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switched. Most systems switch lights off at the end of the delay time, but more sophisticated systems with dimming technology reduce lighting slowly to a minimum level (or zero) over several minutes, to minimize the potential disruption in adjacent spaces. If lights are off and an occupant re-enters a space, most current systems switch lights back on when motion is detected. However, systems designed to switch lights off automatically with no occupancy, and that require the occupant to switch lights on when they re-enter are gaining in popularity due to their potential for increased energy savings. These savings accrue because in a spaces with access to daylight the occupant may decide on their return that they no longer require supplemental electric light.
17:
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Four hundred of these units were installed under a newly named UNENCO brand, and installed in the bathrooms of the four high-rise towers. This was an immediate success. This application received
Congressional Mention for Kevin Fraser's efforts, as well as various Pacific Gas & Electric awards. Noted local columnist Herb Cain made mention that one should not sit too long in the stalls at Embarcadero Center, and the word caught on regarding the technology. While not receiving a patent, Mr. Fraser was acknowledged by the Association of Energy Engineers (AEE) as the inventor.
120:. An ultrasonic sensor will send high frequency sound waves in area and will check for their reflected patterns. If the reflected pattern is changing continuously then it assumes that there is occupancy and the lighting load connected is turned on. If the reflected pattern is the same for a preset time then the sensor assumes there is no occupancy and the load is switched off.
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sensors are sometime also called "presence sensors" or "vacancy sensors". Some occupancy sensors (e.g. LSG's
Pixelview, Philips Lumimotion, Ecoamicatechs Sirius etc.) also classify the number of occupants, their direction of motion, etc., through image processing. Pixelview is a camera-based occupancy sensor, using a camera that is built into each light fixture.
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an occupancy sensor controlling lights in an office should not detect motion in the corridor outside the office. Tomographic motion detection systems have the unique benefit of detecting motion through walls and obstructions, yet do not trigger as easily from motion on the outside of the detection area like traditional microwave sensors.
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Originally invented by Kevin D. Fraser of San
Francisco. The prototype utilized existing ultrasonic intrusion alarm technology coupled to conventional industrial timers, with basic switching elements. First prototype was crafted on a plywood base; the first model required a separate transmitter and
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typically use infrared (IR), ultrasonic, tomographic motion detection, microwave sensors, or camera-based sensors (image processing). The field of view of the sensor must be carefully selected/adjusted so that it responds only to motion in the space served by the controlled lighting. For example,
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high-rise office complex in San
Francisco, and as such employee did not profit from the invention. He took the concept to Unisec security devices and had them build a single piece transceiver based on 277VAC - the level of electricity used for commercial lighting in the Embarcadero Center complex.
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there is occupancy and the lighting load connected is turned on. If the reflected pattern is the same for a preset time then the sensor assumes there is no occupancy and the load is switched off. A microwave sensor has high sensitivity as well as detection range compared to other types of sensors.
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Sensors and their placement are never perfect, therefore most systems incorporate a delay time before switching. This delay time is often user-selectable, but a typical default value is 15 minutes. This means that the sensor must detect no motion for the entire delay time before the lights are
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Microwave sensors. Similar to the ultrasonic sensor, a microwave sensor also works on the doppler shift principle. A microwave sensor will send high frequency microwaves in an area and will check for their reflected patterns. If the reflected pattern is changing continuously then it assumes that
87:, which work on heat difference detection, measuring infrared radiation. Inside the device is a pyroelectric sensor which can detect the sudden presence of objects (such as humans) who radiate a temperature different from the temperature of the background, such as the room temperature of a wall.
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Motion sensors are often used in indoor spaces to control electric lighting. If no motion is detected, it is assumed that the space is empty, and thus does not need to be lit. Turning off the lights in such circumstances can save substantial amounts of energy. In lighting practice occupancy
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Image processing. Overhead CCTV camera tracks people’s movements. Camera feed connects to occupancy detection software which counts the number of people in the designated area.
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Barometric
Pressure sensors can be used to monitor door openings, which are associated with foot traffic, in rooms containing positive pressure, including operating rooms.
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A vacancy sensor works like an occupancy sensor, however, lights must be manually turned ON, but will automatically turn OFF when motion is no longer detected.
310:"Increased CO2 levels in the operating room correlate with the number of healthcare workers present: an imperative for intentional crowd control"
140:, which work by detecting the change in power consumption patterns that exhibit distinct characteristics for occupied and vacant states.
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to detect when a hotel room is occupied, by requiring the guest to place their keycard in a slot to activate lights and thermostats.
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Arief-Ang, I.B.; Salim, F.D.; Hamilton, M. (2018-04-14). "SD-HOC: Seasonal
Decomposition Algorithm for Mining Lagged Time Series".
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Arief-Ang, I.B.; Hamilton, M.; Salim, F. (2018-06-01). "RUP: Large Room
Utilisation Prediction with carbon dioxide sensor".
443:. 2016 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communication Workshops. Sydney, Australia. pp. 1–10.
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receiver processing 20,200 cycles per second of sound energy. Mr. Fraser was employed by and developed the device for the
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Jin, M.; Jia, R.; Spanos, C. (2017-01-01). "Virtual
Occupancy Sensing: Using Smart Meters to Indicate Your Presence".
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is an indoor device used to detect the presence of a person. Applications include automatic adjustment of lights or
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410:]. Communications in Computer and Information Science. Vol. 845. Springer, Singapore. pp. 125–143.
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545:"Discrete room pressure drops predict door openings and contamination levels in the operating room setting"
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systems in response to the quantity of people present. The sensors typically use
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464:"Do hotel thermostats with motion sensors have you waking up in a sweat?"
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SD-HOC: Seasonal
Decomposition Algorithm for Mining Lagged Time Series
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Human occupancy recognition with multivariate ambient sensors
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Ang, I.B.A.; Salim, F.D.; Hamilton, M. (2016-03-14).
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Carroll, G.T.; Kirschman, D.L.; Mammana, A. (2022).
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619:Did It Move? Detecting Motion with PIR + Arduino
549:Perioperative Care and Operating Room Management
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599:"Technology comparison of Occupancy sensors"
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223:Product Specification for PR150-1L/PR180-1L
60:. Occupancy sensors are typically used to
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577:"Occupancy Sensing – 9 methods compared"
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543:Carroll, G.T.; Kirschman, D.L. (2022).
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157:Occupancy sensors for lighting control
492:IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
20:An indoor light switch equipped with
462:Catharine Hamm (February 16, 2015).
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80:Occupancy sensor types include:
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289:. Leviton Manufacturing Company
287:"Occupancy and Vacancy Sensors"
90:Environmental sensors, such as
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361:Pervasive and Mobile Computing
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449:10.1109/PERCOMW.2016.7457116
257:California Energy Commission
166:System design and components
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562:10.1016/j.pcorm.2022.100291
416:10.1007/978-981-13-0292-3_8
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373:10.1016/j.pmcj.2018.03.001
327:10.1186/s13037-022-00343-8
34:temperature or ventilation
314:Patient Safety in Surgery
636:Electrical power control
514:10.1109/TMC.2017.2684806
132:energy management system
118:doppler shift principle
641:Energy-saving lighting
260:. 2011. Archived from
170:Occupancy sensors for
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146:Door operated switch.
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128:Keycard light slots
116:. they work on the
185:Embarcadero Center
130:, used in a hotel
110:Ultrasonic sensors
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498:(99): 3264–3277.
469:Los Angeles Times
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138:Smart meters
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76:Sensor types
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58:smart meters
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404:Data Mining
92:temperature
85:PIR sensors
62:save energy
50:PIR sensors
630:Categories
555:: 100291.
293:October 2,
209:References
42:ultrasonic
522:1536-1233
505:1407.4395
381:1873-1589
367:: 49–72.
320:(1): 35.
233:6 October
229:. Leviton
46:microwave
22:PIR-based
583:June 14,
389:13670861
346:36397098
192:See also
96:humidity
38:infrared
604:19 July
530:1997078
475:May 10,
337:9672642
271:May 10,
104:sensors
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500:arXiv
406:[
385:S2CID
265:(PDF)
252:(PDF)
227:(PDF)
114:radar
606:2014
585:2024
518:ISSN
477:2016
420:ISBN
377:ISSN
342:PMID
295:2018
273:2016
235:2018
98:and
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557:doi
510:doi
445:doi
412:doi
369:doi
332:PMC
322:doi
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