326:, will also alert their users when they land on a website with code that is manually obfuscated, as one of the purposes of obfuscation can be to hide malicious code. However, some developers may employ code obfuscation for the purpose of reducing file size or increasing security. The average user may not expect their antivirus software to provide alerts about an otherwise harmless piece of code, especially from trusted corporations, so such a feature may actually deter users from using legitimate software.
120:
1523:
364:". It puts source code in the hands of the user, although this source code is often difficult to read. The source code is likely to have random function and variable names, incorrect variable types, and use different logic than the original source code (due to compiler optimizations).
288:, a cryptographic primitive that, if possible to build securely, would allow one to construct many other kinds of cryptography, including completely novel types that no one knows how to make. (A stronger notion,
383:. Obfuscation models can also be applied to training data before feeding it into the model to add random noise. This hides sensitive information about the properties of individual and groups of samples.
176:
A variety of tools exist to perform or assist with code obfuscation. These include experimental research tools created by academics, hobbyist tools, commercial products written by professionals, and
348:
by requiring the "preferred form for making modifications" to be made available. The GNU website states "Obfuscated 'source code' is not real source code and does not count as source code."
310:
Once code is no longer maintained, hobbyists may want to maintain the program, add mods, or understand it better. Obfuscation makes it hard for end users to do useful things with the code.
360:
can reverse-engineer source code from an executable or library. Decompilation is sometimes called a man-in-the-end (mite) attack, based on the traditional cryptographic attack known as "
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1151:
313:
Certain kinds of obfuscation (i.e. code that isn't just a local binary and downloads mini binaries from a web server as needed) can degrade performance and/or require
Internet.
77:
or recreational challenge for someone reading the source code. This can be done manually or by using an automated tool, the latter being the preferred technique in industry.
150:
Types of obfuscations include simple keyword substitution, use or non-use of whitespace to create artistic effects, and self-generating or heavily compressed programs.
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by releasing source code in obfuscated form, such as in cases in which the author is less willing to make the source code available. The issue is addressed in the
1348:
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While obfuscation can make reading, writing, and reverse-engineering a program difficult and time-consuming, it will not necessarily make it impossible.
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Although the majority of commercial obfuscation solutions work by transforming either program source code, or platform-independent bytecode as used by
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65:, it may use needlessly roundabout expressions to compose statements. Programmers may deliberately obfuscate code to conceal its purpose (
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Zhang, Tianwei; He, Zecheng; Lee, Ruby B. (July 12, 2018). "Privacy-preserving
Machine Learning through Data Obfuscation".
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data/code/comment confusion, which includes making some actual code look like comments or confusing syntax with data;
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Proceedings of the 6th
Digital Arts and Culture Conference, IT University of Copenhagen, 1–3 December 2005
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1174:"Reasoning behind the "preferred form of the work for making modifications to it" language in the GPL"
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The architecture and characteristics of some languages may make them easier to obfuscate than others.
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Mozilla and Google disallow browser extensions containing obfuscated code in their add-ons store.
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Cryptographers have explored the idea of obfuscating code so that reverse-engineering the code is
69:) or its logic or implicit values embedded in it, primarily, in order to prevent tampering, deter
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Zhou, Mingyi; Gao, Xiang; Wu, Jing; Grundy, John C.; Chen, Xiao; Chen, Chunyang; Li, Li (2023).
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239:. A number of programming contests reward the most creatively obfuscated code, such as the
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Break Me00 The MoVfuscator
Turning mov into a soul crushing RE nightmare Christopher Domas
8:
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1290:, 17th National Computer Conference, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, 2012.
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It can make debugging issues after the software has been obfuscated extremely difficult.
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naming obfuscation, which includes naming variables in a meaningless or deceptive way;
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180:. Deobfuscation tools also exist that attempt to perform the reverse transformation.
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B. Barak, O. Goldreich, R. Impagliazzo, S. Rudich, A. Sahai, S. Vadhan and K. Yang.
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double coding, which can be displaying code in poetry form or interesting shapes.
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130: with: explaining more obfuscation techniques in general. You can help by
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The properties that make a language obfuscatable are not immediately obvious.
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1301:, Santa Barbara, California, USA. Springer Verlag LNCS Volume 2139, 2001.
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1144:"Mozilla announces ban on Firefox extensions containing obfuscated code"
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is also quite obfuscatable despite being quite different in structure.
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model. Obfuscation turns a model into a black box. It is contrary to
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1068:"Blocking website and only way to fix is disabling HTTPS s... | AVG"
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It adds time and complexity to the build process for the developers.
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1307:"A Box, Darkly: Obfuscation, Weird Languages, and Code Aesthetics"
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Yury
Lifshits. Lecture Notes on Program Obfuscation (Spring'2005)
1099:"Google taking action against disguised code in Chrome Web Store"
1002:"Indistinguishability Obfuscation from Well-Founded Assumptions"
1627:
1542:
1385:
191:, there are also some that work directly on compiled binaries.
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597:. DreamInCode.net. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008
57:
that is difficult for humans or computers to understand. Like
904:"One Instruction To Rule Them All: C Compiler Emits Only MOV"
90:
251:
188:
94:
959:"Cryptography Breakthrough Could Make Software Unhackable"
485:"What is obfuscation (obfu)? - Definition from WhatIs.com"
1343:
1227:"Model Obfuscation for Securing Deployed Neural Networks"
595:"C++ Tutorials – Obfuscated Code – A Simple Introduction"
217:
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There has been debate on whether it is illegal to skirt
1097:
at 05:01, Thomas
Claburn in San Francisco 2 Oct 2018.
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235:
Writing and reading obfuscated source code can be a
375:is a technique to hide the internal structure of a
284:hard. This is formalized in the many proposals for
36:
Deliberate creation of difficult-to-understand code
516:"Obfuscation: Cloaking your Code from Prying Eyes"
100:are some examples of languages easy to obfuscate.
1987:
1295:"On the (Im)possibility of Obfuscating Programs"
1304:
1299:21st Annual International Cryptology Conference
1224:
295:
27:For the term as used in natural language, see
1411:
1042:""Can We Obfuscate Programs?" by Boaz Barak"
995:
818:"The First Annual Obfuscated Python Content"
1344:The International Obfuscated C Code Contest
1127:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
682:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1418:
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1962:Security information and event management
1349:Protecting Java Code Via Code Obfuscation
1266:
1013:
292:, is known to be impossible in general.)
1425:
901:
755:
513:
258:of Perl programmers. These are JAPHs ("
768:from the original on September 14, 2017
241:International Obfuscated C Code Contest
14:
1988:
1109:from the original on November 12, 2019
857:from the original on November 12, 2022
798:from the original on February 14, 2017
540:
1939:Host-based intrusion detection system
1399:
1206:from the original on October 14, 2013
1180:from the original on December 2, 2013
1078:from the original on February 4, 2022
884:from the original on October 21, 2022
846:
664:from the original on January 16, 2009
495:from the original on February 2, 2019
1096:
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704:from the original on August 30, 2017
631:"C Tutorials – Obfuscated Code in C"
367:
114:
1970:Runtime application self-protection
1351:, ACM Crossroads, Spring 1998 issue
1141:
977:from the original on April 14, 2022
322:Some anti-virus softwares, such as
24:
1521:
1323:from the original on June 23, 2008
1279:
1154:from the original on March 5, 2020
1022:from the original on March 3, 2022
545:. Codinghorror.com. Archived from
514:Binstock, Andrew (March 6, 2003).
318:Notifying users of obfuscated code
226:instruction in order to obfuscate.
171:
25:
2017:
1902:Security-focused operating system
1337:
1288:ABCME: A Novel Metamorphic Engine
929:"JAPH – Just Another Perl Hacker"
571:. Kenter.demon.nl. Archived from
333:Obfuscation and copyleft licenses
1698:Insecure direct object reference
1305:Mateas, Michael; Nick Montfort.
459:Indistinguishability obfuscation
286:indistinguishability obfuscation
272:Indistinguishability obfuscation
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118:
1952:Information security management
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902:Williams, Al (March 21, 2021).
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201:official Python programming FAQ
1044:. Math.ias.edu. Archived from
935:. Perl Mongers. Archived from
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633:. July 7, 2011. Archived from
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534:
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477:
351:
13:
1:
541:Atwood, Jeff (May 15, 2005).
470:
449:Dotfuscator (.Net Obfuscator)
409:Esoteric programming language
199:examples can be found in the
110:
758:"Obfuscating "Hello world!""
698:"Obfuscation – Haskell Wiki"
656:As of 2013-11-25 18:22 GMT.
296:Disadvantages of obfuscation
7:
1957:Information risk management
1878:Multi-factor authentication
1434:Related security categories
543:"Jeff Atwood, May 15, 2005"
386:
157:, techniques may include:
80:
10:
2022:
1934:Intrusion detection system
1892:Computer security software
1548:Advanced persistent threat
1355:Can we obfuscate programs?
847:domas (November 3, 2022),
464:Source code beautification
444:ProGuard (Java Obfuscator)
346:GNU General Public License
269:
67:security through obscurity
26:
1833:
1533:
1519:
1513:Digital rights management
1433:
1006:Cryptology ePrint Archive
615:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
454:Digital rights management
439:Source-to-source compiler
1658:Denial-of-service attack
1553:Arbitrary code execution
1200:"What is free software?"
850:xoreaxeaxeax/movfuscator
658:"Pe(a)rls in line noise"
419:Overlapping instructions
260:Just another Perl hacker
254:programs may be used in
1868:Computer access control
1820:Rogue security software
1483:Electromagnetic warfare
1376:considered for deletion
245:Obfuscated Perl Contest
49:is the act of creating
2006:Program transformation
1914:Obfuscation (software)
1643:Browser Helper Objects
1527:
1391:c2:BlackBoxComputation
1242:Cite journal requires
1000:; Sahai, Amit (2020).
73:, or even to create a
1909:Data-centric security
1790:Remote access trojans
1525:
1286:Seyyedhamzeh, Javad,
1103:www.theregister.co.uk
700:. February 16, 2006.
489:SearchSoftwareQuality
434:Underhanded C Contest
290:black-box obfuscation
276:Black-box obfuscation
270:Further information:
1996:Software obfuscation
1841:Application security
1735:Privilege escalation
1603:Cross-site scripting
1456:Cybersex trafficking
1427:Information security
1316:. pp. 144–153.
822:code.activestate.com
637:on December 27, 2013
429:Hardware obfuscation
178:open-source software
98:programming language
43:software development
1488:Information warfare
1446:Automotive security
788:"Obfuscated Python"
71:reverse engineering
1897:Antivirus software
1765:Social engineering
1730:Polymorphic engine
1683:Fraudulent dialers
1588:Hardware backdoors
1528:
1142:Cimpanu, Catalin.
549:on January 9, 2010
1983:
1982:
1945:Anomaly detection
1850:Secure by default
1703:Keystroke loggers
1638:Drive-by download
1526:vectorial version
1493:Internet security
1441:Computer security
1074:. July 21, 2020.
1048:on March 23, 2016
737:on April 24, 2019
725:"Obfuscated code"
660:. Perlmonks.org.
522:on April 20, 2008
373:Model obfuscation
368:Model obfuscation
362:man-in-the-middle
342:software licenses
282:cryptographically
250:Short obfuscated
148:
147:
16:(Redirected from
2013:
1854:Secure by design
1785:Hardware Trojans
1618:History sniffing
1608:Cross-site leaks
1503:Network security
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1382:Java obfuscators
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824:. Archived from
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730:. Archived from
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723:Montfort, Nick.
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575:on March 4, 2016
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518:. Archived from
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424:Polymorphic code
377:machine learning
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63:natural language
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1498:Mobile security
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172:Automated tools
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128:needs expansion
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18:Obfuscated code
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996:Jain, Aayush;
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1919:Data masking
1478:Cyberwarfare
1369:
1325:. Retrieved
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1256:
1235:cite journal
1220:
1210:December 18,
1208:. Retrieved
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1184:November 25,
1182:. Retrieved
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1158:November 12,
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1113:November 12,
1111:. Retrieved
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1052:November 25,
1050:. Retrieved
1046:the original
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941:. Retrieved
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237:brain teaser
234:
231:Recreational
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132:adding to it
127:
106:
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55:machine code
46:
40:
38:
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2001:Source code
1859:Misuse case
1693:Infostealer
1668:Email fraud
1633:Data breach
1468:Cybergeddon
1202:. gnu.org.
1176:. Lwn.net.
1082:February 4,
998:Lin, Huijia
913:October 23,
888:November 5,
861:November 5,
832:October 18,
802:October 18,
792:wiki.c2.com
772:October 18,
499:February 1,
352:Decompilers
208:movfuscator
59:obfuscation
47:obfuscation
29:obfuscation
1990:Categories
1924:Encryption
1800:Web shells
1740:Ransomware
1688:Hacktivism
1451:Cybercrime
1268:1807.01860
1015:2008.09317
471:References
358:decompiler
256:signatures
218:x86_32 ISA
139:March 2023
111:Techniques
93:, and the
1755:Shellcode
1750:Scareware
1598:Crimeware
1558:Backdoors
1374:is being
1026:March 14,
981:March 14,
971:1059-1028
394:AARD code
1929:Firewall
1834:Defenses
1760:Spamming
1745:Rootkits
1718:Phishing
1678:Exploits
1367:template
1327:June 28,
1318:Archived
1204:Archived
1178:Archived
1152:Archived
1123:cite web
1107:Archived
1076:Archived
1020:Archived
975:Archived
908:Hackaday
882:archived
855:archived
796:Archived
766:Archived
708:March 3,
702:Archived
678:cite web
662:Archived
611:cite web
493:Archived
387:See also
339:copyleft
243:and the
216:for the
214:compiler
81:Overview
1770:Spyware
1713:Payload
1708:Malware
1648:Viruses
1628:Botnets
1535:Threats
102:Haskell
1964:(SIEM)
1941:(HIDS)
1825:Zombie
1562:Bombs
1543:Adware
1386:Curlie
1380:
1371:Curlie
969:
933:pm.org
197:Python
75:puzzle
51:source
1810:Worms
1805:Wiper
1723:Voice
1571:Logic
1365:‹The
1321:(PDF)
1310:(PDF)
1263:arXiv
1148:ZDNet
1010:arXiv
963:Wired
735:(PDF)
728:(PDF)
414:Quine
195:Some
1576:Time
1566:Fork
1329:2008
1248:help
1212:2014
1186:2013
1160:2019
1129:link
1115:2019
1084:2022
1054:2013
1028:2021
983:2021
967:ISSN
945:2015
915:2023
890:2022
863:2022
834:2017
804:2017
774:2017
743:2017
710:2020
684:link
670:2013
643:2013
617:link
603:2013
581:2013
555:2013
528:2013
501:2019
274:and
262:").
252:Perl
206:The
189:.NET
187:and
185:Java
95:Perl
1581:Zip
1384:at
223:mov
134:.
91:C++
61:in
53:or
41:In
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