1503:) was established in late 1942, in cooperation with church groups. The organisation saved thousands. Emphasis was placed on protecting children, as it was nearly impossible to intervene directly against the heavily guarded transports. The Germans implemented several different laws to separate Poles and Jews in the ghettos with Poles living on the "Aryan Side" and the Jews living on the "Jewish Side", despite the risk of death many Poles risked their lives by forging "Aryan Papers" for Jews to make them appear as non-Jewish Poles so they could live on the Aryan side and avoid Nazi persecution. Another law implemented by the Germans was that Poles were forbidden from buying from Jewish shops in which, if they did, they were subject to execution. Jewish children were also distributed among safe houses and church networks. Jewish children were often placed in church orphanages and convents.
1559:
935:
56:
1473:
1469:
agriculture, where many thousands died. Poles were also conscripted for labour in Poland, and were held in labour camps all over the country, again with a high death rate. There was a general shortage of food, fuel for heating and medical supplies, and there was a high death rate among the Polish population as a result. Finally, thousands of Poles were killed as reprisals for resistance attacks on German forces or for other reasons. In all, about three million Poles died as a result of the German occupation, more than 10% of the pre-war population. When this is added to the three million Polish Jews who were killed as a matter of policy by the
Germans, Poland lost about 22% of its population, the highest proportion of any European country in World War II.
340:
82:
455:
8502:
1139:
531:
1026:. To that end, numerous cultural and educational institutions were closed or destroyed, from schools and universities, through monuments and libraries, to laboratories and museums. Many employees of said institutions were arrested and executed as part of wider persecutions of the Polish intellectual elite. Schooling of Polish children was curtailed to a few years of elementary education, as outlined by Himmler's May 1940 memorandum: "The sole goal of this schooling is to teach them simple arithmetic, nothing above the number 500; writing one's name; and the doctrine that it is divine law to obey the Germans. ... I do not think that reading is desirable".
1408:
2002:
1035:
811:
5662:, last retrieved on 14 March 2006, Polish language) to over two million (mostly World War II estimates by the underground). The earlier number is based on records made by the NKVD and does not include roughly 180,000 prisoners of war, also in Soviet captivity. Most modern historians estimate the number of all people deported from areas taken by the Soviet Union during this period at between 800,000 and 1,500,000. For example R. J. Rummel gives the number of 1,200,000, Tony Kushner and Katharine Knox give 1,500,000 in their
799:
11820:
1751:
154:
115:
1640:
835:
1935:
481:("living space") for the Germans in Central and Eastern Europe. The goal of the occupation was to turn the former territory of Poland into ethnically German "living space", by deporting and exterminating the non-German population, or relegating it to the status of slave laborers. The goal of the German state under Nazi leadership during the war was the complete destruction of the Polish people and nation. The fate of the Polish people, as well as the fate of many other
787:
659:
German characteristics. Group Three included individuals of alleged German stock who had become "Polonized", but whom it was believed, could be won back to
Germany. This group also included persons of non-German descent married to Germans or members of non-Polish groups who were considered desirable for their political attitude and racial characteristics. Group Four consisted of persons of German stock who had become politically merged with the Poles.
1869:. Ordinary soldiers who were ethnic minorities living in the territories that the Soviet Union planned to annex were released and allowed to go home. Those who lived in the German zone of occupation were transferred to the Germans. "Military settlers" were excluded from home release. About 23,000 of POWs were separated from the rest and sent to construct a highway, with a planned release in December 1939. Thousands of others would fall victim to
3041:
at the extermination of those nations which stood in the way of the consolidation of its power.... The policy of extermination was in the first place directed against the Jewish and Polish nations.... This criminal organization did not reject any means of furthering their aim of destroying the Jewish nation. The wholesale extermination of Jews and also of Poles had all the characteristics of genocide in the biological meaning of this term.'"
495:(General Plan for Settlement). Over a period of 30 years, approximately 12.5 million Germans would be resettled in the Slavic areas, including Poland; with some versions of the plan requiring the resettlement of at least 100 million Germans over a century. The Slavic inhabitants of those lands would be eliminated as the result of genocidal policies; and the survivors would be resettled further east, in less hospitable areas of
703:
1636:
arrested and imprisoned about 500,000 Poles during 1939–1941, including former officials, officers, and natural "enemies of the people" like the clergy, but also noblemen and intellectuals. The
Soviets also executed about 65,000 Poles. Soldiers of the Red Army and their officers behaved like conquerors, looting and stealing Polish treasures. When Stalin was told about it, he answered: "If there is no ill will, they can be pardoned".
574:. The expulsions continued in 1941, with another 45,000 Poles forced to move eastwards, but following the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the expulsions slowed down, as more and more trains were diverted for military logistics, rather than being made available for population transfers. Nonetheless, in late 1942 and 1943, large-scale expulsions also took place in the General Government, affecting at least 110,000 Poles in the
626:
1187:
663:
constituted treason because "German blood must not be utilized in the interest of a foreign nation," and such people were sent to concentration camps. Persons ineligible for the List were classified as stateless, and all Poles from the occupied territory, that is from the
Government General of Poland, as distinct from the incorporated territory, were classified as non-protected.
1339:
1550:
Offsetting this was the German campaign of extermination of the Polish intelligentsia and other elements thought likely to resist (e.g. Operation
Tannenberg). From 1941, disease and hunger also began to reduce the population. Poles were deported in large numbers to work as forced labour in Germany: eventually about a million were deported, and many died in Germany.
2790:, p. 331: "The Nazis' intent was to maintain the Polish population in a state of such cultural backwardness that they would never have the capacity to gain any self-awareness, any comprehension of their identity or their condition, or any understanding that they would, over the mid- and long-term, be exploited like livestock to serve German economic needs."
1947:
wave in June–July 1940 totaled more than 240,000; the fourth occurred in June 1941, deporting 300,000. Upon resumption of Polish-Soviet diplomatic relations in 1941, it was determined based on Soviet information that more than 760,000 of the deportees had died – a large part of those dead being children, who had comprised about a third of deportees.
252:. Over 90% of the deaths were non-military losses, because most civilians were deliberately targeted in various actions which were launched by the Germans and Soviets. Overall, during German occupation of pre-war Polish territory, 1939–1945, the Germans murdered 5,470,000–5,670,000 Poles, including 3,000,000 Jews in what was described during the
1987:
on exploitation of the working people and ethnic minorities. Soviet propaganda claimed that unfair treatment of non-Poles by the Second Polish
Republic was a justification of its dismemberment. Soviet officials openly incited mobs to perform killings and robberies. The death toll of the initial Soviet-inspired terror campaign remains unknown.
4043:
fördernden Zustände, die zum Tode von
Kindern führten. Heutzutage würde die Justiz in solchen Fällen vermutlich Tötungsdelikte „durch Unterlassen" gegeben sehen. However, it was the conditions promoting illness that led to the death of children . Nowadays, the judiciary would presumably regard such cases as homicides "by neglect".]
2222:: Terminal horror suffered by so many millions of innocent Jewish, Slavic, and other European peoples as a result of this meeting of evil minds is an indelible stain on the history and integrity of Western civilization, with all of its humanitarian pretensions. "This meeting" refers to the most famous third (Zakopane) conference).
1111:), a German campaign during World War II aimed at Polish leaders and the intelligentsia, including many university professors, teachers and priests. In the spring and summer of 1940, more than 30,000 Poles were arrested by the German authorities of German-occupied Poland. Several thousands were executed outside Warsaw, in the
293:. The size of these annexed territories was approximately 92,500 square kilometres (35,700 sq mi) with approximately 10.5 million inhabitants. The remaining block of territory, of about the same size and inhabited by about 11.5 million, was placed under a German administration called the
1799:, Dialectical and Historical Materialism aimed at strengthening of the Soviet ideology were opened as well. Polish literature and language studies ware dissolved by Soviet authorities. Forty-five new faculty members were assigned to it and transferred from other institutions of Soviet Ukraine, mainly the
1946:
In 1940 and the first half of 1941, the
Soviets deported more than 1,200,000 Poles, most in four mass deportations. The first deportation took place 10 February 1940, with more than 220,000 sent to northern European Russia; the second on 13 April 1940, sending 320,000 primarily to Kazakhstan; a third
1786:
and many other schools were reopened soon but they were restarted anew as Soviet institutions rather than continuing their old legacy. Lwow
University was reorganized in accordance with the Statute Books for Soviet Higher Schools. The tuition, that along with the institution's Polonophile traditions,
1635:
states that Soviet terror in the occupied eastern Polish lands was as cruel and tragic as the Nazis' in the west. Soviet authorities brutally treated those who might oppose their rule, deporting by 10 November 1940 around 10% of total population of Kresy, with 30% of those deported dead by 1941. They
1627:
There were large groups of prewar Polish citizens, notably Jewish youth and, to a lesser extent, the
Ukrainian peasants, who saw the Soviet power as an opportunity to start political or social activity outside their traditional ethnic or cultural groups. Their enthusiasm however faded with time as it
741:
Almost immediately after the invasion, Germans began forcibly conscripting laborers. Jews were drafted to repair war damage as early as October, with women and children 12 or older required to work; shifts could take half a day and with little compensation. The labourers, Jews, Poles and others, were
2046:
The official Polish government report prepared in 1947 listed 6,028,000 war deaths out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic Poles and Jews; this report excluded ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian losses. However some historians in Poland now believe that Polish war losses were at least two million
1658:
The Soviet Union had ceased to recognize the Polish state at the start of the invasion. As a result, the two governments never officially declared war on each other. The Soviets therefore did not classify Polish military prisoners as prisoners of war but as rebels against the new legal government of
1538:) were established inside Polish territory. Many Poles died in German camps. The first non-German prisoners at Auschwitz were Poles who were the majority of inmates there until 1942 when the systematic killing of the Jews began. The first killing by poison gas at Auschwitz involved 300 Poles and 700
1269:
racial characteristics. An estimated total of 50,000 children, majority taken from orphanages and foster homes in the annexed lands, but some separated from their parents, were taken into a special Germanization program. Polish women deported to Germany as forced labourers and who bore children were
826:
estimates that "no more than 15 per cent" of Polish workers volunteered to go to work in Germany. A total of 2.3 million Polish citizens, including 300,000 POWs, were deported to Germany as forced laborers. They tended to have to work longer hours for lower wages than their German counterparts.
658:
Polish citizens into four groups of people with ethnic Germanic heritage. Group One included so-called ethnic Germans who had taken an active part in the struggle for the Germanization of Poland. Group Two included those ethnic Germans who had not taken such an active part, but had "preserved" their
557:
who had been taken from their parents, were permitted to remain, and if they resisted it, they were to be sent to concentration camps, because "German blood must not be utilized in the interest of a foreign nation". By the end of 1940, at least 325,000 Poles from annexed lands were forced to abandon
335:
Poles comprised an overwhelming majority the population of the territories that came under the control of Germany, in contrast the areas annexed by the Soviet Union contained a diverse array of peoples, the population being split into bilingual provinces, some of which had large ethnic Ukrainian and
4042:
Das Projekt „Krieg gegen Kinder" resümiert in diesem Zusammenhang: „Die Anweisung Himmlers, die Kinder möglichst wenige Tage nach der Geburt von den Müttern zu trennen und in 'Ausländerpflegestätten einfachster Art' unterzubringen, kam einer Mordempfehlung gleich". Wohl aber waren es die Krankheit
3040:
The Tribunal accepted these contentions and in its judgment against Amon Goeth stated the following: 'His criminal activities originated from general directives that guided the criminal Fascist-Hitlerite organization, which under the leadership of Adolf Hitler aimed at the conquest of the world and
1986:
In addition, the Soviets exploited past ethnic tension between Poles and other ethnic groups, inciting and encouraging violence against Poles calling the minorities to "rectify the wrongs they had suffered during twenty years of Polish rule". Pre-war Poland was portrayed as a capitalist state based
1708:
The Red Army had originally sowed confusion among the locals by claiming that they were arriving to save Poland from the Nazis. Their advance surprised Polish communities and their leaders, who had not been advised how to respond to a Bolshevik invasion. Polish and Jewish citizens may at first have
1591:
gives the following numbers in regards to the ethnic composition of these areas: 38% Poles (ca. 5.1 million people), 37% Ukrainians, 14.5% Belarusians, 8.4% Jews, 0.9% Russians and 0.6% Germans. There were also 336,000 refugees from areas occupied by Germany, most of them Jews (198,000). Areas
527:, the net effect of which would ensure that the conquered territories would take on an irrevocably German character. Over a longer period of time, only about 3–4 million Poles, all of whom were considered suitable for Germanization, would be allowed to reside in the former territory of Poland.
3060:
They conducted deliberate and systematic genocide, viz., the extermination of racial and national groups, against the civilian populations of certain occupied territories in order to destroy particular races and classes of people and national, racial, or religious groups, particularly Jews, Poles,
1876:
Similar policies were applied to the civilian population as well. The Soviet authorities regarded service for the pre-war Polish state as a "crime against revolution" and "counter-revolutionary activity", and subsequently started arresting large numbers of Polish intelligentsia, politicians, civil
1611:
Initially the Soviet occupation gained support among some members of the linguistic minorities who had chafed under the nationalist policies of the Second Polish Republic. Much of the Ukrainian population initially welcomed the unification with the Soviet Ukraine because twenty years earlier their
1950:
Approximately 100,000 former Polish citizens were arrested during the two years of Soviet occupation. The prisons soon got severely overcrowded. with detainees suspected of anti-Soviet activities and the NKVD had to open dozens of ad hoc prison sites in almost all towns of the region. The wave of
1150:
and other, smaller religions. Nazi policy towards the Catholic Church was at its most severe in the territories it annexed to Greater Germany, where they set about systematically dismantling the Church – arresting its leaders, exiling its clergymen, closing its churches, monasteries and convents.
765:
which were used as a legal basis for foreign labourers in Germany. The decrees required Poles to wear identifying purple P's on their clothing, made them subject to a curfew, and banned them from using public transportation as well as many German "cultural life" centres and "places of amusement"
601:
at first, which was meant to make the formation of any organized top-down resistance more difficult. Further, the populace of occupied territories was to be relegated to the role of an unskilled labour-force for German-controlled industry and agriculture. This was in spite of racial theory that
355:
By the end of the invasion, the Soviet Union had taken over 51.6% of the territory of Poland (about 201,000 square kilometres (78,000 sq mi)), with over 13,200,000 people. The ethnic composition of these areas was as follows: 38% Poles (~5.1 million people), 37% Ukrainians, 14.5%
1468:
The Polish civilian population suffered under German occupation in many ways. Large numbers were expelled from land intended for German colonisation, and forced to resettle in the General-Government area. Hundreds of thousands of Poles were deported to Germany for forced labour in industry and
662:
After registration in the List, individuals from Groups One and Two automatically became German citizens. Those from Group Three acquired German citizenship subject to revocation. Those from Group Four received German citizenship through naturalization proceedings; resistance to Germanization
392:
in 1941, most of the Polish territories annexed by the Soviets were attached to the enlarged General Government. The end of the war saw the USSR occupy all of Poland and most of eastern Germany. The Soviets gained recognition of their pre-1941 annexations of Polish territory; as compensation,
825:
in 1942–1943. This led to the increased use of prisoners as forced labourers in German industries. Following the German invasion and occupation of Polish territory, at least 1.5 million Polish citizens, including teenagers, became labourers in Germany, few by choice. Historian Jan Gross
1549:
The population in the General Government's territory was initially about 12 million in an area of 94,000 square kilometres (36,000 sq mi), but this increased as about 860,000 Poles and Jews were expelled from the German-annexed areas and "resettled" in the General Government.
4633:, pp. 177–259: How are we ... to explain the phenomenon of Ukrainians rejoicing and collaborating with the Soviets? Who were these Ukrainians? That they were Ukrainians is certain, but were they communists, Nationalists, unattached peasants? The Answer is "yes" – they were all three"
2936:
The provisions of the Plan stated that 80–85 per cent of the Poles would have to be deported from the German area of settlement – to regions in the East. This, according to German calculations, would involve about 20 million people. About 3–4 million – all of them peasants – suitable for
1978:, automatically acquired Soviet citizenship. However, actual conferral of citizenship still required the individual's consent and the residents were strongly pressured for such consent. The refugees who opted out were threatened with repatriation to Nazi controlled territories of Poland.
1323:
included private and public art collections, artefacts, precious metals, books, and personal possessions. Hitler and Göring in particular were interested in acquiring looted art treasures from occupied Europe, the former planning to use the stolen art to fill the galleries of the planned
1734:
of the area. Immediately after their conquest of eastern Poland, the Soviet authorities started a campaign of Sovietization of the newly acquired areas. No later than several weeks after the last Polish units surrendered, on 22 October 1939, the Soviets organized staged elections to the
2012:
Around six million Polish citizens – nearly 21.4% of the pre-war population of the Second Polish Republic — died between 1939 and 1945. Over 90% of the death toll involved non-military losses, as most civilians were targets of various deliberate actions by the Germans and Soviets.
1255:
became Litzmannstadt, and so on). All manner of Polish enterprises, up to small shops, were taken over, with prior owners rarely compensated. Signs posted in public places prohibited non-Germans from entering these places warning: "Entrance is forbidden to Poles, Jews, and dogs.", or
695:, were forcefully enrolled into the Deutsche Volksliste, as a measure to compensate for the losses in the Wehrmacht (unlike Poles, Deutsche Volksliste members were eligible for military conscription). In addition, Germans encouraged Ukrainians and Poles to kill each other during the
4815:[Investigation into the murder on September 22, 1939, near the town of Sopoćkinie, of Brigadier General of the Polish Army Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński and his adjutant Captain Mieczysław Strzemski by soldiers of the former Soviet Union. (S 6/02/Zk)] (in Polish). Archived from
519:("Big Plan"), covered actions which would be undertaken after the war was won. The plan envisaged that different percentages of the various conquered nations would undergo Germanization, be expelled and deported to the depths of Russia, and suffer other gruesome fates, including
1159:, Hlond wrote: "Hitlerism aims at the systematic and total destruction of the Catholic Church in the... territories of Poland which have been incorporated into the Reich...". The smaller Evangelical churches of Poland also suffered. The entirety of the Protestant clergy of the
1086:. As a result, tens of thousands of people found "guilty" of being educated (members of the intelligentsia, from clergymen to government officials, doctors, teachers and journalists) or wealthy (landowners, business owners, and so on) were either executed on spot, sometimes in
1459:
against the German army on 1 August 1944. The uprising, receiving little assistance from the nearby Soviet forces, eventually failed, significantly reducing the Home Army's power and position. About 200,000 Poles, most of them civilians, lost their lives in the Uprising.
1050:
The extermination of the Polish elites was the first stage of the Nazis' plan to destroy the Polish nation and its culture. The disappearance of the Poles' leadership was seen as necessary to the establishment of the Germans as the Poles' sole leaders. Proscription lists
1717:
and redistributing all private and state-owned Polish property. During the two years following the annexation, they arrested approximately 100,000 Polish citizens and deported between 350,000 and 1,500,000, of whom between 150,000 and 1,000,000 died, mostly civilians.
6339:
2042:
In August 2009, the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated Poland's dead (including Polish Jews) at between 5.47 and 5.67 million (due to German actions) and 150,000 (due to Soviet), or around 5.62 and 5.82 million total.
4813:"Śledztwo w sprawie zabójstwa w dniu 22 września 1939 r. w okolicach miejscowości Sopoćkinie generała brygady Wojska Polskiego Józefa Olszyny-Wilczyńskiego i jego adiutanta kapitana Mieczysława Strzemskiego przez żołnierzy b. Związku Radzieckiego. (S 6/02/Zk)"
193:
in May 1945. Throughout the entire course of the occupation, the territory of Poland was divided between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (USSR), both of which intended to eradicate Poland's culture and subjugate its people. In the summer-autumn of 1941, the
1492:
Poland had a large Jewish population, and according to Davies, more Jews were both killed and rescued in Poland, than in any other nation, the rescue figure usually being put at between 100,000 and 150,000. Thousands of Poles have been honoured as
1380:), secondary and higher-level education, and supported various cultural activities such as publishing of newspapers and books, underground theatres, lectures, exhibitions, concerts and safeguarded various works of art. It also dealt with providing
1330:(Leader's Museum), and the latter for his personal collection. Göring, having stripped almost all of occupied Poland of its artworks within six months of Germany's invasion, ultimately grew a collection valued at over 50 million Reichsmarks.
1273:
At least 4,454 children were given new German names, forbidden to use the Polish language, and reeducated in Nazi institutions. Few were ever reunited with their original families. Those deemed as unsuitable for Germanization for being "not
2031:, the treatment of Polish citizens by occupiers included 350,000 deaths during the Soviet occupation in 1940–41 and about 100,000 Poles were killed in 1943–44 in Ukraine. Of the 100,000 Poles killed in Ukraine, 80,000 perished during the
1247:— the Nazis aimed for a complete "Germanization", i.e. full cultural, political, economic and social assimilation. The Polish language was forbidden to be taught even in elementary schools; landmarks from streets to cities were renamed
860:
were established on German-controlled territories, many of them in occupied Poland, including one of the largest and most infamous, Auschwitz (Oświęcim). Those camps were officially designed as labor camps, and many displayed the motto
1447:
or PPR), though significantly less numerous than the Home Army. In February 1942, when AK was formed, it numbered about 100,000 members. In the beginning of 1943, it had reached a strength of about 200,000. In the summer of 1944, when
1312:
by German forces, the Nazi regime attempted to destroy Polish culture. As part of that policy, the Nazis confiscated Polish national heritage assets and much private property. Acting on the legal decrees of 19 October and 16 December
683:. With regards to the remainder, 15% were Ukrainians, 8.5% Jews, 4.7% Belarusians, and 2.2% Germans. Germans intended to exploit the fact that the Second Polish Republic was an ethnically diverse territory, and their policy aimed to "
309:, was appointed Governor-General of this occupied area on 12 October 1939. Most of the administration outside strictly local level was replaced by German officials. Non-German population on the occupied lands were subject to forced
7087:
1686:; but the Soviets broke them off again in 1943 after the Polish government demanded an independent examination of the recently discovered Katyn burial pits. The Soviets then lobbied the Western Allies to recognize the pro-Soviet
1705:, the Soviet Union secured almost all Polish territory east of the line of the rivers Pisa, Narew, Western Bug and San. This amounted to about 200,000 square kilometres of land, inhabited by 13.5 million Polish citizens.
336:
Belarusian minorities, many of whom welcomed the Soviets due in part to communist agitation by Soviet emissaries. Nonetheless Poles still comprised a plurality of the population in all territories annexed by the Soviet Union.
6355:
772:(race defilement) under penalty of death. To keep them segregated from the German population, they were often housed in segregated barracks behind barbed wire. Nonetheless, many Polish women were sexually enslaved in German
1814:
Simultaneously, Soviet authorities attempted to remove the traces of Polish history of the area by eliminating much of what had any connection to the Polish state or even Polish culture in general. On 21 December 1939, the
7685:
2835:, p. 158: Since the ultimate destination of those who would be displaced remained unclear, "natural wastage" on a vast scale must have been assumed, so genocide was implicit in Generalplan Ost from the very beginning
8251:
1151:
Many clergymen and nuns were murdered or sent to concentration and labor camps. Already in 1939, 80% of the Catholic clergy of the Warthegau region had been deported to concentration camps. Primate of Poland, Cardinal
898:, approximately 140,000–150,000 Poles went through Auschwitz, with about half of them perishing there due to executions, medical experiments, or due to starvation and disease. About 100,000 Poles were imprisoned in
1434:
began almost at once. The Armia Krajowa, loyal to the Polish government in exile in London and a military arm of the Polish Underground State, was formed from a number of smaller groups in 1942. There was also the
1897:
family. Initially aimed primarily at possible political opponents, by January 1940 the NKVD aimed its campaign also at its potential allies, including the Polish communists and socialists. Among the arrested were
7690:
687:" the ethnically diverse population of the occupied Polish territory, to prevent any unified resistance from forming. One of the attempts to divide the Polish nation was a creation of a new ethnicity called "
7715:
1667:, who was captured, interrogated and shot on 22 September, were executed during the campaign itself. On 24 September, the Soviets killed 42 staff and patients of a Polish military hospital in the village of
1521:
Aside from being sent to Nazi concentration camps, most ethnic Poles died through shelling and bombing campaigns, mass executions, forced starvation, revenge murder, ill health, and slave labour. Along with
361:
5471:
Out of the original group of Polish prisoners of war sent in large number to the labour camps were some 25,000 ordinary soldiers separated from the rest of their colleagues and imprisoned in a work camp in
7080:
1586:
By the end of the initial invasion of Poland (the "Polish Defensive War"), the Soviet Union took over 52.1% of Poland's territory (~200,000 km), with over 13,700,000 people. The estimates vary; Prof.
2937:
Germanization as far as "racial values" were concerned – would be allowed to remain. They would be distributed as slave laborers among the German majority and Germanized within a single generation (...)
2778:
The ultimate goal of Nazi policy was to destroy the Polish nation on Polish soil as a whole, regardless of whether it was annexed by the Reich or whether it was incorporated into the Government General.
7720:
7700:
4908:
263:(IPN) researchers estimated Poland's dead (including Polish Jews) at between 5.47 and 5.67 million (due to German actions) and 150,000 (due to Soviet), or around 5.62 and 5.82 million total.
356:
Belarusians, 8.4% Jews, 0.9% Russians, and 0.6% Germans. There were also 336,000 refugees, mostly Jews (198,000), who fled from areas occupied by Germany. All territory invaded by the Red Army was
7073:
1270:
a common victim of this policy, with their infants regularly taken. If the child passed the battery of racial, physical and psychological tests, they were sent on to Germany for "Germanization".
7725:
4013:
Die Sterberate war in dem Heim sehr hoch. Mangelernährung, bewusste Vernachlässigung und die unzureichende Hygiene führten in den primitiven Örtlichkeiten zu einer „schnellen" Sterblichkeit.
7803:
7680:
7710:
1090:, or imprisoned, some destined for the concentration camps. Some of the mass executions were reprisal actions for actions of the Polish resistance, with German officials adhering to the
602:
falsely regarded most Polish leaders as actually being of "German blood", and partly because of it, on the grounds that German blood must not be used in the service of a foreign nation.
1877:
servants and scientists, but also ordinary people suspected of posing a threat to the Soviet rule. Among the arrested members of the Polish intelligentsia were former prime ministers
1364:. The main role of the civilian branch of the Underground State was to preserve the continuity of the Polish state as a whole, including its institutions. These institutions included
451:
regarding Hitler's claims about the treatment Germans were receiving in Poland; he came to the conclusion all the claims by Hitler and the Nazis were exaggerations or false claims.
272:
5095:
4582:(1994). "Szanse i trudności bilansu demograficcznego Polski w latach 1939–1945" [Opportunities and difficulties of Poland's demographic balance in the years 1939–1945].
3945:
2426:
1819:
was withdrawn from circulation without any exchange to the newly introduced rouble, which meant that the entire population of the area lost all of their life savings overnight.
1770:
in 1939. The Russian text reads "Long Live the great theory of Marx, Engels, Lenin-Stalin" and contains a spelling error. Such welcomings were organized by the activists of the
558:
most of their property and forcibly resettled in the General Government district. There were numerous fatalities among the very young and very old, many of whom either perished
554:
3146:
Heiber, Helmut (1957). "Denkschrift Himmler Uber die Behandlung der Fremdvolkischen im Osten" [Himmler’s memorandum on the treatment of foreign nationals in the East].
8211:
8030:
7935:
1317:), several German agencies began the process of looting Polish museums and other collections, ostensibly considered necessary for the "securing" of German national interests.
617:
concluded that the aim of German policies in Poland – the extermination of Poles and Jews – had "all the characteristics of genocide in the biological meaning of this term."
6532:
1497:– constituting the largest national contingent. When AK Home Army Intelligence discovered the true fate of transports leaving the Jewish Ghetto, the council to Aid Jews (
10391:
6447:"Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945
10136:
12577:
12461:
9744:
553:
from the annexed lands in order to make room for German colonizers. Only those Poles who had been selected for Germanization, approximately 1.7 million including
12029:
11742:
9760:
8226:
2512:, pp. 43, 294: Among the population of Eastern territories were circa 38% Poles, 37% Ukrainians, 14.5% Belarusians, 8.4% Jews, 0.9% Russians and 0.6% Germans."
12582:
8061:
7638:
7499:
7489:
7454:
1660:
1452:
begun AK reached its highest membership numbers. Estimates of AK membership in the first half of 1944 and summer that year vary, with about 400,000 being common.
10080:
2172:
Piotrowski argues that from the very beginning, it was Stalin's aim to ensure that an independent Poland would never reemerge in the postwar period. The prisons,
1597:
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Despite the military defeat of the Polish Army in September 1939, the Polish government itself never surrendered, instead evacuating West, where it formed the
4916:
1542:. Many Poles and other Central and Eastern Europeans were also sent to concentration camps in Germany: over 35,000 to Dachau, 33,000 to the camp for women at
10703:
10066:
9375:
9000:
8426:
8096:
7479:
1575:
1787:
kept the university inaccessible to most of the rural Ukrainophone population, was abolished and several new chairs were opened, particularly the chairs of
1646:
propaganda poster addressed to the Ukrainian population residing within Polish borders. The text reads "Electors of the working people! Vote for joining of
12024:
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9716:
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and aimed to destroy them. Before Operation Barbarossa, Germany and the Soviet Union coordinated their Poland-related policies, most visibly in the four
158:
Changes in administration of occupied Polish territories following German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. The map shows district divisions in 1944
8695:
5922:
2032:
1865:, they were denied the status of prisoners of war and instead almost all of the captured officers were then murdered (see Katyn massacre) or sent to a
1224:
458:
4844:
742:
employed in SS-owned enterprises (such as the German Armament Works, Deutsche Ausrustungswerke, DAW), but also in many private German firms – such as
12516:
12481:
10059:
9506:
9382:
8479:
8170:
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2116:
1697:
On 28 September 1939, the Soviet Union and Germany had changed the secret terms of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. They moved Lithuania into the Soviet
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1147:
534:
195:
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and 'were clearly aimed at the total extermination of Poland's citizens, both Jews and Christians. Both regimes endorsed a systematic program of
2005:
1372:. By the final years of the war, the civilian structure of the Underground State included an underground parliament, administration, judiciary (
798:
12546:
12352:
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9615:
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The Holocaust in the Soviet Union: Studies and Sources on the Destruction of the Jews in the Nazi-Occupied Territories of the USSR, 1941–1945
1278:
enough" were sent to orphanages or even to concentration camps like Auschwitz, where many were murdered, often by intracardiac injections of
1234:
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10500:
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From the beginning, the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany was intended as fulfilment of the future plan of the German Reich described by
12362:
11257:
10324:
10236:
10180:
10143:
9425:
8374:
5478:
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1964:
871:(or death camps), was mass murder of the undesirable minorities; officially the prisoners were used in enterprises such as production of
12009:
549:
Those plans began to be implemented almost immediately after German troops took control of Poland. As early as October 1939, many Poles
12541:
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10229:
8961:
7030:
1351:
238:
5796:
5608:
5065:
3440:
2423:
1709:
preferred a Soviet regime to a German one, but the Soviets soon proved as hostile and destructive towards the Polish people and their
1070:
They were aided by some regular German army units and "self-defense" forces composed of members of the German minority in Poland, the
431:
For months prior to the beginning of World War II in 1939, German newspapers and leaders had carried out a national and international
11735:
10363:
8753:
8711:
7860:
2405:
1262:("Only for Germans"), commonly found on many public utilities and places such as trams, parks, cafes, cinemas, theaters, and others.
1942:(then under British rule). This photo shows a memorial to the refugees who died in Karachi and were buried at the Karachi graveyard.
1782:
Subsequently, all institutions of the dismantled Polish state were closed down and reopened under the Soviet appointed supervisors.
1202:
12476:
11584:
9403:
9177:
8940:
8806:
8617:
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943:
777:
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In September 1939, Poland was invaded and occupied by two powers: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, acting in accordance with the
3990:
2984:
2599:
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10276:
9313:
8813:
8725:
8661:
8484:
8101:
8081:
8005:
7705:
4207:
4135:
1388:). Through the Directorate of Civil Resistance (1941–1943) the civil arm was also involved in lesser acts of resistance, such as
1369:
1361:
1243:
In the territories annexed to Nazi Germany, in particular with regards to the westernmost incorporated territories—the so-called
1216:
7822:
4729:
4718:
4707:
4321:
3052:"The trial of German major war criminals : proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg Germany"
11901:
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5690:
1827:
934:
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2016:
Both occupiers wanted not only to gain Polish territory, but also to destroy Polish culture and the Polish nation as a whole.
1701:
and shifted the border in Poland to the east, giving Germany more territory. By this arrangement, often described as a fourth
1430:
In response to the occupation, Poles formed one of the largest underground movements in Europe. Resistance to the Nazi German
1061:
leaders who were deemed unfriendly to Germany. Already during the 1939 German invasion, dedicated units of SS and police (the
12219:
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38:
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3953:
2770:"Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe: Selections from Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski Poland Under Nazi Occupation"
1099:
890:. Within a year the Polish inmate population was in thousands, and begun to be exterminated, including in the first gassing
11866:
11511:
10918:
10804:
9969:
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9410:
9014:
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7865:
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2928:"Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe Selections from Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski Poland Under Nazi Occupation"
1472:
1220:
773:
727:(SS), wrote: "We need to divide the East's different ethnic groups up into as many parts and splinter groups as possible".
290:
8111:
5252:
3902:
244:
Around six million Polish citizens—nearly 21.4% of Poland's population—died between 1939 and 1945 as a result of the
12155:
11426:
10890:
10222:
10208:
9421:
8443:
8137:
7960:
7575:
4812:
2111:
1613:
903:
389:
6917:
1518:). The vast majority of those killed were civilians, mostly killed by the actions of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.
1360:. The government in exile was represented in the occupied Poland by the Government Delegation for Poland, headed by the
324:
A small strip of land, about 700 square kilometres (270 sq mi) with 200,000 inhabitants that had been part of
55:
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8409:
3622:
3584:
1510:
citizens perished during the course of the war, over two million of whom were ethnic Poles (the remainder being mostly
1155:, submitted an official account of the persecutions of the Polish Church to the Vatican. In his final observations for
1023:
1013:
550:
426:
81:
7643:
7494:
6663:
When Angels Wept: The Rebirth and Dismemberment of Poland and Her People in the Early Decades of the Twentieth Century
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Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947
6546:
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1996:
1477:
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373:
260:
31:
8906:
8298:
4324:. Translated by Bohdanowicz, Antoni. London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Archived from
3707:
Action against university professors (Kraków, November 6, 1939) and the fate of those arrested during the occupation
1543:
1282:. For Polish forced laborers, in some cases if an examination of the parents suggested that the child might not be "
1082:. This included not only those resisting actively, but also those simply capable of doing so by the virtue of their
968:, held near Berlin, new plans were outlined for the total genocide of the Jews, known as the "Final Solution of the
960:
by Nazi Germany. The ghetto system was unsustainable, as by the end of 1941 the Jews had no savings left to pay the
339:
12488:
12224:
12172:
12162:
11788:
10946:
10883:
10018:
9854:
8977:
8015:
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5907:
4550:
2024:
1601:
1393:
907:
454:
218:
90:
12422:
9531:
7811:
7065:
6867:
1833:
All organized religions were persecuted. All enterprises were taken over by the state, while agriculture was made
867:("Work brings freedom"). Only high-ranking officials knew that one of the purposes of some of the camps, known as
12177:
11859:
11312:
11153:
11142:
10978:
10737:
10696:
10589:
10527:
9914:
9184:
9053:
9021:
8404:
8367:
8020:
7990:
5645:
The actual number of deported in the period of 1939–1941 remains unknown and various estimates vary from 350,000
4650:
3775:
1771:
1687:
1628:
became clear that the Soviet repressions were aimed at all groups equally, regardless of their political stance.
1377:
1365:
606:
12357:
9701:
9269:
7312:
5230:
2671:
1481:
1138:
886:
Auschwitz received the first contingent of 728 Poles on 14 June 1940, transferred from an overcrowded prison at
12572:
12511:
12466:
12049:
12039:
11698:
11670:
11548:
11341:
10578:
10029:
9955:
9751:
9122:
8841:
8746:
8631:
8529:
8175:
8000:
7945:
7277:
7010:
6963:
Sovietization of educational system in the eastern part of Lesser Poland under the Soviet occupation, 1939–1941
6243:
5585:
4757:[Note of the Soviet government to the Polish government on 17 September 1939, refused by Polish ambassador
2023:
has provided a reassessment of Poland's losses in World War II. Polish war dead included 5,150,000 victims of
1967:. Altogether roughly a million people were sent to the east in four major waves of deportations. According to
1132:
12199:
12184:
12107:
12077:
12054:
11896:
11758:
11691:
11642:
11573:
11398:
10904:
10855:
10619:
10612:
10215:
9976:
9767:
8820:
8522:
8056:
8051:
7672:
7560:
7371:
5611:[Repressions 1939–41: Arrested on the Eastern Borderlands] (in Polish). Ośrodek Karta. Archived from
1890:
1668:
1664:
1605:
915:
310:
249:
245:
190:
67:
7633:
5698:
1001:
12526:
12407:
12397:
12387:
12275:
12123:
12097:
12087:
11973:
11832:
11728:
11103:
11064:
9983:
9818:
9803:
9730:
9709:
9527:
9205:
8991:
8984:
8968:
8679:
8638:
8610:
8491:
8469:
8221:
8216:
8206:
8116:
7925:
7920:
7895:
7788:
5649:
5417:
5385:
4990:
4905:
4852:
4785:
4352:
3999:
2121:
1167:, Dachau and Oranienburg. Protestant clergy leaders who perished in those purges included charity activist
234:
6956:
5512:
4122:
Polityka III Rzeszy w okupowanej Polsce, Tom II (Politics of the Third Reich in Occupied Poland, Part Two)
2603:
2039:. Losses by ethnic group were 3,100,000 Jews; 2,000,000 ethnic Poles; 500,000 Ukrainians and Belarusians.
1822:
All the media became controlled by Moscow. Soviet authorities implemented a political regime similar to a
821:
Labor shortages in the German war economy became critical especially after German defeat in the battle of
786:
530:
12417:
12377:
12372:
12102:
12034:
11795:
11119:
11071:
10689:
10661:
10514:
10129:
10108:
9629:
9292:
9198:
8688:
8535:
8450:
8180:
8091:
7391:
4597:
2020:
1870:
1747:. The result of the staged voting was to become a legitimization of Soviet annexation of eastern Poland.
1527:
1494:
880:
587:
278:
124:
6188:
12493:
12451:
12439:
12412:
12367:
12300:
12044:
12019:
11946:
11931:
11926:
11593:
11089:
11008:
10953:
10841:
10797:
10447:
10073:
9997:
9899:
9776:
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9574:
9306:
9239:
8834:
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8575:
8360:
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7514:
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6955:(1998) . Bonusiak, Włodzimierz; Ciesielski, Stanisław Jan; Mańkowski, Zygmunt; Iwanow, Mikołaj (eds.).
6753:
2106:
1407:
1357:
1124:
1043:
989:
891:
766:(this included churches and restaurants). Sexual relations between Germans and Poles were forbidden as
211:
4612:
3814:
2001:
1142:
Public execution of Polish priests and civilians in Bydgoszcz's Old Market Square on 9 September 1939.
12429:
12194:
12014:
11968:
11495:
11412:
11197:
11057:
11029:
10862:
10767:
10557:
9990:
9064:
8718:
8474:
8121:
7807:
5682:
4755:"1939 wrzesień 17, Moskwa Nota rządu sowieckiego nie przyjęta przez ambasadora Wacława Grzybowskiego"
4522:
3703:
Aktion gegen Universitäts-Professoren (Kraków, 6 listopada 1939 roku) i okupacyjne losy aresztowanych
1974:
According to the Soviet law, all residents of the annexed area, dubbed by the Soviets as citizens of
1899:
1854:
1775:
1767:
1683:
1305:
1053:
985:
923:
707:
614:
440:
9262:
7050:
3888:
Lebensraum, Aryanization, Germanization and Judenrein, Judenfrei: concepts in the holocaust or shoah
3515:
12444:
12229:
12204:
12133:
12004:
11234:
11211:
10463:
10264:
10257:
9921:
9581:
9553:
9546:
8933:
7905:
7332:
7242:
7227:
4940:
4554:
2036:
1971:, almost half of them were dead by the time the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement had been signed in 1941.
1621:
1617:
1526:, the main six extermination camps in occupied Poland were used predominantly to exterminate Jews.
1440:
1296:), where many were murdered through calculated malnourishment, neglect, and unhygienic conditions.
1094:
principle and holding entire communities responsible for the actions of unidentified perpetrators.
1039:
857:
9278:
9255:
5278:
761:
Forced labourers were subject to harsh discriminatory measures. Announced on 8 March 1940 was the
597:; the non-Jewish majority's extermination was planned for the long term and initiated through the
12471:
12392:
12342:
12337:
12327:
12295:
12290:
12285:
12270:
12260:
11961:
11941:
11882:
11656:
11600:
11470:
11330:
11015:
10668:
10564:
10470:
10038:
9906:
9876:
9840:
9825:
9697:
9589:
9567:
9513:
9499:
9481:
9145:
8926:
8654:
8603:
8398:
8010:
7955:
7930:
6965:] (in Polish). Kielce: Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna im. Jana Kochanowskiego. pp. 43, 294.
5737:
5134:
3413:
3197:
2096:
1726:
While Germans enforced their policies based on racism, the Soviet administration justified their
1539:
1436:
947:
938:
1941 announcement of death penalty for Jews caught outside the Ghetto, and for Poles helping Jews
875:, as was the case of a plant owned by IG Farben, whose laborers came from Auschwitz III camp, or
422:
11851:
6952:
4389:
3097:
1849:
and other Soviet agencies. The first victims of the new order were approximately 250,000 Polish
1588:
1057:), prepared before the war started, identified more than 61,000 members of the Polish elite and
590:. By 1942, the number of new German arrivals in pre-war Poland had already reached two million.
12128:
12082:
11999:
11951:
11348:
11241:
11043:
10994:
10897:
10790:
10760:
10543:
10431:
10157:
9948:
9539:
9520:
9490:
9037:
9007:
8550:
7661:
7262:
7061:
Testimonies concerning German occupation of Poland in testimony database 'Chronicles of Terror'
6511:
Noble, Thomas F. X.; Strauss, Barry; Osheim, Duane; Neuschel, Kristen; Accampo, Elinor (2007).
5920:
This revision of estimated war losses was the topic of articles in the Polish academic journal
5444:
5164:
Sovietization of the Eastern Borderlands of the Second Polish Republic after September 17, 1939
3608:
1632:
444:
222:
6932:
6822:
6728:
6707:
6682:
6661:
6640:
6619:
6560:
6512:
6469:
6404:
6383:
6296:
6275:
6211:
6049:
5490:
5068:[Repressions 1939–41: Arrested on the Eastern Borderlands] (in Polish). Archived from
4433:
3387:
582:
region. Tens of thousands of the expelled, with no place to go, were simply imprisoned in the
198:
were overrun by Germany in the course of the initially successful German attack on the USSR ("
12234:
12209:
12167:
11936:
11906:
11839:
11562:
11405:
11301:
11271:
11227:
10967:
10932:
10925:
10848:
10746:
10187:
10164:
10011:
9622:
9159:
8899:
8885:
8568:
8516:
7842:
7404:
7376:
6981:
6254:
6070:
5544:
4084:
3304:
2804:
2561:
1826:,</ref> based on terror. All Polish parties and organizations were disbanded. Only the
1523:
719:
In a top-secret memorandum, "The Treatment of Racial Aliens in the East", dated 25 May 1940,
9457:
3612:
12244:
11663:
11518:
11169:
11126:
11096:
11022:
10832:
10811:
9737:
9214:
8892:
8334:
8293:
8256:
7985:
7766:
7419:
7381:
7302:
7297:
7217:
5816:
5800:
5612:
5069:
4882:
4086:
Libricide: The Regime-Sponsored Destruction of Books and Libraries in the Twentieth Century
3600:
3461:
3446:
2091:
1309:
1283:
1079:
1034:
281:. Germany acquired 48.4% of the former Polish territory. Under the terms of two decrees by
199:
128:
94:
86:
71:
7399:
4758:
4117:
2409:
2196:, deprivation, hunger, disease, and exposure all testify to the 'inhuman policies of both
1886:
1343:
507:. At the plan's fulfillment, no Slavs or Jews would remain in Central and Eastern Europe.
8:
11781:
11555:
11433:
11389:
10911:
10045:
9811:
9338:
9168:
9152:
9101:
8066:
7593:
7504:
7409:
7197:
7182:
7172:
5927:
5731:
5122:
4579:
2594:["Elections" to the People's Assemblies of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus].
1702:
1698:
1671:, near Zamość. The Soviets also executed all the Polish officers they captured after the
1431:
1128:
879:. Laborers from concentration camps were literally worked to death. in what was known as
868:
650:
643:
594:
120:
3783:
The Holocaust and the Christian World: Reflections on the Past Challenges for the Future
2931:
2773:
2693:
2065:
Prisoner of war deaths totaled 250,000; in Germany (120,000) and in the USSR (130,000).
1258:
630:
11774:
11607:
11532:
11486:
11456:
11364:
11204:
10869:
10753:
10647:
10598:
10536:
10292:
10243:
10052:
9676:
9331:
9129:
8462:
8153:
7750:
7585:
7469:
7414:
7222:
7162:
6928:
6465:
5852:
5792:
4289:
4281:
2992:
2181:
1882:
1834:
1800:
1792:
1675:, on 28 September. Over 20,000 Polish military personnel and civilians perished in the
977:
973:
965:
747:
672:
511:, essentially a grand plan to commit ethnic cleansing, was divided into two parts, the
348:
294:
186:
7598:
5848:
A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present
5314:
Thompson-Dutton, Craig (1950). "The Police State & The Police and the Judiciary".
4211:
4139:
2662:"German newspaper editor outlining the claims of Polish atrocities against minorities"
11956:
11765:
11649:
11539:
11479:
11440:
11373:
11355:
11321:
11264:
11218:
11162:
10987:
10725:
10717:
10654:
10507:
10101:
9633:
9094:
9073:
8783:
8261:
7287:
7212:
7006:
6987:
6966:
6938:
6902:
6879:
6852:
6842:
6828:
6807:
6790:
6780:
6757:
6734:
6713:
6692:
6667:
6646:
6625:
6604:
6585:
6566:
6542:
6518:
6497:
6475:
6450:
6431:
6410:
6389:
6368:
6345:
6324:
6302:
6281:
6260:
6239:
6217:
6213:
Nazism as Fascism: Violence, Ideology, and the Ground of Consent in Germany 1930–1945
6173:
6154:
6135:
6116:
6097:
6076:
6055:
6034:
6002:
5974:
5949:
5856:
5806:
5771:
5741:
5702:
5680:
Marek Wierzbicki; Tadeusz M. Płużański (March 2001). "Wybiórcze traktowanie źródeł".
5556:
5524:
5452:
5360:
5294:
5167:
5138:
4726:
4715:
4704:
4656:
4439:
4415:
4384:
4325:
4293:
4240:
4181:
4090:
3906:
3786:
3739:
3710:
3618:
3580:
3393:
3310:
3306:
Forgotten Voices: The Expulsion of the Germans from Eastern Europe after World War II
3170:
3128:
2810:
2567:
1682:
The Poles and the Soviets re-established diplomatic relations in 1941, following the
1449:
1373:
1017:
952:
Following the invasion of Poland in 1939, most of the approximately 3.5 million
863:
598:
538:
230:
7167:
6051:
Shared History, Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-occupied Poland, 1939–1941
5712:
3684:
Sonderaktion Krakau. Die Verhaftung der Krakauer Wissenschaftler am 6. November 1939
1878:
1420:
1384:, including to the destitute Jewish population (through the council to Aid Jews, or
11911:
11684:
11677:
11621:
11285:
11050:
11036:
10939:
10876:
10827:
10640:
10493:
10440:
10250:
10201:
10115:
9345:
9322:
8855:
8329:
7207:
7177:
7095:
6489:
6425:
6316:
6231:
5931:
4994:
4703:, German ambassador to the Soviet Union, from Moscow to the German Foreign Office:
4273:
4061:
4056:
3771:
3120:
2185:
2166:
2157:
1796:
1788:
1691:
1116:
1091:
895:
872:
839:
720:
610:
448:
436:
384:
for several months and subsequently annexed by the Soviet Union in the form of the
253:
8864:
5691:"Formy, skala i konsekwencje sowieckich represji wobec Polaków w latach 1939–1941"
5229:. НА СТАРОНКАХ КАМУНІКАТУ, Biełaruski histaryczny zbornik: 186–188. Archived from
4877:
4790:
4357:
3604:
2134:
1811:
University was reopened and started to teach in accordance with Soviet curricula.
1730:
policies by appealing to the Soviet ideology, which in reality meant the thorough
1424:
515:("Small Plan"), covered actions which would be undertaken during the war, and the
12189:
11707:
11419:
11334:
11292:
11190:
11133:
11001:
10783:
10774:
10303:
9885:
9861:
9115:
7995:
7613:
7603:
7232:
7121:
6921:
6899:
Poland 1939–1945. Personal losses and victims of repression under two occupations
6341:
Hitler's foreign workers: enforced foreign labor in Germany under the Third Reich
6196:
Stanisław Leszczycki Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Monographies
6091:
5659:
5099:
4741:
4733:
4722:
4711:
4234:
4210:. London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Archived from
3872:
3856:
3688:
Special Operation Krakow. The arrest of the Krakow scientists on November 6, 1939
3496:
2430:
1919:
1850:
1808:
1804:
1783:
1672:
1659:
Western Ukraine and Western Byelorussia. The Soviets killed tens of thousands of
1647:
1592:
occupied by the USSR were annexed to Soviet territory, with the exception of the
1456:
1416:
1381:
1287:
1180:
1160:
1067:) were tasked with arresting or outright killing of those resisting the Germans.
1000:
were added to the Majdanek concentration camp in March 1942 and at Auschwitz and
969:
684:
676:
487:
11819:
7900:
6427:
Did the Children Cry? Hitler's War against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945
3163:
3115:
Snyder, Timothy (2003). "The Causes of Ukrainian-Polish Ethnic Cleansing 1943".
3032:
Law-Reports of Trials of War Criminals, the United Nations War Crimes Commission
1816:
1750:
1326:
11714:
11250:
11176:
9228:
9087:
8035:
7970:
7608:
7429:
5994:
5256:
4737:
4277:
2698:
2189:
1907:
1903:
1736:
1710:
1676:
1651:
1389:
1087:
1063:
1058:
762:
696:
680:
500:
385:
365:
325:
4816:
3845:. Washington D.C.: National Catholic Welfare Conference. 1942. pp. 34–51.
1439:(AL) (Polish People's Army), backed by the Soviet Union and controlled by the
12561:
11525:
9450:
9299:
9138:
8086:
7975:
7292:
7282:
7252:
7237:
7192:
6958:
Sowietyzacja oświaty w Małopolsce Wschodniej pod radziecką okupacją 1939–1941
6914:
6794:
6365:
Israel and the Daughters of the Shoah: Reoccupying the Territories of Silence
5726:
5520:
3132:
3124:
2201:
2069:
2059:
2028:
1968:
1911:
1731:
1643:
1563:
1530:
was used for mass extermination of Poles. A number of civilian labour camps (
1485:
1401:
1230:
1156:
1083:
1071:
964:
for food deliveries and no chance to earn their own keep. At 20 January 1942
768:
743:
724:
369:
318:
314:
226:
7056:
Research guide to biographical sources for victims of World War II in Poland
3690:] (in German). Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, HIS Verlagsgesellschaft GmbH.
3051:
1127:. Mass arrests and shootings of Polish intellectuals and academics included
1078:'s policy of murdering or suppressing the ethnic Polish elites was known as
153:
114:
12317:
11824:
11628:
9928:
9833:
9464:
8827:
8591:
7940:
7307:
7152:
7097:
7060:
6871:
5842:
5761:
5221:[Polish-Belarusian relations under Soviet occupation (1939–1941)].
4645:
3887:
3482:
2592:""Wybory" do Zgromadzeń Ludowych Zachodniej Ukrainy i Zachodniej Białorusi"
2197:
2173:
1960:
1938:
During 1942–1945, nearly 30,000 Poles were deported by the Soviet Union to
1915:
1862:
1823:
1759:
1714:
1639:
1412:
1320:
1168:
1152:
919:
834:
711:
702:
466:
182:
178:
174:
5652:
5422:
5390:
4976:
2821:
General Plan Ost, which provided for the liquidation of the Slavic peoples
1934:
1845:
An inherent part of the Sovietization was a rule of terror started by the
1252:
1191:
11463:
11449:
11111:
9787:
9608:
9593:
8947:
8246:
7267:
7202:
4264:
Garliński, Józef (April 1975). "The Polish Underground State 1939–1945".
3736:
Execution of Lviv professors - July 1941 / studies, reports and documents
3732:
Kaźń profesorów lwowskich – lipiec 1941 / studia oraz relacje i dokumenty
3364:
2193:
1721:
1515:
1315:
Verordnung über die Beschlagnahme Kunstgegeständen im Generalgouvernement
1290:. Infants who did not pass muster would be removed to a state orphanage (
1266:
1075:
993:
953:
911:
688:
575:
520:
435:
campaign accusing Polish authorities of organizing or tolerating violent
7980:
6895:
Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami
3521:. Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies.
10818:
10571:
10550:
9443:
8776:
8704:
8549:
indicate countries occupied while the Soviet Union was a member of the
8288:
7272:
7257:
7157:
6207:
5373:
5282:
5166:] (in Polish). Bydgoszcz: Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna. p. 441.
3966:
If they met racial guidelines, they were taken; one girl got back home.
2666:
2270:
Hughes, James (2011). Cordell, Karl; Wolff, Stefan (eds.). "Genocide".
2177:
1553:
1511:
1244:
1164:
822:
692:
477:
471:
432:
400:
306:
62:
5517:
A World Apart: Imprisonment in a Soviet Labor Camp During World War II
5185:
5183:
5160:
Sowietyzacja Kresów Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej po 17 września 1939
4285:
3614:
War, Pacification, and Mass Murder, 1939: The Einsatzgruppen in Poland
12265:
12138:
11081:
10486:
10283:
10094:
9892:
9847:
8352:
7354:
7187:
7147:
3709:] (in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
2079:
1894:
1727:
1238:
1196:
992:. In addition to the Reinhard camps, mass killing facilities such as
981:
843:
755:
583:
562:
or perished in makeshift transit camps such as those in the towns of
542:
405:
381:
207:
127:; division of Polish territories in the years 1939–1941 prior to the
9368:
6256:
Less Than Slaves: Jewish Forced Labor and the Quest for Compensation
5679:
3738:] (in Polish). Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego.
3577:
The reports of the Einsatzgruppen from Poland 1939. Complete edition
3573:
Die Berichte der Einsatzgruppen aus Polen 1939. Vollständige Edition
3481:. The Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism. Archived from
3354:
3352:
3350:
1861:). As the Soviet Union did not sign any international convention on
1385:
887:
679:
as their mother tongue, and most of the Polish native speakers were
635:
593:
The Nazi plans also called for Poland's 3.3 million Jews to be
302:
9352:
9080:
8432:
8303:
7247:
5767:
From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939–1941
5449:
Between Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939–1947
5180:
2205:
2074:
1763:
1112:
997:
899:
876:
625:
563:
329:
221:
argues that both occupying powers were hostile to the existence of
203:
6598:
4652:
From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia and the World, 1939–1941
3781:. In Rittner, Carol; Smith, Stephen D.; Steinfeldt, Irena (eds.).
3238:
3236:
3234:
2140:
1955:, Polish civil servants, forest workers, university professors or
1951:
arrests led to forced resettlement of large categories of people (
1830:
was allowed to exist along with organizations subordinated to it.
1455:
With the imminent arrival of the Soviet army, the AK launched the
571:
11881:
3347:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2047:
ethnic Poles and three million Jews as a result of the war.
1956:
1939:
1163:
were arrested and deported to concentration camps at Mauthausen,
816:
Notice of death penalty for Poles refusing to work during harvest
804:
Poster in German and Polish listing decrees of labour obligations
751:
504:
496:
273:
Administrative division of Polish territories during World War II
248:, half of whom were ethnic Poles and the other half of whom were
4681:
4669:
2869:
2563:
Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice and Memory
599:
mass murder of its political, religious, and intellectual elites
9962:
8560:
7735:
5219:"Stosunki polsko-białoruskie pod okupacją sowiecką (1939–1941)"
3946:"Stolen: The Story of a Polish Child 'Germanized' by the Nazis"
3665:
3663:
3631:
3231:
3030:"Case no. 37: The Trial of Haupturmfuhrer Amon Leopold Goeth".
2999:
2618:
1507:
1499:
1279:
1120:
675:, out of a prewar population of 35 million, 66% spoke the
579:
524:
344:
286:
282:
6983:
The German Question Since 1919: An Analysis with Key Documents
6777:
The Lviv Professor Murder and the Holocaust in Eastern Galicia
6773:
Der Lemberger Professorenmord und der Holocaust in Ostgalizien
6514:
Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries, Volume II: Since 1560
5316:
The Police State: What You Want to Know about the Soviet Union
4028:[Himmler's "Foster Homes" Brought Death to Children].
3650:
3648:
3646:
2534:
2479:
2457:
2455:
461:, with Poles led to the trains under German army escort, 1939.
393:
substantial portions of eastern Germany were ceded to Poland,
10150:
5473:
4491:
3877:(in Polish). Alma Mater, Issue 64. November 2004. p. 46.
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2055:
1952:
1866:
1755:
1593:
1275:
926:, and tens of thousands perished in other camps and prisons.
902:
camp, with similar fatality rate. About 30,000 Poles died at
482:
237:, where the occupiers discussed their plans to deal with the
5790:
5012:
4236:
Polskie Państwo Podziemne: z dziejów walki cywilnej, 1939–45
3993:[Historical and Memorial Plaque in Nordholz-Spieka]
3837:
3835:
3776:"The Catholic Church in Poland and the Holocaust, 1939–1945"
3660:
3260:
3248:
2908:
2750:
2738:
2714:
1265:
The Nazis kept an eye out for Polish children who possessed
1186:
5672:
Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917
5024:
3971:
3643:
3542:
3540:
3221:
3219:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2452:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
1846:
1567:
37:"Occupation of Poland" redirects here. For other uses, see
6706:
Rozett, Dr Robert; Spector, Dr Shmuel (26 November 2013).
6510:
6172:. West Publishing Company, College & School Division.
6072:
Between Giants: The Battle for the Baltics in World War II
5322:
4452:
4322:"The Polish Underground State and The Home Army (1939–45)"
3370:
2886:
2884:
2803:
Dobroszycki, Lucjan; Gurock, Jeffrey S. (1 January 1993).
2642:
2630:
2244:
189:
in September 1939, and it was formally concluded with the
30:
For the general history of Poland during that period, see
6681:
Rapta, Michał; Tupta, Wojciech; Moskal, Grzegorz (2009).
4545:
4543:
4503:
4469:
4467:
4159:
4157:
3832:
3100:[Just like in the days of Jarema and Krzywonos].
2408:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from
2313:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
1338:
1190:
Boys' roll call at main children's concentration camp in
210:
out of the USSR and crossed into Poland from the rest of
6189:"Political Migrations on Polish Territories (1939–1950)"
6048:
Barkan, Elazar; Cole, Elizabeth A.; Struve, Kai (2007).
5479:"Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre"
5200:
5198:
3537:
3525:
3335:
3323:
3272:
3216:
2952:
2838:
2798:
2796:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2225:
829:
299:
Generalgouvernement für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete
6750:
The Politics of Economic Stagnation in the Soviet Union
4124:(in Polish), Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, p. 122
3925:
3913:
3552:
3284:
2940:
2881:
1392:, although in 1943 this department was merged with the
1177:
Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland
9222:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
4540:
4479:
4464:
4154:
3599:
3139:
2726:
2290:
1722:
Removal of Polish governmental and social institutions
6730:
Approaches to Auschwitz: The Holocaust and Its Legacy
6298:
Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared
5823:
5334:
5195:
5066:"Represje 1939–41. Aresztowani na Kresach Wschodnich"
4833:. Internet Archive, 16.10.03. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
4412:
Destroy Warsaw! Hitler's punishment, Stalin's revenge
4301:
2793:
2467:
2435:
2278:
1965:
exile settlements in remote areas of the Soviet Union
1873:
in mid-1941, after Germany invaded the Soviet Union.
291:
large areas of western Poland were annexed by Germany
6236:
Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany
5946:
Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik
5881:
5869:
5639:
5609:"Represje 1939–41 Aresztowani na Kresach Wschodnich"
5000:
4555:"Project InPosterum: Poland World War II Casualties"
3389:
Out of Chaos: Hidden Children Remember the Holocaust
3077:
2857:
2491:
2062:
dead in addition to three million Polish Jews.
1859:
Polish prisoners of war in Soviet Union (after 1939)
1554:
Treatment of Polish citizens under Soviet occupation
1546:, 30,000 to Mauthausen and 20,000 to Sachsenhausen.
491:(General Plan for the East) and the closely related
401:
Treatment of Polish citizens under German occupation
6538:
The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939–1953
6494:
Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web
6277:
Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East
6168:Duiker, William J.; Spielvogel, Jackson J. (1997).
5805:(in Polish) (2nd ed.). Warsaw: Ośrodek KARTA.
5598:
Assembly of Captive European Nations, First Session
4026:"Himmlers "Pflegestätten" brachten Kindern den Tod"
2896:
1123:prison. Most of the remainder were sent to various
1097:One of the most infamous German operations was the
852:
German camps in occupied Poland during World War II
737:
Forced labour under German rule during World War II
6893:Szarota, Tomasz; Materski, Wojciech, eds. (2009).
6689:The dark secrets of the "Tereska" villa: 1939–1945
5734:. A History of Poland, Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present
5627:
5569:
5511:
4649:; Schramm, Gottfried (1997). Wegner, Bernd (ed.).
4609:"Atlas of the Holocaust" by Martin Gilbert (1982).
4208:"The Polish Government-in-Exile's Home Delegature"
3808:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3752:
3571:Lehnstaedt, Stephan; Böhler, Jochen, eds. (2013).
3509:
3507:
3162:
3160:
2033:massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
2019:Tadeusz Piotrowski, Professor of Sociology at the
1981:
1463:
1342:Earliest World War II partisan unit, commanded by
846:, volunteered to die in place of another prisoner.
395:whose borders were significantly shifted westwards
12220:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo
7584:
7051:'Et Papa tacet': the genocide of Polish Catholics
3991:"Geschichts und Erinnerungstafel Nordholz Spieka"
3903:"Hitler's War; Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe"
3011:
2802:
2117:Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939-1946)
1582:Soviet annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia
1576:Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)
894:in September 1941. According to Polish historian
12559:
6801:
6680:
6167:
6047:
6031:The Social History of the Third Reich: 1933–1945
5291:War memories; September 22, 1939 – April 5, 1945
4687:
4675:
3637:
3570:
3445:, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, archived from
3161:Burleigh, Michael; Wippermann, Wolfgang (1991).
3005:
2624:
537:of Polish civilians randomly caught in a street
12583:German occupation of Poland during World War II
6927:
6892:
6865:
6093:The Law of Blood: Thinking and Acting as a Nazi
5914:
5898:
5896:
5476:, where they were forced to build a road. See:
5383:[Soviet occupation in Poland 1939–41].
5313:
5189:
5106:
4909:"The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field"
3799:
3504:
3169:. Cambridge University Press. pp. (337–).
2485:
2257:
2006:Monument to the Fallen and Murdered in the East
1024:a concentrated effort to destroy Polish culture
328:before 1938, was ceded by Germany to its ally,
6727:Rubenstein, Richard L.; Roth, John K. (2003).
6726:
6337:
5754:
5555:] (in Polish). Lublin: Test. p. 540.
5293:] (in Polish). Kraków: ZNAK. p. 364.
4870:
4641:
4639:
4259:
4257:
4180:. New York: Overlook Press. pp. 377–378.
3513:
3392:. Northwestern University Press. p. 275.
3358:
3242:
2553:
1225:Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany (1939–1944)
12578:Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland 1939–1941
11883:History of World War II by region and country
11867:
8576:
8368:
7081:
6705:
6463:
6054:. Leipziger Universitätsverlag. p. 155.
5908:"Review of Piotrowski's "Poland's Holocaust""
5465:
5437:
5271:
5151:
5093:Polish experts lower nation's WWII death toll
4497:
3897:
3895:
3669:
2985:"Chapter XIII – Germanization and Spoliation"
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2744:
2654:
1235:Kidnapping of Polish children by Nazi Germany
131:, German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941
8151:
7352:
7127:
7119:
6824:'Crimes Against Peace' and International Law
5893:
5443:
5277:
4693:
3764:
2585:
2583:
2526:[Soviet aggression against Poland].
1566:prisoners massacred by Soviet secret police
980:set up specifically for Operation Reinhard;
666:
6951:
6599:Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2014).
5791:Ciesielski, Stanisław; Materski, Wojciech;
5719:
5505:
5346:
5287:Wspomnienia wojenne; 22 IX 1939 – 5 IV 1945
5115:
4965:
4936:
4934:
4636:
4590:
4254:
4232:
4057:"Review of Piotrowski's Poland's Holocaust"
4054:
3459:
3438:
2547:
2509:
2155:
2151:
2149:
972:". The extermination program was codenamed
11874:
11860:
8583:
8569:
8375:
8361:
7088:
7074:
7031:Bibliography of Poland during World War II
6684:Mroczne sekrety willi "Tereska": 1939–1945
6617:
6579:
6555:
6338:Herbert, Ulrich; Templer, William (1997).
5352:
5253:"Ivan Franko National University of L'viv"
5216:
5121:
4836:
4630:
4598:"Full Listing of Camps in occupied Poland"
4549:
4509:
4458:
4425:
4226:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4089:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 86.
3892:
3381:
3379:
3341:
3309:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 85–86.
3296:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
2964:
2875:
2521:
2238:
1853:captured by the USSR during and after the
1352:Polish resistance movement in World War II
1029:
321:, and slow but progressive extermination.
6931:; Kováč, Dušan; Brown, Martin D. (2011).
6621:Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East
6385:Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945
6230:
6186:
6089:
6028:
5835:
5695:Okupacja sowiecka ziem polskich 1939–1941
5483:Institute of National Remembrance website
5210:
5084:
5063:
4263:
4116:
3700:
3558:
3546:
3531:
3453:
3329:
3278:
3266:
3254:
3204:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2958:
2914:
2826:
2787:
2756:
2720:
2648:
2636:
2589:
2580:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2319:
2307:
1299:
443:living in Poland. British ambassador Sir
343:German and Soviet soldiers stroll around
256:as a deliberate and systematic genocide.
7000:
6638:
6488:
6110:
5968:
5943:
5841:
5688:
5592:
4931:
4898:
4843:Zamojski, Tygodnik (15 September 2004).
4842:
4372:
4319:
4307:
3977:
3931:
3919:
3843:The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church
3770:
3495:From diary of Reich Propaganda Minister
3406:
3095:
2946:
2461:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2219:
2146:
2000:
1933:
1778:, delegalized in both countries by 1938.
1762:) assembled to greet the arrival of the
1749:
1638:
1557:
1471:
1406:
1337:
1185:
1148:persecuted the Catholic Church in Poland
1137:
1033:
944:Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland
933:
833:
701:
624:
529:
453:
338:
6820:
6748:Rutland, Peter (1992). "Introduction".
6747:
6659:
6618:Poprzeczny, Joseph (19 February 2004).
6603:. Washington, D.C.: Dale Street Books.
6531:
6274:Fritz, Stephen G. (13 September 2011).
6252:
5993:
5575:
5537:
5405:
5359:. Transaction Publishers. p. 310.
5340:
5328:
5307:
5245:
4805:
4340:
4272:(2). Sage Publications, Ltd.: 219–259.
4194:
3654:
3617:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
3376:
3225:
3183:
2559:
2515:
2284:
2213:
2141:Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2014
1713:as the Nazis. They began confiscating,
620:
447:sent four statements in August 1939 to
202:"). After a few years of fighting, the
196:lands which were annexed by the Soviets
14:
12560:
10430:
10408:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
8382:
7743:
7568:
7364:
7140:
6868:"Stalinist Forced Relocation Policies"
6841:
6770:
6639:Prete, Roy A.; Ion, A. Hamish (1984).
6402:
6381:
6362:
6148:
6129:
6068:
5784:
5760:
5725:
5601:
5543:
5036:
5018:
4578:
4485:
4473:
4435:Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction
4239:. Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne.
4175:
4163:
3861:. Instytut Zachodni. 1989. p. 48.
3812:
3758:
3729:
3681:
3460:Vogelsang, Peter; Larsen, Brian B.M.,
3439:Vogelsang, Peter; Larsen, Brian B.M.,
3386:Fox, Elaine Saphier (31 August 2013).
3302:
3290:
3145:
3114:
3089:
2890:
2473:
2446:
2269:
706:Polish teachers guarded by members of
459:Expulsion of Poles from western Poland
305:. A German lawyer and prominent Nazi,
289:'s agreement (8 and 12 October 1939),
11855:
11279:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
10711:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
10357:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
10313:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
9418:Rape during the occupation of Germany
8564:
8536:Northern half of the Korean Peninsula
8356:
7069:
7027:Bibliography of the history of Poland
6979:
6444:
6423:
6315:
6294:
6273:
5887:
5875:
5829:
5633:
5204:
5157:
5030:
5006:
4747:
4431:
4082:
3083:
3017:
2863:
2851:
2832:
2732:
2497:
2325:
2272:Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict
2102:Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
1807:universities. On 15 January 1940 the
1398:Directorate of Underground Resistance
1206:, for Polish girls as young as eight.
1042:, published in London in 1942 by the
830:Concentration and extermination camps
419:Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
39:Occupation of Poland (disambiguation)
10401:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
9433:Rape during the liberation of France
6848:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
6206:
5653:'Okupacja Sowiecka w Polsce 1939–41'
5381:"Okupacja Sowiecka w Polsce 1939–41"
4781:"Olszyna-Wilczyński Józef Konstanty"
4647:Militargeschichtliches Forschungsamt
4404:
4313:
4055:Olsak-Glass, Judith (January 1999).
3943:
3937:
3476:
3470:
3165:The racial state: Germany, 1933–1945
3148:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
2902:
2156:Olsak-Glass, Judith (January 1999).
1221:Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany
1007:
6471:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust
6238:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5987:
5962:
5937:
5576:Gizella, Jerzy (10 November 2001).
4997:, mid-2006. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
4904:
3385:
3066:
2989:fundamentalbass.home.mindspring.com
2112:Polish minority in the Soviet Union
1217:Germanisation in Poland (1939–1945)
390:German invasion of the Soviet Union
24:
10627:German invasion of the Netherlands
8907:Weather events during World War II
7020:
6851:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
5689:Głowacki, Albin (September 2003).
4915:(Winter 1999–2000). Archived from
4655:. Berghahn Books. pp. 47–79.
4613:"Stutthof: History & Overview"
4414:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
4205:
4178:Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics
3952:. Associated Press. Archived from
3785:. New Leaf Press. pp. 74–78.
1415:captured by the Poles during 1944
1100:Außerordentliche Befriedungsaktion
1014:Polish culture during World War II
427:Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany
25:
12594:
11258:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
7523:Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe
7035:
6804:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
6151:Rising '44: the Battle for Warsaw
5902:
5487:Institute of National Remembrance
4831:Institute of National Remembrance
4432:Jones, Adam (27 September 2006).
3303:Merten, Ulrich (15 August 2013).
3096:Kiriczuk, Jurij (23 April 2003).
1997:World War II casualties of Poland
1840:
266:
261:Institute of National Remembrance
12568:Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)
11818:
8590:
8500:
8427:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
8011:Serbia (Commissioner Government)
7042:A review of the Piotrowski book
6876:Demography and National Security
6866:Stanton Russell, Sharon (2001).
6802:Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2003).
6779:] (in German). Bonn: Dietz.
6406:The History of Poland Since 1863
6280:. University Press of Kentucky.
5057:
5048:
4949:
4773:
4624:
4572:
4515:
4169:
4128:
3466:, Holocaust and Genocide Studies
3420:. United States Holocaust Museum
3073:Powszechny Spis Ludnosci r. 1921
2406:"Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era"
2058:, lists 1.8 to 1.9 million
2052:Poles as Victims of the Nazi Era
2025:Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles
1394:Directorate of Covert Resistance
1210:
929:
809:
797:
785:
730:
605:After Germany lost the war, the
485:, was outlined in the genocidal
388:on 3 August 1940. Following the
152:
113:
80:
54:
27:Occupation of Poland during WWII
18:Occupation of Poland (1939-1945)
7991:Norway (Administrative Council)
6733:. Westminster John Knox Press.
6645:. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press.
6601:The German Occupation of Poland
6022:
5971:The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies
5223:Białoruskie Zeszyty Historyczne
4989:(September Campaign 1939) from
4266:Journal of Contemporary History
4233:Salmonowicz, Stanisław (1994).
4110:
4076:
4048:
4018:
3983:
3950:StarNewsOnline (Wilmington, NC)
3881:
3865:
3849:
3723:
3694:
3675:
3593:
3564:
3432:
3154:
3108:
3044:
3023:
2920:
2781:
2762:
2686:
2503:
2184:, roundups, mass deportations,
1982:Exploitation of ethnic tensions
1772:Communist Party of West Belarus
1464:Effect on the Polish population
607:International Military Tribunal
191:defeat of Germany by the Allies
11505:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
9215:Territorial changes of Germany
9123:Indonesian National Revolution
7005:. New York: Hippocrene Books.
6986:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
6937:. Cambridge University Press.
6827:. Cambridge University Press.
6496:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing.
6430:. New York: Hippocrene Books.
6409:. Cambridge University Press.
6388:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
6344:. Cambridge University Press.
6301:. Cambridge University Press.
5693:. In Piotr Chmielowiec (ed.).
5664:Refugees in an Age of Genocide
5353:Kravchenko, Victor A. (1988).
5103:, expatica.com, 30 August 2009
4958:Collaboration in the Holocaust
3638:Rapta, Tupta & Moskal 2009
2625:Barkan, Cole & Struve 2007
2590:Kozłowski, Bartłomiej (2005).
2560:Sanford, George (7 May 2007).
2424:Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era
2263:
1929:
1600:to Lithuania, although it was
1362:Government Delegate for Poland
634:("For Germans only") sign, on
91:mass murder of Polish townsmen
13:
1:
10905:Japanese invasion of Thailand
10856:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
10620:German invasion of Luxembourg
9001:Mediterranean and Middle East
8016:Serbia (Council of Ministers)
6709:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
6474:. Columbia University Press.
6253:Ferencz, Benjamin B. (2002).
6202:. Polish Academy of Sciences.
5697:(in Polish). Rzeszów-Warsaw:
5054:Piotrowski, pp. 1, 11–13, 32.
4955:Sanford, p. 127; Martin Dean
4744:. Retrieved 14 November 2006.
4032:(in German). 18 December 2009
3905:. 27 May 2012. Archived from
2486:Teich, Kováč & Brown 2011
2127:
2078:) was 35,000 persons. Jewish
1990:
1959:, for instance) to the Gulag
1614:attempt at self-determination
1423:armored platoon commanded by
1333:
1119:, and inside the city at the
956:were rounded up and put into
32:History of Poland (1939–1945)
10812:Invasion of the Soviet Union
10501:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
9819:Independent State of Croatia
7789:Army Group Rear Area Command
7096:Administrative divisions in
6915:Introduction reproduced here
6259:. Indiana University Press.
6096:. Harvard University Press.
6069:Buttar, Prit (21 May 2013).
4847:[Executed Hospital]
4527:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
4000:German War Graves Commission
3944:Eddy, Melissa (8 May 2007).
3098:"Jak za Jaremy i Krzywonosa"
3006:Duiker & Spielvogel 1997
2524:"Sowiecka agresja na Polskę"
1293:Ausländerkinder-Pflegestätte
792:Polish-forced-workers' badge
588:Majdanek concentration camps
372:, with the exception of the
7:
11796:End of World War II in Asia
11636:Western invasion of Germany
11143:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
11120:Second Battle of El Alamein
10690:Hundred Regiments Offensive
10662:Battle of the Mediterranean
10515:Italian invasion of Albania
8689:Air warfare of World War II
8171:Belgium and Northern France
7794:Belgium and Northern France
6806:. New York: Vintage Books.
6134:. Oxford University Press.
5584:(in Polish). Archived from
5421:(in Polish). Archived from
5389:(in Polish). Archived from
5133:] (in Polish). Warsaw:
5131:History of Poland 1914–1997
4975:(in Polish). Archived from
4851:(in Polish). Archived from
4789:(in Polish). Archived from
4388:(in Polish). Archived from
4356:(in Polish). Archived from
2809:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 36.
2258:Szarota & Materski 2009
2085:
2082:victims totaled 3,000,000.
2021:University of New Hampshire
1871:NKVD massacres of prisoners
1528:Stutthof concentration camp
1506:Some three million gentile
1495:Righteous Among the Nations
1484:on the 'Aryan side' of the
1133:massacre of Lwów professors
881:extermination through labor
358:annexed to the Soviet Union
259:In August 2009, the Polish
185:(1939–1945) began with the
10:
12599:
11722:Naval bombardment of Japan
11090:First Battle of El Alamein
11009:Battle of Christmas Island
10954:Japanese invasion of Burma
10718:Italian invasion of Greece
10634:German invasion of Belgium
10606:German invasion of Denmark
10579:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
10448:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
8712:Comparative military ranks
7673:Civil Administration Areas
7278:Southern Hanover–Brunswick
7024:
6754:Cambridge University Press
6424:Lukas, Richard C. (2001).
6382:Lerski, Jerzy Jan (1996).
6115:. New York, N.Y.: Viking.
6113:Stalin: Breaker of Nations
6090:Chapoutot, Johann (2018).
6029:Ayçoberry, Pierre (2000).
5699:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej
5513:Herling-Grudziński, Gustaw
5413:"Kampania Wrześniowa 1939"
5217:Wierzbicki, Marek (2003).
4973:"Kampania wrześniowa 1939"
4736:of 17 September 1939. The
4438:. Routledge. p. 175.
4278:10.1177/002200947501000202
3359:Rubenstein & Roth 2003
3243:Herbert & Templer 1997
3202:The Holocaust Encyclopedia
2694:"The British War Bluebook"
2530:. NowaHistoria.Interia.pl.
2107:Polish minority in Germany
1994:
1579:
1573:
1358:Polish government in Exile
1349:
1308:in September 1939 and the
1288:forced to have an abortion
1228:
1214:
1125:German concentration camps
1044:Polish government-in-exile
1011:
941:
849:
734:
715:battalion before execution
648:The German People's List (
641:
416:
270:
239:Polish resistance movement
212:Central and Eastern Europe
36:
29:
12502:
12253:
12116:
12070:
11992:
11889:
11811:
11643:Bratislava–Brno offensive
11583:
11574:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
11311:
11198:Allied invasion of Sicily
11152:
11058:Aleutian Islands campaign
11030:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
10977:
10968:Greek famine of 1941–1944
10863:Second Battle of Changsha
10768:German invasion of Greece
10736:
10613:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
10588:
10526:
10421:
10302:
10028:
9938:
9786:
9489:
9480:
9238:
9063:
8955:North and Central Pacific
8916:
8678:
8671:
8598:
8544:
8509:
8498:
8390:
8322:
8281:
8274:
8239:
8199:
8163:
8150:
8130:
8044:
7888:
7881:
7853:
7779:
7759:
7734:
7671:
7660:
7626:
7559:
7543:North Brabant and Limburg
7538:South Holland and Zeeland
7533:North Holland and Utrecht
7528:Gelderland and Overijssel
7513:
7442:
7390:
7351:
7321:
7118:
7105:
6821:Sellars, Kirsten (2013).
6187:Eberhardt, Piotr (2011).
6111:Conquest, Robert (1991).
5969:Kendrick, Donald (1972).
5318:. Dutton. pp. 88–95.
5158:Sudoł, Adam, ed. (1998).
5127:Historia Polski 1914–1997
4498:Niewyk & Nicosia 2013
4410:Borowiec, Andrew (2001).
4176:Spotts, Frederic (2002).
3701:Paczyńska, Irena (2019).
3670:Rozett & Spector 2013
3499:, dated 12 December 1941.
2745:Niewyk & Nicosia 2013
2566:. Routledge. p. 47.
1776:Communist Party of Poland
1768:Soviet invasion of Poland
1684:Sikorski-Mayski Agreement
1602:soon attached to the USSR
1404:(AK) (Polish Home Army).
1344:Henryk "Hubal" Dobrzański
1306:German invasion of Poland
1161:Cieszyn region of Silesia
1054:Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen
958:newly established ghettos
838:Polish Franciscan, Saint
691:". Some minorities, like
667:Encouraging ethnic strife
615:Supreme National Tribunal
376:taken from Poland, which
364:), and split between the
163:
151:
144:
140:
136:
112:
105:
101:
79:
68:German expulsion of Poles
53:
48:
11235:Allied invasion of Italy
11212:Solomon Islands campaign
10961:Third Battle of Changsha
10558:First Battle of Changsha
10464:Second Sino-Japanese War
9404:German military brothels
9270:United States war crimes
7781:Military administrations
7313:Württemberg-Hohenzollern
6660:Prybyla, Jan S. (2010).
6580:Pogonowski, Iwo (1998).
5944:Erlikman, Vadim (2004).
5853:Indiana University Press
5553:Without the last chapter
5549:Bez ostatniego rozdziału
3730:Albert, Zygmunt (1989).
3038:. London: HMSO: 9. 1948.
2158:"Review of Piotrowski's
2122:Gestapo–NKVD conferences
2037:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
1688:Polish puppet government
1665:Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński
1604:once Lithuania became a
1570:near Tarnopol, July 1941
1445:Polska Partia Robotnicza
1040:The Black Book of Poland
1022:Nazi Germany engaged in
858:Nazi concentration camps
347:after the German-Soviet
235:Gestapo–NKVD conferences
11657:Second Guangxi campaign
11512:Philippines (1944–1945)
11016:Battle of the Coral Sea
10919:Fall of the Philippines
10565:Battle of South Guangxi
10471:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
9877:Italian Social Republic
7001:Zamoyski, Adam (1987).
6920:1 February 2013 at the
6771:Schenk, Dieter (2007).
6691:]. Historia Rabki.
6295:Geyer, Michael (2009).
6149:Davies, Norman (2003).
6130:Davies, Norman (1996).
5802:Indeks represjonowanych
5738:Oxford University Press
5445:Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan
5135:Wydawnictwa Naukowe PWN
4962:Retrieved 15 July 2007.
4913:Studies in Intelligence
4710:7 November 2009 at the
4083:Knuth, Rebecca (2003).
3815:"The Gentile Holocaust"
3682:August, Jochen (1997).
3609:Mallmann, Klaus-Michael
3514:Yad Vashemfile (2013).
3061:and Gypsies and others.
2522:Wiśniewski, T. (2016).
2097:The Holocaust in Poland
1754:Residents of a town in
1661:Polish prisoners of war
1616:failed during both the
1540:Soviet prisoners of war
1197:Kinder-KZ Litzmannstadt
1030:Extermination of elites
948:The Holocaust in Poland
423:The Holocaust in Poland
301:), with its capital at
279:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
125:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
11242:Armistice of Cassibile
11044:Battle of Dutch Harbor
10995:Battle of the Java Sea
10898:Attack on Pearl Harbor
10798:Syria–Lebanon campaign
10791:Battle of South Shanxi
10761:Invasion of Yugoslavia
10544:Battle of the Atlantic
10158:Korean Liberation Army
9871:(until September 1943)
9828:(until September 1944)
9806:(until September 1944)
8551:Allies of World War II
8152:
7882:Puppet administrations
7686:Carinthia and Carniola
7353:
7128:
7120:
7100:and German occupations
6980:Wolff, Stefan (2003).
6541:. Praeger Publishers.
6445:Majer, Diemut (2003).
6403:Leslie, R. F. (1980).
6363:Lenten, Ronit (2000).
6321:Revolution from Abroad
5999:Atlas of the Holocaust
5489:. 2004. Archived from
5279:Lanckorońska, Karolina
5112:Rieber, pp. 14, 32–37.
4845:"Rozstrzelany Szpital"
4725:of 16 September 1939,
4714:of 10 September 1939,
4617:Jewish Virtual Library
4602:Jewish Virtual Library
3858:Polish Western Affairs
3813:Craughwell, Thomas J.
3418:Holocaust Encyclopedia
3125:10.1093/past/179.1.197
2878:, pp. 3, 186–187.
2009:
1943:
1779:
1739:(legislative body) of
1655:
1633:Simon Sebag Montefiore
1571:
1489:
1427:
1366:the police, the courts
1347:
1300:Nazi plunder in Poland
1207:
1143:
1047:
939:
847:
716:
639:
546:
462:
413:and expulsion of Poles
352:
12573:Jewish Polish history
11406:Second Battle of Guam
11302:Bengal famine of 1943
11272:Second Battle of Kiev
11228:Battle of the Dnieper
10933:Battle of Wake Island
10805:East African campaign
10747:Battle of South Henan
10392:atrocities by Germans
10165:Korean Volunteer Army
9146:Occupation of Germany
8900:Music in World War II
7333:Reichsfestung Belgrad
6953:Trela-Mazur, Elżbieta
6075:. Osprey Publishing.
5658:20 April 2005 at the
5033:, pp. 24, 32–33.
5021:, pp. 1001–1003.
4732:30 April 2007 at the
4721:30 April 2007 at the
4688:Sebag Montefiore 2003
4676:Sebag Montefiore 2003
4621:With archival photos.
4586:(in Polish) (1994/2).
4320:Ney-Krwawicz, Marek.
3442:The Ghettos of Poland
2180:, transit, labor and
2004:
1937:
1753:
1663:. Some, like General
1642:
1580:Further information:
1561:
1524:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
1475:
1441:Polish Workers' Party
1410:
1400:, subordinate to the
1341:
1189:
1171:, theology professor
1141:
1107:in short, German for
1037:
942:Further information:
937:
850:Further information:
837:
735:Further information:
705:
628:
555:thousands of children
533:
521:purposeful starvation
457:
342:
319:economic exploitation
11692:Surrender of Germany
11170:Battle of West Hubei
11127:Guadalcanal campaign
11097:Battle of Stalingrad
11023:Battle of Madagascar
9797:Albania protectorate
9584:(formerly Swaziland)
9293:Wehrmacht war crimes
9109:Expulsion of Germans
8893:Art and World War II
8791:British contribution
8740:Governments in exile
8335:Strength Through Joy
8294:Weather Station Kurt
7996:Norway (Quisling II)
7243:Munich–Upper Bavaria
7228:March of Brandenburg
6642:Armies of Occupation
6517:. Cengage Learning.
5819:on 22 February 2006.
5797:"Represje 1939–1941"
5740:. pp. 449–455.
5683:Tygodnik Solidarność
5190:Stanton Russell 2001
5123:Roszkowski, Wojciech
5098:6 April 2012 at the
4906:Fischer, Benjamin B.
4883:Encyklopedia Interia
3657:, pp. 133, 136.
2462:Prete & Ion 1984
2429:22 June 2019 at the
2190:mobile killing units
2092:Chronicles of Terror
2050:Another assessment,
1900:Władysław Broniewski
1855:Polish Defensive War
1774:affiliated with the
1622:Ukrainian–Soviet War
1618:Polish–Ukrainian War
1589:Elżbieta Trela-Mazur
1482:Marszałkowska Street
1478:Świętokrzyska Street
1310:occupation of Poland
1175:, and Bishop of the
1109:Special Pacification
1080:Operation Tannenberg
621:German People's List
493:Generalsiedlungsplan
223:Poland's sovereignty
200:Operation Barbarossa
171:occupation of Poland
129:Operation Barbarossa
87:Operation Tannenberg
49:Occupation of Poland
12332:Carpathian Ruthenia
11782:Potsdam Declaration
11671:Italy (Spring 1945)
11434:Liberation of Paris
10891:Siege of Sevastopol
9909:(until August 1944)
9812:Wang Jingwei regime
9634:from September 1943
9594:from September 1944
9532:from September 1944
9392:Romanian war crimes
9383:Persecution of Jews
9369:Croatian war crimes
9339:Japanese war crimes
9153:Occupation of Japan
9102:First Indochina War
8814:Military production
8726:Declarations of war
8154:Reichskommissariats
7986:Norway (Quisling I)
7916:Chechnya-Ingushetia
7576:Bohemia and Moravia
7561:Partial annexations
7372:Danzig–West Prussia
6934:Slovakia in History
6557:Piotrowski, Tadeusz
6466:Nicosia, Francis R.
6464:Niewyk, Donald L.;
5910:. UC Santa Barbara.
5793:Paczkowski, Andrzej
5578:"Lwowskie okupacje"
5451:. Lexington Books.
5259:on 10 February 2006
5192:, pp. 308–315.
4559:projectposterum.org
4551:Piotrowski, Tadeusz
3980:, pp. 400–401.
3956:on 13 December 2007
3485:on 27 November 2013
3361:, pp. 195–196.
3269:, pp. 357–358.
3257:, pp. 356–357.
3056:avalon.law.yale.edu
2995:on 3 December 2003.
2917:, pp. 372–377.
2854:, pp. 152–153.
2723:, pp. 326–330.
2550:, pp. 43, 294.
2464:, pp. 135–138.
2182:extermination camps
1891:Stanisław Głąbiński
1741:Western Byelorussia
1703:partition of Poland
1699:sphere of influence
1200:). A sub-camp was
1129:Sonderaktion Krakau
978:extermination camps
869:extermination camps
651:Deutsche Volksliste
644:Deutsche Volksliste
541:in German-occupied
123:– aftermath of the
121:Partition of Poland
11922:French West Africa
11902:British Somaliland
11775:Surrender of Japan
11608:Battle of Iwo Jima
11457:Belgrade offensive
10870:Siege of Leningrad
10754:Battle of Shanggao
10683:British Somaliland
10648:Dunkirk evacuation
10599:Norwegian campaign
10537:Invasion of Poland
10364:Japanese prisoners
9332:Italian war crimes
9263:British war crimes
9178:Soviet occupations
8962:South-West Pacific
8849:Allied cooperation
8807:Military equipment
8485:Western Belorussia
8384:Soviet occupations
7586:General Government
7263:Schleswig-Holstein
7044:Poland's Holocaust
6878:. Berghahn Books.
6843:Shirer, William L.
6666:. Wheatmark, Inc.
6468:(13 August 2013).
6367:. Berghahn Books.
6358:on 7 October 2011.
6033:. New Press (NY).
5715:on 3 October 2003.
5615:on 21 October 2006
5331:, pp. 99–101.
5072:on 21 October 2006
4699:Telegrams sent by
4392:on 1 November 2006
4328:on 3 November 2019
4206:Ostasz, Grzegorz.
4142:on 29 October 2018
4118:Madajczyk, Czesław
3463:Wannsee Conference
3449:on 22 October 2013
3414:"Nazi Camp System"
3117:Past & Present
2759:, p. 349-352.
2160:Poland's Holocaust
2010:
1944:
1924:Marian Czuchnowski
1883:Aleksander Prystor
1780:
1735:Moscow-controlled
1656:
1631:British historian
1572:
1532:Gemeinschaftslager
1490:
1428:
1348:
1286:", the mother was
1208:
1144:
1048:
974:Operation Reinhard
966:Wannsee Conference
940:
848:
717:
685:divide and conquer
673:1931 Polish census
640:
547:
463:
353:
349:invasion of Poland
295:General Government
219:Tadeusz Piotrowski
187:Invasion of Poland
12555:
12554:
12146:Dutch East Indies
11984:Southern Rhodesia
11917:French Somaliland
11849:
11848:
11807:
11806:
11650:Battle of Okinawa
11549:Burma (1944–1945)
11383:Mariana and Palau
11163:Tunisian campaign
10988:Fall of Singapore
10912:Fall of Hong Kong
10655:Battle of Britain
10508:Operation Himmler
10417:
10416:
10081:Dutch East Indies
9724:Southern Rhodesia
9476:
9475:
9376:Genocide of Serbs
9279:German war crimes
9256:Soviet war crimes
9249:Allied war crimes
9095:Division of Korea
9074:Chinese Civil War
8872:Strategic bombing
8784:Manhattan Project
8558:
8557:
8350:
8349:
8346:
8345:
8270:
8269:
8240:Other occupations
8235:
8234:
8146:
8145:
7861:Adriatic Littoral
7854:Operational Zones
7775:
7774:
7656:
7655:
7652:
7651:
7622:
7621:
7555:
7554:
7551:
7550:
7438:
7437:
7347:
7346:
6993:978-0-275-97269-1
6944:978-1-139-49494-6
6908:978-83-7629-067-6
6858:978-0-671-62420-0
6834:978-1-107-02884-5
6786:978-3-8012-5033-1
6740:978-0-664-22353-3
6719:978-1-135-96950-9
6698:978-83-60817-33-9
6673:978-1-60494-325-2
6652:978-0-88920-156-9
6631:978-0-7864-8146-0
6572:978-0-7864-0371-4
6524:978-1-111-80948-5
6490:Nicholas, Lynn H.
6481:978-0-231-52878-8
6416:978-0-521-27501-9
6395:978-0-313-26007-0
6317:Gross, Jan Tomasz
6308:978-0-521-89796-9
6287:978-0-8131-4050-6
6232:Gellately, Robert
6223:978-1-135-04481-7
6132:Europe: A History
6082:978-1-4728-0288-0
6061:978-3-86583-240-5
6040:978-1-56584-635-7
5588:on 27 April 2006.
5545:Anders, Władysław
4819:on 7 January 2005
4761:] (in Polish)
4759:Wacław Grzybowski
4445:978-1-134-25980-9
4385:Encyklopedia WIEM
4246:978-83-02-05500-3
4187:978-1-58567-345-2
4136:"E28. Jasinski G"
4096:978-0-275-98088-7
3792:978-0-89221-591-1
3772:Libionka, Dariusz
3516:"Aktion Reinhard"
3399:978-0-8101-6661-5
3371:Noble et al. 2007
3316:978-1-4128-5258-6
3293:, pp. 33–34.
3228:, pp. 24–25.
3176:978-0-521-39802-2
2934:on 13 April 2012.
2893:, pp. 59–60.
2816:978-1-56324-173-4
2776:on 13 April 2012.
2735:, pp. 47–48.
2702:. Yale Law School
2651:, pp. 32–34.
2639:, pp. 30–31.
2573:978-1-134-30299-4
2322:, pp. 27–29.
2274:. Routledge: 123.
2186:public executions
2143:, pp. 10–28.
1926:and many others.
1887:Stanisław Grabski
1450:Operation Tempest
1284:racially valuable
1018:Cultural genocide
1008:Cultural genocide
864:Arbeit macht frei
778:military brothels
671:According to the
654:) classified the
167:
166:
16:(Redirected from
12590:
12306:Military history
12060:Native Americans
11876:
11869:
11862:
11853:
11852:
11842:
11835:
11828:
11825:World portal
11823:
11822:
11798:
11791:
11784:
11777:
11768:
11761:
11754:
11745:
11738:
11731:
11724:
11717:
11710:
11701:
11694:
11687:
11685:Prague offensive
11680:
11678:Battle of Berlin
11673:
11666:
11659:
11652:
11645:
11638:
11631:
11624:
11622:Vienna offensive
11617:
11610:
11603:
11601:Battle of Manila
11596:
11576:
11567:
11558:
11551:
11542:
11535:
11528:
11521:
11514:
11507:
11500:
11491:
11482:
11475:
11466:
11459:
11452:
11445:
11436:
11429:
11422:
11415:
11408:
11401:
11394:
11385:
11378:
11369:
11360:
11351:
11344:
11342:Korsun–Cherkassy
11337:
11326:
11304:
11295:
11288:
11281:
11274:
11267:
11260:
11253:
11244:
11237:
11230:
11223:
11214:
11207:
11200:
11193:
11186:
11184:Bombing of Gorky
11179:
11172:
11165:
11145:
11138:
11129:
11122:
11115:
11106:
11099:
11092:
11085:
11074:
11067:
11060:
11053:
11051:Battle of Midway
11046:
11039:
11037:Battle of Gazala
11032:
11025:
11018:
11011:
11004:
10997:
10990:
10970:
10963:
10956:
10949:
10947:Battle of Borneo
10942:
10940:Malayan campaign
10935:
10928:
10921:
10914:
10907:
10900:
10893:
10886:
10884:Bombing of Gorky
10879:
10877:Battle of Moscow
10872:
10865:
10858:
10851:
10844:
10837:
10821:
10814:
10807:
10800:
10793:
10786:
10777:
10770:
10763:
10756:
10749:
10729:
10720:
10713:
10706:
10699:
10692:
10685:
10678:
10671:
10664:
10657:
10650:
10643:
10641:Battle of France
10636:
10629:
10622:
10615:
10608:
10601:
10581:
10574:
10567:
10560:
10553:
10546:
10539:
10517:
10510:
10503:
10496:
10494:Munich Agreement
10489:
10482:
10473:
10466:
10459:
10450:
10443:
10428:
10427:
10410:
10403:
10394:
10387:
10380:
10379:Soviet prisoners
10373:
10366:
10359:
10350:
10343:
10334:
10327:
10320:
10319:German prisoners
10315:
10295:
10286:
10279:
10272:
10267:
10260:
10253:
10246:
10239:
10232:
10225:
10218:
10211:
10204:
10197:
10190:
10183:
10176:
10167:
10160:
10153:
10146:
10139:
10132:
10125:
10118:
10111:
10104:
10097:
10090:
10083:
10076:
10069:
10062:
10055:
10048:
10041:
10021:
10014:
10007:
10000:
9993:
9986:
9979:
9972:
9965:
9958:
9951:
9931:
9924:
9917:
9910:
9902:
9895:
9888:
9879:
9872:
9864:
9857:
9855:French Indochina
9850:
9843:
9836:
9829:
9821:
9814:
9807:
9799:
9779:
9770:
9763:
9754:
9747:
9740:
9733:
9726:
9719:
9712:
9705:
9702:from August 1944
9693:
9686:
9679:
9672:
9665:
9658:
9651:
9644:
9637:
9625:
9618:
9611:
9604:
9597:
9585:
9577:
9570:
9563:
9556:
9549:
9542:
9535:
9523:
9516:
9509:
9502:
9487:
9486:
9467:
9460:
9453:
9446:
9439:
9428:
9413:
9406:
9399:
9394:
9385:
9378:
9371:
9362:
9355:
9348:
9346:Nanjing Massacre
9341:
9334:
9325:
9323:Nuremberg trials
9316:
9309:
9302:
9295:
9288:
9281:
9272:
9265:
9258:
9251:
9231:
9224:
9217:
9208:
9201:
9194:
9187:
9180:
9173:
9164:
9155:
9148:
9141:
9134:
9125:
9118:
9111:
9104:
9097:
9090:
9083:
9076:
9056:
9047:
9040:
9033:
9024:
9017:
9010:
9003:
8994:
8987:
8980:
8971:
8964:
8957:
8950:
8943:
8936:
8929:
8927:Asia and Pacific
8909:
8902:
8895:
8888:
8881:
8874:
8867:
8858:
8856:Mulberry harbour
8851:
8844:
8837:
8830:
8823:
8816:
8809:
8802:
8793:
8786:
8779:
8770:
8763:
8756:
8749:
8742:
8735:
8728:
8721:
8714:
8707:
8698:
8691:
8676:
8675:
8664:
8657:
8648:
8641:
8634:
8627:
8620:
8613:
8606:
8585:
8578:
8571:
8562:
8561:
8504:
8377:
8370:
8363:
8354:
8353:
8279:
8278:
8161:
8160:
8157:
7886:
7885:
7873:Alpine Foothills
7741:
7740:
7691:Gebiet Bialystok
7669:
7668:
7582:
7581:
7566:
7565:
7511:
7510:
7425:Tyrol–Vorarlberg
7388:
7387:
7362:
7361:
7358:
7303:Westphalia-South
7298:Westphalia-North
7218:Magdeburg-Anhalt
7138:
7137:
7133:
7125:
7116:
7115:
7090:
7083:
7076:
7067:
7066:
7049:Michael Phayer,
7016:
6997:
6976:
6948:
6912:
6889:
6862:
6838:
6817:
6798:
6767:
6744:
6723:
6702:
6677:
6656:
6635:
6614:
6595:
6576:
6552:
6533:Parrish, Michael
6528:
6507:
6485:
6460:
6441:
6420:
6399:
6378:
6359:
6354:. Archived from
6334:
6312:
6291:
6270:
6249:
6227:
6203:
6193:
6183:
6164:
6145:
6126:
6107:
6086:
6065:
6044:
6013:
6012:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5941:
5935:
5932:Krystyna Kersten
5923:Dzieje Najnowsze
5918:
5912:
5911:
5900:
5891:
5885:
5879:
5873:
5867:
5866:
5839:
5833:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5815:. Archived from
5788:
5782:
5781:
5758:
5752:
5751:
5732:God's Playground
5723:
5717:
5716:
5711:. Archived from
5687:
5650:Encyklopedia PWN
5648:
5643:
5637:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5605:
5599:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5418:Encyklopedia PWN
5409:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5393:on 20 April 2005
5386:Encyklopedia PWN
5377:
5371:
5370:
5350:
5344:
5338:
5332:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5255:. Archived from
5249:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5214:
5208:
5202:
5193:
5187:
5178:
5177:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5119:
5113:
5110:
5104:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5061:
5055:
5052:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5022:
5016:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4995:Internet Archive
4991:PWN Encyklopedia
4988:
4986:
4984:
4969:
4963:
4953:
4947:
4938:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4919:on 24 March 2010
4902:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4857:
4850:
4840:
4834:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4786:Encyklopedia PWN
4777:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4751:
4745:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4643:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4620:
4605:
4604:. 2 August 2015.
4594:
4588:
4587:
4584:Dzieje Najnowsze
4576:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4547:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4519:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4429:
4423:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4353:Encyklopedia PWN
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4261:
4252:
4250:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4214:on 10 April 2008
4203:
4192:
4191:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4138:. Archived from
4132:
4126:
4125:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4062:Sarmatian Review
4052:
4046:
4045:
4039:
4037:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4008:
3996:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3961:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3899:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3839:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3819:Catholic Culture
3810:
3797:
3796:
3780:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3658:
3652:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3601:Matthäus, Jürgen
3597:
3591:
3590:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3511:
3502:
3501:
3492:
3490:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3383:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3245:, p. 71-73.
3240:
3229:
3223:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3194:
3181:
3180:
3168:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2991:. Archived from
2981:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2930:. Archived from
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2800:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2772:. Archived from
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2670:. Archived from
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2602:. Archived from
2587:
2578:
2577:
2557:
2551:
2548:Trela-Mazur 1998
2545:
2532:
2531:
2528:Media Depository
2519:
2513:
2510:Trela-Mazur 1998
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2450:
2444:
2433:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2412:on 27 March 2010
2402:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2242:
2236:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2167:Sarmatian Review
2153:
2144:
2138:
2068:The genocide of
1851:prisoners of war
1797:Marxism-Leninism
1795:. The chairs of
1789:Russian language
1692:Wanda Wasilewska
1259:Nur für Deutsche
1092:collective guilt
922:each, 10,000 at
914:each, 17,000 at
896:Franciszek Piper
873:synthetic rubber
840:Maximilian Kolbe
813:
801:
789:
721:Heinrich Himmler
638:line-8 streetcar
631:Nur für Deutsche
611:Nuremberg Trials
545:, September 1939
535:Public execution
449:Viscount Halifax
437:ethnic cleansing
254:Nuremberg trials
156:
117:
89:, October 1939,
84:
58:
46:
45:
21:
12598:
12597:
12593:
12592:
12591:
12589:
12588:
12587:
12558:
12557:
12556:
12551:
12547:Pacific Islands
12542:Solomon Islands
12522:Gilbert Islands
12504:
12498:
12477:Channel Islands
12249:
12112:
12066:
11988:
11885:
11880:
11850:
11845:
11838:
11831:
11817:
11815:
11803:
11794:
11787:
11780:
11773:
11764:
11757:
11750:
11741:
11736:Atomic bombings
11734:
11727:
11720:
11713:
11706:
11697:
11690:
11683:
11676:
11669:
11662:
11655:
11648:
11641:
11634:
11627:
11620:
11613:
11606:
11599:
11592:
11579:
11572:
11561:
11554:
11547:
11538:
11531:
11524:
11517:
11510:
11503:
11494:
11485:
11478:
11469:
11462:
11455:
11448:
11439:
11432:
11427:Eastern Romania
11425:
11420:Warsaw Uprising
11418:
11413:Tannenberg Line
11411:
11404:
11399:Western Ukraine
11397:
11388:
11381:
11372:
11363:
11354:
11347:
11340:
11329:
11320:
11307:
11300:
11291:
11284:
11277:
11270:
11263:
11256:
11249:
11240:
11233:
11226:
11217:
11210:
11203:
11196:
11191:Battle of Kursk
11189:
11182:
11175:
11168:
11161:
11148:
11141:
11132:
11125:
11118:
11109:
11102:
11095:
11088:
11079:
11070:
11063:
11056:
11049:
11042:
11035:
11028:
11021:
11014:
11007:
11002:St Nazaire Raid
11000:
10993:
10986:
10973:
10966:
10959:
10952:
10945:
10938:
10931:
10924:
10917:
10910:
10903:
10896:
10889:
10882:
10875:
10868:
10861:
10854:
10847:
10840:
10826:
10817:
10810:
10803:
10796:
10789:
10784:Anglo-Iraqi War
10782:
10775:Battle of Crete
10773:
10766:
10759:
10752:
10745:
10732:
10723:
10716:
10709:
10704:Eastern Romania
10702:
10695:
10688:
10681:
10674:
10667:
10660:
10653:
10646:
10639:
10632:
10625:
10618:
10611:
10604:
10597:
10584:
10577:
10570:
10563:
10556:
10549:
10542:
10535:
10522:
10513:
10506:
10499:
10492:
10485:
10478:
10469:
10462:
10455:
10446:
10439:
10413:
10406:
10399:
10390:
10383:
10378:
10369:
10362:
10355:
10346:
10339:
10330:
10323:
10318:
10311:
10298:
10291:
10282:
10275:
10270:
10265:Western Ukraine
10263:
10256:
10249:
10242:
10235:
10228:
10221:
10214:
10209:Northeast China
10207:
10200:
10193:
10186:
10179:
10172:
10163:
10156:
10149:
10142:
10135:
10128:
10121:
10114:
10107:
10100:
10093:
10086:
10079:
10072:
10065:
10058:
10051:
10044:
10037:
10024:
10017:
10010:
10003:
9996:
9989:
9982:
9975:
9968:
9961:
9954:
9947:
9934:
9927:
9920:
9915:Slovak Republic
9913:
9905:
9898:
9891:
9886:Empire of Japan
9884:
9875:
9867:
9860:
9853:
9846:
9839:
9832:
9824:
9817:
9810:
9802:
9795:
9782:
9775:
9766:
9759:
9750:
9743:
9736:
9729:
9722:
9715:
9708:
9696:
9689:
9682:
9675:
9668:
9661:
9654:
9647:
9640:
9628:
9621:
9614:
9607:
9600:
9588:
9580:
9573:
9566:
9559:
9552:
9545:
9538:
9526:
9519:
9512:
9505:
9498:
9472:
9463:
9456:
9449:
9442:
9431:
9416:
9409:
9402:
9398:Sexual violence
9397:
9390:
9381:
9374:
9367:
9358:
9351:
9344:
9337:
9330:
9321:
9312:
9305:
9298:
9291:
9284:
9277:
9268:
9261:
9254:
9247:
9234:
9227:
9220:
9213:
9204:
9197:
9190:
9183:
9176:
9167:
9158:
9151:
9144:
9137:
9128:
9121:
9116:Greek Civil War
9114:
9107:
9100:
9093:
9086:
9079:
9072:
9059:
9052:
9043:
9036:
9029:
9020:
9013:
9006:
8999:
8990:
8983:
8976:
8967:
8960:
8953:
8946:
8941:South-East Asia
8939:
8932:
8925:
8912:
8905:
8898:
8891:
8884:
8877:
8870:
8863:
8854:
8847:
8840:
8833:
8826:
8819:
8812:
8805:
8800:Military awards
8798:
8789:
8782:
8775:
8766:
8759:
8752:
8745:
8738:
8731:
8724:
8717:
8710:
8703:
8694:
8687:
8667:
8660:
8653:
8644:
8637:
8630:
8625:
8616:
8609:
8602:
8594:
8589:
8559:
8554:
8540:
8505:
8496:
8480:Western Ukraine
8386:
8381:
8351:
8342:
8338:holiday resorts
8318:
8266:
8231:
8195:
8142:
8126:
8040:
7877:
7849:
7771:
7755:
7730:
7663:
7648:
7618:
7580:
7547:
7509:
7434:
7386:
7343:
7317:
7198:Halle-Merseburg
7183:Electoral Hesse
7173:Eastern Hanover
7110:
7108:
7101:
7094:
7038:
7033:
7025:Main articles:
7023:
7021:Further reading
7013:
6994:
6973:
6945:
6922:Wayback Machine
6909:
6886:
6859:
6835:
6814:
6787:
6764:
6741:
6720:
6699:
6674:
6653:
6632:
6611:
6592:
6573:
6549:
6525:
6504:
6482:
6457:
6438:
6417:
6396:
6375:
6352:
6331:
6309:
6288:
6267:
6246:
6224:
6210:(29 May 2013).
6191:
6180:
6161:
6142:
6123:
6104:
6083:
6062:
6041:
6025:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6009:
5995:Gilbert, Martin
5992:
5988:
5981:
5973:. Basic Books.
5967:
5963:
5956:
5942:
5938:
5919:
5915:
5901:
5894:
5886:
5882:
5874:
5870:
5863:
5855:. p. 116.
5840:
5836:
5828:
5824:
5813:
5789:
5785:
5778:
5759:
5755:
5748:
5724:
5720:
5709:
5686:(2 March 2001).
5660:Wayback Machine
5646:
5644:
5640:
5632:
5628:
5618:
5616:
5607:
5606:
5602:
5597:
5593:
5582:Przegląd polski
5574:
5570:
5563:
5542:
5538:
5531:
5523:. p. 284.
5510:
5506:
5496:
5494:
5493:on 19 July 2006
5477:
5470:
5466:
5459:
5442:
5438:
5428:
5426:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5396:
5394:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5367:
5356:I Chose Justice
5351:
5347:
5339:
5335:
5327:
5323:
5312:
5308:
5301:
5276:
5272:
5262:
5260:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5236:
5234:
5233:on 6 April 2009
5215:
5211:
5203:
5196:
5188:
5181:
5174:
5156:
5152:
5145:
5137:. p. 476.
5120:
5116:
5111:
5107:
5100:Wayback Machine
5089:
5085:
5075:
5073:
5064:Ośrodek Karta.
5062:
5058:
5053:
5049:
5041:
5037:
5029:
5025:
5017:
5013:
5005:
5001:
4982:
4980:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4954:
4950:
4939:
4932:
4922:
4920:
4903:
4899:
4889:
4887:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4861:
4859:
4858:on 7 March 2007
4855:
4848:
4841:
4837:
4822:
4820:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4796:
4794:
4793:on 6 March 2008
4779:
4778:
4774:
4764:
4762:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4742:Yale Law School
4734:Wayback Machine
4723:Wayback Machine
4712:Wayback Machine
4698:
4694:
4686:
4682:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4644:
4637:
4631:Piotrowski 1998
4629:
4625:
4611:
4610:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4580:Łuczak, Czesław
4577:
4573:
4563:
4561:
4548:
4541:
4531:
4529:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4510:Pogonowski 1998
4508:
4504:
4496:
4492:
4484:
4480:
4472:
4465:
4459:Piotrowski 1998
4457:
4453:
4446:
4430:
4426:
4409:
4405:
4395:
4393:
4380:"Armia Krajowa"
4378:
4377:
4373:
4363:
4361:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4331:
4329:
4318:
4314:
4306:
4302:
4262:
4255:
4247:
4231:
4227:
4217:
4215:
4204:
4195:
4188:
4174:
4170:
4162:
4155:
4145:
4143:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4115:
4111:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4081:
4077:
4067:
4065:
4053:
4049:
4035:
4033:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4006:
4004:
3994:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3976:
3972:
3959:
3957:
3942:
3938:
3930:
3926:
3918:
3914:
3909:on 27 May 2012.
3901:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3882:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3841:
3840:
3833:
3823:
3821:
3811:
3800:
3793:
3778:
3769:
3765:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3699:
3695:
3680:
3676:
3668:
3661:
3653:
3644:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3569:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3538:
3530:
3526:
3518:
3512:
3505:
3497:Joseph Goebbels
3488:
3486:
3475:
3471:
3458:
3454:
3437:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3384:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3357:
3348:
3342:Piotrowski 1998
3340:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3301:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3281:, pp. 357.
3277:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3232:
3224:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3184:
3177:
3159:
3155:
3144:
3140:
3113:
3109:
3102:Gazeta Wyborcza
3094:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3067:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2983:
2982:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2882:
2876:Poprzeczny 2004
2874:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2801:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2675:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2606:on 28 June 2006
2588:
2581:
2574:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2535:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2500:, pp. 4–5.
2496:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2453:
2445:
2436:
2431:Wayback Machine
2415:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2245:
2239:Piotrowski 1998
2237:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2154:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2088:
1999:
1993:
1984:
1932:
1920:Teodor Parnicki
1843:
1828:Communist Party
1817:Polish currency
1784:Lwow University
1745:Western Ukraine
1737:Supreme Soviets
1724:
1673:Battle of Szack
1648:Western Ukraine
1606:Soviet republic
1598:was transferred
1584:
1578:
1556:
1466:
1457:Warsaw Uprising
1417:Warsaw Uprising
1382:social services
1354:
1336:
1302:
1241:
1227:
1215:Main articles:
1213:
1181:Juliusz Bursche
1146:The Nazis also
1088:mass executions
1032:
1020:
1012:Main articles:
1010:
976:. Three secret
970:Jewish Question
950:
932:
854:
832:
817:
814:
805:
802:
793:
790:
739:
733:
681:Roman Catholics
677:Polish language
669:
646:
623:
586:(Oświęcim) and
509:Generalplan Ost
488:Generalplan Ost
429:
415:
407:Generalplan Ost
403:
378:was transferred
362:rigged election
275:
269:
159:
132:
97:
75:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12596:
12586:
12585:
12580:
12575:
12570:
12553:
12552:
12550:
12549:
12544:
12539:
12534:
12529:
12524:
12519:
12514:
12508:
12506:
12500:
12499:
12497:
12496:
12491:
12486:
12485:
12484:
12479:
12474:
12469:
12467:British Empire
12462:United Kingdom
12459:
12454:
12449:
12448:
12447:
12442:
12437:
12435:Basque Country
12427:
12426:
12425:
12420:
12415:
12405:
12400:
12395:
12390:
12385:
12380:
12375:
12370:
12365:
12360:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12325:
12320:
12315:
12314:
12313:
12311:Basque Country
12308:
12298:
12293:
12288:
12283:
12281:Czechoslovakia
12278:
12273:
12268:
12263:
12257:
12255:
12251:
12250:
12248:
12247:
12242:
12237:
12232:
12227:
12222:
12217:
12212:
12207:
12202:
12197:
12192:
12187:
12182:
12181:
12180:
12170:
12165:
12160:
12159:
12158:
12153:
12143:
12142:
12141:
12131:
12126:
12120:
12118:
12114:
12113:
12111:
12110:
12105:
12100:
12095:
12090:
12085:
12080:
12074:
12072:
12068:
12067:
12065:
12064:
12063:
12062:
12057:
12052:
12047:
12042:
12037:
12027:
12022:
12017:
12012:
12007:
12002:
11996:
11994:
11990:
11989:
11987:
11986:
11981:
11976:
11971:
11966:
11965:
11964:
11959:
11949:
11944:
11939:
11934:
11929:
11924:
11919:
11914:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11893:
11891:
11887:
11886:
11879:
11878:
11871:
11864:
11856:
11847:
11846:
11844:
11843:
11836:
11829:
11812:
11809:
11808:
11805:
11804:
11802:
11801:
11800:
11799:
11792:
11785:
11771:
11770:
11769:
11755:
11752:South Sakhalin
11748:
11747:
11746:
11732:
11725:
11718:
11711:
11704:
11703:
11702:
11688:
11681:
11674:
11667:
11660:
11653:
11646:
11639:
11632:
11625:
11618:
11611:
11604:
11597:
11589:
11587:
11581:
11580:
11578:
11577:
11570:
11569:
11568:
11552:
11545:
11544:
11543:
11529:
11522:
11515:
11508:
11501:
11492:
11483:
11476:
11467:
11460:
11453:
11446:
11437:
11430:
11423:
11416:
11409:
11402:
11395:
11386:
11379:
11370:
11361:
11352:
11345:
11338:
11327:
11317:
11315:
11309:
11308:
11306:
11305:
11298:
11297:
11296:
11289:
11275:
11268:
11261:
11254:
11247:
11246:
11245:
11231:
11224:
11215:
11208:
11201:
11194:
11187:
11180:
11177:Battle of Attu
11173:
11166:
11158:
11156:
11150:
11149:
11147:
11146:
11139:
11130:
11123:
11116:
11107:
11100:
11093:
11086:
11077:
11076:
11075:
11068:
11054:
11047:
11040:
11033:
11026:
11019:
11012:
11005:
10998:
10991:
10983:
10981:
10975:
10974:
10972:
10971:
10964:
10957:
10950:
10943:
10936:
10929:
10926:Battle of Guam
10922:
10915:
10908:
10901:
10894:
10887:
10880:
10873:
10866:
10859:
10852:
10849:Battle of Kiev
10845:
10838:
10824:
10823:
10822:
10808:
10801:
10794:
10787:
10780:
10779:
10778:
10764:
10757:
10750:
10742:
10740:
10734:
10733:
10731:
10730:
10721:
10714:
10707:
10700:
10693:
10686:
10679:
10672:
10665:
10658:
10651:
10644:
10637:
10630:
10623:
10616:
10609:
10602:
10594:
10592:
10586:
10585:
10583:
10582:
10575:
10568:
10561:
10554:
10547:
10540:
10532:
10530:
10524:
10523:
10521:
10520:
10519:
10518:
10511:
10504:
10497:
10490:
10476:
10475:
10474:
10467:
10453:
10452:
10451:
10436:
10434:
10425:
10419:
10418:
10415:
10414:
10412:
10411:
10404:
10397:
10396:
10395:
10388:
10376:
10375:
10374:
10360:
10353:
10352:
10351:
10348:United Kingdom
10344:
10337:
10336:
10335:
10316:
10308:
10306:
10300:
10299:
10297:
10296:
10289:
10288:
10287:
10280:
10268:
10261:
10254:
10247:
10240:
10233:
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10219:
10212:
10205:
10198:
10191:
10184:
10177:
10170:
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10105:
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9918:
9911:
9903:
9896:
9889:
9882:
9881:
9880:
9865:
9858:
9851:
9844:
9837:
9830:
9822:
9815:
9808:
9800:
9792:
9790:
9784:
9783:
9781:
9780:
9773:
9772:
9771:
9757:
9756:
9755:
9752:British Empire
9745:United Kingdom
9741:
9734:
9727:
9720:
9713:
9706:
9694:
9687:
9680:
9673:
9666:
9659:
9652:
9645:
9638:
9626:
9619:
9612:
9605:
9598:
9586:
9578:
9571:
9564:
9561:Czechoslovakia
9557:
9550:
9543:
9536:
9524:
9517:
9510:
9503:
9495:
9493:
9484:
9478:
9477:
9474:
9473:
9471:
9470:
9469:
9468:
9461:
9458:Rape of Manila
9454:
9447:
9440:
9429:
9414:
9407:
9395:
9388:
9387:
9386:
9379:
9365:
9364:
9363:
9356:
9349:
9335:
9328:
9327:
9326:
9319:
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9317:
9310:
9296:
9289:
9275:
9274:
9273:
9266:
9259:
9244:
9242:
9236:
9235:
9233:
9232:
9229:United Nations
9225:
9218:
9211:
9210:
9209:
9202:
9195:
9188:
9174:
9165:
9156:
9149:
9142:
9135:
9126:
9119:
9112:
9105:
9098:
9091:
9088:Decolonization
9084:
9077:
9069:
9067:
9061:
9060:
9058:
9057:
9050:
9049:
9048:
9034:
9027:
9026:
9025:
9018:
9011:
8997:
8996:
8995:
8988:
8974:
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8958:
8951:
8944:
8937:
8922:
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8903:
8896:
8889:
8882:
8875:
8868:
8861:
8860:
8859:
8852:
8838:
8831:
8824:
8817:
8810:
8803:
8796:
8795:
8794:
8780:
8773:
8772:
8771:
8764:
8761:United Kingdom
8757:
8743:
8736:
8729:
8722:
8715:
8708:
8701:
8700:
8699:
8684:
8682:
8673:
8669:
8668:
8666:
8665:
8658:
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8650:
8649:
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8635:
8623:
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8607:
8599:
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8587:
8580:
8573:
8565:
8556:
8555:
8545:
8542:
8541:
8539:
8538:
8533:
8526:
8519:
8513:
8511:
8507:
8506:
8499:
8497:
8495:
8494:
8489:
8488:
8487:
8482:
8472:
8467:
8466:
8465:
8453:
8448:
8447:
8446:
8444:Transcarpathia
8439:Czechoslovakia
8436:
8429:
8424:
8423:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8402:
8394:
8392:
8388:
8387:
8380:
8379:
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8365:
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8348:
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8232:
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8229:
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8214:
8209:
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8197:
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8188:
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8167:
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8141:
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8128:
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8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
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8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8048:
8046:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8038:
8036:Zuyev Republic
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7926:Czechoslovakia
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7892:
7890:
7883:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7875:
7870:
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7857:
7855:
7851:
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7846:
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7835:
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7801:
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7763:
7761:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7753:
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7745:
7738:
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7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7677:
7675:
7666:
7658:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7646:
7641:
7636:
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7606:
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7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
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7446:
7444:
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7427:
7422:
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7412:
7407:
7402:
7396:
7394:
7385:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7368:
7366:
7359:
7349:
7348:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7341:
7336:
7325:
7323:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7223:Main Franconia
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7163:Cologne–Aachen
7160:
7155:
7150:
7144:
7142:
7135:
7113:
7107:Administrative
7103:
7102:
7093:
7092:
7085:
7078:
7070:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7047:
7037:
7036:External links
7034:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7017:
7011:
7003:The Polish Way
6998:
6992:
6977:
6971:
6949:
6943:
6929:Teich, Mikuláš
6925:
6907:
6890:
6884:
6863:
6857:
6839:
6833:
6818:
6812:
6799:
6785:
6768:
6762:
6745:
6739:
6724:
6718:
6703:
6697:
6678:
6672:
6657:
6651:
6636:
6630:
6615:
6609:
6596:
6590:
6584:. Hippocrene.
6582:Jews in Poland
6577:
6571:
6553:
6547:
6529:
6523:
6508:
6502:
6492:(9 May 2006).
6486:
6480:
6461:
6455:
6442:
6436:
6421:
6415:
6400:
6394:
6379:
6373:
6360:
6350:
6335:
6329:
6313:
6307:
6292:
6286:
6271:
6265:
6250:
6244:
6228:
6222:
6204:
6184:
6178:
6165:
6159:
6146:
6140:
6127:
6121:
6108:
6102:
6087:
6081:
6066:
6060:
6045:
6039:
6024:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6007:
5986:
5979:
5961:
5954:
5936:
5928:Czesław Łuczak
5913:
5904:Jager, Jessica
5892:
5880:
5868:
5861:
5834:
5832:, p. 188.
5822:
5811:
5783:
5776:
5770:. p. 78.
5753:
5746:
5727:Davies, Norman
5718:
5707:
5638:
5626:
5600:
5591:
5568:
5561:
5536:
5529:
5504:
5464:
5457:
5436:
5404:
5372:
5365:
5345:
5333:
5321:
5306:
5299:
5270:
5244:
5209:
5207:, p. 396.
5194:
5179:
5172:
5150:
5143:
5114:
5105:
5090:AFP/Expatica,
5083:
5056:
5047:
5035:
5023:
5011:
4999:
4964:
4948:
4930:
4897:
4869:
4835:
4804:
4772:
4746:
4738:Avalon Project
4692:
4690:, p. 312.
4680:
4678:, p. 313.
4668:
4661:
4635:
4623:
4589:
4571:
4539:
4514:
4502:
4500:, p. 114.
4490:
4488:, p. 594.
4478:
4476:, p. 200.
4463:
4461:, p. 305.
4451:
4444:
4424:
4403:
4371:
4360:on 12 May 2014
4348:"Armia Ludowa"
4339:
4312:
4300:
4253:
4245:
4225:
4193:
4186:
4168:
4166:, p. 945.
4153:
4127:
4109:
4095:
4075:
4047:
4017:
3982:
3970:
3936:
3934:, p. 249.
3924:
3922:, p. 250.
3912:
3891:
3880:
3864:
3848:
3831:
3798:
3791:
3763:
3751:
3744:
3722:
3715:
3693:
3674:
3672:, p. 101.
3659:
3642:
3640:, p. 104.
3630:
3624:978-1442231412
3623:
3605:Böhler, Jochen
3592:
3586:978-3863311384
3585:
3563:
3559:Eberhardt 2011
3551:
3549:, p. 331.
3547:Chapoutot 2018
3536:
3534:, p. 333.
3532:Chapoutot 2018
3524:
3503:
3469:
3452:
3431:
3405:
3398:
3375:
3373:, p. 880.
3363:
3346:
3334:
3332:, p. 127.
3330:Gellately 2002
3322:
3315:
3295:
3283:
3279:Chapoutot 2018
3271:
3267:Chapoutot 2018
3259:
3255:Chapoutot 2018
3247:
3230:
3215:
3198:"Forced Labor"
3182:
3175:
3153:
3138:
3107:
3088:
3086:, p. 240.
3076:
3065:
3043:
3022:
3010:
3008:, p. 794.
2998:
2963:
2961:, p. 228.
2959:Ayçoberry 2000
2951:
2949:, p. 204.
2939:
2919:
2915:Chapoutot 2018
2907:
2905:, p. 189.
2895:
2880:
2868:
2866:, p. 158.
2856:
2837:
2825:
2815:
2792:
2788:Chapoutot 2018
2780:
2761:
2757:Chapoutot 2018
2749:
2747:, p. 276.
2737:
2725:
2721:Chapoutot 2018
2713:
2699:Avalon Project
2685:
2674:on 2 July 2017
2653:
2649:Eberhardt 2011
2641:
2637:Eberhardt 2011
2629:
2627:, p. 155.
2617:
2579:
2572:
2552:
2533:
2514:
2502:
2490:
2488:, p. 195.
2478:
2476:, p. 158.
2466:
2451:
2449:, p. 216.
2434:
2324:
2320:Eberhardt 2011
2312:
2308:Eberhardt 2011
2289:
2287:, p. 145.
2277:
2262:
2243:
2241:, p. 295.
2224:
2212:
2145:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2087:
2084:
2054:, prepared by
1995:Main article:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1931:
1928:
1908:Tadeusz Peiper
1904:Aleksander Wat
1879:Leon Kozłowski
1842:
1841:Rule of terror
1839:
1756:Eastern Poland
1723:
1720:
1677:Katyn massacre
1652:Soviet Ukraine
1574:Main article:
1555:
1552:
1465:
1462:
1421:Batalion Zośka
1396:, forming the
1390:minor sabotage
1350:Main article:
1335:
1332:
1304:Following the
1301:
1298:
1212:
1209:
1173:Edmund Bursche
1064:Einsatzgruppen
1059:intelligentsia
1031:
1028:
1009:
1006:
931:
928:
831:
828:
819:
818:
815:
808:
806:
803:
796:
794:
791:
784:
763:Polish decrees
732:
729:
723:, head of the
697:Volyn massacre
668:
665:
642:Main article:
622:
619:
517:Grosse Planung
513:Kleine Planung
501:Ural Mountains
441:ethnic Germans
414:
404:
402:
399:
386:Lithuanian SSR
366:Belarusian SSR
326:Czechoslovakia
271:Main article:
268:
267:Administration
265:
165:
164:
161:
160:
157:
149:
148:
142:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
118:
110:
109:
103:
102:
99:
98:
95:western Poland
85:
77:
76:
72:western Poland
59:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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12359:
12358:Liechtenstein
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12221:
12218:
12216:
12213:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12203:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12193:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12179:
12176:
12175:
12174:
12171:
12169:
12166:
12164:
12161:
12157:
12154:
12152:
12149:
12148:
12147:
12144:
12140:
12137:
12136:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12121:
12119:
12115:
12109:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12099:
12096:
12094:
12093:Latin America
12091:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12081:
12079:
12076:
12075:
12073:
12071:South America
12069:
12061:
12058:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12032:
12031:
12030:United States
12028:
12026:
12023:
12021:
12018:
12016:
12013:
12011:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12001:
11998:
11997:
11995:
11993:North America
11991:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11963:
11960:
11958:
11955:
11954:
11953:
11950:
11948:
11945:
11943:
11940:
11938:
11935:
11933:
11930:
11928:
11925:
11923:
11920:
11918:
11915:
11913:
11910:
11908:
11905:
11903:
11900:
11898:
11897:Belgian Congo
11895:
11894:
11892:
11888:
11884:
11877:
11872:
11870:
11865:
11863:
11858:
11857:
11854:
11841:
11837:
11834:
11830:
11827:
11826:
11821:
11814:
11813:
11810:
11797:
11793:
11790:
11786:
11783:
11779:
11778:
11776:
11772:
11767:
11763:
11762:
11760:
11759:Kuril Islands
11756:
11753:
11749:
11744:
11740:
11739:
11737:
11733:
11730:
11726:
11723:
11719:
11716:
11712:
11709:
11705:
11700:
11696:
11695:
11693:
11689:
11686:
11682:
11679:
11675:
11672:
11668:
11665:
11661:
11658:
11654:
11651:
11647:
11644:
11640:
11637:
11633:
11630:
11626:
11623:
11619:
11616:
11612:
11609:
11605:
11602:
11598:
11595:
11591:
11590:
11588:
11586:
11582:
11575:
11571:
11566:
11565:
11560:
11559:
11557:
11553:
11550:
11546:
11541:
11537:
11536:
11534:
11530:
11527:
11526:Syrmian Front
11523:
11520:
11516:
11513:
11509:
11506:
11502:
11499:
11498:
11493:
11490:
11489:
11484:
11481:
11477:
11474:
11473:
11472:Market Garden
11468:
11465:
11461:
11458:
11454:
11451:
11447:
11444:
11443:
11438:
11435:
11431:
11428:
11424:
11421:
11417:
11414:
11410:
11407:
11403:
11400:
11396:
11393:
11392:
11387:
11384:
11380:
11377:
11376:
11371:
11368:
11367:
11362:
11359:
11358:
11353:
11350:
11346:
11343:
11339:
11336:
11332:
11331:Monte Cassino
11328:
11325:
11324:
11319:
11318:
11316:
11314:
11310:
11303:
11299:
11294:
11290:
11287:
11283:
11282:
11280:
11276:
11273:
11269:
11266:
11262:
11259:
11255:
11252:
11248:
11243:
11239:
11238:
11236:
11232:
11229:
11225:
11222:
11221:
11216:
11213:
11209:
11206:
11202:
11199:
11195:
11192:
11188:
11185:
11181:
11178:
11174:
11171:
11167:
11164:
11160:
11159:
11157:
11155:
11151:
11144:
11140:
11137:
11136:
11131:
11128:
11124:
11121:
11117:
11114:
11113:
11108:
11105:
11101:
11098:
11094:
11091:
11087:
11084:
11083:
11078:
11073:
11069:
11066:
11062:
11061:
11059:
11055:
11052:
11048:
11045:
11041:
11038:
11034:
11031:
11027:
11024:
11020:
11017:
11013:
11010:
11006:
11003:
10999:
10996:
10992:
10989:
10985:
10984:
10982:
10980:
10976:
10969:
10965:
10962:
10958:
10955:
10951:
10948:
10944:
10941:
10937:
10934:
10930:
10927:
10923:
10920:
10916:
10913:
10909:
10906:
10902:
10899:
10895:
10892:
10888:
10885:
10881:
10878:
10874:
10871:
10867:
10864:
10860:
10857:
10853:
10850:
10846:
10843:
10839:
10835:
10834:
10829:
10825:
10820:
10816:
10815:
10813:
10809:
10806:
10802:
10799:
10795:
10792:
10788:
10785:
10781:
10776:
10772:
10771:
10769:
10765:
10762:
10758:
10755:
10751:
10748:
10744:
10743:
10741:
10739:
10735:
10728:
10727:
10722:
10719:
10715:
10712:
10708:
10705:
10701:
10698:
10697:Baltic states
10694:
10691:
10687:
10684:
10680:
10677:
10673:
10670:
10666:
10663:
10659:
10656:
10652:
10649:
10645:
10642:
10638:
10635:
10631:
10628:
10624:
10621:
10617:
10614:
10610:
10607:
10603:
10600:
10596:
10595:
10593:
10591:
10587:
10580:
10576:
10573:
10569:
10566:
10562:
10559:
10555:
10552:
10548:
10545:
10541:
10538:
10534:
10533:
10531:
10529:
10525:
10516:
10512:
10509:
10505:
10502:
10498:
10495:
10491:
10488:
10484:
10483:
10481:
10477:
10472:
10468:
10465:
10461:
10460:
10458:
10454:
10449:
10445:
10444:
10442:
10438:
10437:
10435:
10433:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10420:
10409:
10405:
10402:
10398:
10393:
10389:
10386:
10382:
10381:
10377:
10372:
10368:
10367:
10365:
10361:
10358:
10354:
10349:
10345:
10342:
10341:United States
10338:
10333:
10329:
10328:
10326:
10322:
10321:
10317:
10314:
10310:
10309:
10307:
10305:
10301:
10294:
10290:
10285:
10281:
10278:
10277:Quốc dân Đảng
10274:
10273:
10269:
10266:
10262:
10259:
10255:
10252:
10248:
10245:
10241:
10238:
10234:
10231:
10227:
10224:
10220:
10217:
10213:
10210:
10206:
10203:
10199:
10196:
10192:
10189:
10185:
10182:
10178:
10175:
10171:
10166:
10162:
10159:
10155:
10154:
10152:
10148:
10145:
10141:
10138:
10134:
10131:
10127:
10124:
10120:
10117:
10113:
10110:
10106:
10103:
10099:
10096:
10092:
10089:
10085:
10082:
10078:
10075:
10071:
10068:
10064:
10061:
10057:
10054:
10050:
10047:
10043:
10040:
10036:
10035:
10033:
10031:
10027:
10020:
10016:
10013:
10009:
10006:
10002:
9999:
9995:
9992:
9988:
9985:
9981:
9978:
9977:Liechtenstein
9974:
9971:
9967:
9964:
9960:
9957:
9953:
9950:
9946:
9945:
9943:
9941:
9937:
9930:
9926:
9923:
9919:
9916:
9912:
9908:
9904:
9901:
9897:
9894:
9890:
9887:
9883:
9878:
9874:
9873:
9870:
9866:
9863:
9859:
9856:
9852:
9849:
9845:
9842:
9838:
9835:
9831:
9827:
9823:
9820:
9816:
9813:
9809:
9805:
9801:
9798:
9794:
9793:
9791:
9789:
9785:
9778:
9774:
9769:
9765:
9764:
9762:
9761:United States
9758:
9753:
9749:
9748:
9746:
9742:
9739:
9735:
9732:
9728:
9725:
9721:
9718:
9714:
9711:
9707:
9703:
9699:
9695:
9692:
9688:
9685:
9681:
9678:
9674:
9671:
9667:
9664:
9660:
9657:
9653:
9650:
9646:
9643:
9639:
9635:
9631:
9627:
9624:
9620:
9617:
9613:
9610:
9606:
9603:
9599:
9595:
9591:
9587:
9583:
9579:
9576:
9572:
9569:
9565:
9562:
9558:
9555:
9551:
9548:
9544:
9541:
9537:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9522:
9518:
9515:
9511:
9508:
9504:
9501:
9497:
9496:
9494:
9492:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9479:
9466:
9462:
9459:
9455:
9452:
9451:Comfort women
9448:
9445:
9441:
9438:
9435: /
9434:
9430:
9427:
9424: /
9423:
9420: /
9419:
9415:
9412:
9411:Camp brothels
9408:
9405:
9401:
9400:
9396:
9393:
9389:
9384:
9380:
9377:
9373:
9372:
9370:
9366:
9361:
9357:
9354:
9350:
9347:
9343:
9342:
9340:
9336:
9333:
9329:
9324:
9320:
9315:
9311:
9308:
9304:
9303:
9301:
9300:The Holocaust
9297:
9294:
9290:
9287:
9286:forced labour
9283:
9282:
9280:
9276:
9271:
9267:
9264:
9260:
9257:
9253:
9252:
9250:
9246:
9245:
9243:
9241:
9237:
9230:
9226:
9223:
9219:
9216:
9212:
9207:
9203:
9200:
9196:
9193:
9189:
9186:
9182:
9181:
9179:
9175:
9172:
9171:
9166:
9163:
9162:
9157:
9154:
9150:
9147:
9143:
9140:
9139:Marshall Plan
9136:
9133:
9132:
9127:
9124:
9120:
9117:
9113:
9110:
9106:
9103:
9099:
9096:
9092:
9089:
9085:
9082:
9078:
9075:
9071:
9070:
9068:
9066:
9062:
9055:
9051:
9046:
9042:
9041:
9039:
9035:
9032:
9028:
9023:
9019:
9016:
9012:
9009:
9005:
9004:
9002:
8998:
8993:
8992:Eastern Front
8989:
8986:
8985:Western Front
8982:
8981:
8979:
8975:
8970:
8966:
8963:
8959:
8956:
8952:
8949:
8945:
8942:
8938:
8935:
8931:
8930:
8928:
8924:
8923:
8921:
8919:
8915:
8908:
8904:
8901:
8897:
8894:
8890:
8887:
8883:
8880:
8879:Puppet states
8876:
8873:
8869:
8866:
8862:
8857:
8853:
8850:
8846:
8845:
8843:
8839:
8836:
8832:
8829:
8825:
8822:
8821:Naval history
8818:
8815:
8811:
8808:
8804:
8801:
8797:
8792:
8788:
8787:
8785:
8781:
8778:
8774:
8769:
8768:United States
8765:
8762:
8758:
8755:
8751:
8750:
8748:
8744:
8741:
8737:
8734:
8730:
8727:
8723:
8720:
8716:
8713:
8709:
8706:
8702:
8697:
8693:
8692:
8690:
8686:
8685:
8683:
8681:
8677:
8674:
8670:
8663:
8659:
8656:
8652:
8647:
8643:
8640:
8636:
8633:
8629:
8628:
8624:
8619:
8615:
8614:
8612:
8608:
8605:
8601:
8600:
8597:
8593:
8586:
8581:
8579:
8574:
8572:
8567:
8566:
8563:
8552:
8548:
8543:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8531:
8527:
8525:
8524:
8523:Northern Iran
8520:
8518:
8515:
8514:
8512:
8508:
8503:
8493:
8490:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8477:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8464:
8461:
8460:
8459:
8458:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8445:
8442:
8441:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8434:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8407:
8406:
8405:Baltic states
8403:
8401:
8400:
8396:
8395:
8393:
8389:
8385:
8378:
8373:
8371:
8366:
8364:
8359:
8358:
8355:
8339:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8327:
8325:
8321:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8286:
8284:
8280:
8277:
8273:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8244:
8242:
8238:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8204:
8202:
8198:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8162:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8149:
8139:
8136:
8135:
8133:
8129:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8097:Russia (KONR)
8095:
8093:
8092:Russia (ODNR)
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8047:
8043:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7893:
7891:
7887:
7884:
7880:
7874:
7871:
7867:
7864:
7863:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7856:
7852:
7844:
7841:
7840:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7813:
7812:zone réservée
7809:
7808:Atlantic Wall
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7782:
7778:
7768:
7765:
7764:
7762:
7758:
7752:
7749:
7748:
7746:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7733:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7674:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7659:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7634:Burgundy (SS)
7632:
7631:
7629:
7625:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7591:
7589:
7587:
7583:
7577:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7558:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7516:
7512:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7441:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7393:
7389:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7363:
7360:
7357:
7356:
7350:
7340:
7337:
7334:
7330:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7320:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7288:Upper Silesia
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7213:Lower Silesia
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7139:
7136:
7132:
7131:
7124:
7123:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7104:
7099:
7091:
7086:
7084:
7079:
7077:
7072:
7071:
7068:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7048:
7046:
7045:
7040:
7039:
7032:
7028:
7014:
7008:
7004:
6999:
6995:
6989:
6985:
6984:
6978:
6974:
6972:83-7133-100-2
6968:
6964:
6960:
6959:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6940:
6936:
6935:
6930:
6926:
6923:
6919:
6916:
6910:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6891:
6887:
6885:1-57181-339-X
6881:
6877:
6873:
6872:Weiner, Myron
6869:
6864:
6860:
6854:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6830:
6826:
6825:
6819:
6815:
6813:1-4000-7678-1
6809:
6805:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6769:
6765:
6763:0-521-39241-1
6759:
6755:
6752:. Cambridge:
6751:
6746:
6742:
6736:
6732:
6731:
6725:
6721:
6715:
6712:. Routledge.
6711:
6710:
6704:
6700:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6685:
6679:
6675:
6669:
6665:
6664:
6658:
6654:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6637:
6633:
6627:
6624:. McFarland.
6623:
6622:
6616:
6612:
6610:9781941656105
6606:
6602:
6597:
6593:
6591:0-7818-0604-6
6587:
6583:
6578:
6574:
6568:
6565:. McFarland.
6564:
6563:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6548:0-275-95113-8
6544:
6540:
6539:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6520:
6516:
6515:
6509:
6505:
6503:0-679-77663-X
6499:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6477:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6458:
6456:0-8018-6493-3
6452:
6449:. JHU Press.
6448:
6443:
6439:
6437:9780781802420
6433:
6429:
6428:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6408:
6407:
6401:
6397:
6391:
6387:
6386:
6380:
6376:
6374:1-57181-775-1
6370:
6366:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6351:0-521-47000-5
6347:
6343:
6342:
6336:
6332:
6330:0-691-09603-1
6326:
6323:. Princeton.
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6304:
6300:
6299:
6293:
6289:
6283:
6279:
6278:
6272:
6268:
6266:0-253-21530-7
6262:
6258:
6257:
6251:
6247:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6219:
6216:. Routledge.
6215:
6214:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6190:
6185:
6181:
6179:9780314041845
6175:
6171:
6170:World History
6166:
6162:
6160:9780143035404
6156:
6152:
6147:
6143:
6141:0-19-820171-0
6137:
6133:
6128:
6124:
6122:0-670-84089-0
6118:
6114:
6109:
6105:
6103:9780674660434
6099:
6095:
6094:
6088:
6084:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6067:
6063:
6057:
6053:
6052:
6046:
6042:
6036:
6032:
6027:
6026:
6020:
6010:
6008:0-688-12364-3
6004:
6000:
5996:
5990:
5982:
5980:0-465-01611-1
5976:
5972:
5965:
5957:
5955:5-93165-107-1
5951:
5947:
5940:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5924:
5917:
5909:
5905:
5899:
5897:
5890:, p. 36.
5889:
5884:
5878:, p. 35.
5877:
5872:
5864:
5862:0-253-21418-1
5858:
5854:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5843:Gitelman, Zvi
5838:
5831:
5826:
5818:
5814:
5812:83-88288-31-8
5808:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5794:
5787:
5779:
5777:1-57181-882-0
5773:
5769:
5768:
5763:
5762:Wegner, Bernd
5757:
5749:
5747:0-19-925340-4
5743:
5739:
5735:
5733:
5728:
5722:
5714:
5710:
5708:83-89078-78-3
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5685:
5684:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5654:
5651:
5642:
5635:
5630:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5595:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5572:
5564:
5562:83-7038-168-5
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5540:
5532:
5530:0-14-025184-7
5526:
5522:
5521:Penguin Books
5518:
5514:
5508:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5475:
5468:
5460:
5458:0-7391-0484-5
5454:
5450:
5446:
5440:
5425:on 9 May 2006
5424:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5408:
5392:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5376:
5368:
5366:0-88738-756-X
5362:
5358:
5357:
5349:
5342:
5337:
5330:
5325:
5317:
5310:
5302:
5300:83-240-0077-1
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5232:
5228:
5225:(in Polish).
5224:
5220:
5213:
5206:
5201:
5199:
5191:
5186:
5184:
5175:
5173:83-7096-281-5
5169:
5165:
5161:
5154:
5146:
5144:83-01-12693-0
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5109:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5087:
5071:
5067:
5060:
5051:
5045:
5039:
5032:
5027:
5020:
5015:
5009:, p. 17.
5008:
5003:
4996:
4992:
4979:on 9 May 2006
4978:
4974:
4968:
4961:
4959:
4952:
4946:
4942:
4937:
4935:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4901:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4854:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4689:
4684:
4677:
4672:
4664:
4662:1-57181-882-0
4658:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4642:
4640:
4632:
4627:
4618:
4614:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4512:, p. 99.
4511:
4506:
4499:
4494:
4487:
4482:
4475:
4470:
4468:
4460:
4455:
4447:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4428:
4421:
4420:0-275-97005-1
4417:
4413:
4407:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4343:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4308:Zamoyski 1987
4304:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4260:
4258:
4248:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4229:
4213:
4209:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4189:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4160:
4158:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4098:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4079:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4014:
4002:
4001:
3992:
3986:
3979:
3978:Nicholas 2006
3974:
3967:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3932:Nicholas 2006
3928:
3921:
3920:Nicholas 2006
3916:
3908:
3904:
3898:
3896:
3889:
3884:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3860:
3859:
3852:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3794:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3760:
3755:
3747:
3745:83-229-0351-0
3741:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3718:
3716:9788323346326
3712:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3666:
3664:
3656:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3639:
3634:
3626:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3588:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3561:, p. 46.
3560:
3555:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3533:
3528:
3517:
3510:
3508:
3500:
3498:
3484:
3480:
3477:CFCA (2013).
3473:
3465:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3435:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3401:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3382:
3380:
3372:
3367:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3344:, p. 22.
3343:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3318:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3299:
3292:
3287:
3280:
3275:
3268:
3263:
3256:
3251:
3244:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3178:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3157:
3149:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3069:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3014:
3007:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2960:
2955:
2948:
2947:Nicholas 2006
2943:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2916:
2911:
2904:
2899:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2877:
2872:
2865:
2860:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2834:
2829:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2784:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2722:
2717:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2650:
2645:
2638:
2633:
2626:
2621:
2605:
2601:
2598:(in Polish).
2597:
2593:
2586:
2584:
2575:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2556:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2506:
2499:
2494:
2487:
2482:
2475:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2316:
2310:, p. 25.
2309:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2286:
2281:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2221:
2220:Conquest 1991
2216:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2194:death marches
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2150:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2070:Romani people
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:ethnic Polish
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2029:the Holocaust
2026:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1988:
1979:
1977:
1976:former Poland
1972:
1970:
1969:Norman Davies
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1912:Leopold Lewin
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1885:, as well as
1884:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1732:Sovietization
1729:
1719:
1716:
1715:nationalising
1712:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1644:Sovietization
1641:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1564:ethnic German
1560:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1534:) for Poles (
1533:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1487:
1486:Warsaw Ghetto
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1425:Wacław Micuta
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1402:Armia Krajowa
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1346:, winter 1939
1345:
1340:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:Germanization
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:Germanization
1205:
1204:
1203:KZ Dzierżązna
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:Pope Pius XII
1154:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:social status
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:Volksdeutsche
1068:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1027:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
949:
945:
936:
930:The Holocaust
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:Sachsenhausen
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:
859:
856:A network of
853:
845:
841:
836:
827:
824:
812:
807:
800:
795:
788:
783:
782:
781:
779:
775:
771:
770:
769:Rassenschande
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
744:Messerschmitt
738:
731:Forced labour
728:
726:
725:Schutzstaffel
722:
714:
713:
709:
708:ethnic German
704:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
664:
660:
657:
653:
652:
645:
637:
633:
632:
627:
618:
616:
613:and Poland's
612:
608:
603:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
552:
551:were expelled
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
499:, beyond the
498:
494:
490:
489:
484:
480:
479:
474:
473:
468:
460:
456:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
428:
424:
420:
412:
408:
398:
396:
391:
387:
383:
380:to sovereign
379:
375:
371:
370:Ukrainian SSR
367:
363:
359:
350:
346:
341:
337:
333:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
315:Germanization
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
274:
264:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
208:German forces
205:
201:
197:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
162:
155:
150:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
126:
122:
116:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
78:
73:
69:
65:
64:
60:Beginning of
57:
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
12489:Vatican City
12408:Soviet Union
12156:West Sumatra
12025:Newfoundland
11979:South Africa
11974:Sierra Leone
11952:North Africa
11833:Bibliography
11816:
11629:Project Hula
11594:Vistula–Oder
11563:
11496:
11487:
11471:
11441:
11390:
11374:
11365:
11356:
11322:
11219:
11134:
11110:
11080:
10831:
10724:
10669:North Africa
10371:Soviet Union
10325:Soviet Union
10251:Soviet Union
10019:Vatican City
9929:Vichy France
9834:German Reich
9731:Soviet Union
9717:South Africa
9710:Sierra Leone
9663:Newfoundland
9482:Participants
9465:Marocchinate
9169:
9160:
9130:
9008:North Africa
8969:Indian Ocean
8828:Nazi plunder
8719:Cryptography
8592:World War II
8546:
8528:
8521:
8463:East Prussia
8455:
8431:
8397:
8299:Schatzgräber
7721:West Prussia
7701:Lower Styria
7639:Holland (SS)
7410:Upper Danube
7405:Lower Danube
7208:Hesse-Nassau
7178:East Prussia
7148:Baden-Alsace
7111:Nazi Germany
7109:divisions of
7098:Nazi Germany
7043:
7002:
6982:
6962:
6957:
6933:
6898:
6894:
6875:
6847:
6823:
6803:
6776:
6772:
6749:
6729:
6708:
6688:
6683:
6662:
6641:
6620:
6600:
6581:
6561:
6537:
6513:
6493:
6470:
6446:
6426:
6405:
6384:
6364:
6356:the original
6340:
6320:
6297:
6276:
6255:
6235:
6212:
6199:
6195:
6169:
6150:
6131:
6112:
6092:
6071:
6050:
6030:
6023:Bibliography
6018:
5998:
5989:
5970:
5964:
5945:
5939:
5926:# 2-1994 by
5921:
5916:
5883:
5871:
5847:
5837:
5825:
5817:the original
5801:
5786:
5766:
5756:
5730:
5721:
5713:the original
5694:
5681:
5678:. See also:
5671:
5663:
5641:
5629:
5617:. Retrieved
5613:the original
5603:
5594:
5586:the original
5581:
5571:
5552:
5548:
5539:
5516:
5507:
5495:. Retrieved
5491:the original
5482:
5467:
5448:
5439:
5427:. Retrieved
5423:the original
5416:
5407:
5395:. Retrieved
5391:the original
5384:
5375:
5355:
5348:
5343:, p. 9.
5341:Rutland 1992
5336:
5329:Parrish 1996
5324:
5315:
5309:
5290:
5286:
5273:
5261:. Retrieved
5257:the original
5247:
5235:. Retrieved
5231:the original
5226:
5222:
5212:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5130:
5126:
5117:
5108:
5091:
5086:
5074:. Retrieved
5070:the original
5059:
5050:
5038:
5026:
5014:
5002:
4981:. Retrieved
4977:the original
4967:
4957:
4951:
4921:. Retrieved
4917:the original
4912:
4900:
4888:. Retrieved
4881:
4872:
4860:. Retrieved
4853:the original
4838:
4821:. Retrieved
4817:the original
4807:
4795:. Retrieved
4791:the original
4784:
4775:
4763:. Retrieved
4749:
4695:
4683:
4671:
4651:
4626:
4616:
4606:
4601:
4592:
4583:
4574:
4562:. Retrieved
4558:
4532:25 September
4530:. Retrieved
4526:
4523:"The Żegota"
4517:
4505:
4493:
4481:
4454:
4434:
4427:
4411:
4406:
4394:. Retrieved
4390:the original
4383:
4374:
4362:. Retrieved
4358:the original
4351:
4342:
4330:. Retrieved
4326:the original
4315:
4303:
4298:, p. 220-223
4269:
4265:
4235:
4228:
4216:. Retrieved
4212:the original
4177:
4171:
4144:. Retrieved
4140:the original
4130:
4121:
4112:
4100:. Retrieved
4085:
4078:
4066:. Retrieved
4060:
4050:
4041:
4034:. Retrieved
4030:wendland-net
4029:
4020:
4012:
4005:. Retrieved
3998:
3985:
3973:
3965:
3958:. Retrieved
3954:the original
3949:
3939:
3927:
3915:
3907:the original
3883:
3873:
3867:
3857:
3851:
3842:
3824:25 September
3822:. Retrieved
3818:
3782:
3766:
3754:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3655:Prybyla 2010
3633:
3613:
3595:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3554:
3527:
3494:
3487:. Retrieved
3483:the original
3472:
3462:
3455:
3447:the original
3441:
3434:
3424:25 September
3422:. Retrieved
3417:
3408:
3388:
3366:
3337:
3325:
3305:
3298:
3286:
3274:
3262:
3250:
3226:Ferencz 2002
3208:25 September
3206:. Retrieved
3201:
3164:
3156:
3147:
3141:
3119:(179): 223.
3116:
3110:
3101:
3091:
3079:
3072:
3068:
3059:
3055:
3046:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2993:the original
2988:
2954:
2942:
2932:the original
2922:
2910:
2898:
2871:
2859:
2828:
2820:
2805:
2783:
2774:the original
2764:
2752:
2740:
2728:
2716:
2706:25 September
2704:. Retrieved
2697:
2688:
2676:. Retrieved
2672:the original
2665:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2620:
2608:. Retrieved
2604:the original
2595:
2562:
2555:
2527:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2481:
2469:
2414:. Retrieved
2410:the original
2315:
2285:Sellars 2013
2280:
2271:
2265:
2215:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2136:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2018:
2015:
2011:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1961:labour camps
1949:
1945:
1916:Anatol Stern
1875:
1863:rules of war
1844:
1832:
1824:police state
1821:
1813:
1781:
1760:West Belarus
1744:
1740:
1725:
1707:
1696:
1681:
1657:
1630:
1626:
1610:
1596:area, which
1585:
1562:Identifying
1548:
1535:
1531:
1520:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1476:Walling-off
1467:
1454:
1444:
1437:Armia Ludowa
1429:
1413:Panther tank
1355:
1327:Führermuseum
1325:
1321:Nazi plunder
1319:
1314:
1303:
1291:
1272:
1264:
1257:
1248:
1242:
1201:
1195:
1169:Karol Kulisz
1153:August Hlond
1145:
1115:forest near
1108:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1069:
1062:
1052:
1049:
1038:Photos from
1021:
994:gas chambers
961:
951:
920:Ravensbrueck
906:, 20,000 at
885:
862:
855:
820:
767:
760:
740:
718:
712:Selbstschutz
710:
670:
661:
655:
649:
647:
629:
604:
595:exterminated
592:
559:
548:
516:
512:
508:
492:
486:
476:
470:
469:in his book
467:Adolf Hitler
464:
430:
410:
406:
354:
334:
323:
311:resettlement
298:
297:(in German:
276:
258:
243:
217:Sociologist
216:
183:World War II
179:Soviet Union
175:Nazi Germany
170:
168:
145:
106:
61:
43:
12537:New Zealand
12503:Oceania and
12457:Switzerland
12418:Byelorussia
12373:Netherlands
12215:Philippines
12055:Puerto Rico
12010:El Salvador
11564:Bodenplatte
11450:Gothic Line
10676:West Africa
10223:Philippines
10202:Netherlands
10067:Czech lands
10005:Switzerland
9949:Afghanistan
9900:Philippines
9768:Puerto Rico
9684:Philippines
9670:New Zealand
9656:Netherlands
9609:Free France
9360:Prosecution
9161:Osoaviakhim
9031:West Africa
9015:East Africa
8662:Conferences
8517:Afghanistan
8176:Netherlands
7976:Netherlands
7716:Sudetenland
7664:occupations
7500:Vistulaland
7377:Sudetenland
7329:Prinz-Eugen
7233:Mecklenburg
6208:Eley, Geoff
5647:(in Polish)
5619:15 November
5429:10 December
5076:15 November
5019:Davies 1996
4890:28 November
4886:(in Polish)
4862:28 November
4797:14 November
4765:15 November
4701:Schulenburg
4486:Davies 2003
4474:Davies 2003
4364:21 December
4251:, p. 37-46.
4164:Shirer 1960
4003:. July 2021
3759:Schenk 2007
3479:"Holocaust"
3291:Lenten 2000
2891:Buttar 2013
2474:Lerski 1996
2447:Leslie 1980
1930:Deportation
1766:during the
1694:in Moscow.
1544:Ravensbrück
1516:Belarusians
1076:Nazi regime
954:Polish Jews
912:Gross-Rosen
689:Goralenvolk
250:Polish Jews
12562:Categories
12532:New Guinea
12512:Antarctica
12505:Antarctica
12494:Yugoslavia
12413:Azerbaijan
12368:Luxembourg
12151:New Guinea
12050:New Mexico
12040:California
11947:Madagascar
11932:Gold Coast
11927:The Gambia
11664:West Hunan
11497:Pointblank
10833:Silver Fox
10819:Summer War
10572:Winter War
10551:Phoney War
10332:Azerbaijan
10293:Yugoslavia
10188:Luxembourg
10030:Resistance
9777:Yugoslavia
9642:Luxembourg
9444:Sook Ching
9240:War crimes
8842:Technology
8835:Opposition
8777:Lend-Lease
8754:Australian
8747:Home front
8705:Blitzkrieg
8655:Casualties
8646:Commanders
8618:Operations
8309:Bassgeiger
8289:New Swabia
8257:San Marino
8082:Montenegro
8006:Montenegro
7828:Luxembourg
7706:Luxembourg
7490:Vandalland
7455:Beskidland
7382:Wartheland
7355:Reichsgaus
7168:Düsseldorf
7012:0781802008
6245:0192802917
6153:. Viking.
5888:Gross 2005
5876:Gross 2005
5830:Gross 2005
5736:. Oxford:
5634:Gross 2005
5283:"I – Lwów"
5205:Gross 2005
5042:Stachura,
5031:Gross 2005
5007:Gross 2005
4068:24 January
4036:5 February
4007:5 February
3874:Alma Mater
3084:Majer 2003
3018:Lukas 2001
2864:Fritz 2011
2852:Geyer 2009
2833:Fritz 2011
2733:Wolff 2003
2678:9 February
2667:Nizkor.org
2498:Gross 2005
2422:See also:
2178:internment
2128:References
1991:Casualties
1835:collective
1793:literature
1536:Polenlager
1512:Ukrainians
1480:seen from
1432:occupation
1334:Resistance
1245:Wartheland
1229:See also:
1165:Buchenwald
916:Neuengamme
904:Mauthausen
892:experiment
823:Stalingrad
693:Kashubians
503:, such as
478:Lebensraum
472:Mein Kampf
445:H. Kennard
433:propaganda
417:See also:
411:Lebensraum
374:Wilno area
307:Hans Frank
246:occupation
229:, and the
206:drove the
63:Lebensraum
12517:Australia
12482:Gibraltar
12440:Catalonia
12363:Lithuania
12225:Singapore
12173:Indochina
12163:Hong Kong
12139:Manchuria
12108:Venezuela
12078:Argentina
12015:Greenland
11969:Nyasaland
11729:Manchuria
11615:Indochina
11391:Bagration
10842:Lithuania
10487:Anschluss
10284:Viet Minh
10181:Lithuania
10123:Hong Kong
9893:Manchukuo
9848:Azad Hind
9507:Australia
9307:Aftermath
9170:Paperclip
9065:Aftermath
8865:Total war
8733:Diplomacy
8696:In Europe
8530:Manchuria
8420:Lithuania
8330:Nordstern
8314:Edelweiss
8222:Turkestan
8212:Don-Volga
8112:Turkestan
8062:Cossackia
8001:Macedonia
7961:Lithuania
7866:Ljubljana
7751:Bialystok
7736:Districts
7400:Carinthia
7293:Weser-Ems
7283:Thuringia
7253:Pomerania
7238:Moselland
7193:Franconia
6795:839060671
5670:; in his
4945:p. 20–24.
4823:7 January
4422:. p. 179.
4294:159844616
4146:3 October
4102:2 October
3133:0031-2746
2903:Eley 2013
2596:Polska.pl
2080:Holocaust
1895:Baczewski
1728:Stalinist
1669:Grabowiec
1650:into the
1239:Kinder KZ
1105:AB-Aktion
982:Treblinka
844:Auschwitz
756:IG Farben
584:Auschwitz
543:Bydgoszcz
382:Lithuania
360:(after a
146:1941–1945
107:1939–1941
12403:Slovenia
12398:Slovakia
12388:Portugal
12276:Bulgaria
12230:Thailand
12205:Mongolia
12178:Cambodia
12098:Suriname
12088:Colombia
11912:Ethiopia
11840:Category
11789:document
11699:document
11556:Ardennes
11540:Budapest
11488:Crossbow
11366:Overlord
11205:Smolensk
10423:Timeline
10258:Slovakia
10244:Thailand
10095:Ethiopia
10060:Bulgaria
9984:Portugal
9922:Thailand
9804:Bulgaria
9582:Eswatini
9575:Ethiopia
9528:Bulgaria
9353:Unit 731
9314:Response
9131:Keelhaul
9081:Cold War
9054:Americas
9045:timeline
9038:Atlantic
8918:Theaters
8433:Bornholm
8323:Proposed
8304:Holzauge
8207:Caucasia
8200:Proposed
8138:Brittany
8131:Proposed
8122:Wallonia
8107:Slovakia
8057:Bulgaria
8031:Wallonia
8021:Slovakia
7936:Flanders
7818:Slovakia
7767:Brussels
7760:Proposed
7726:Zichenau
7696:Lorraine
7644:Lombardy
7627:Proposed
7515:Westland
7505:Wallonia
7485:Nordmark
7480:Gothland
7470:Flanders
7465:Burgundy
7443:Proposed
7415:Salzburg
7322:Proposed
7308:Westmark
7248:NSDAP/AO
7153:Bayreuth
7130:Altreich
6918:Archived
6845:(1960).
6559:(1998).
6535:(1996).
6319:(2005).
6234:(2002).
5997:(1988).
5845:(2001).
5795:(2002).
5764:(1997).
5729:(1982).
5656:Archived
5547:(1995).
5515:(1996).
5497:15 March
5447:(2004).
5281:(2001).
5263:14 March
5125:(1998).
5096:Archived
4730:Archived
4719:Archived
4708:Archived
4564:15 March
4553:(2005).
4332:14 March
4120:(1970),
3774:(2004).
3611:(2014).
2610:13 March
2427:Archived
2206:genocide
2086:See also
2075:porajmos
2008:, Warsaw
1957:osadniks
1893:and the
1764:Red Army
1620:and the
1443:(Polish
1249:en masse
1131:and the
1113:Kampinos
998:Zyklon B
900:Majdanek
877:Monowitz
564:Potulice
560:en route
368:and the
330:Slovakia
204:Red Army
177:and the
12445:Galicia
12423:Ukraine
12393:Romania
12343:Ireland
12338:Iceland
12328:Hungary
12318:Germany
12296:Finland
12291:Estonia
12286:Denmark
12271:Belgium
12266:Austria
12261:Albania
12103:Uruguay
12035:Arizona
11962:Morocco
11957:Tunisia
11942:Liberia
11766:Shumshu
11533:Hungary
11480:Estonia
11464:Lapland
11442:Dragoon
11375:Neptune
11357:Ichi-Go
11323:Tempest
11265:Changde
11220:Cottage
11112:Jubilee
10828:Finland
10726:Compass
10432:Prelude
10385:Finland
10271:Vietnam
10237:Romania
10109:Germany
10088:Estonia
10074:Denmark
10053:Belgium
10046:Austria
10039:Albania
9970:Ireland
9956:Andorra
9940:Neutral
9907:Romania
9841:Hungary
9826:Finland
9698:Romania
9590:Finland
9568:Denmark
9514:Belgium
9500:Algeria
9206:Romania
9192:Hungary
8948:Pacific
8672:General
8626:Leaders
8611:Battles
8604:Outline
8547:Italics
8492:Romania
8470:Hungary
8457:Germany
8451:Finland
8410:Estonia
8399:Austria
8282:Founded
8262:Tunisia
8247:Finland
8217:Muscovy
8191:Ukraine
8186:Ostland
8164:Founded
8117:Ukraine
8087:Romania
8077:Hungary
8052:Belarus
8026:Ukraine
7951:Hungary
7931:Denmark
7921:Croatia
7911:Belarus
7906:Austria
7896:Albania
7889:Founded
7799:Croatia
7744:Founded
7594:Galicia
7569:Founded
7475:Galicia
7460:Brabant
7392:Austria
7365:Founded
7339:Holland
7268:Silesia
7203:Hamburg
7141:Founded
6901:].
6874:(ed.).
5397:1 March
5237:16 July
4983:16 July
4941:Sanford
4923:16 July
4878:"Szack"
4829:Polish
4727:No. 372
4716:No. 371
4705:No. 317
4607:Source:
4396:2 April
4218:4 April
3960:6 March
3579:].
2174:ghettos
2035:by the
1940:Karachi
1801:Kharkiv
1711:culture
1419:, with
1411:German
1370:schools
1117:Palmiry
1002:Chełmno
990:Sobibor
752:Siemens
748:Junkers
656:willing
609:at the
539:roundup
505:Siberia
497:Eurasia
285:, with
231:culture
181:during
119:Fourth
12452:Sweden
12383:Poland
12378:Norway
12353:Latvia
12323:Greece
12301:France
12254:Europe
12240:Turkey
12200:Malaya
12129:Ceylon
12083:Brazil
12045:Nevada
12020:Mexico
12000:Canada
11890:Africa
11743:Debate
11715:Taipei
11708:Borneo
11286:Tarawa
10480:Europe
10441:Africa
10230:Poland
10216:Norway
10195:Malaya
10174:Latvia
10116:Greece
10102:France
9998:Sweden
9963:Bhutan
9691:Poland
9677:Norway
9649:Mexico
9616:Greece
9602:France
9540:Canada
9521:Brazil
9491:Allies
9437:Serbia
9426:Poland
9199:Poland
9185:Baltic
8978:Europe
8680:Topics
8632:Allied
8475:Poland
8415:Latvia
8391:Europe
8252:Monaco
8181:Norway
8102:Serbia
8072:Greece
8067:France
8045:Exiled
7946:Greece
7941:France
7838:Serbia
7833:Poland
7823:Greece
7804:France
7681:Alsace
7662:German
7614:Warsaw
7604:Lublin
7599:Kraków
7495:Venice
7430:Vienna
7420:Styria
7273:Swabia
7258:Saxony
7158:Berlin
7009:
6990:
6969:
6941:
6905:
6882:
6855:
6831:
6810:
6793:
6783:
6760:
6737:
6716:
6695:
6670:
6649:
6628:
6607:
6588:
6569:
6545:
6521:
6500:
6478:
6453:
6434:
6413:
6392:
6371:
6348:
6327:
6305:
6284:
6263:
6242:
6220:
6176:
6157:
6138:
6119:
6100:
6079:
6058:
6037:
6005:
5977:
5952:
5859:
5809:
5774:
5744:
5705:
5559:
5527:
5455:
5363:
5297:
5170:
5141:
5044:p.132.
4659:
4442:
4418:
4292:
4286:260146
4284:
4243:
4184:
4093:
3789:
3742:
3713:
3621:
3583:
3489:21 May
3396:
3313:
3173:
3131:
2813:
2570:
2416:1 July
2202:Stalin
2198:Hitler
1953:kulaks
1508:Polish
1500:Zegota
1488:, 1940
1386:Żegota
1378:police
1374:courts
1368:, and
1280:phenol
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