 4590:The Penalty Kick 4485:Laws of the Game 4478: 4471: 4464: 4455: 4454: 4409: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4373: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4168:, archived from 4160: 4154: 4153: 4148:, archived from 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4121:. pp. 12–13 4120: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4077: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4052: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4027: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4002: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3962: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3936: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3910: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3853: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3829: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3803: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3777: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3751: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3724: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3698: 3688: 3682: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3620: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3592: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3566: 3559: 3551: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3531: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3487: 3479: 3473: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3457: 3455: 3449: 3442: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3324: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3224: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3184: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3129: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3111:Scottish Referee 3106: 3100: 3099: 3089: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3062: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3022: 3014: 3008: 3007: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2991:: 7. 2 May 1906. 2984: 2978: 2977: 2976:: 4. 4 May 1906. 2969: 2963: 2962: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2878: 2869: 2868: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2778: 2769: 2768: 2765:Sporting Gazette 2760: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2612:. Archived from 2606: 2600: 2599: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2575: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2520: 2514: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2471: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2448: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2421: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2348: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2310: 2300: 2294: 2292: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2268: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2245: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2222: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2199: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2173: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2147: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2121: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2094: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2068: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2042: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2016: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1990: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1920: 1911: 1896: 1895: 1885: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1735: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1709: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1674: 1668: 1666: 1663:Sporting Gazette 1658: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1608: 1598: 1581:(7480): 1470–2. 1566: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1556: 1547:, archived from 1538: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1494: 1492:10.1038/35003639 1462: 1456: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1352: 1344: 1335: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1311: 1305: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1281: 1270: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1246: 1233: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1209: 1203: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1175: 1169: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1141: 1135: 1134: 1115: 1026:Osvaldo Zubeldía 510:(1863), and the 500:Uppingham School 420:hurling to goals 394:Sporting Gazette 324:Offside sanction 281:direct free kick 188:offside position 179:offside position 148:Offside position 142:offside sanction 134:offside position 53:offside position 49:Laws of the Game 4779: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4764:Sports offsides 4744: 4743: 4742: 4737: 4733:Cambridge rules 4728:Sheffield Rules 4716: 4707: 4694: 4692: 4691: 4679: 4677: 4676: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4633: 4612: 4608:The Corner Kick 4492: 4482: 4438:Wayback Machine 4416: 4406: 4390: 4385: 4384: 4371: 4369: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4344: 4341:This is Anfield 4333: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4237: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4190: 4188: 4181: 4177: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4053:. pp. 4–5 4050: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3986:. Sheffield: 1. 3980: 3976: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3621: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3586:Jerôme Valcke. 3584: 3580: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3560:. p. 138. 3557: 3553: 3552: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2912: 2908: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2879: 2872: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2780: 2779: 2772: 2762: 2754: 2744: 2740: 2727: 2723: 2704: 2700: 2694:Football Annual 2688: 2673: 2669: 2652: 2648: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2616:on 12 June 2013 2608: 2607: 2603: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2552: 2551: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2498: 2497: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2374: 2370: 2354: 2329:In a letter to 2328: 2324: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2282: 2278: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2218:The Surrey Club 2214: 2213: 2209: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2008: 2007: 2003: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1967: 1965: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1945: 1943: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1912: 1899: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1859: 1855: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1819: 1803: 1799: 1786: 1782: 1772: 1770: 1752: 1748: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1689: 1675: 1671: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1648:10.1.1.143.9703 1635: 1631: 1567: 1563: 1554: 1552: 1519: 1515: 1463: 1459: 1449: 1447: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1423: 1421: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1388: 1386: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1360: 1358: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1338: 1328: 1326: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1298: 1296: 1283: 1282: 1273: 1263: 1261: 1248: 1247: 1236: 1226: 1224: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1196: 1194: 1176: 1172: 1162: 1160: 1142: 1138: 1117: 1116: 1089: 1084: 1076:Manchester City 1068:Ibrahima Konaté 1064:Virgil van Dijk 1046:4–4–2 formation 1018: 990: 973: 954: 942: 937: 931: 873: 864: 855: 846: 837: 801:First World War 785: 748: 740:Sheffield Rules 718: 677: 664: 635:Ebenezer Morley 614: 570: 535: 519:Eton Field Game 437: 416: 411: 406: 387: 338: 326: 257:for the ball." 215:offside offence 211: 209:Offside offence 159:offside offence 150: 138:offside offence 130: 77: 68:offside offence 24: 21:Offside (sport) 17: 12: 11: 5: 4777: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4704: 4689: 4674: 4659: 4643: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4502: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4481: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4445: 4440: 4428: 4422: 4415: 4414:External links 4412: 4411: 4410: 4404: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4354: 4327: 4300: 4273: 4247: 4220: 4198: 4175: 4155: 4132: 4107: 4089: 4064: 4039: 4014: 3989: 3984:Sports Special 3974: 3947: 3921: 3895: 3880: 3865: 3840: 3814: 3788: 3762: 3736: 3709: 3683: 3672: 3646: 3604: 3578: 3543: 3517: 3502: 3474: 3465: 3429: 3414: 3399: 3389:"En Passant". 3381: 3366: 3351: 3346:Yorkshire Post 3336: 3311: 3296: 3281: 3266: 3251: 3236: 3225:. pp. 2–3 3211: 3196: 3171: 3156: 3149:"En Passant". 3141: 3116: 3101: 3074: 3049: 3034: 3009: 2994: 2979: 2964: 2949: 2940: 2921: 2906: 2888: 2870: 2848: 2827: 2809: 2791: 2770: 2738: 2721: 2698: 2686: 2667: 2646: 2627: 2601: 2583: 2560: 2533: 2515: 2506: 2479: 2456: 2433: 2406: 2387: 2368: 2335:Harry Chambers 2322: 2295: 2276: 2253: 2230: 2207: 2184: 2158: 2132: 2106: 2079: 2053: 2027: 2001: 1975: 1953: 1931: 1897: 1870: 1853: 1827: 1817: 1797: 1780: 1746: 1720: 1694: 1687: 1669: 1653: 1629: 1561: 1513: 1457: 1446:. 15 July 2015 1431: 1407:(9 May 1994). 1396: 1368: 1336: 1306: 1271: 1234: 1204: 1170: 1136: 1086: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1056:Liverpool F.C. 1017: 1014: 989: 986: 972: 969: 953: 950: 941: 938: 936: 933: 872: 869: 863: 860: 854: 851: 845: 842: 836: 833: 784: 781: 747: 744: 732: 731: 728: 725: 717: 714: 698:Charles Alcock 676: 673: 663: 660: 613: 610: 569: 566: 543:Foot-Ball Club 534: 531: 441:Eton wall game 436: 433: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 386: 383: 374:foreshortening 369: 368: 365: 362: 337: 334: 325: 322: 304:Bill Nicholson 250: 249: 246: 243: 240: 237: 234: 231: 228: 225: 222: 210: 207: 199: 198: 195: 149: 146: 129: 126: 76: 73: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4776: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4705: 4702: 4690: 4687: 4675: 4672: 4660: 4657: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4605: 4603: 4602:The Goal Kick 4599: 4597: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4585: 4584:The Free Kick 4581: 4579: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4474: 4472: 4467: 4465: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4407: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4391: 4379: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4315: 4314:Give Me Sport 4311: 4304: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4261: 4260:La Repubblica 4257: 4251: 4235: 4234:La Repubblica 4231: 4224: 4208: 4202: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4166: 4159: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4117: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4078:. p. 32 4074: 4068: 4049: 4043: 4024: 4018: 3999: 3993: 3985: 3978: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3959: 3951: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3933: 3925: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3907: 3899: 3891: 3884: 3876: 3869: 3850: 3844: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3826: 3818: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3792: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3774: 3766: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3748: 3740: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3721: 3713: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3687: 3681: 3676: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3589: 3582: 3563: 3556: 3550: 3548: 3528: 3521: 3513: 3506: 3499: 3484: 3478: 3469: 3462: 3446: 3443:. p. 4. 3439: 3433: 3425: 3418: 3410: 3409:Leeds Mercury 3403: 3396: 3392: 3391:Athletic News 3385: 3377: 3370: 3362: 3361:Athletic News 3355: 3347: 3340: 3321: 3315: 3307: 3300: 3292: 3285: 3277: 3270: 3262: 3255: 3247: 3240: 3221: 3215: 3207: 3206:Athletic News 3200: 3181: 3175: 3167: 3160: 3152: 3151:Athletic News 3145: 3126: 3120: 3112: 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