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in Major League
Baseball (MLB) in the early days of the sport was performed by newspaper writers. A judgment call that is required by the official scorer does not alter the outcome of a game, but these judgments impact the statistical records of the game. As the subjective scoring decisions which are used to calculate baseball statistics began to be used to determine the relative value of baseball players, MLB began to require approval from the league before a writer-scorer could be assigned to produce the scoring report for a game. By the 1970s, writers who were willing to score games for MLB were required to have attended 100 or more games per year in the prior three years and to be chosen by the local chapter chairman of the
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decision, but it can occasionally be difficult. In one difficult example with a runner on first and two outs, the batter hits a single but a defensive error allows an advance by the lead runner from second to third, and a soft run-scoring single is hit followed by an out. In that situation, the offense "should" have had runners on first and second with 2 outs when the run-scoring single was hit. Since the next batter was put out, the official scorer must decide based on the hit, the speed of the baserunner, and the positioning of the defense whether the runner would have been able to score from second in the reconstruction of the inning without the error.
604:
any fielder attempts and fails to put out an unforced preceding runner who returns to their original base. In these situations, the official scorer is required to determine whether the batter-runner would have safely reached first base if the defense made an ordinary effort to put him out. If the defense could not be reasonably expected to make the play, the batter is credited with a hit, otherwise he is ruled to have reached by fielder's choice. If an error is made on the attempt to put out a preceding runner, that has no impact on this decision. It is instead noted to have occurred in addition to the hit or fielder's choice.
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608:
base, a hit is automatically not credited and the batter by rule is judged to have reached by a fielder's choice. In some situations this rule may appear unfair to the batter. For example, if the batter is a fast runner, the ball is slowly hit to the third baseman, and an unforced runner from second realizes (too late) that he can not safely advance, the batter-runner will lose the potential hit on a fielder's choice by the third baseman. This occurs regardless of whether the batter-runner would have reached first base with an ordinary effort to put him out.
396:
which errors are called is higher when the quality of fielding is suspect and is lower when playing conditions are better, but these factors do not fully explain variations in error rate. After other known factors are accounted for, evidence was found that official scorers are biased toward the home team, but that this bias was reduced after the end of the writer-scorer era in 1979. Further, errors are significantly more likely to be called in the
National League than in the American League.
439:), the official scorer is required to create a summary of the game using a form established by the league. This task is performed for each game that is scored, including called games which must be completely replayed at a later date, and games that end in forfeit. The information in the score report includes the date, location of the game, the names of the teams, the names of the umpires who officiated the game, the final score, and the data that is required in rule 10.02.
432:
the judgment calls that are required in the score report. When a judgment call is made, the official scorer is obligated to immediately communicate that decision to the media in the press box and to the broadcasters, usually through a microphone. The official scorer has up to 24 hours to reconsider or reverse a judgment call that was made during the game. In rare circumstances, MLB's scoring committee may reverse a scoring decision that is "clearly erroneous".
29:
255:
428:
different official scorers working on different games at the same stadium, and between scorers in different stadiums. Second, the press box is the most neutral position within the stadium. Seated in the press box, the official scorer is surrounded by writers and broadcasters who are ostensibly neutral, and the scorer is less likely to be unduly influenced by the players, the coaches, and the crowd.
400:
creation of a "fifth umpire". Four-man umpire crews rotate officiating responsibilities after each game, and travel to several stadiums per year. This new fifth umpire would travel with the umpiring crew to score games and take his turn on the bases, but MLB has been reluctant to incur the increased cost. More recently, there have been suggestions to move the official scorer out of the
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credit a hit to the batter, the scorer is guided by rule 10.05. This rule directs the official scorer to "give the benefit of the doubt to the hitter when the scorer believes that the decision to credit the batter with a hit is equally valid to an alternative scoring decision". In a similarly difficult judgment call where the official scorer believes that an earned
374:
there." The official scorer had argued that the batter was too close to first base to be put out by a clean play. Milwaukee appealed the ruling to the scoring committee, but on
September 3 the committee reviewed the footage and supported the ruling by Webb, saying the ruling was not "clearly erroneous" as required by rule 10.01(a).
620:
If the defense attempts to put out a preceding runner during the play, the official scorer must determine whether the batter would have reached second or third base safely had the defense attempted to limit the batter's advance. For example, if a runner on second attempts to score after a soft hit to
431:
Rule 10.01 states that the scorer is never allowed to make scorekeeping decisions that conflict with the official rules governing scorekeeping. The official scorer is permitted to view available replays and to solicit the opinions of others, but the official scorer is given the sole authority to make
140:
is generally credited with the invention of scorekeeping in baseball. Chadwick was also the inventor of the modern box score and the writer of the first rule book for the game of baseball. Since baseball statistics were initially a subject of interest to sportswriters, the role of the official scorer
632:
If an error occurs during the play when a batter records a hit, the official scorer must determine whether the batter would have advanced as far as he did had the error not occurred. For example, if a batter hits a ball into an outfield gap, the ball is badly misplayed by an outfielder attempting to
607:
In some cases the official scorer is not given the discretion to decide between awarding a hit to the batter or ruling that he safely reached first base by fielder's choice. If a preceding runner is forced out or if an unforced preceding runner is put out while attempting to return to their original
603:
Most judgment calls made by the official scorer under this rule occur in three situations: when an infielder, pitcher, or catcher attempts to put out an unforced preceding runner who is attempting to advance one base, when any fielder attempts and fails to put out a forced preceding runner, and when
487:
Rule 10.12 also states that an error should not be charged for a "mental mistake" by the defense. Rather, errors are charged when the defense attempts to make a logical play against the offense, but fails to record an out or prevent an advance due to a mechanical misplay. There is one rare exception
386:
are generally hired by the teams to score games at their stadium. Some minor league scorers have a history or connection with the team, including former players, former coaches, and local writers. Official scorers for international baseball competitions are generally selected by the organizer of the
658:
is not able to catch or control the ball with ordinary effort before a runner can advance, the advance is ruled to have occurred by a wild pitch. Any such pitch which strikes the ground before it reaches home plate is automatically considered to be a wild pitch. However, a pitch is not a wild pitch
649:
When a baserunner is able to advance after a pitch is not caught or controlled by the catcher, the official scorer must determine whether the advance was due to a wild pitch or a passed ball. The pitch is never considered to be an error. If a pitch is thrown so high, wide, or low in relation to the
599:
In the rules of baseball, aside from the rare case of interference or obstruction, a batter who puts a ball into play and safely reaches first base is ruled to have reached in one of three possible ways: a hit, an error, or by fielder's choice. Fielder's choice is primarily discussed in rules 10.05
547:
At the conclusion of an inning during which runs are scored after an error or passed ball, the official scorer attempts to recreate the events of the inning without the errors or passed balls. If in the official scorer's opinion a run would not have scored without the defensive lapses, then the run
264:
A player's baseball statistics can increase or reduce the leverage which he may have in future contract negotiations. Many players also have monetary incentives written in their contracts which are based on statistical measurements, and official scorers have the option to reverse a scoring decision
395:
Baseball players, managers, and writers have speculated about bias by the official scorer for decades, but this subject has been objectively studied only recently. In 2006, the rate at which errors have been recorded in MLB by the official scorer was investigated under many situations. The rate at
686:
If a runner advances because the defense does nothing to try to stop the advance, the scorer may rule that the advance was due to defensive indifference and no stolen base is credited. However, a throw is not required for a stolen base. If a fielder begins to visibly make an attempt to prevent an
590:
Most of the above rules are straightforward, but some judgment is required by the official scorer when a baserunner advances due to a defensive lapse and later scores. In this situation, the official scorer must decide what would have happened if the runner had not advanced. This is often an easy
447:
Most plays in the game are resolved in such a way that the scorer is not given multiple choices when recording the outcome of the play, but several types of plays are open to the interpretation of the official scorer. In any judgment call where the official scorer is required to decide whether to
118:
Since 1980, some reforms have been suggested to improve the performance of official scorers. In 2001, MLB formed a scoring committee to review their performance, and by 2008 the committee was given the authority to overturn scoring decisions. This authority was used by the scoring committee three
666:
a base. If the runner "starts for the next base" before the pitcher delivers the pitch, the runner is credited with a stolen base and a wild pitch or passed ball is not charged. If a wild pitch or passed ball allows a runner to advance beyond the base that is stolen, the scorer may rule that the
460:
The decision to charge an error to the defense is the most well-known responsibility of the official scorer. Some situations automatically call for an error to be charged to the defense, but most charged errors are the result of a play that requires a judgment call. Broadly speaking, an error is
164:
Baseball writer-scorers usually worked at the games played at the home stadium of the team which they covered for their newspaper. The writer-scorers were tasked with making objective decisions that could impact the statistics of the team they were writing about. Because of this affiliation, the
499:
The most common judgment call involving an error occurs when the defense fails to put out a batter-runner who puts the ball in play. If the out is not recorded and the official scorer believes that an "ordinary effort" by the defense would have resulted in an out, the defense is charged with an
427:
The rules of baseball require that the official scorer views the game only from the press box, for two basic reasons. First, this ensures that every scorer has nearly the same perspective of the game. One of the intentions of this rule is to improve consistency in scorekeeping decisions between
373:
argued that the hit recorded by
Pittsburgh should have been recorded as an error by the pitcher, but Pittsburgh official scorer Bob Webb disagreed. Yost commented, "That's a joke. That wasn't even close. Whoever the scorekeeper was absolutely denied major league baseball a nice no-hitter right
399:
Changes have been proposed over the years to reduce possible inconsistencies between scorers and possible mistakes made by the official scorer, especially as the end of the writer-scorer era began to seem likely in the late 1970s. The BBWAA and professional baseball umpires have suggested the
356:
In 2001, MLB formed a scoring committee to evaluate the performance of official scorers. In 2008, the scoring committee was given the authority to enforce the portion of rule 10.01(a) which allows the league to change a scoring decision that is "clearly erroneous". The committee has used this
274:" They reportedly did not speak to each other for almost four years. In the early days of baseball, a disagreement over a scoring decision occasionally led to physical altercations between the player and the writer. Confrontational incidents decreased after 1974 following a warning from MLB.
484:. If a wild throw allows the runner to advance an additional base, an error may then be charged for the additional advance. However, if an accurate throw is made in time to complete a double play or triple play, but the fielder on the base fails to make the catch, an error may be charged.
323:
from different angles which they can review before making a decision. As of 2012, MLB official scorers earned $ 150 per game. Official scorers are not required to meet the old BBWAA requirements, and are also no longer required to pass a written test, which was once administered by the
313:
directly employs the official scorers who are responsible for producing score reports, although most scorers are hired on the recommendation of the public relations directors of baseball teams. Official scorers are typically retired writers, coaches, and umpires. Unlike
633:
retrieve and throw the ball back into the infield, and the batter is able to reach all four bases to score, then the official scorer must decide whether an error should be charged to the outfielder. If no error is charged, then the batter would be credited with an "
511:
misjudges the flight of a ball and allows the ball to drop out of his reach. This is usually considered to be a "mental mistake" by the outfielder, so the batter is usually credited with a hit. On that topic Bill
Shannon, who was an official scorer for the
678:
When a defensive player has the ball and can end the play by preventing further advance, but fails to do so because of a mental mistake (not an error) and a runner subsequently scores, the official scorer must decide whether to credit the batter with a
698:
is so well-placed that he safely reaches first base, the official scorer may elect to credit the batter with a hit instead of a sacrifice if there is no error on the play and an ordinary effort by the defense would not have recorded an out.
659:
merely because it is off-target. If the official scorer determines that the catcher should have been able to control the pitch and prevent an advance with ordinary effort, then the catcher is charged with a passed ball on the advance.
269:
asked for a meeting with local writer Neal
Eskridge after learning that he was the scorer for the game. Angry about an error he had received in the game, Jerry "cursed thoroughly and imaginatively, and told him, 'Never talk to me
218:
said, "I've been involved in five or six no-hit games, and all of them were suspected of being helped by hometown scoring." One of the last controversies of the writer-scorer era was seen in a 1978 game at St. Louis. In that game,
621:
center field and the center fielder chooses to throw to home while the batter advances to second, the official scorer must decide the value of the hit. In this situation, the scorer may either choose to credit the batter with a
683:(RBI). If the runner recognized the mistake after slowing or pausing his advance, an RBI is not credited. If the runner was oblivious to the mistake or runs home without slowing, the batter is credited with an RBI.
516:, said "That's a base hit whether we like it or not. As a practical matter, we don't charge errors on those plays. No one says that baseball is entirely fair." Outfielders are generally charged with an error on a
99:(MLB). As the importance of baseball player statistics increased, teams began to pressure writer-scorers for favorable scoring decisions for their players in games played at home stadiums, and a home team scoring
616:
In cases where a batter indisputably gets a hit and is able to safely advance past first base on the play, the value of that hit may be adjusted by the official scorer because of an error or a fielder's choice.
404:
and closer to the field behind the plate to get the best view of the game. MLB has conceded that this could be a good idea, but it is not currently feasible because of the design of most stadiums in the league.
548:
is unearned. If the scorer believes that a run would have scored anyway, the run is earned and charged to the pitcher. In one basic example, if the first batter reaches by an error, the second batter hits a
318:
teams, MLB official scorers do not typically travel between stadiums. Each official scorer is assigned to a stadium for the season, with each stadium having one or more scorers. Scorers now have access to
265:
within 24 hours of the conclusion of a game. Because of this, baseball writer-scorers were often subject to pressure from the players they were covering in their newspaper. After a game in 1962, infielder
301:, and the major daily newspapers published in Atlanta, Detroit, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, and Philadelphia. In 1980, MLB resolved the conflict by directly hiring official scorers for each stadium.
115:
of 1941. By 1979, many major newspapers decided to ban their writers from scoring baseball games due to conflict-of-interest concerns, and in 1980 MLB began to hire independent official scorers.
277:
The pressure and the perceived conflict of interest faced by the baseball writers who scored games for MLB eventually led many major newspapers to end the practice for their employees. In 1958,
419:
The rules which govern the official scorer are spelled out in Rule 10 of the official rules of baseball. The fundamental responsibilities of the official scorer are explained in rule 10.01.
119:
times during the 2009 season. In 2006, an academic study seemed to confirm the historical existence of a home-team bias in scoring decisions, but this measurable bias decreased after 1979.
103:
was perceived by many coaches, players, and writers. Controversies related to perceived bias or errors in scoring have led to questions about important baseball records, including several
64:
advance around the bases, the official scorer is also charged with making judgment calls that do not affect the progress or outcome of the game. Judgment calls are primarily made about
714:
who would otherwise qualify for the win pitches "ineffectively" in a "brief appearance", the official scorer may choose to credit a "succeeding relief pitcher" with the win.
831:
357:
authority on a few occasions, having overturned three scoring decisions in the 2009 season. The scoring committee came under some scrutiny after a game on August 31, 2008.
331:
Official scorers are only occasionally terminated, but there have been cases when a scorer was replaced after making decisions which displeased the home team. In 1992 the
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before it was phased out in the mid-1990s. Potential scorers are generally required to briefly apprentice under an existing scorer before they are allowed to work alone.
940:
165:
official scorer was often presumed by the baseball players and managers to favor the home team when making the required judgment calls during the course of a game.
586:
A run scored by a runner who advances due to an error or passed ball is unearned, unless it would not have made a difference in the reconstruction of the inning.
246:(who was a writer for a local newspaper) judged the play to be an error rather than a hit, and Forsch went on to pitch the first no-hitter of the 1978 season.
56:, and to send the official scoring record of the game back to the league offices. In addition to recording the events on the field such as the outcome of each
900:
796:
1099:
465:
or prevented a runner from advancing, but the defense fails to do so. When an error is charged, the official scorer must charge the error to one of the
870:
520:
when they arrive at the ball's destination with sufficient time to make a catch with an ordinary effort, but simply miss the catch or drop the ball.
452:
or an unearned run are equally valid scoring decisions, rule 10.16 directs the official scorer to "give the benefit of the doubt to the pitcher".
283:
prohibited their writers from scoring baseball games. Over the next two decades other major newspapers joined in the writer-scorer ban, including
583:, the official scorer does not presume that an out would have been recorded on that runner, but if that runner later scores the run is unearned.
154:
It's always safer to call it a hit. The batting team is happy, and the fielding team can be ambivalent ... But you have to make the proper call.
563:
Potential outs that were not recorded because of an error are presumed to be an out when the inning is reconstructed by the official scorer.
544:
occurs earlier in the inning. Unearned runs are primarily discussed in rule 10.16 and often require a judgment call by the official scorer.
1525:
1486:
He served for many years as an officer of the
Baseball Writers' Association of America and was chairman of the New York chapter in 1969-70.
142:
21:
This article is about the person who records the official record of events in a baseball game. For the equivalent person in cricket, see
33:
500:
error, and the batter is not credited with a hit. Other common situations requiring a judgment call include unintentionally dropped
600:
and 10.06, and it generally occurs when it is judged that a batter-runner would have been put out had the defense chosen to do so.
173:
1166:
1498:
1656:
1470:
637:" home run. If an error is charged to the outfielder, then the batter would likely be credited with either a double or
185:
1408:
556:, then one of the two runs scored was unearned. There are rules and restrictions which govern this general guideline.
1453:
1144:
999:
1518:
1000:"The art of score keeping: correctly documenting the statistics of a game remains an exacting and challenging task"
507:
One of the most controversial and poorly understood situations related to the charging of an error occurs when an
504:
that allow the batter to continue his at-bat, and poor throws to the next base when a runner attempts to advance.
908:
804:
310:
528:
Earned runs are runs that are directly attributable to a pitcher's efforts without a lapse by the defense. An
1972:
576:
Runs that are scored after what should have been the third out are automatically considered to be unearned.
207:
when he carries a no-hitter (where a pitcher throws a complete game without giving up a hit) into the late
1511:
1915:
629:
with an advance to second by fielder's choice. This is often referred to as "an advance on the throw".
325:
1276:
496:
situation in time to record an out when he could have done so, that fielder is charged with an error.
1702:
566:
472:
One exception in this rule occurs when the defense makes at least one out and attempts to complete a
335:
players signed a petition to have their official scorer replaced, and in 2001 the management of the
1804:
723:
634:
188:" in hitting after a questioned error caused him to finish the season one hit short of winning the
127:
735:
537:
168:
Criticism of scoring decisions date to the earliest days of the game. Some historians claim that
137:
131:
1022:
756:
1599:
1054:
970:
580:
1122:
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charged to the defense when an "ordinary effort" by the defense would have either recorded an
1579:
675:
Some relatively uncommon situations may also require a judgment call by the official scorer.
414:
383:
228:
177:
96:
53:
832:"Meet the guys who hold Major League Baseball's most thankless job (other than the umpires)"
343:
lost a no-hitter on a close play in right field that was ruled a hit rather than an error.
89:
8:
1632:
279:
220:
85:
73:
687:
advance but then elects not to throw, the advance is not due to defensive indifference.
1946:
1936:
1931:
1885:
1794:
1534:
1428:
533:
480:. An error is not charged in that situation if a wild throw allows the runner to reach
466:
366:
285:
196:
1170:
145:(BBWAA). Qualified candidates for scoring were submitted to the leagues for approval.
1880:
1809:
1594:
1567:
1449:
1432:
729:
638:
626:
622:
488:
to this rule against charging an error for a "mental mistake". If a fielder fails to
358:
315:
291:
1890:
1777:
1665:
1637:
1557:
1420:
703:
513:
332:
297:
84:, all of which are included in the record compiled. This record is used to compile
65:
57:
1895:
1707:
1627:
1076:
816:
695:
481:
200:
189:
339:
ordered that a rookie scorer not be allowed to score another game after pitcher
1951:
1850:
1829:
1824:
1758:
1738:
1642:
1574:
1562:
711:
707:
691:
462:
449:
436:
435:
Finally, within 36 hours of a game's conclusion (including the conclusion of a
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320:
112:
77:
1966:
1860:
1845:
1763:
1743:
1733:
1622:
1584:
680:
570:
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who were involved in the play. Errors are primarily discussed in rule 10.12.
236:
215:
49:
1606:
1941:
1855:
1819:
1814:
1799:
1753:
1424:
529:
169:
108:
1436:
663:
651:
579:
When the batter is given first base because of catcher's interference or
541:
517:
477:
473:
362:
266:
258:
95:
Newspaper writers initially performed this function in the early days of
61:
28:
1697:
508:
493:
340:
243:
224:
81:
69:
1748:
1692:
1589:
1503:
553:
501:
401:
239:
232:
212:
104:
1910:
549:
370:
350:
254:
181:
41:
16:
Person who records the official record of events in a baseball game
1728:
1723:
1687:
1682:
1542:
655:
489:
204:
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One exception to this rule occurs when a baserunner attempts to
1905:
536:(ERA), and is only possible when an error (including catcher's
208:
22:
559:
When reconstructing an inning without errors or passed balls:
195:
Although scoring decisions were widely believed to favor the
100:
346:
1167:"World Baseball Classic Tournament Rules and Regulations"
667:
further advance occurred by a wild pitch or passed ball.
203:, many players believed this bias shifts in favor of the
176:
in 1941 was made possible by several generous rulings at
757:"Manufactured Runs: When Subjective Overrules Objective"
184:
narrowly missed being recognized for achieving a rare "
941:"An Official Scorer's Call Isn't Always the Last Word"
1446:
227:was pitching a no-hitter in the 8th inning against
92:is a summary of the official scorer's game record.
231:when a hard ground ball hit into the hole between
1471:"Red Foley Dies at 79; Scorer in 10 World Series"
1448:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co.
1964:
1079:. Milwaukee. Associated Press. September 3, 2008
390:
625:, or the scorer may rule that the batter hit a
1077:"MLB scoring committee rules against Sabathia"
1055:"Sabathia throws 1-hitter in Brewers' 7–0 win"
1519:
1121:Weiss, Bill; Wright, Marshall (May 7, 2009).
706:of the winning team does not qualify for the
365:threw a disputed 7–0 one-hit shutout against
1499:MLB Official Rule 9.00: The Rules of Scoring
1407:Kalist, David E.; Spurr, Stephen J. (2006),
1406:
1354:
1352:
1120:
868:
569:which were issued are still presumed to be
1526:
1512:
1413:Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
993:
991:
869:Castrovince, Anthony (September 7, 2004).
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
34:Taichung Intercontinental Baseball Stadium
1326:
1324:
1322:
1137:
938:
1349:
1274:
1261:
1259:
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1223:
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143:Baseball Writers' Association of America
126:
27:
1443:
1333:
1294:
1169:. WBC. December 8, 2008. Archived from
988:
971:"Technology puts scorekeepers in a box"
964:
962:
960:
849:
670:
1965:
1533:
1319:
823:
794:
532:does not adversely impact a pitcher's
148:
1507:
1477:. The Associated Press. July 16, 2008
1248:
1212:
1114:
1100:"Kraly more than B-Mets' scorekeeper"
1091:
997:
968:
898:
887:
829:
771:
754:
249:
1097:
1014:
957:
726:, a sportswriter and official scorer
1268:
1159:
1069:
1046:
594:
492:the runner, batter, or a base in a
408:
13:
1463:
1053:Robinson, Alan (August 31, 2008).
748:
14:
1984:
1492:
442:
235:and third was narrowly missed by
1655:
1021:Scoggins, Chaz (December 2004).
969:Brown, Tim (September 2, 2009).
939:Christine, Bill (July 7, 2012).
797:"Do They Really Know The Score?"
611:
523:
32:Booth of the official scorer in
1388:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1310:
1275:Luttrell, Jim (June 20, 2009).
1239:
1230:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1037:
738:(English Premier League soccer)
1277:"Errors Committed and Omitted"
1057:. Pittsburgh. Associated Press
932:
923:
755:Wyers, Colin (April 1, 2010).
377:
159:Stew Thornley, official scorer
54:record the events on the field
1:
795:Kaplan, Jim (July 24, 1978).
742:
644:
552:, and the next three batters
422:
391:Analysis and proposed changes
304:
60:and the circumstances of any
48:is a person appointed by the
1098:Hill, Benjamin (July 2004).
871:"For Those Keeping Score..."
830:Borzi, Pat (July 27, 2009).
88:for each player and team. A
7:
1147:. DartmouthSports.com. 2010
899:Jares, Joe (May 13, 1968).
717:
80:in certain situations, and
10:
1989:
1400:
998:Stone, Larry (July 2004).
710:under rule 10.17, and the
412:
122:
20:
1924:
1873:
1838:
1787:
1776:
1716:
1675:
1664:
1653:
1615:
1550:
1541:
901:"Some Who Know the Score"
690:When a batter attempts a
455:
311:MLB commissioner's office
1444:Wirkmaa, Andres (2003).
382:Official scorers in the
1123:"1970 Hawaii Islanders"
736:Dubious Goals Committee
1600:Left-handed specialist
1425:10.2202/1559-0410.1043
353:
261:
242:. The official scorer
174:56-game hitting streak
162:
134:
37:
1759:Center fielder (8/CF)
1739:Second baseman (4/2B)
1025:. Baseball Prospectus
759:. Baseball Prospectus
415:Baseball scorekeeping
349:
257:
152:
130:
97:Major League Baseball
31:
1973:Baseball occupations
1764:Right fielder (9/RF)
1744:Third baseman (5/3B)
1734:First baseman (3/1B)
1023:"Prospectus Q&A"
732:, an official scorer
671:Other judgment calls
369:. Milwaukee manager
1805:Batting order (1–9)
1754:Left fielder (7/LF)
1394:Wirkmaa, pp.224–225
1358:Wirkmaa, pp.170–173
1307:Wirkmaa, pp.185–217
1265:Wirkmaa, pp.140–169
911:on November 3, 2012
807:on November 3, 2012
280:The Washington Post
149:Early controversies
1947:Phantom ballplayer
1535:Baseball positions
1281:The New York Times
945:The New York Times
905:Sports Illustrated
801:Sports Illustrated
702:Finally, when the
694:and the resulting
534:earned run average
354:
286:The New York Times
262:
250:Newspaper reaction
135:
38:
1960:
1959:
1869:
1868:
1810:Designated hitter
1772:
1771:
1651:
1650:
1409:"Baseball Errors"
1376:Wirkmaa, pp.97–99
1346:Wirkmaa, pp.70–81
1330:Wirkmaa, pp.58–69
1236:Wirkmaa, pp.56–57
1002:. Baseball Digest
730:J.G. Taylor Spink
567:Intentional walks
292:Los Angeles Times
1980:
1785:
1784:
1749:Shortstop (6/SS)
1673:
1672:
1659:
1548:
1547:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1459:
1440:
1435:, archived from
1395:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1347:
1344:
1331:
1328:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1227:Wirkmaa, pp.7–11
1225:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1191:Kalist, Abstract
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1173:on June 25, 2009
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
995:
986:
985:
983:
981:
966:
955:
954:
952:
951:
936:
930:
927:
921:
920:
918:
916:
907:. Archived from
896:
885:
884:
882:
880:
866:
847:
846:
844:
842:
827:
821:
820:
814:
812:
803:. Archived from
792:
769:
768:
766:
764:
752:
704:starting pitcher
595:Fielder's choice
514:New York Yankees
409:Responsibilities
298:The Boston Globe
273:
160:
74:fielder's choice
58:plate appearance
1988:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1920:
1916:General manager
1901:Official scorer
1896:Bullpen catcher
1865:
1834:
1779:
1768:
1712:
1708:Position player
1667:
1660:
1647:
1611:
1580:Middle reliever
1537:
1532:
1495:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1466:
1464:Further reading
1456:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1334:
1329:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1005:
1003:
996:
989:
979:
977:
967:
958:
949:
947:
937:
933:
928:
924:
914:
912:
897:
888:
878:
876:
867:
850:
840:
838:
828:
824:
817:Wayback Machine
810:
808:
793:
772:
762:
760:
753:
749:
745:
720:
673:
647:
635:inside the park
614:
597:
526:
458:
445:
425:
417:
411:
393:
380:
333:Seattle Mariner
326:National League
307:
271:
252:
192:batting title.
190:American League
161:
158:
151:
125:
76:, the value of
46:official scorer
40:In the game of
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1986:
1976:
1975:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1952:Platoon system
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1851:Contact hitter
1848:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1830:Cleanup hitter
1827:
1825:Leadoff hitter
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1703:Utility player
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1670:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1554:
1552:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1493:External links
1491:
1490:
1489:
1475:New York Times
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1441:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1385:Wirkmaa, p.107
1378:
1369:
1360:
1348:
1332:
1318:
1309:
1293:
1267:
1247:
1245:Wirkmaa, p.185
1238:
1229:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1158:
1136:
1113:
1090:
1068:
1045:
1036:
1013:
987:
956:
931:
922:
886:
848:
836:Minnesota Post
822:
770:
746:
744:
741:
740:
739:
733:
727:
719:
716:
712:relief pitcher
692:sacrifice bunt
672:
669:
646:
643:
613:
610:
596:
593:
588:
587:
584:
577:
574:
564:
525:
522:
457:
454:
444:
443:Judgment calls
441:
437:suspended game
424:
421:
410:
407:
392:
389:
379:
376:
337:Boston Red Sox
306:
303:
251:
248:
178:Yankee Stadium
156:
150:
147:
138:Henry Chadwick
132:Henry Chadwick
124:
121:
113:hitting streak
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1985:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:Ball boy/girl
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1861:Switch hitter
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1846:Clutch hitter
1844:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1775:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:Catcher (2/C)
1727:
1725:
1724:Pitcher (1/P)
1722:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1658:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1585:Long reliever
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1487:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1457:
1455:0-7864-1448-0
1451:
1447:
1442:
1439:on 2007-03-02
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1367:Wirkmaa, p.44
1364:
1355:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1316:Wirkmaa, p.47
1313:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1146:
1145:"Rick Bender"
1140:
1124:
1117:
1101:
1094:
1078:
1072:
1056:
1049:
1040:
1024:
1017:
1001:
994:
992:
976:
975:Yahoo! Sports
972:
965:
963:
961:
946:
942:
935:
926:
910:
906:
902:
895:
893:
891:
875:
872:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
837:
833:
826:
818:
806:
802:
798:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
758:
751:
747:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
721:
715:
713:
709:
705:
700:
697:
693:
688:
684:
682:
681:run batted in
676:
668:
665:
660:
657:
653:
642:
640:
636:
630:
628:
624:
618:
612:Value of hits
609:
605:
601:
592:
585:
582:
578:
575:
572:
568:
565:
562:
561:
560:
557:
555:
551:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
524:Unearned runs
521:
519:
515:
510:
505:
503:
497:
495:
491:
485:
483:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
453:
451:
440:
438:
433:
429:
420:
416:
406:
403:
397:
388:
387:competition.
385:
384:minor leagues
375:
372:
368:
364:
360:
352:
348:
344:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
322:
317:
312:
302:
300:
299:
294:
293:
288:
287:
282:
281:
275:
268:
260:
256:
247:
245:
241:
238:
237:third baseman
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
216:Davey Johnson
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
155:
146:
144:
139:
133:
129:
120:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
70:unearned runs
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
35:
30:
24:
19:
1942:Injured list
1900:
1856:Power hitter
1820:Pinch runner
1815:Pinch hitter
1485:
1479:. Retrieved
1474:
1445:
1437:the original
1416:
1412:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1312:
1284:. Retrieved
1280:
1270:
1241:
1232:
1209:Kalist, p.13
1205:
1200:Kalist, p.17
1196:
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1171:the original
1161:
1149:. Retrieved
1139:
1127:. Retrieved
1116:
1104:. Retrieved
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1048:
1039:
1027:. Retrieved
1016:
1004:. Retrieved
978:. Retrieved
974:
948:. Retrieved
944:
934:
925:
913:. Retrieved
909:the original
904:
877:. Retrieved
873:
839:. Retrieved
835:
825:
815:– via
809:. Retrieved
805:the original
800:
761:. Retrieved
750:
701:
689:
685:
677:
674:
661:
648:
631:
619:
615:
606:
602:
598:
589:
558:
546:
538:interference
530:unearned run
527:
506:
498:
486:
471:
459:
446:
434:
430:
426:
418:
398:
394:
381:
355:
330:
321:replay video
308:
296:
290:
284:
278:
276:
263:
229:Philadelphia
194:
186:triple crown
170:Joe DiMaggio
167:
163:
153:
136:
117:
109:Joe DiMaggio
94:
82:wild pitches
62:baserunner's
45:
39:
18:
1874:Non-players
1633:Ground ball
1286:October 29,
1177:October 29,
1151:October 29,
1129:October 29,
1106:October 29,
1083:October 29,
1061:October 29,
1043:Kalist, p.3
1029:October 29,
1006:October 29,
980:October 28,
929:Kalist, p.2
915:October 28,
879:October 28,
841:October 28,
811:October 28,
763:October 28,
652:strike zone
581:obstruction
542:passed ball
478:triple play
474:double play
378:Outside MLB
363:CC Sabathia
309:Today, the
267:Jerry Adair
259:Jerry Adair
180:. In 1953,
111:'s 56-game
1698:Outfielder
1481:2009-11-19
1125:. MiLB.com
1102:. MiLB.com
950:2012-07-08
743:References
645:Wild pitch
554:strike out
509:outfielder
502:foul balls
423:Rule 10.01
413:See also:
367:Pittsburgh
341:Hideo Nomo
305:After 1980
244:Neal Russo
225:Bob Forsch
172:'s record
105:no-hitters
86:statistics
1778:Offensive
1717:by number
1693:Infielder
1666:Defensive
1590:Setup man
1433:201121756
724:Red Foley
402:press box
359:Milwaukee
240:Ken Reitz
233:shortstop
221:St. Louis
213:Infielder
199:over the
90:box score
1967:Category
1839:by style
1638:Fly ball
1616:by style
1607:Swingman
1575:Reliever
1543:Pitchers
718:See also
550:home run
518:fly ball
467:fielders
371:Ned Yost
361:pitcher
351:Ned Yost
316:umpiring
223:pitcher
182:Al Rosen
157:—
42:baseball
36:(Taiwan)
1937:Battery
1932:Captain
1925:Related
1891:Coaches
1886:Manager
1788:by role
1780:players
1688:Catcher
1683:Pitcher
1676:by type
1668:players
1628:Control
1558:Starter
1551:by role
1401:Sources
874:MLB.com
656:catcher
654:that a
540:) or a
209:innings
205:pitcher
201:defense
123:History
1906:Batboy
1881:Umpire
1800:Runner
1795:Batter
1643:Switch
1595:Closer
1568:Opener
1452:
1431:
639:triple
627:single
623:double
482:safely
456:Errors
289:, the
270:again.
197:hitter
66:errors
50:league
44:, the
23:Scorer
1623:Power
1429:S2CID
1419:(4),
664:steal
571:walks
494:force
1450:ISBN
1288:2010
1179:2010
1153:2010
1131:2010
1108:2010
1085:2010
1063:2010
1031:2010
1008:2010
982:2010
917:2010
881:2010
843:2010
813:2010
765:2010
696:bunt
107:and
101:bias
78:hits
1563:Ace
1421:doi
708:win
490:tag
476:or
463:out
450:run
52:to
1969::
1484:.
1473:.
1427:,
1415:,
1411:,
1351:^
1335:^
1321:^
1296:^
1279:.
1250:^
1214:^
990:^
973:.
959:^
943:.
903:.
889:^
851:^
834:.
799:.
773:^
641:.
295:,
211:.
72:,
68:,
1527:e
1520:t
1513:v
1458:.
1423::
1417:2
1290:.
1181:.
1155:.
1133:.
1110:.
1087:.
1065:.
1033:.
1010:.
984:.
953:.
919:.
883:.
845:.
819:.
767:.
573:.
272:'
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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