2178:
1733:
767:
2425:
858:
3735:
1571:
689:
1652:
728:
1679:
741:
2718:
237:
832:
1226:
1790:
780:
980:
2260:
910:
1931:
1461:
1625:
715:
2233:
2013:
1516:
897:
2095:
1959:
1846:
819:
392:
2040:
1706:
754:
1544:
676:
956:
2287:
1488:
663:
2206:
2067:
1407:
884:
88:
2150:
1903:
968:
871:
806:
1818:
793:
2123:
1875:
1761:
1434:
845:
650:
47:
1986:
1598:
702:
3337:
190:
1230:
1227:
1231:
3115:. The phrase is often used in linguistic contexts of expressing a wish or creating hypotheticals. This original Ivorian phrase is generally used across the Ivory Coast's population; children, uneducated adults, and educated adults all using the phrase relatively equally. Often in written speech, the phrase is written as
1229:
3135:
Some of the major phonetic and phonological variations of
Abidjan French, as compared to a more "typical" French, include substituting the nasal low vowel for a non-nasal , especially when the sound occurs at the beginning of a word, and some difficulty with the full production of the phonemes and
2469:
The difficulty linguists have in describing
African French comes from variations, such as the "pure" language used by many African intellectuals and writers versus the mixtures between French and African languages. For this, the term "creolization" is used, often in a pejorative way, and especially
3644:
There are many linguistic differences that occur in
Kinshasa French that make it a distinct dialect of French. Similarly to many other African dialects of French, many of the linguistic aspects are influenced, either directly or indirectly, by the linguistics of the local African languages. It is
3373:
influences, due to colonization. People of different
African mother tongues living in Kinshasa usually speak Lingala to communicate with each other in the street, but French is the language of businesses, administrations, schools, newspapers and televisions. French is also the predominant written
3359:, where an estimated 43 million people (51% of the total population) can speak French (essentially as a second language). Contrary to Abidjan where French is the first language of a large part of the population, in Kinshasa French is only a second language, and its status of
3131:
Many characteristics of
Ivorian/Abidjan French differ from "standard" French found in France. Many of the linguistic evolutions are from the influences of native African languages spoken within the Ivory Coast and make Abidjan French a distinct dialect of French.
4878:
4161:
3273:
official language until a constitutional change in 2024. While spoken fluently only by about a quarter of the population, French has progressively become a native language among urban populations since the late 20th century, notably in the cities of
2837:'s population, either alone or alongside indigenous African languages. There are three sorts of French spoken in Abidjan. A formal French is spoken by the educated classes. Most of the population, however, speaks a colloquial form of French known as
3377:
Due to its widespread presence in
Kinshasa, French has become a local language with its own pronunciation and some local words borrowed for the most part from Lingala. Depending on their social status, some people may mix French and Lingala, or
3427:
are sunglasses worn by partiers at night. It is a word coined locally and whose literal meaning in standard French is "anti-night". It is one of the many
Kinshasa slang words related to nightlife and partying. A reveler is known locally as
3645:
also essential to note that grammatical differences between local
Congolese languages and the French language, such as the lack of gendered nouns in the former, result in linguistic changes when speakers of the former speak French.
2523:
is the result of a superposition of the structure of a local language with a narrowed lexical knowledge of French. The specific structures, though very different, are juxtaposed, marking the beginning of the creolization process.
3586:
means "thank you" or "you are welcome". When it means "thank you", it can offend some French speakers who are not aware of its special meaning in
Kinshasa. For example, if one offers a present to a person, they will often reply
3046:
As already mentioned, these local words range from slang to formal usage, and their use therefore varies depending on the context. In
Abidjan, this is how the sentence "The girl stole my money." is constructed depending on the
1288:
or OIF), but it does not include French speakers living in other African countries. Africa is thus the continent with the most French speakers in the world, and African French speakers now form a large and integral part of the
2762:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
281:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
1228:
2564:
Administration and professors do not want to hear that funny-sounding and barbarian language that seems to despise articles and distorts the sense of words. They see in it a harmful influence to the mastery of good
4221:
4078:
4278:
4874:
3714:
As briefly mentioned above, many Congolese languages are ungendered languages and so there is often some mixing of the French masculine and feminine articles in speakers of Kinshasa French, such as the phrase
3193:
were the two functional languages of banking. Technical work (accounting, financial analysis, management) is also frequently done in French. Documents, forms, and posters are often in both French and Arabic.
2572:
FPA can be seen as a progressive evolution of Ivorian French. After diffusing out of Ivory Coast, it became Africanized under the influence of young Africans (often students) and cinema, drama, and dance.
2474:, "The consequences of this concurrency may vary according to the social status of the speakers, to their occupations, to their degree of acculturation and thus to the level of their French knowledge."
4179:
4036:
4827:
3185:
Without being an official language, French is frequently used in government, workplaces, and education. French is the default language for work in several sectors. In a 2007 study set in the city of
3239:
Few academic sources exist surrounding the particularisms of Beninese French. Nevertheless, it is evident that Beninese French has adapted the meanings of several French terms over time, such as:
267:
4545:
960:
Francophone Africa. The countries coloured dark blue had a population of 487.6 million in 2023. In 2050 their population is forecast to reach between 870.1 million and 878.5 million.
4589:
2512:(the language most spoken in Senegal) which spreads by its use in urban areas and through schools, where teachers often speak Wolof in the classroom despite official instructions.
4486:
4999:
4403:
2748:
5604:
3327:, the country's history has shaped its language, resulting in a distinct variant of French that reflects the country's diverse cultural, linguistic, and historical background.
2969:
When speaking in a formal context, or when meeting French speakers from outside Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan speakers would replace these local words with the French standard words
2588:" can either mean "This person annoys me very much (literally he or she is annoying me to death)" or "I'm dying (out of love) for him/her" depending on the circumstances. "
3652:
the posteriorization of anterior labial vowels in French, more specifically, the posteriorization of the common French phoneme for (ex: pronunciation of the French word
4217:
4074:
4616:
Manessy, Gabriel (1978). "Le français d'Afrique noire, français créole ou créole français ?" [The French of black Africa: French creole or creole French?].
4271:
4138:
2772:
2504:– which are in a permanent opposition to French. Code-switching has been studied since colonial times by different institutions of linguistics. One of these, located in
291:
4311:
2421:, both in terms of pronunciation and vocabulary, but the formal African French used in education, media and legal documents is based on standard French vocabulary.
5218:
4689:
5052:
4436:
5081:
5264:
4172:
4029:
3297:
and is used as a lingua franca in commerce. It is largely used as a spoken language whereas speakers continue to use standard French as the written language.
2515:
The omnipresence of local languages in Francophone African countries – along with insufficiencies in education – has given birth to a new linguistic concept:
2911:
is a colloquial word meaning a street-side eatery, a working-class restaurant serving African food. This word exists in standard French, but its meaning is "
4819:
2353:
2633:
Pronunciation in the many varieties of African French can be quite varied. There are nonetheless some trends among African French speakers; for instance,
4515:
5597:
2560:, Burkina Faso. At its emergence, it was marginalized and associated with the ghetto; Angèle Bassolé-Ouedraogo describes the reaction of the scholars:
4904:"La locution verbale n'avoir qu'à + infinitif dans le français ivoirien/La locución verbal francesa n'avoir qu'à + infinitivo en el francés marfileño"
4465:
2782:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
1274:
in 2023 or 51% of the French-speaking population of the world spread across 34 countries and territories. This includes those who speak French as a
301:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
8155:
6225:
5008:
4578:
4537:
4267:
3843:
1378:
1284:
1020:
979:
2594:" signifies a feeling of exasperation (whereupon it actually means "he or she starts to appeal to me"), and friendship can be expressed with "
5590:
4930:
3573:
5174:
2398:, which has around 1.75 million first and second language speakers in 2018. The French spoken in this region is not to be confused with the
5226:
4347:
3758:
3236:
is the other widely spoken language of Benin. It is natural to hear both languages blending, either through loan words or code-switching.
6266:
5027:
4690:"Le français et le français populaire africain: partenariat, cohabitation ou défiance? FPA, appartenance sociale, diversité linguistique"
4582:
1282:
in these 34 African countries and territories (some of which are not Francophone, but merely non-Francophone members or observers of the
4798:
4664:
4490:
8193:
5257:
5219:
Le Français et le Français populaire Africain: partenariat, cohabitation ou défiance? FPA, appartenance sociale, diversité linguistique
4996:
4203:
4060:
3768:
3382:
between the two depending on the context. Here are examples of words particular to Kinshasa French. As in Abidjan, there exist various
3232:
French is the sole official language in Benin. In 2014, over 4 million Beninese citizens spoke French (around 40% of the population).
207:
3688:
the mid-nasalization of occlusive consonants that follow the nasals and (ex: in relationship to the example above, the French word
1212:
3629:
is something someone does to make another person's life harder, and often refers to policemen or soldiers. A fine is often called a
4246:
4103:
4462:"Qui parle français dans le monde – Organisation internationale de la Francophonie – Langue française et diversité linguistique"
2569:
However, FPA has begun to emerge as a second language among the upper class. It has also become a symbol of social acceptance.
199:
4761:
4131:
2466:") was also present in West Africa. The term has since, however, become a pejorative term for "poorly spoken" African French.
6717:
5250:
4725:
3223:
code switching, where another language is spoken in addition to French in a single oration (ex: Berber/French, Arabic/French)
3136:. There are also, to a certain degree, rhythmic speaking patterns in Ivorian French that are influenced by native languages.
152:
6649:
3635:, especially because the policemen in Kinshasa usually ask for an unpayable sum of money that requires extensive bargaining.
5471:
4853:
4303:
3290:
2441:
124:
6452:
6447:
6391:
6279:
3695:
the palatalization of French apico-dental consonants that are followed by and/or (ex: pronunciation of the French word
2878:
Here are some examples of words used in the African French variety spoken in Abidjan (the spelling used here conforms to
2767:
286:
6552:
6442:
4696:
8183:
6667:
5048:
4425:
2790:
309:
5074:
1369:
In each of the Francophone African countries, French is spoken with local variations in pronunciation and vocabulary.
131:
7506:
360:
171:
74:
2803:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
1048:
322:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
7566:
4576:
3879:
3356:
3040:
1738:
1296:
In Africa, French is often spoken alongside Indigenous languages, but in a number of urban areas (in particular in
772:
6854:
6459:
6259:
4958:"Analyzing the effect of interference on the utilization of French in ivory coast: social and linguistic aspects"
3674:
the vocalic opening of the French phoneme creating, instead, the phoneme (ex: pronunciation of the French word
1076:
105:
60:
4339:
138:
7654:
7555:
1038:
109:
7525:
4956:
Baghana, Jerome; Glebova, Yana A.; Voloshina, Tatiana G.; Blazhevich, Yuliya S.; Birova, Jana (14 June 2022).
4511:
7462:
7140:
5831:
5550:
3793:
3498:
which means "to open something that is blocked up or bottled", to which was added the standard French suffix
3197:
The usage of French among the Algerian population is different depending on social situations. One can find:
2453:
2399:
1205:
1143:
1015:
3943:
2939:
where it meant "to whip (the black slaves)". It has now entered the formal language of the educated classes.
2317:
There are many different varieties of African French, but they can be broadly grouped into five categories:
2183:
6049:
3798:
2481:
120:
7589:
6992:
6141:
6002:
4461:
8030:
7468:
6437:
6366:
5801:
5319:
5072:
4127:
3808:
3383:
3048:
5811:
2927:
is a slang word equivalent to "bloke" or "dude" in English. It is a loanword from the Mandinka language.
2508:, already spoke of the creolization of French in 1968, naming the result "franlof": a mix of French and
249:
7751:
7323:
6758:
6316:
6252:
5895:
5339:
5334:
5298:
3803:
5880:
5530:
5075:"Estimation des populations francophones dans le monde en 2018 - Sources et démarches méthodologiques"
4218:"En 2023, 327 millions de personnes parlent français dans le monde, dont près de la moitié en Afrique"
4075:"En 2023, 327 millions de personnes parlent français dans le monde, dont près de la moitié en Afrique"
30:
This article is about the French language spoken in Africa. For immigrants to France from Africa, see
7338:
7250:
6859:
6700:
6415:
6344:
6326:
6309:
6304:
6294:
5035:
3139:
Ivorian French is also unique in its grammatical differences present in spoken speech such as these:
1363:
467:
447:
6043:
8188:
8043:
7947:
6820:
6768:
6547:
6495:
3867:
3028:
2798:
2701:
1576:
1198:
1085:
988:
694:
317:
4903:
971:
2024 situation in Africa of the French Language as Official Language, and Native Language regions.
7411:
7002:
6956:
6837:
6810:
6749:
6686:
6632:
6339:
6299:
5843:
5661:
5656:
5613:
5329:
5208:
5150:
3813:
3753:
3001:
respectively. Note that some local words are used across several African countries. For example,
475:
462:
437:
98:
7007:
617:
8129:
7345:
6763:
6709:
6361:
6032:
3748:
3324:
2652:
1104:
552:
35:
17:
6107:
5201:
LE FRANÇAIS EN AFRIQUE - Revue du Réseau des Observatoires du Français Contemporain en Afrique
5022:
3289:
Linguists have observed the development of a local vernacular of French in the country called
2849:
which are written in this colloquial Abidjan French). Finally, an Abidjan French slang called
2470:
in the areas where French is on the same level with one or more local languages. According to
2458:
8161:
8106:
7912:
7907:
7560:
7538:
7429:
7357:
7180:
6842:
6605:
6231:
6118:
6007:
5914:
5166:
4922:
4791:
4653:"Le français au Sénégal : interférences du wolof dans le français des élèves sénégalais"
4652:
3883:
3411:
has now spread to other African countries due to the popularity of Congolese music in Africa.
3320:
2919:. It is not known exactly how this word came to mean street-side restaurant in Côte d'Ivoire.
2916:
2819:
1657:
1053:
733:
338:
7825:
6793:
3355:
in population. It is the capital of the most populous francophone country in the world, the
2424:
145:
8111:
7885:
7501:
7474:
7400:
7260:
7059:
6987:
6939:
6933:
6896:
6879:
6128:
5997:
5738:
3663:
the delabialization of the phoneme for the phoneme (ex: pronunciation of the French term
3340:
1148:
7895:
7308:
6376:
6198:
6101:
5234:
5213:
5110:"Morphological and syntactic interference in the context of Franco-Congolese bilingualism"
4655:[The French of Senegal: Wolof interference in the French of Senegalese students].
8:
7596:
7488:
7456:
7450:
7071:
7031:
6997:
6825:
6589:
6017:
5875:
5837:
5666:
5451:
5372:
5273:
3823:
3681:
in some cases, the denasalization of French vowels (ex: pronunciation of the French term
2936:
2812:
2489:
2445:
1263:
1043:
331:
66:
7859:
7292:
6967:
6901:
6187:
5639:
4919:
2613:
and images taken from African languages. For example, the upper social class is called "
1005:
492:
487:
483:
352:
Needs to be split into two articles, one French Africa and other African French=June2024
211:
8101:
7830:
7686:
7644:
7610:
7604:
7494:
7437:
7394:
7377:
7115:
7108:
6944:
6732:
6673:
6529:
6517:
6396:
6334:
6160:
5816:
5778:
5709:
5676:
5582:
5509:
5484:
5131:
4979:
4633:
3313:
3307:
2879:
2730:
2537:
1129:
1110:
1099:
1010:
7879:
6371:
5826:
5479:
4242:
4099:
3286:. By 2010, about 10% of Ouagadougou residents spoke French as their first language.
2867:
and then make their way into colloquial Abidjan French after some time. As of 2012, a
8058:
8037:
7957:
7917:
7776:
7704:
7698:
7622:
7514:
7424:
7365:
7277:
7235:
7036:
6982:
6788:
6773:
6744:
6727:
6637:
6600:
6569:
6557:
6476:
6464:
6381:
6356:
6350:
6275:
6244:
6152:
5987:
5855:
5806:
5689:
5362:
5135:
4983:
4915:
4383:
4197:
4054:
3899:
3615:, literally to make things "complicated" or difficult for someone. It can be anyone:
2935:
is a word meaning to whip, to beat, or to chastise (children). It is a loanword from
2896:
2794:
2383:
1795:
1029:
942:
785:
457:
313:
7900:
6869:
6847:
5699:
2480:, or the alternation of languages within a single conversation, takes place in both
27:
Generic name of the varieties of the French language spoken on the African continent
8011:
8001:
7986:
7974:
7890:
7839:
7803:
7781:
7768:
7762:
7691:
7680:
7584:
7549:
7533:
7382:
7370:
7303:
7267:
7255:
7223:
7148:
7120:
7093:
6923:
6918:
6906:
6886:
6874:
6815:
6722:
6679:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6574:
6505:
6489:
6386:
6193:
6147:
6123:
6072:
6067:
6055:
5932:
5860:
5704:
5694:
5648:
5489:
5357:
5242:
5121:
4969:
4750:
4625:
4395:
4304:"French is now the fifth most spoken world language and growing—thanks to Africans"
3818:
3369:. Kinshasa French also differs from other African French variants, for it has some
3212:
integrated borrowings, where the lexical unit experiences phonetic transformation:
2912:
2900:
2501:
2448:; some terms and words persist in use in Africa after falling out of use in France.
1176:
1171:
1162:
442:
7786:
7736:
5151:"Particularités phonétiques du français dans la presse audio-visuelle de Kinshasa"
4718:
8095:
8081:
7962:
7864:
7854:
7798:
7649:
7637:
7577:
7572:
7387:
7316:
7298:
7272:
7245:
7175:
7132:
7044:
7025:
6977:
6864:
6830:
6783:
6778:
6500:
6432:
6404:
6181:
6113:
6083:
5982:
5905:
5885:
5865:
5719:
5628:
5499:
5409:
5400:
5349:
5282:
5170:
5153:[The French Phonetic particularities in the broadcast media in Kinshasa]
5031:
5003:
4926:
4714:
4343:
3317:
2860:
2664:
2471:
2418:
2334:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1186:
1138:
1081:
996:
497:
429:
31:
7098:
5773:
5494:
5456:
4849:
4399:
4365:
4266:
3783:
3107:
Another unique, identifiable feature of Ivorian French is the use of the phrase
1115:
8146:
8053:
8048:
7969:
7849:
7811:
7543:
7103:
7049:
7019:
6911:
6595:
6523:
6469:
6218:
6037:
6027:
5870:
5821:
5768:
5728:
5684:
5525:
5504:
5461:
5439:
5367:
5049:"Vécu Langagier africanophone et francophone de jeunes lycéens du Burkina Faso"
4974:
4957:
4789:
4760:. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 243–253.
3778:
3461:
3386:
and the most educated people may frown upon the use of slangish/Lingala terms.
3379:
3370:
3279:
2640:
2509:
2505:
2493:
2477:
2410:
2379:
2360:
2330:
2322:
1301:
1297:
1275:
1244:
1153:
1071:
1062:
622:
606:
586:
7192:
5942:
5126:
5109:
4906:[The verbal phrase to have only with + infinitive in Ivorian French].
4695:(in French). Institut d'Études des Femmes, Université d'Ottawa. Archived from
2947:
is a slang word meaning money. It comes perhaps from the standard French word
2532:
In the urban areas of Francophone Africa, another type of French has emerged:
8177:
8088:
7991:
7979:
7711:
7419:
7076:
7014:
6510:
6022:
5849:
5783:
5763:
5571:
5417:
5390:
5324:
5108:
Baghana, Jerome; Voloshina, Tatiana G.; Slobodova Novakova, Katarina (2019).
4423:
3911:
3773:
3740:
3692:
could be pronounced both as ba-nde or as ban-nde with a slightly nasalized )
3361:
2856:
1936:
562:
1366:
in Arabic/French), but only a second language among the general population.
7870:
7730:
7170:
7125:
6012:
5890:
5385:
5073:
Observatoire démographique et statistique de l'espace francophone (ODSEF).
3851:
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3763:
3264:
3020:
2868:
2644:
1466:
1339:
1333:
1290:
1092:
613:
547:
4629:
7932:
7925:
7662:
7228:
6135:
5937:
4758:
Selected Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference on African Linguistics
4336:
Le français à Abidjan : Pour une approche syntaxique du non-standard
3887:
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2413:, which has about 0.5 million first and second language speakers in 2018.
2356:), which has about 33 million first and second language speakers in 2018.
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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2018:
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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French is the language of administration, education, and business in
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According to some estimates, French is spoken by 75 to 99 percent of
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2375:, which have 5.6 million first and second language speakers in 2018.
2329:– spoken altogether by about 97 million people in 2018, as either a
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Here are some of the phonetic characteristics of Kinshasa French:
3294:
3078:(in standard French, the grammatically correct sentence should be
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6642:
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4955:
4756:. In Kramer, Ruth; Zsiga, Elizabeth C.; Tlale Boyer, One (eds.).
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3875:
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3519:
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2536:("Popular African French") or FPA. It is used in the entirety of
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Richard Marcoux; Laurent Richard; Alexandre Wolff (March 2022).
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doesn't mean "He has two offices", but "He has two mistresses".
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is the largest Francophone city in the world, recently passing
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3190:
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1908:
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876:
811:
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means "fend for yourself" or "find what you need by yourself".
2684:, is another common alternative. Pronunciation of the letters
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FPA has its own grammatical rules and lexicon. For example, "
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850:
798:
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interchangeable usage of indirect and direct objects (using
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In some countries, it is a first language among some social
4751:"Nouchi as a Distinct Language: The Morphological Evidence"
3955:
3919:
3871:
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means "thank you very much". It comes from standard French
3036:
3024:
3012:
2845:(after a character in chronicles published by the magazine
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2265:
1991:
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1304:) it has become a first language, such as in the region of
915:
707:
4538:"Is there a difference between French and African French?"
2771:
to this template: there are already 1,480 articles in the
290:
to this template: there are already 1,480 articles in the
4712:
1377:
French proficiency in African countries according to the
5612:
3243:(to have relations with a second woman, from the French
3201:
direct borrowings, where the lexical unit is unchanged:
2891:
is a slang word meaning a girl or a girlfriend. It is a
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along with Arabic (many people in the upper classes are
4126:
3419:
means strong, resistant. It is a loanword from Lingala.
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whose meaning in standard French is "corpse". The word
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of pre-20th Century French instead of the now standard
6274:
3536:("there's no way"), itself made up of standard French
2903:("girl"). It is also French hip-hop slang for a girl.
2634:
6966:
5272:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4384:"Language Maintenance and Spread: French in Algeria"
3730:
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is colloquially used to refer to a ballpoint pen in
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means broken, worn out, exhausted, or dead. It is a
2755:
422:
200 million (mostly non-native speakers) (2024)
274:
4820:"Languages: Crowd-Sourced Online Nouchi Dictionary"
3492:is a bottle opener. It comes from the Lingala verb
2863:with a distinct grammar. New words often appear in
2751:
a machine-translated version of the French article.
270:
a machine-translated version of the French article.
112:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5227:La mondialisation, une chance pour la francophonie
4962:Revista de Investigaciones Universidad del Quindío
3548:("not", "no"), to which was added standard French
3007:is attested not only in Côte d'Ivoire but also in
5214:Dictionaries of various French-speaking countries
4792:"Variétés lexicales du français en Côte d'Ivoire"
4790:Bertin Mel Gnamba and Jérémie Kouadio N'Guessan.
4778:
4687:
4122:
4120:
1373:List of countries in Africa by French proficiency
8175:
5066:
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4568:
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3464:and Kinshasa French, but not in standard French.
2488:, the former having four "national" languages –
1396:Percentage of the population that speaks French
5756:
4875:"Le Dictionnaire de la Zone © Cobra le Cynique"
4487:"target-survey-french-most-spoken-language-drc"
4260:
3976:One country not member or observer of the OIF:
3293:which is influenced by local languages such as
3111:which, translated into English, roughly means,
2841:(after a working-class district of Abidjan) or
5751:
5235:RFI - L’avenir du français passe par l’Afrique
5024:Interférences et français populaire du Burkina
5009:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
4847:
4579:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
4268:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
4117:
3844:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
3593:. In standard French, it means "I don't mind".
3055:formal Abidjan French of the educated people:
2797:accompanying your translation by providing an
2742:Click for important translation instructions.
2729:expand this section with text translated from
2527:
1379:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
1285:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
316:accompanying your translation by providing an
261:Click for important translation instructions.
248:expand this article with text translated from
6260:
5598:
5258:
5148:
4651:Calvet, Maurice jean; Dumont, Pierre (1969).
4583:"Estimation du nombre de francophones (2018)"
4559:
3543:
3530:means "absolutely impossible". It comes from
3493:
3479:
2452:In the colonial period, a vernacular form of
2417:All the African French varieties differ from
1358:, where French is a first language among the
1270:spoken by an estimated 167 million people in
1206:
4650:
4388:International Journal of Francophone Studies
4366:"Linguistic policy challenges in Madagascar"
3759:Geographical distribution of French speakers
3630:
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3571:
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3557:
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3103:is an Abidjan slang word meaning "to steal")
3098:
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2583:
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381:
8156:languages with more than 5 million speakers
6226:varieties with more than 5 million speakers
3154:omission of prepositions in some contexts (
2436:, with sign in French; she uses the phrase
75:Learn how and when to remove these messages
7739:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)
6267:
6253:
5605:
5591:
5265:
5251:
4719:"La situation multilinguistique d'Abidjan"
4683:
4681:
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4609:
3769:List of colonies and possessions of France
3512:is a rickety old taxi. In standard French
1213:
1199:
954:
390:
5125:
4973:
4577:Observatoire de la langue française de l’
361:Learn how and when to remove this message
172:Learn how and when to remove this message
5149:Gombé-Apondza, Guy-Roger Cyriac (2015).
4381:
3335:
2423:
1224:
966:
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4678:
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4606:
3347:With more than 11 million inhabitants,
3143:omission of articles in some contexts (
2875:was being written using mobile phones.
2855:has evolved from an ethnically neutral
2639:tends to be pronounced as the historic
14:
8176:
4997:La langue française dans le monde 2010
4850:"Le lexique français de Côte d'Ivoire"
4301:
4202:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4059:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
6248:
5586:
5246:
5103:
5101:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4897:
4895:
4748:
4512:"What Languages Are Spoken In Gabon?"
3081:Cette fille (là) m'a pris de l'argent
2915:", and by extension "guerrilla", see
3639:
3300:
2711:
2402:, which are also spoken in the area.
328:{{Translated|fr|Français d'Afrique}}
230:
212:move details into the article's body
183:
110:adding citations to reliable sources
81:
40:
4272:"La langue française dans le monde"
4009:indicate non-Francophone countries.
3343:in the commercial heart of Kinshasa
3258:
3176:more flexible grammatical formation
2669:
2540:, but especially in cities such as
24:
8160:Languages between parentheses are
6230:Languages between parentheses are
5098:
4944:
4892:
4856:from the original on 4 August 2007
4442:from the original on 20 March 2022
4363:
4302:Chutel, Lynsey (18 October 2018).
4132:"2023 World Population Data Sheet"
3982:Two French territories in Africa:
3621:, "She is giving me a tough time".
3452:", means to stop going to school.
3331:
3251:(to show the way, from the French
3227:
3180:
3126:
3058:La fille m'a subtilisé mon argent.
2882:, except ô which is pronounced ):
25:
8205:
8194:Languages of the African diaspora
8040:(unknown further classification)
5194:
5159:Synergies Afrique des Grands Lacs
3964:One associate member of the OIF:
3719:rather than the "correct" French
2809:{{Translated|fr|Nouchi (langue)}}
2707:
2704:may differ from standard French.
2359:The French variety spoken in the
56:This article has multiple issues.
5274:Varieties of the French language
4518:from the original on 25 May 2024
3733:
3357:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3306:This section is an excerpt from
3041:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2716:
2628:
2285:
2258:
2231:
2204:
2176:
2148:
2121:
2093:
2065:
2038:
2011:
1984:
1957:
1929:
1901:
1873:
1844:
1816:
1788:
1759:
1731:
1704:
1677:
1650:
1623:
1596:
1569:
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1514:
1486:
1459:
1432:
1405:
1300:and in the ports located on the
978:
908:
895:
882:
869:
856:
843:
830:
817:
804:
791:
778:
765:
752:
739:
726:
713:
700:
687:
674:
661:
648:
235:
188:
86:
45:
5180:from the original on 2024-05-25
5142:
5087:from the original on 2020-11-29
5055:from the original on 2024-03-18
5041:
5015:
4990:
4933:from the original on 2023-02-21
4881:from the original on 2024-05-25
4867:
4841:
4830:from the original on 2012-09-04
4812:
4801:from the original on 2015-09-23
4767:from the original on 2022-03-22
4742:
4731:from the original on 2008-02-27
4706:
4667:from the original on 2023-02-21
4644:
4595:from the original on 2023-01-02
4548:from the original on 2020-10-26
4530:
4504:
4479:
4468:from the original on 2023-03-24
4454:
4426:"observatoire.francophonie.org"
4417:
4406:from the original on 2024-05-25
4375:
4357:
4325:
4314:from the original on 2020-11-08
4295:
4284:from the original on 2020-12-03
4249:from the original on 2023-03-23
4224:from the original on 2023-06-06
4185:from the original on 2023-04-15
4144:from the original on 2024-02-20
4106:from the original on 2023-03-23
4081:from the original on 2023-06-06
4042:from the original on 2023-04-15
3999:
3189:, it was shown that French and
2591:Il ou elle commence à me plaire
97:needs additional citations for
64:or discuss these issues on the
8164:of the language on their left.
8034:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
6234:of the language on their left.
4235:
4210:
4165:
4155:
4092:
4067:
4022:
3836:
3121:Ils n'ont qu'à essayer de voir
3075:Fille-là a prend mon l'argent.
2859:among uneducated youth into a
2807:You may also add the template
2440:("Be welcome"), considered an
1342:of the population, such as in
1049:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts
326:You may also add the template
13:
1:
5551:French-based creole languages
5209:Links for Afrique francophone
4688:Bassolé-Ouedraogo, A (2007).
4277:(2019 ed.). p. 38.
4016:
3794:French-based creole languages
2619:" (the above from above) or "
2405:The French variety spoken in
2400:French-based creole languages
2378:The French variety spoken by
2340:The French variety spoken by
2321:The French variety spoken in
1262:) is the generic name of the
5380:(England, Wales and Ireland)
4902:Johnson, Manda Djoa (2011).
3799:French language in Minnesota
3399:on the standard French word
3291:français populaire burkinabè
3113:to have only to + infinitive
2312:
7:
8031:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
4400:10.1386/ijfs.10.1and2.193_1
4128:Population Reference Bureau
3809:French language in Cambodia
3726:
3160:Il est parti à Yamoussoukro
3117:Ils non cas essayer de voir
3063:colloquial Abidjan French (
2779:will aid in categorization.
2674:
2655:, the sound represented by
2534:Français populaire africain
2528:Français populaire africain
1393:French speaking population
298:will aid in categorization.
10:
8210:
7733:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
6759:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
6553:Central−Southern Calabrian
4975:10.33975/riuq.vol34nS2.873
4542:African Language Solutions
4382:Benrabah, Mohamed (2007).
3804:French language in Vietnam
3603:
3601:is the way Kinois say 81,
3562:means to have a mistress.
3478:("thank you") and Lingala
3448:, literally "to break the
3407:
3305:
3003:
2754:Machine translation, like
2621:
2615:
2609:FPA is mainly composed of
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2283:
2256:
2229:
2202:
2173:
2146:
2119:
2090:
2063:
2036:
2009:
1982:
1955:
1926:
1899:
1870:
1841:
1814:
1785:
1756:
1729:
1702:
1675:
1648:
1621:
1594:
1567:
1540:
1511:
1484:
1457:
1430:
1403:
382:
273:Machine translation, like
29:
8184:French language in Africa
8138:
8122:
8073:
8022:
7946:
7750:
7723:
7672:
7524:
7410:
7356:
7337:
7288:
6955:
6708:
6699:
6660:
6540:
6425:
6414:
6325:
6287:
6209:
6174:
5975:
5904:
5718:
5675:
5647:
5638:
5621:
5564:
5543:
5518:
5470:
5408:
5399:
5348:
5312:
5289:
5280:
5127:10.18355/XL.2019.12.03.18
5036:University of Ouagadougou
5012:, 2010, p. 51 (in French)
4797:(in French). p. 65.
4413:– via Researchgate.
3970:One observer of the OIF:
3703:and, similarly, the term
3631:
3625:
3617:
3611:
3597:
3589:
3582:
3572:
3564:
3558:
3532:
3526:
3508:
3488:
3468:
3444:
3430:
3423:
3415:
3391:
3099:
3093:
3074:
3057:
2943:
2931:
2923:
2907:
2887:
2731:the corresponding article
2657:
953:
941:
929:
924:
642:Countries and territories
635:Official language in
633:
628:
603:
577:
535:
426:
416:
408:
389:
380:
375:
250:the corresponding article
7041:North American dialects
6548:Extreme Southern Italian
3868:Central African Republic
3829:
3109:n'avoir qu'à + infinitif
3029:Central African Republic
2625:" (the powerful môgôs).
2579:Il ou elle peut me tuer!
1577:Central African Republic
1312:, in the urban areas of
1077:Articles and determiners
695:Central African Republic
6460:Central−Northern Latian
5614:Gallo-Romance languages
4848:Suzanne Lafage (2002).
3842:29 full members of the
3814:French language in Laos
3754:Belgian colonial empire
3440:which means atmosphere.
3434:, from standard French
2839:français de Treichville
2818:For more guidance, see
2585:Il ou elle peut me dja!
1364:simultaneous bilinguals
1247:and West African French
337:For more guidance, see
6764:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
4749:Sande, Hannah (2015).
3749:French colonial empire
3550:
3544:
3538:
3514:
3500:
3494:
3480:
3474:
3454:
3436:
3401:
3344:
3147:instead of the French
3087:Abidjan French slang (
3080:
3065:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2961:
2959:("stone"), or perhaps
2955:
2949:
2653:voiced velar fricative
2567:
2449:
1259:
1248:
972:
597:Eastern African French
396:A private pharmacy in
36:Black people in France
7251:Poitevin–Saintongeais
6224:A star (*) indicates
6119:Poitevin-Saintongeais
6050:Labrador Inuit Pidgin
4630:10.3406/lfr.1978.4853
4243:"Accueil-Francoscope"
4100:"Accueil-Francoscope"
3944:São Tomé and Príncipe
3884:Republic of the Congo
3707:may be pronounced as
3339:
3156:Il parti Yamoussoukro
3094:La go a momo mon pia.
2917:Maquis (World War II)
2820:Knowledge:Translation
2791:copyright attribution
2616:les en-haut d'en-haut
2562:
2427:
2184:Sao Tome and Principe
1234:
970:
339:Knowledge:Translation
310:copyright attribution
7060:St. Marys Bay French
6584:Neapolitan–Calabrese
3721:Je veux de la banane
3612:compliquer quelqu'un
3542:("way") and Lingala
3341:Boulevard du 30 Juin
1039:Phonological history
106:improve this article
7412:Galician–Portuguese
6438:Central Marchigiano
5677:Bourbonnais Creoles
5038:, 1994. (in French)
5021:Coulibaly, Bakary.
3824:Languages of Africa
2700:may also vary, and
2622:les môgôs puissants
2446:Metropolitan France
2438:Soyez les bienvenus
1044:Oaths of Strasbourg
594:Indian Ocean French
583:West African French
7826:Catalan Ribagorçan
7673:Pyrenean–Mozarabic
6945:Judaeo-Piedmontese
6855:Bustocco–Legnanese
6650:Northern Calabrian
5030:2024-03-18 at the
5002:2024-03-24 at the
4514:. 14 August 2017.
4342:2016-01-20 at the
3598:quatre-vingt-et-un
3345:
3321:spoken in Cameroon
3314:Cameroonian French
3308:Cameroonian French
3149:tu veux du poisson
3066:français de Moussa
2880:French orthography
2843:français de Moussa
2799:interlanguage link
2603:c'est mon bramôgo.
2597:c'est mon môgô sûr
2538:Sub-Saharan Africa
2450:
2428:Alcohol seller in
1249:
973:
318:interlanguage link
8171:
8170:
8147:extinct languages
8069:
8068:
7746:
7745:
7705:Navarro-Aragonese
7590:Peruvian Ribereño
7515:Judaeo-Portuguese
7430:Galician–Asturian
7333:
7332:
7324:Old Gallo-Romance
7278:Wisconsin Walloon
6695:
6694:
6668:Dalmatian Romance
6276:Romance languages
6242:
6241:
6219:extinct languages
6175:Francoprovencalic
6170:
6169:
6153:Wisconsin Walloon
5580:
5579:
5539:
5538:
5381:
4657:Collection IDERIC
3900:Equatorial Guinea
3717:Je veux du banane
3699:is pronounced as
3618:Elle me complique
3590:ça ne dérange pas
3583:ça ne dérange pas
3565:Il a deux bureaux
3527:moyen tê vraiment
3301:Cameronian French
2897:Mandinka language
2831:
2830:
2743:
2739:
2698:⟨l⟩
2694:⟨l⟩
2690:⟨t⟩
2686:⟨d⟩
2659:⟨غ⟩
2636:⟨r⟩
2544:, Côte d'Ivoire;
2521:Le petit français
2517:le petit français
2384:Mascarene Islands
2350:North-west Africa
2310:
2309:
1796:Equatorial Guinea
1390:Total population
1260:français africain
1232:
1223:
1222:
965:
964:
786:Equatorial Guinea
591:Djiboutian French
383:français africain
371:
370:
363:
350:
349:
262:
258:
229:
228:
208:length guidelines
182:
181:
174:
156:
79:
16:(Redirected from
8201:
7692:Judaeo-Aragonese
7681:Andalusi Romance
7534:Amazonic Spanish
7371:Western Asturian
7354:
7353:
7293:Franco-Provençal
6964:
6963:
6860:Comasco–Lecchese
6718:Emilian–Romagnol
6706:
6705:
6506:Regional Italian
6496:Italo-Australian
6423:
6422:
6345:Megleno-Romanian
6269:
6262:
6255:
6246:
6245:
6188:Franco-Provençal
6184:/Faetar-Cigliàje
6073:Louisiana French
6068:Louisiana Creole
5881:Saint-Barthélemy
5649:Antillean Creole
5645:
5644:
5607:
5600:
5593:
5584:
5583:
5531:Saint-Barthélemy
5406:
5405:
5379:
5267:
5260:
5253:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5231:
5223:
5205:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5179:
5156:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5129:
5105:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5086:
5079:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5045:
5039:
5019:
5013:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4977:
4953:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4899:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4796:
4787:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4766:
4755:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4730:
4723:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4694:
4685:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4618:Langue française
4613:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4594:
4587:
4574:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4489:. Archived from
4483:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4441:
4430:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4361:
4355:
4346:by Katja Ploog,
4333:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4283:
4276:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4201:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4184:
4177:
4169:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4143:
4136:
4124:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4058:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4041:
4034:
4026:
4010:
4003:
3991:
3840:
3819:French Polynesia
3743:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3634:
3628:
3620:
3614:
3606:
3600:
3592:
3585:
3577:
3567:
3561:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3517:
3511:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3459:
3447:
3439:
3433:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3404:
3394:
3316:is a variety of
3259:Burkinabe French
3216:(police force),
3205:(particularly),
3102:
3096:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3060:
3006:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2934:
2926:
2913:maquis shrubland
2910:
2895:either from the
2890:
2810:
2804:
2778:
2777:|topic=
2775:, and specifying
2760:Google Translate
2741:
2737:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2672:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2637:
2624:
2618:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2456:French known as
2290:
2289:
2288:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2016:
2015:
2014:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1384:
1383:
1233:
1215:
1208:
1201:
982:
975:
974:
958:
949:
934:
914:
912:
911:
901:
899:
898:
888:
886:
885:
875:
873:
872:
862:
860:
859:
849:
847:
846:
836:
834:
833:
823:
821:
820:
810:
808:
807:
797:
795:
794:
784:
782:
781:
771:
769:
768:
758:
756:
755:
745:
743:
742:
732:
730:
729:
719:
717:
716:
706:
704:
703:
693:
691:
690:
680:
678:
677:
667:
665:
664:
654:
652:
651:
609:
432:
394:
385:
373:
372:
366:
359:
329:
323:
297:
296:|topic=
294:, and specifying
279:Google Translate
260:
256:
239:
238:
231:
224:
221:
215:
206:Please read the
192:
191:
184:
177:
170:
166:
163:
157:
155:
121:"African French"
114:
90:
82:
71:
49:
48:
41:
21:
8209:
8208:
8204:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8199:
8198:
8189:French dialects
8174:
8173:
8172:
8167:
8134:
8118:
8096:Pannonian Latin
8082:African Romance
8065:
8018:
7949:
7942:
7880:Judeo-Provençal
7753:
7742:
7719:
7668:
7578:Chilean Chilote
7520:
7406:
7347:
7343:
7340:
7329:
7317:Moselle Romance
7284:
7133:Missouri French
7094:Franco-Ontarian
6969:
6958:
6951:
6691:
6656:
6633:Southern Latian
6536:
6501:Maltese Italian
6433:Central Italian
6417:
6410:
6405:Common Romanian
6321:
6305:Italo-Dalmatian
6283:
6273:
6243:
6238:
6237:
6205:
6166:
6084:Moselle Romance
6044:Karipúna Creole
5971:
5900:
5812:Franco-Ontarian
5714:
5671:
5634:
5629:Canadian French
5617:
5611:
5581:
5576:
5560:
5535:
5514:
5466:
5395:
5344:
5308:
5285:
5283:Standard French
5276:
5271:
5237:
5229:
5221:
5203:
5197:
5192:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5154:
5147:
5143:
5106:
5099:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5077:
5071:
5067:
5058:
5056:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5032:Wayback Machine
5020:
5016:
5004:Wayback Machine
4995:
4991:
4954:
4945:
4936:
4934:
4900:
4893:
4884:
4882:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4859:
4857:
4846:
4842:
4833:
4831:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4804:
4802:
4794:
4788:
4779:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4753:
4747:
4743:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4721:
4715:Lund University
4711:
4707:
4699:
4692:
4686:
4679:
4670:
4668:
4649:
4645:
4614:
4607:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4575:
4560:
4551:
4549:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4521:
4519:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4496:
4494:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4471:
4469:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4428:
4422:
4418:
4409:
4407:
4380:
4376:
4368:
4362:
4358:
4344:Wayback Machine
4331:
4330:
4326:
4317:
4315:
4300:
4296:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4265:
4261:
4252:
4250:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4227:
4225:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4195:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4173:"Archived copy"
4171:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4156:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4125:
4118:
4109:
4107:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4084:
4082:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4052:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4032:
4030:"Archived copy"
4028:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4013:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3994:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3739:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3642:
3640:Characteristics
3626:une tracasserie
3604:quatre-vingt-un
3559:avoir un bureau
3365:is shared with
3334:
3332:Kinshasa French
3329:
3328:
3311:
3303:
3261:
3230:
3228:Beninese French
3183:
3181:Algerian French
3173:and vice versa)
3145:tu veux poisson
3129:
3127:Characteristics
3069:
2965:(dollar, buck).
2861:creole language
2847:Ivoire Dimanche
2827:
2826:
2825:
2808:
2802:
2776:
2744:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2658:
2635:
2631:
2530:
2472:Gabriel Manessy
2419:Standard French
2335:second language
2315:
2286:
2284:
2259:
2257:
2232:
2230:
2205:
2203:
2177:
2175:
2149:
2147:
2122:
2120:
2094:
2092:
2066:
2064:
2039:
2037:
2012:
2010:
1985:
1983:
1958:
1956:
1930:
1928:
1902:
1900:
1874:
1872:
1845:
1843:
1817:
1815:
1789:
1787:
1760:
1758:
1732:
1730:
1705:
1703:
1678:
1676:
1651:
1649:
1624:
1622:
1597:
1595:
1570:
1568:
1543:
1541:
1515:
1513:
1487:
1485:
1460:
1458:
1433:
1431:
1406:
1404:
1375:
1280:second language
1268:French language
1225:
1219:
1187:Help:IPA/French
1122:
1121:
1109:
997:French language
961:
947:
930:
920:
909:
907:
896:
894:
883:
881:
870:
868:
857:
855:
844:
842:
831:
829:
818:
816:
805:
803:
792:
790:
779:
777:
766:
764:
753:
751:
740:
738:
727:
725:
714:
712:
701:
699:
688:
686:
675:
673:
662:
660:
649:
647:
644:
643:
636:
629:Official status
621:
618:French alphabet
610:
605:
573:
538:
531:
480:Gallo-Rhaetian?
468:Western Romance
448:Latino-Faliscan
433:
430:Language family
428:
419:
418:Native speakers
404:
367:
356:
355:
354:
346:
345:
344:
327:
321:
295:
263:
240:
236:
225:
219:
216:
205:
202:may be too long
197:This article's
193:
189:
178:
167:
161:
158:
115:
113:
103:
91:
50:
46:
39:
32:Arabs in France
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8207:
8197:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8165:
8158:
8149:
8139:
8136:
8135:
8133:
8132:
8126:
8124:
8120:
8119:
8117:
8116:
8115:
8114:
8109:
8099:
8092:
8085:
8077:
8075:
8071:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8064:
8063:
8062:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8035:
8026:
8024:
8020:
8019:
8017:
8016:
8015:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7984:
7983:
7982:
7977:
7967:
7966:
7965:
7954:
7952:
7944:
7943:
7941:
7940:
7939:
7938:
7937:
7936:
7922:
7921:
7920:
7915:
7905:
7904:
7903:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7876:
7875:
7874:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7847:
7837:
7836:
7835:
7834:
7833:
7828:
7820:
7815:
7812:Judaeo-Catalan
7808:
7807:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7795:
7794:
7789:
7779:
7771:
7758:
7756:
7748:
7747:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7734:
7727:
7725:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7717:
7716:
7715:
7701:
7696:
7695:
7694:
7684:
7676:
7674:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7666:
7659:
7658:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7641:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7619:
7618:
7601:
7600:
7599:
7594:
7593:
7592:
7582:
7581:
7580:
7567:Latin American
7563:
7558:
7546:
7544:Judaeo-Spanish
7541:
7536:
7530:
7528:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7518:
7511:
7510:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7498:
7497:
7485:
7484:
7483:
7471:
7466:
7459:
7447:
7440:
7435:
7434:
7433:
7422:
7416:
7414:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7404:
7397:
7392:
7391:
7390:
7380:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7362:
7360:
7351:
7335:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7327:
7320:
7313:
7312:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7282:
7281:
7280:
7275:
7265:
7264:
7263:
7258:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7232:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7207:
7206:
7205:
7195:
7190:
7173:
7168:
7167:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7146:
7145:
7144:
7137:
7136:
7135:
7130:
7129:
7128:
7118:
7113:
7112:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7090:
7089:
7084:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7063:
7062:
7057:
7039:
7034:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7011:
7010:
7005:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6974:
6972:
6961:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6937:
6930:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6915:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6857:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6828:
6813:
6808:
6807:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6730:
6714:
6712:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6687:Judaeo-Italian
6684:
6683:
6682:
6677:
6664:
6662:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6577:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6555:
6544:
6542:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6533:
6532:
6520:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6474:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6429:
6427:
6420:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6401:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6347:
6342:
6340:Istro-Romanian
6337:
6331:
6329:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6297:
6291:
6289:
6288:Major branches
6285:
6284:
6280:classification
6272:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6249:
6240:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6228:
6222:
6211:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6185:
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6126:
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6111:
6104:
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6092:
6087:
6080:
6075:
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6065:
6064:
6063:
6053:
6046:
6041:
6038:Haitian Creole
6035:
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6015:
6010:
6008:Burundi Pidgin
6005:
6000:
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5572:Français signé
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5449:
5448:
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5401:North American
5397:
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5370:
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5360:
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5232:
5224:
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5211:
5206:
5196:
5195:External links
5193:
5191:
5190:
5141:
5120:(3): 240–248.
5097:
5065:
5040:
5014:
4989:
4943:
4891:
4866:
4840:
4826:. 2012-07-30.
4811:
4777:
4741:
4713:Marita Jabet,
4705:
4702:on 2008-02-27.
4677:
4643:
4605:
4558:
4544:. 2015-09-11.
4529:
4503:
4478:
4453:
4416:
4374:
4364:Øyvind, Dahl.
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3796:
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3786:
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3779:Maghreb French
3776:
3771:
3766:
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3756:
3751:
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3728:
3725:
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3693:
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3636:
3622:
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3523:
3505:
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3465:
3462:Belgian French
3441:
3420:
3412:
3371:Belgian French
3333:
3330:
3323:. As a former
3312:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3280:Bobo-Dioulasso
3260:
3257:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3210:
3182:
3179:
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3174:
3163:
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3128:
3125:
3105:
3104:
3085:
3061:
2967:
2966:
2940:
2928:
2920:
2904:
2871:dictionary of
2829:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2816:
2805:
2783:
2780:
2768:adding a topic
2763:
2752:
2745:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2715:
2709:
2708:Abidjan French
2706:
2641:alveolar trill
2630:
2627:
2529:
2526:
2506:Dakar, Senegal
2478:Code-switching
2442:archaic phrase
2415:
2414:
2411:Horn of Africa
2403:
2376:
2361:Comoro Islands
2357:
2354:Maghreb French
2338:
2323:Central Africa
2314:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2144:
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2137:
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2117:
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2110:
2107:
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2088:
2087:
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2078:
2075:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
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1696:
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1673:
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1660:
1646:
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1609:
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1592:
1591:
1588:
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1582:
1579:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1448:
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1428:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1374:
1371:
1302:Gulf of Guinea
1298:Central Africa
1252:African French
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
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1133:
1132:
1126:
1125:
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1120:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1102:
1095:
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1079:
1074:
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1023:
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1008:
1000:
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992:
984:
983:
963:
962:
959:
951:
950:
945:
939:
938:
935:
927:
926:
925:Language codes
922:
921:
919:
918:
905:
892:
879:
866:
853:
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827:
814:
801:
788:
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762:
749:
736:
723:
710:
697:
684:
671:
658:
641:
640:
639:
637:
634:
631:
630:
626:
625:
623:French Braille
611:
607:Writing system
604:
601:
600:
599:
598:
595:
592:
589:
587:Maghreb French
584:
579:
575:
574:
572:
571:
570:
569:
568:
567:
566:
565:
541:
539:
536:
533:
532:
530:
529:
528:
527:
526:
525:
524:
523:
522:
521:
520:
519:
518:
517:
516:
515:
514:
513:
512:
511:
510:
509:
508:
507:
506:
505:
503:African French
436:
434:
427:
424:
423:
420:
417:
414:
413:
410:
406:
405:
395:
387:
386:
378:
377:
376:African French
369:
368:
353:
348:
347:
343:
342:
335:
324:
302:
299:
287:adding a topic
282:
271:
264:
245:
244:
243:
241:
234:
227:
226:
196:
194:
187:
180:
179:
94:
92:
85:
80:
54:
53:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8206:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8181:
8179:
8163:
8159:
8157:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8144:
8141:
8140:
8137:
8131:
8130:Proto-Romance
8128:
8127:
8125:
8123:Reconstructed
8121:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8104:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8097:
8093:
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8090:
8089:British Latin
8086:
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8076:
8072:
8060:
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8033:
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8021:
8013:
8010:
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8005:
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8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7988:
7985:
7981:
7978:
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7973:
7972:
7971:
7968:
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7960:
7959:
7956:
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7930:
7929:
7928:
7927:
7923:
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7916:
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7910:
7909:
7908:Vivaro-Alpine
7906:
7902:
7899:
7898:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7881:
7877:
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7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7852:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7841:
7838:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7823:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7766:
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7764:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7755:
7749:
7738:
7735:
7732:
7729:
7728:
7726:
7722:
7714:
7713:
7712:Old Navarrese
7709:
7708:
7707:
7706:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7682:
7678:
7677:
7675:
7671:
7665:
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7660:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7639:
7636:
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7626:
7624:
7621:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7612:
7609:
7608:
7607:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7595:
7591:
7588:
7587:
7586:
7583:
7579:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7569:
7568:
7564:
7562:
7561:Equatoguinean
7559:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7552:
7551:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7531:
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7527:
7523:
7517:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7496:
7493:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7479:
7478:
7477:
7476:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7464:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7453:
7452:
7448:
7446:
7445:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7431:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7409:
7403:
7402:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7372:
7369:
7368:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7359:
7355:
7352:
7349:
7342:
7336:
7326:
7325:
7321:
7319:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7287:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7266:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7253:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7213:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7188:
7184:
7183:
7182:
7179:
7178:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7150:
7147:
7143:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7131:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7052:
7051:
7048:
7047:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7027:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7015:Frainc-Comtou
7013:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6971:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6954:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6935:
6931:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6836:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6811:Judeo-Italian
6809:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6776:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6738:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6711:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6698:
6688:
6685:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6651:
6648:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6606:Castelmezzano
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6591:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6582:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6539:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6512:
6511:Swiss Italian
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6475:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6392:Transylvanian
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6351:Daco-Romanian
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6318:
6315:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6300:Italo-Western
6298:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6286:
6281:
6277:
6270:
6265:
6263:
6258:
6256:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6233:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6220:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6208:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6173:
6163:
6162:
6158:
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6146:
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6143:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
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6120:
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6115:
6112:
6110:
6109:
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6047:
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6042:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6023:Frainc-Comtou
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
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5909:
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5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5850:Middle French
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
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5808:
5805:
5803:
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5788:
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5750:
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5747:
5744:
5740:
5739:St. Marys Bay
5737:
5735:
5732:
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5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5711:
5708:
5706:
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5680:
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5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5640:Langues d'oïl
5637:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5615:
5608:
5603:
5601:
5596:
5594:
5589:
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5573:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5563:
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5477:
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5472:United States
5469:
5463:
5460:
5458:
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5450:
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5441:
5438:
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5407:
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5364:
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5318:
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5297:
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5288:
5284:
5279:
5275:
5268:
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5236:
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5228:
5225:
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5217:
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5212:
5210:
5207:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5176:
5172:
5168:
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5137:
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5128:
5123:
5119:
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5083:
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5054:
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5026:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5010:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4993:
4985:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4968:(S2): 13–19.
4967:
4963:
4959:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4910:(in French).
4909:
4905:
4898:
4896:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4855:
4852:(in French).
4851:
4844:
4829:
4825:
4824:Rising Voices
4821:
4815:
4800:
4793:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4763:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4727:
4724:(in French).
4720:
4716:
4709:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4682:
4666:
4662:
4659:(in French).
4658:
4654:
4647:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4624:(1): 91–105.
4623:
4620:(in French).
4619:
4612:
4610:
4591:
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4573:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4547:
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4517:
4513:
4507:
4493:on 2022-10-23
4492:
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4420:
4405:
4401:
4397:
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4389:
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4378:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4349:
4348:CNRS Editions
4345:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4328:
4313:
4309:
4308:Quartz Africa
4305:
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4280:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4205:
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4174:
4168:
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4140:
4133:
4129:
4123:
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4105:
4101:
4095:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4062:
4056:
4038:
4031:
4025:
4021:
4008:
4005:Countries in
4002:
3998:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3912:Guinea-Bissau
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3888:Côte d'Ivoire
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
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3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3774:Belgian Congo
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3741:Africa portal
3731:
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3698:
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3540:
3534:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3489:un zibolateur
3486:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3451:
3446:
3445:casser le bic
3442:
3438:
3432:
3431:un ambianceur
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3362:lingua franca
3358:
3354:
3350:
3342:
3338:
3326:
3325:French colony
3322:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3287:
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3281:
3277:
3272:
3271:
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3250:
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3208:
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3200:
3199:
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3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2978:un restaurant
2973:
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2870:
2866:
2862:
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2857:lingua franca
2854:
2853:
2848:
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2840:
2836:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2806:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2774:
2773:main category
2770:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2747:
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2740:
2734:
2732:
2727:You can help
2723:
2714:
2713:
2705:
2703:
2682:
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2679:
2666:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2629:Pronunciation
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2201:
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2102:
2089:
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2079:
2076:
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2062:
2058:
2055:
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2049:
2047:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1937:Guinea-Bissau
1925:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1898:
1894:
1891:
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1697:
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1686:
1685:Côte d'Ivoire
1674:
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1664:
1661:
1659:
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1637:
1634:
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1402:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1360:upper classes
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
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1202:
1197:
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1173:
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1155:
1152:
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1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1111:passé composé
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
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1064:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1006:Langues d'oïl
1004:
1003:
1002:
1001:
998:
995:
994:
990:
986:
985:
981:
977:
976:
969:
957:
952:
946:
944:
940:
936:
933:
928:
923:
917:
906:
904:
893:
891:
880:
878:
867:
865:
854:
852:
841:
839:
828:
826:
815:
813:
802:
800:
789:
787:
776:
774:
763:
761:
750:
748:
747:Côte d'Ivoire
737:
735:
724:
722:
711:
709:
698:
696:
685:
683:
672:
670:
659:
657:
646:
645:
638:
632:
627:
624:
619:
615:
612:
608:
602:
596:
593:
590:
588:
585:
582:
581:
580:
576:
564:
563:Middle French
561:
560:
559:
556:
555:
554:
553:Proto-Romance
551:
550:
549:
546:
545:
544:
540:
534:
504:
501:
500:
499:
496:
495:
494:
491:
490:
489:
485:
482:
481:
479:
478:
477:
476:Gallo-Romance
474:
473:
472:Gallo-Iberian
471:
470:
469:
466:
465:
464:
463:Italo-Western
461:
460:
459:
456:
455:
454:
451:
450:
449:
446:
445:
444:
441:
440:
439:
438:Indo-European
435:
431:
425:
421:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
393:
388:
384:
379:
374:
365:
362:
351:
340:
336:
333:
325:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
300:
293:
292:main category
289:
288:
283:
280:
276:
272:
269:
266:
265:
259:
257:(August 2019)
253:
251:
246:You can help
242:
233:
232:
223:
213:
209:
203:
201:
195:
186:
185:
176:
173:
165:
154:
151:
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140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123: –
122:
118:
117:Find sources:
111:
107:
101:
100:
95:This article
93:
89:
84:
83:
78:
76:
69:
68:
63:
62:
57:
52:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
8151:
8142:
8094:
8087:
8080:
8029:
7931:
7924:
7886:Languedocien
7878:
7871:Judeo-Gascon
7869:
7810:
7761:
7731:Barranquenho
7710:
7703:
7679:
7661:
7603:
7565:
7548:
7539:Extremaduran
7513:
7487:
7473:
7461:
7449:
7442:
7399:
7358:Asturleonese
7322:
7315:
7273:West Walloon
7261:Saintongeais
7209:
7185:
7181:Anglo-Norman
7139:
7072:Newfoundland
7032:Jersey Legal
7024:
6932:
6897:Southwestern
6880:Vallassinese
6769:Gallo-Picene
6710:Gallo-Italic
6672:
6588:
6583:
6522:
6488:
6403:
6349:
6214:
6159:
6140:
6129:Saintongeais
6106:
6094:
6082:
6048:
6013:Camfranglais
5959:
5952:
5925:
5915:Anglo-Norman
5913:
5876:Newfoundland
5861:Metropolitan
5848:
5838:Jersey Legal
5836:
5827:Houma French
5745:
5667:Saint Lucian
5622:Areal groups
5616:and dialects
5452:Newfoundland
5373:Jersey Legal
5303:
5290:
5182:. Retrieved
5162:
5158:
5144:
5117:
5113:
5089:. Retrieved
5068:
5057:. Retrieved
5043:
5023:
5017:
5007:
4992:
4965:
4961:
4935:. Retrieved
4911:
4907:
4883:. Retrieved
4869:
4858:. Retrieved
4843:
4832:. Retrieved
4823:
4814:
4803:. Retrieved
4769:. Retrieved
4757:
4744:
4733:. Retrieved
4708:
4697:the original
4669:. Retrieved
4663:(1): 71–90.
4660:
4656:
4646:
4621:
4617:
4597:. Retrieved
4550:. Retrieved
4541:
4532:
4520:. Retrieved
4506:
4495:. Retrieved
4491:the original
4481:
4470:. Retrieved
4456:
4444:. Retrieved
4432:
4419:
4408:. Retrieved
4391:
4387:
4377:
4359:
4335:
4327:
4316:. Retrieved
4307:
4297:
4286:. Retrieved
4262:
4251:. Retrieved
4237:
4226:. Retrieved
4212:
4187:. Retrieved
4167:
4157:
4146:. Retrieved
4108:. Retrieved
4094:
4083:. Retrieved
4069:
4044:. Retrieved
4024:
4006:
4001:
3852:Burkina Faso
3838:
3789:Francophonie
3784:Françafrique
3764:Camfranglais
3720:
3716:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3643:
3376:
3360:
3346:
3288:
3268:
3267:and was the
3265:Burkina Faso
3262:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3231:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3184:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3158:rather than
3155:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3119:rather than
3116:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3088:
3045:
3021:Burkina Faso
2998:
2994:
2968:
2953:("coin") or
2877:
2872:
2869:crowdsourced
2864:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2795:edit summary
2786:
2766:
2736:
2728:
2677:
2645:uvular trill
2632:
2608:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2556:, Togo; and
2533:
2531:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2476:
2468:
2457:
2451:
2437:
2416:
2316:
2174:
2091:
1927:
1871:
1842:
1786:
1772:106,156,692
1757:
1512:
1467:Burkina Faso
1376:
1368:
1337:
1334:Antananarivo
1295:
1291:Francophonie
1283:
1251:
1250:
1116:passé simple
1054:Anglo-Norman
1021:Francophonie
548:Vulgar Latin
502:
357:
314:edit summary
305:
285:
255:
247:
217:
200:lead section
198:
168:
159:
149:
142:
135:
128:
116:
104:Please help
99:verification
96:
72:
65:
59:
58:Please help
55:
8107:Campidanese
7933:Old Catalan
7926:Old Occitan
7663:Old Spanish
7597:Rioplatense
7401:Old Leonese
7229:Cotentinais
7193:Guernésiais
7116:Frenchville
7109:New England
6988:Bourbonnais
6940:Piedmontese
6934:Old Lombard
6826:Bergamasque
6750:Sammarinese
6221:or dialects
6108:Petit nègre
5998:Bourbonnais
5943:Guernésiais
5938:Cotentinais
5817:Frenchville
5779:New England
5710:Seychellois
5510:New England
5485:Frenchville
5238:(in French)
5230:(in French)
5222:(in French)
5204:(in French)
5165:: 101–116.
4394:: 193–215.
4332:(in French)
3685:as ba-nde )
3678:as actère )
3632:tracasserie
3554:("really").
3469:merci mingi
3380:code switch
3276:Ouagadougou
3255:- finger).
3169:instead of
2984:une cantine
2924:un bra-môgô
2738:(July 2024)
2558:Ouagadougou
2552:, Senegal;
2459:Petit nègre
2327:West Africa
2297:12,046,656
2216:17,653,669
2160:13,600,466
2133:26,083,660
2106:33,089,463
2080:13,456,845
2077:37,772,757
1996:21,473,776
1969:29,178,075
1913:13,865,692
1886:32,395,454
1746:72,110,821
1743:95,240,782
1689:27,742,301
1608:17,413,574
1557:11,490,652
1554:27,911,544
1498:12,624,845
1471:22,102,838
1444:12,784,728
1420:14,903,789
1417:45,350,141
1310:Ivory Coast
1243:, speaking
1235:A man from
1182:Aspirated h
1130:Orthography
1100:conjugation
537:Early forms
402:Ivory Coast
162:August 2020
8178:Categories
8154:indicates
8112:Logudorese
7645:Philippine
7611:Andalusian
7605:Peninsular
7495:Estremenho
7451:Portuguese
7378:Cantabrian
7211:Law French
7203:Sercquiais
7037:Meridional
6998:Champenois
6993:Burgundian
6804:Tabarchino
6794:Monégasque
6733:Parmigiano
6590:Neapolitan
6563:Manduriano
6530:Florentine
6397:Wallachian
6367:Bukovinian
6096:Old French
6018:Champenois
6003:Burgundian
5967:Sercquiais
5961:Old Norman
5954:Law French
5896:Vietnamese
5856:Meridional
5690:Chagossian
5363:Meridional
5335:Vietnamese
5184:2023-02-21
5171:2060963904
5091:2020-11-24
5059:2024-03-18
4937:2023-02-21
4927:1017876369
4920:A383852945
4885:2015-08-10
4860:2007-08-01
4834:2012-09-02
4805:2013-09-30
4771:2021-09-15
4735:2007-05-29
4671:2023-02-21
4599:2020-11-24
4552:2020-09-30
4497:2023-05-28
4472:2023-04-12
4410:2024-03-18
4318:2020-09-30
4288:2020-11-24
4253:2023-04-15
4228:2023-04-15
4189:2023-04-15
4148:2024-02-05
4110:2023-04-15
4085:2023-04-15
4046:2023-04-15
4017:References
3972:Mozambique
3952:Seychelles
3924:Mauritania
3916:Madagascar
3864:Cape Verde
3607:in Europe.
3574:article 15
3509:un tétanos
3484:("a lot").
3374:language.
3187:Mostaganem
2937:Portuguese
2702:intonation
2649:guttural R
2396:Seychelles
2373:Madagascar
2300:6,321,391
2273:3,554,266
2270:8,680,832
2239:Seychelles
2219:4,640,365
2136:3,362,988
2101:Mozambique
2050:1,274,720
2023:4,901,979
2019:Mauritania
1999:3,702,660
1972:7,729,277
1965:Madagascar
1942:2,063,361
1916:3,776,660
1857:2,558,493
1831:1,865,225
1828:2,331,532
1801:1,496,673
1775:3,204,706
1716:1,016,098
1692:9,324,605
1665:3,518,464
1662:5,797,801
1611:2,249,023
1584:1,435,061
1581:5,016,678
1522:Cabo Verde
1501:1,073,506
1474:5,403,610
1447:4,306,099
1387:Countries
1356:Mauritania
1326:Libreville
1149:Circumflex
1105:morphology
903:Seychelles
825:Madagascar
558:Old French
132:newspapers
61:improve it
8162:varieties
8145:indicate
8102:Sardinian
8059:Triestine
8007:Sursilvan
7918:Mentonasc
7896:Provençal
7845:Auvergnat
7831:Valencian
7787:Mallorcan
7777:Algherese
7752:Occitano-
7699:Navarrese
7687:Aragonese
7623:Castilian
7526:Castilian
7502:Uruguayan
7475:Brazilian
7438:Minderico
7432:/Eonavian
7395:Mirandese
7309:Valdôtain
7295:/Arpitan
7236:Orléanais
7187:Auregnais
7171:Mayennais
7121:Louisiana
7003:Ardennais
6983:Berrichon
6789:Intemelio
6745:Forlivese
6728:Bolognese
6674:Dalmatian
6638:Tarantino
6601:Benevento
6558:Salentino
6518:Sassarese
6482:Gallurese
6465:Romanesco
6418:Dalmatian
6382:Moldavian
6377:Maramureș
6335:Aromanian
6232:varieties
6217:indicate
6199:Valdôtain
6190:/Arpitan
6161:Zarphatic
6102:Orléanais
5988:Berrichon
5927:Auregnais
5802:Cambodian
5784:Québécois
5705:Rodriguan
5695:Mauritian
5662:Grenadian
5657:Dominican
5519:Caribbean
5490:Louisiana
5320:Cambodian
5136:199175583
4984:249701668
4914:: 79–88.
3928:Mauritius
3658:couwisine
3424:anti-nuit
3397:neologism
3384:registers
3247:second),
3004:chicotter
2990:un copain
2972:une fille
2932:chicotter
2908:un maquis
2813:talk page
2765:Consider
2733:in French
2611:metaphors
2548:, Benin;
2462:("little
2388:Mauritius
2346:Maghrebis
2313:Varieties
2046:Mauritius
1264:varieties
1163:Phonology
932:ISO 639-3
543:Old Latin
332:talk page
284:Consider
252:in French
220:July 2023
210:and help
67:talk page
8038:Venetian
8012:Vallader
8002:Surmiran
7975:Cadorino
7958:Friulian
7891:Limousin
7860:Béarnese
7822:Western
7804:Northern
7792:Menorcan
7782:Balearic
7773:Eastern
7769:dialects
7628:Castrapo
7585:Peruvian
7556:dialects
7489:European
7457:dialects
7444:Portugis
7425:Galician
7366:Asturian
7304:Savoyard
7256:Poitevin
7224:Cauchois
7198:Jèrriais
7045:Canadian
6924:Varesino
6919:Ticinese
6907:Novarese
6902:Cremunés
6892:Ossolano
6887:Milanese
6875:Lecchese
6843:Brianzöö
6774:Ligurian
6740:Romagnol
6621:Arianese
6616:Irpinian
6611:Cilentan
6575:Pantesco
6570:Sicilian
6541:Southern
6477:Corsican
6453:Macerata
6448:Fabriano
6387:Oltenian
6357:dialects
6317:Southern
6194:Savoyard
6124:Poitevin
6033:Guianese
5948:Jèrriais
5933:Cauchois
5886:Standard
5866:Missouri
5807:Francien
5757:Kinshasa
5500:Missouri
5410:Canadian
5350:European
5340:Lebanese
5299:Maghrebi
5175:Archived
5167:ProQuest
5114:XLinguae
5082:Archived
5053:Archived
5028:Archived
5000:Archived
4931:Archived
4923:ProQuest
4879:Archived
4854:Archived
4828:Archived
4799:Archived
4762:Archived
4726:Archived
4665:Archived
4638:41557837
4590:Archived
4546:Archived
4516:Archived
4466:Archived
4446:12 April
4437:Archived
4404:Archived
4340:Archived
4312:Archived
4279:Archived
4247:Archived
4222:Archived
4198:cite web
4180:Archived
4139:Archived
4104:Archived
4079:Archived
4055:cite web
4037:Archived
3892:Djibouti
3880:DR Congo
3860:Cameroon
3727:See also
3551:vraiment
3533:moyen tê
3495:kozibola
3437:ambiance
3408:cadavéré
3392:cadavéré
3349:Kinshasa
3245:second -
3241:seconder
3220:(cinema)
3214:gendarme
3049:register
3039:and the
2999:l'argent
2899:or from
2893:loanword
2789:provide
2482:DR Congo
2407:Djibouti
2189:227,679
2163:792,815
2053:926,053
2026:655,948
1945:317,351
1889:273,795
1860:511,699
1804:432,705
1739:DR Congo
1719:508,049
1712:Djibouti
1638:237,140
1635:907,411
1550:Cameroon
1527:567,676
1322:Cameroon
1139:Alphabet
1086:personal
1082:Pronouns
1011:Dialects
989:a series
987:Part of
773:DR Congo
760:Djibouti
682:Cameroon
578:Dialects
308:provide
8143:Italics
8044:Chipilo
7987:Romansh
7950:Romance
7948:Rhaeto-
7913:Gardiol
7865:Landese
7855:Aranese
7840:Occitan
7799:Central
7763:Catalan
7754:Romance
7655:Creoles
7650:Saharan
7638:Murcian
7616:Llanito
7573:Chilean
7550:Spanish
7507:Creoles
7481:Mineiro
7463:African
7388:Riberan
7383:Leonese
7348:Iberian
7341:Romance
7268:Walloon
7241:Paydret
7219:Augeron
7159:Vosgien
7154:Gaumais
7149:Lorrain
7141:Creoles
7104:Muskrat
7050:Acadian
6978:Angevin
6968:Langues
6959:Romance
6865:Comasco
6838:Western
6831:Cremish
6821:Eastern
6816:Lombard
6784:Genoese
6779:Brigasc
6723:Emilian
6701:Western
6680:Istriot
6643:Vastese
6628:Molisan
6490:Italian
6426:Central
6372:Crișana
6327:Eastern
6310:Western
6295:Eastern
6215:Italics
6148:Walloon
6142:Tây Bồi
6056:Lorrain
5983:Angevin
5921:Augeron
5871:Muskrat
5844:Laotian
5822:Haitian
5769:Belgian
5752:Abidjan
5746:African
5729:Acadian
5700:Réunion
5685:Agalega
5544:Related
5526:Haitian
5505:Muskrat
5462:Ontario
5440:Acadian
5368:Belgian
5330:Laotian
5304:African
5291:African
4908:Thélème
4270:(OIF).
4007:italics
3988:Mayotte
3984:Réunion
3978:Algeria
3960:Tunisia
3948:Senegal
3932:Morocco
3876:Comoros
3856:Burundi
3846:(OIF):
3709:partsi)
3654:cuisine
3520:tetanus
3518:means "
3515:tétanos
3402:cadavre
3367:Lingala
3284:Banfora
3270:de jure
3249:doigter
3207:voiture
3203:surtout
3009:Senegal
2962:piastre
2901:English
2835:Abidjan
2811:to the
2793:in the
2735:.
2663:in the
2651:.' The
2565:French.
2546:Cotonou
2542:Abidjan
2502:Swahili
2498:Lingala
2494:Kikongo
2486:Senegal
2409:in the
2392:Réunion
2382:in the
2380:Creoles
2369:Mayotte
2365:Comoros
2342:Berbers
2303:52.47%
2293:Tunisia
2276:40.94%
2249:53.00%
2246:52,699
2243:99,433
2222:26.29%
2212:Senegal
2195:20.20%
2192:45,984
2139:12.89%
2109:98,822
2083:35.63%
2073:Morocco
2056:72.65%
2029:13.38%
2002:17.24%
1975:26.49%
1948:15.38%
1919:27.24%
1863:20.00%
1807:28.91%
1695:33.61%
1668:60.69%
1641:26.13%
1631:Comoros
1614:12.92%
1587:28.61%
1560:41.17%
1533:10.83%
1530:61,461
1494:Burundi
1477:24.45%
1450:33.68%
1423:32.86%
1413:Algeria
1381:(OIF).
1352:Morocco
1348:Tunisia
1344:Algeria
1340:classes
1318:Yaoundé
1306:Abidjan
1266:of the
1177:Liaison
1172:Elision
1154:Braille
1144:Reforms
1072:Adverbs
1063:Grammar
1030:History
1016:Creoles
890:Senegal
864:Réunion
838:Mayotte
721:Comoros
669:Burundi
484:Arpitan
458:Romance
398:Abidjan
330:to the
312:in the
254:.
146:scholar
8074:Others
8054:Talian
8049:Fiuman
8023:Others
7963:Fornes
7901:Niçard
7850:Gascon
7818:Patuet
7724:Others
7633:Castúo
7339:Ibero-
7299:Faetar
7246:Picard
7176:Norman
7164:Welche
7087:Magoua
7077:Quebec
7067:Brayon
7026:French
7008:Rémois
6957:Gallo-
6912:Pavese
6870:Laghée
6848:Canzés
6799:Royasc
6661:Others
6596:Barese
6524:Tuscan
6470:Sabino
6443:Ancona
6416:Italo-
6182:Faetar
6114:Picard
6090:Nouchi
6078:Michif
6061:Welche
5976:Others
5906:Norman
5832:Indian
5795:Magoua
5764:Aostan
5720:French
5565:Signed
5556:Michif
5435:Brayon
5428:Magoua
5418:Quebec
5391:Aostan
5358:French
5325:Indian
5169:
5134:
4982:
4925:
4918:
4636:
4522:19 May
4354:, 2002
3958:, and
3940:Rwanda
3908:Guinea
3676:acteur
3665:bureau
3501:-ateur
3416:makasi
3318:French
3282:, and
3234:Fongbe
3218:cinéma
3191:Arabic
3089:Nouchi
3027:, the
2995:battre
2956:pierre
2944:le pia
2888:une go
2873:Nouchi
2865:Nouchi
2852:Nouchi
2665:Arabic
2600:" or "
2582:" or "
2500:, and
2490:Ciluba
2454:creole
2394:) and
2371:) and
2291:
2264:
2237:
2210:
2182:
2166:5.83%
2156:Rwanda
2154:
2127:
2112:0.30%
2099:
2071:
2044:
2017:
1990:
1963:
1935:
1909:Guinea
1907:
1892:0.85%
1879:
1852:Gambia
1850:
1822:
1794:
1778:3.02%
1765:
1737:
1710:
1683:
1656:
1629:
1602:
1575:
1548:
1520:
1504:8.50%
1492:
1465:
1438:
1411:
1354:, and
1332:, and
1314:Douala
1272:Africa
1256:French
1241:Guinea
991:on the
948:fr-002
913:
900:
887:
877:Rwanda
874:
861:
848:
835:
822:
812:Guinea
809:
796:
783:
770:
757:
744:
731:
718:
705:
692:
679:
666:
653:
498:French
443:Italic
412:Africa
409:Region
148:
141:
134:
127:
119:
18:Nouchi
7997:Putèr
7992:Jauer
7980:Nones
7970:Ladin
7469:Asian
7126:Houma
7099:Métis
7082:Joual
7055:Chiac
7020:Gallo
6970:d'oïl
6362:Banat
6028:Gallo
5993:Bolze
5891:Swiss
5790:Joual
5774:Métis
5734:Chiac
5495:Métis
5480:Houma
5457:Métis
5445:Chiac
5423:Joual
5386:Swiss
5313:Asian
5178:(PDF)
5155:(PDF)
5132:S2CID
5085:(PDF)
5078:(PDF)
4980:S2CID
4795:(PDF)
4765:(PDF)
4754:(PDF)
4729:(PDF)
4722:(PDF)
4700:(PDF)
4693:(PDF)
4634:JSTOR
4593:(PDF)
4586:(PDF)
4440:(PDF)
4433:ODSEF
4429:(PDF)
4369:(PDF)
4352:Paris
4282:(PDF)
4275:(PDF)
4183:(PDF)
4176:(PDF)
4142:(PDF)
4135:(PDF)
4040:(PDF)
4033:(PDF)
3966:Ghana
3936:Niger
3904:Gabon
3896:Egypt
3848:Benin
3830:Notes
3705:parti
3690:bande
3683:bande
3539:moyen
3481:mingi
3475:merci
3353:Paris
3295:Mooré
3253:doigt
3209:(car)
3033:Benin
3017:Niger
2950:pièce
2756:DeepL
2667:word
2550:Dakar
2510:Wolof
2464:negro
2363:(the
2352:(see
2331:first
2306:2022
2279:2022
2252:2022
2225:2022
2198:2022
2169:2022
2142:2022
2129:Niger
2115:2022
2086:2022
2059:2022
2032:2022
2005:2022
1978:2022
1951:2022
1922:2022
1895:2022
1881:Ghana
1866:2022
1837:2023
1824:Gabon
1810:2022
1781:2022
1767:Egypt
1752:2022
1725:2022
1698:2022
1671:2022
1658:Congo
1644:2022
1617:2022
1590:2022
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