Nobusuke Kishi - Knowledge

1833:, to provide thugs from the underworld for Sukarno's protection. During Sukarno's visit, Kishi negotiated a reparations agreement with Indonesia, where Japan agreed to provide compensation for war-time suffering. Kishi's reasons for paying reparations to Indonesia had less to do with guilt over the Japanese occupation and more to do with the chances to engage in questionable contracts to reward his friends as Kishi insisted that Japan would only pay reparations in the form of goods, not money. In April 1958, Kishi told the Indonesian Foreign Minister Soebandrio that he wanted Indonesia to ask to receive reparations in the form of ships built exclusively by the Kinoshita Trading Company-which happened to be run by Kinoshita Shigeru, a metal merchant and an old friend of Kishi's from their Manchurian days in the 1930s-even though the Kinoshita company had never built ships before, and there were many other well-established Japanese shipbuilders who could have provided ships at a lower price. All of the reparations contracts to the various states of South-East Asia during Kishi's time as prime minister went to firms run by businessmen who were closely associated with him during his time in Manchuria in the 1930s. Additionally, there were frequent claims that when it came time to award reparations contracts, high-ranking Indonesian politicians had to receive kickbacks, and that ordinary Indonesians never received any benefits from the reparations. 1537:

prepared to work within the American-created system both domestically and internationally to safeguard what he regarded as Japan's interests. In June 1957, Kishi visited the United States, where he was received with honor, being allowed to address a joint session of Congress, throwing the opening pitch for the New York Yankees in a baseball game in New York and being allowed to play golf at an otherwise all-white golf club in Virginia, which the American historian Michael Schaller called "remarkable" honors for a man who as a Cabinet minister had signed the declaration of war against the United States in 1941 and who had presided over the conscription of thousands of Koreans and Chinese as slave labor during World War II. Vice President of the United States Richard Nixon introduced Kishi to Congress as an "honored guest who was not only a great leader of the free world, but also a loyal and great friend of the people of the United States", apparently unaware or indifferent to the fact that Kishi had been one of the closest associates of General Tojo, hanged by the United States for war crimes in 1948.

1360:. Hatoyama was the party leader, but Kishi was the party secretary, and crucially, controlled the party's finances, which thus made him the dominant force within the Democrats. Elections in Japan were very expensive, so few candidates to the Diet could afford the costs of an election campaign out of their own pockets or could fund-raise enough money for a successful bid for the Diet. As a result, candidates to the Diet needed a steady infusion of money from the party-secretariat to run a winning campaign, which made Kishi a powerful force within the Democratic Party as he determined which candidates received money from the party-secretariat and how much. As a result, Democratic candidates for the Diet either seeking election for the first time or reelection were constantly seeing Kishi to seek his favor. Reflecting Kishi's power as party secretary, Hatoyama was described as an 1029:, where he indulged in his passion for women in alcohol- and sex-drenched weekends. When he was locked up in Sugamo prison in 1946 awaiting trial, he reminisced about his Manchukuo years: "I came so much, it was hard to clean it all up”. According to Driscoll, "photographs and written descriptions of Kishi during this period never fail to depict a giddy exuberance: laughing and joking while doling out money during the day and looking forward to drinking and fornicating at night." Kishi was able to afford his hedonistic, free-spending lifestyle as he had control over millions of yen with virtually no oversight, thanks to being deeply involved in and profiting from the opium trade. Before returning to Japan in October 1939, Kishi is reported to have advised his colleagues in the Manchukuo government about corruption: "Political funds should be accepted only after they have 1495:. In 1957, Kishi presented a plan for a Japanese-dominated Asian Development Fund (ADF), which was to operate under the slogan "Economic Development for Asia by Asia", calling for Japan to invest millions of yen in Southeast Asia. With access to markets in China and North Korea cut off due to Cold War polarization, Japanese and American leaders alike looked to Southeast Asia as a market for Japanese goods and source of raw materials. Moreover, the Americans wanted more aid to Asia to spur economic growth that would stem the appeal of Communism, but were disinclined to spend the money themselves. The prospect of Japan spending some $ 500 million US in low interest loans and aid projects in Southeast Asia had the benefit from Kishi's viewpoint of improving his standing in Washington, and giving him more leverage in his talks to revise the 1420: 1464: 1784:

visit to Japan, Park met with Kishi, and speaking in his fluent, albeit heavily Korean-accented Japanese, praised Japan for the "efficiency of the Japanese spirit", and said that he wanted to learn "good plans" from Japan for South Korea. Besides fond reminiscences about the Japanese officers in Manchukuo who taught him about how to give a "good thrashing" to one's opponents, Park was very interested in Kishi's economic policies in Manchuria as a model for South Korea. Kishi told the Japanese press after his meeting with Park that he was a "little embarrassed" by Park's rhetoric, which was virtually unchanged from the sort of talk used by Japanese officers in World War II, with none of the concessions to the world of 1961 that Kishi himself employed. During his time as president of South Korea, Park launched the

1510:, Ceylon, and Taiwan in May 1957, asking the leaders of those states to join the ADF, but with the exception of Taiwan, which agreed to join, the other nations gave equivocal answers. In November, Kishi once again toured Southeast Asia to promote the idea of an ADF, this time visiting South Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand. These countries, all of which Japan had attacked and/or occupied during World War II, also expressed ambivalence or disdain toward joining the proposed framework, with the sole exception of Laos, which was in desperate need of foreign aid at that time. Even in countries that were not occupied by Japan like India, Ceylon, and Pakistan, Kishi encountered obstacles. Indian Prime Minister 1596: 1005:

be conscripted both in Manchukuo and in northern China, stating that in these "times of emergency" (i.e. war with China), industry needed to grow at all costs while guaranteeing healthy profits for state and private investors. From 1938 to 1944, an average of 1.5 million Chinese were taken every year to work as slaves in Manchukuo. The harsh conditions of Manchukuo were well illustrated by the Fushun coal mine, which at any given moment had about 40,000 men working as miners, of whom about 25,000 had to be replaced every year as their predecessors had died due to poor working conditions and low living standards.

1047: 1061: 978:, Manchukuo's Five-Year Plan was intended to dramatically boost heavy industry in order to vastly increase production of coal, steel, electricity, and weapons for military purposes. In order to enact the new plan, Kishi persuaded the military to allow private capital into Manchukuo, successfully arguing that the military's policy of having state-owned corporations leading Manchukuo's industrial development was costing the Japanese state too much money. One of the new public-private corporations founded to assist in carrying out the Five-Year Plan was the 1914: 2050: 1608:

response to Kishi's break with tradition, Kishi's opponents within his own Liberal Democratic Party, who felt they had waited long enough for their chance at power, vowed to do whatever was necessary to bring about the end of his premiership. Meanwhile, final negotiations on the new treaty wrapped up in 1959, and in January 1960, Kishi traveled to Washington, D.C., where he signed the new treaty with President Eisenhower on January 19. During his visit to the United States, Kishi appeared on the January 25, 1960 cover of

2080: 2095: 1376: 1111:, Tōjō attempted to save his government from collapse by reorganizing his cabinet. However, Kishi refused a request to resign, telling Tōjō he would only resign if the prime minister also resigned along with the entire cabinet, saying a partial reorganization was unacceptable. Despite Tōjō's tears as he begged Kishi to help him save his government, Kishi was unmoved. Kishi's actions succeeded in bringing down the Tōjō cabinet and led directly to Tōjō's replacement as prime minister with General 2152:(「満州の妖怪―岸信介研究」『文藝春秋』1977年11月号) and another piece for the same magazine the following year entitled "A Study on Kishi Nobusuke: The Postwar Period" (「岸信介研究—戦後編」『文藝春秋』1978年7月号), but when he subsequently published the two together in book form in 1979, he entitled it "Monster of Shōwa". Both phrases are inventions that can be traced back to Iwami and were not used by Kishi's contemporaries during his career. Of the two, the nickname that is actually used today is "Monster of Shōwa". 4876: 1336:. Kishi wrote that in order for Japan to regain its status as a "respectable member (of) the community of nations it would first have to revise its constitution and rearm: If Japan is alone in renouncing war ... she will not be able to prevent others from invading her land. If, on the other hand, Japan could defend herself, there would be no further need of keeping United States garrison forces in Japan ... Japan should be strong enough to defend herself." 944: 1157: 40: 1302: 2065: 1009:

little point in following legal or juridical procedures because he felt the Chinese were more akin to dogs than human beings and would only understand brute force. According to Driscoll, Kishi always used the term "Manshū" to refer to Manchukuo, instead of "Manshūkoku", which reflected his viewpoint that Manchukuo was not actually a state, but rather just a region rich in resources to be used for Japan's benefit.

1902: 982:(MIDC), established in 1937, which attracted a staggering 5.2 billion yen in private investment, making it by far the largest capital project in the Japanese empire; by comparison, the total annual budget of Japan's national government was 2.5 billion yen in 1937 and 3.2 billion yen in 1938. The man handpicked by Kishi to lead the MIDC was his distant relative and old First High School classmate, 1728:

wing groups. Aramaki stabbed Kishi six times in the thigh, causing Kishi to bleed profusely, although Kishi survived because the blade had missed major arteries. Kishi was rushed to a nearby hospital, where he received a total of 30 stitches to close his wounds. Reporters raced after him and climbed on stepladders to peer into his hospital room, with nurses angrily closing the curtains on them.

990:. As part of the deal, the Nissan Group's entire operations were supposed to be transferred over to Manchuria to form the basis of the new MIDC. The system that Kishi pioneered in Manchuria of a state-guided economy where corporations made their investments on government orders later served as the model for Japan's post-1945 development, and subsequently, that of South Korea and China as well. 854:. Because he studied German law under Uesugi, Kishi's views tended toward German-style statism, compared to the more progressive approaches favored by some of his classmates who studied English law. Uesugi was so impressed by Kishi that he sought to make Kishi his successor as a professor in the University of Tokyo Faculty of Law, but Kishi declined. Instead, upon graduation, Kishi entered the 1796:

regain their self-confidence and pride as Japanese." In his final years, Kishi grew increasingly bitter that constitutional revision had not yet come to pass. In his memoirs, he somewhat angrily recalled, "the idea of constitutional revision had always remained at the forefront of mind... The two main culprits in destroying the momentum toward constitutional revision were

677: 1407:. Within the new party, Kishi once again became the party secretary with control of the party finances. Kishi had reassured the American ambassador John Allison that "for the next twenty five years it would be in Japan's best interests to cooperate closely with the United States." The Americans wanted Kishi to become prime minister and were disappointed when 1671:, who deliberately provoked an international incident by ordering that the car be driven into a large crowd of protesters. MacArthur felt that if the demonstrators were going to resort to violence it would be better for both the US and Japanese governments to know rather than waiting to test their resolve at the arrival of the President. In the so-called " 1104:. Kishi was forced to accept a demotion, becoming Vice Minister of Munitions as Tōjō concentrated power in his own hands by simultaneously serving as prime minister, Minister of War, and Minister of Munitions, although Kishi retained his status as a member of the cabinet. This demotion was the beginning of a rift in the relationship between the two men. 1520:

depredations in the region, a suspicion of Japanese motives, an unwillingness to enter into neo-colonial relationship with Japan as suppliers of raw materials, Cold War neutralism, and a fear that America was secretly pulling the strings all contributed to the failure of Kishi's ambitious plans to create an Asian economic block reminiscent of "

1411:, the most anti-American of the LDP politicians, won the party's leadership, leading an American diplomat to write the U.S. had bet its "money on Kishi, but the wrong horse won". Just 65 days later, however, in February 1957, Ishibashi was forced to resign due to illness and Kishi was elected to lead his party and the nation as prime minister. 1653:" outraged much of the nation, with even conservative newspapers calling for Kishi's resignation. Thereafter, the anti-Treaty protest movement dramatically increased in size, with the Sōhyō labor federation carrying out a series of nationwide strikes and large crowds gathering around the National Diet on nearly a daily basis. 1451:, which he felt had turned Japan into a virtual American protectorate. Revising the security treaty was understood to be the first step towards his ultimate goal of abolishing Article 9. Besides his desire for a more independent foreign policy, Kishi wanted to establish close economic relations with the various states of 1837:

whose control it has fallen. Those individuals have felt able to appropriate huge sums from the Fund for their own personal and political purposes... The litany of abuses begins with Kishi who, after obtaining control of the fund from (then Vice President Richard) Nixon, helped himself to a fortune of one trillion yen."

1219:, who had grave doubts about how much longer the war could be sustained without bringing about a revolution, and sought to suppress Kishi's nascent political movement. Excluded from the cabinet, members of the Dōshikai were limited to occasionally haranguing against Suzuki's policies during Diet debates. 1882:

to correct the "injustice" and release Moon. At this point, the UC's forcible recruitment of young people in Japan had already garnered attention as a societal problem, but Kishi evaluated the leader of the cult as "sincere and valuable." The relationship between the Kishi and Abe families and the UC

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During the same period, there were questions about the M-fund, a secret American fund intended to stabilize Japan economically. The American Assistant Attorney General Norbert Schlei alleged, "Beginning with Prime Minister Kishi, the Fund has been treated as a private preserve of the individuals into

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Aramaki never clearly stated the motivations for his attack. Despite the violent nature of the attack, Aramaki denied that he had intended to kill Kishi, later telling a reporter in an interview, "Yeah, I stabbed him six times, but if I wanted him dead, I would have just killed him." Aramaki told the

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In any case, events rapidly overtook Kishi's new movement, and the war came to an end just a few months after the Dōshikai's formation. With Emperor Hirohito's announcement of Japan's surrender on 15 August, the "continue the war" movement came to an end. That same day, Kishi and his followers met in

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On July 14, 1960, Kishi was attacked by a knife-wielding assailant as he was leaving the prime minister's residence to host a garden party celebrating Hayato Ikeda's impending ascension to the premiership. The assailant was Taisuke Aramaki, an unemployed 65-year-old man affiliated with various right

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Kishi's next foreign policy initiative was potentially even more difficult: reworking Japan's security relationship with the United States. Kishi always saw the system created by the Americans as temporary and intended that one day Japan would resume its role as a great power; in the interim, he was

1344:, so he could become the Liberal leader in his place. Kishi's main avenues of attack were that Yoshida was far too deferential to the Americans and the need to do away with Article 9. In April 1954 Yoshida expelled Kishi from the party in retaliation for his attempts to depose him as Liberal leader. 1004:

of wage rationalization would be withholding pay altogether—that is, unremunerated forced labor." Accordingly, the Japanese conscripted hundreds of thousands of Chinese as slave labor to work in Manchukuo's heavy industrial plants. In 1937, Kishi signed a decree calling for the use of slave labor to

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and remilitarizing Japan. In 1965, Kishi gave a speech where he called for Japanese rearmament as "a means of eradicating completely the consequences of Japan's defeat and the American occupation. It is necessary to enable Japan finally to move out of the post-war era and for the Japanese people to

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was killed. Kanba's death led to the largest demonstrations ever in Japanese history, against both police brutality and the treaty. By this point, Kishi had become so unpopular that all the LDP factions united to demand that he resign. In April 1960, across the Korea straits, South Korean president

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As the date of Eisenhower's planned visit drew near, Kishi grew increasingly desperate to ratify the treaty in time for his arrival. On May 19, 1960, Kishi suddenly called for a snap vote on the Treaty. When Socialist Diet members attempted a sit-in to block the vote, Kishi introduced 500 policemen

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Because the new treaty was better than the old one, Kishi expected it to be ratified in relatively short order. Accordingly, he invited Eisenhower to visit Japan beginning on June 19, 1960, in part to celebrate the newly ratified treaty. If Eisenhower's visit had proceeded as planned, he would have

1556:, wrote in a memo to President Eisenhower that the United States was "at the point of having to make a Big Bet" in Japan and Kishi was the "only bet we had left in Japan". Meanwhile, Kishi was able to take advantage of a growing anti-US military base movement in Japan, as exemplified by the ongoing 1339:

Kishi's Japan Reconstruction Federation fared disastrously in the 1952 elections, and Kishi failed in his bid to be elected to the Diet. After that defeat, Kishi disbanded his party, and tried to join the Socialists; after being rebuffed, he reluctantly joined the Liberal Party instead. After being

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to invest in Manchukuo, Kishi had a policy of lowering the wages of the workers to the lowest possible point, even below the "line of necessary social reproduction". The purpose of Manchukuo was to provide the industrial basis for the "national defense state", with American historian Mark Driscoll

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and called for policies of "industrial rationalization" to eliminate capitalist competition in support of state goals—ideas that accorded with the Army's idea of a "national defense state". In 1935, Kishi was appointed Manchukuo's Deputy Minister of Industrial Development. Kishi was given complete

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visited Japan in November 1961 to discuss establishing diplomatic relations between Japan and South Korea, which were finally achieved in 1965. Park had been a Japanese military officer serving in the Manchukuo Army and had fought with the Kwantung Army against guerrillas in Manchuria. During his

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Anticipating public opposition to his plans for revising the security treaty, Kishi brought before the Diet a harsh "Police Duties Bill", which would give the police vastly expanded powers to crush demonstrations and to conduct searches of homes without warrants. In response to the police bill, a

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told Kishi that he thought of himself as a "human being rather than an Asian first", and preferred bilateral over multilateral aid because a multilateral aid framework would put participating countries into competition with each other over aid distribution. In sum, bad memories of Japan's wartime

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a Japanese colony. All of the ministers in the Manchukuo government were Chinese or Manchus, but all of the deputy ministers were Japanese, and these were the men who really ruled Manchukuo. From the start, the Japanese Army sought to turn Manchukuo into an industrial powerhouse in support of the

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Like many of his fellow conservatives in Japan, Kishi believed that Japan's war in Asia and the Pacific had been a war not of aggression but of self-defense, and thus that the treatment of himself and his colleagues as "war criminals" was unjustified and merely an example of victor's justice. As

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Despite Kishi's announcement, the anti-Treaty protests grew larger than ever, with the largest protest of the entire movement taking place on June 18. However, on June 19, the revised Security Treaty automatically took effect in accordance with Japanese law, 30 days after having passed the lower

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to establish a mass party uniting the more moderate socialists and conservatives into a "popular movement of national salvation", a populist party that would use statist methods to encourage economic growth and would mobilize all Japanese citizens to rally in support of its nationalist policies.

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During this time, a group of influential Americans who had formed themselves into an "American Council on Japan" came to Kishi's aid, and lobbied the American government to release him as they considered Kishi to be the best man to lead a post-war Japan in a pro-American direction. The American

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Kishi showed little interest in upholding the rule of law in Manchukuo. Kishi expressed views typical of his fellow colonial bureaucrats when he disparagingly referred the Chinese people as "lawless bandits" who were "incapable of governing themselves". According to Kishi's subordinates, he saw

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to be a cover story. In her 1992 memoir, Kishi's daughter Yōko wrote that Aramaki was "a paid assassin, who knew how to use a knife, who was hired by someone who hated my father and wanted to hurt him". In the prewar period, Aramaki had been secretary general of the right-wing ultranationalist

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In late 1959, it became clear that Kishi intended to break with longstanding precedent that prime ministers serve no more than two consecutive terms. Kishi hoped that by successfully revising the Security Treaty, he would have attained the political capital necessary to pull off this feat. In

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Under Kishi's guidance, the Dōshikai advocated the mass evacuation and dispersion of the urban population and industrial base to the countryside to avoid the increasingly devastating effects of US aerial bombardment, the further rationalization of the economy in line with Kishi's technocratic

1893:, blamed the UC for his family's financial problems and his older brother's death from neglected leukemia, holding a grudge against the group. Researching the church's connections to Abe in the months before the attack, he blamed Abe and Kishi for spreading the church's influence in Japan. 1623:

on a much more equal footing, the notion of having any sort of security treaty at all with the United States was unpopular with broad sections of the Japanese public, who saw the treaty as allowing for Japan to once again become involved in a war. In 1959, the nationwide coalition that had

1455:. Finally, Kishi wanted the Allies to commute the remaining sentences of the Class B and Class C war criminals still in serving their prison sentences, arguing that for Japan to play its role in the Cold War as a Western ally required forgetting about Japan's war crimes in the past. 1514:

told Kishi during his visit to New Delhi that he wanted his nation to be neutral in the Cold War, and given that Japan was allied to the United States, joining the ADF would be in effect aligning India with the Americans. During his visit to Karachi, the Pakistani Prime Minister

1033:. If a problem arises, the 'filter' itself will then become the center of the affair, while the politician, who has consumed the 'clean water', will not be implicated. Political funds become the basis of corruption scandals only when they have not been sufficiently 'filtered.'" 1645:, abetted by Kishi's rivals in his own party, employed a variety of parliamentary tactics to drag out debate as long as possible, in hopes of preventing ratification before Eisenhower's planned arrival on June 19, and giving the extra-parliamentary protests more time to grow. 1394:

In February 1955, the Democrats won the general elections. On the day after Hatoyama was sworn in as prime minister, Kishi began talks with the Liberals about merging the two parties now that his arch-enemy Yoshida had stepped down as Liberal leader. In November 1955, the

1552:) reported to Washington that Kishi was the most pro-American of the Japanese politicians, and if the U.S. refused to revise the security treaty in Japan's favor, he would be replaced as prime minister by a more anti-American figure. The U.S. Secretary of State, 939:

and carried out a policy of forced industrialization. Reflecting the military's ideas about the "national defense state", Manchukuo's industrial development was focused completely upon heavy industry such as steel production for the purposes of arms manufacture.

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After World War II, Kishi was imprisoned for three years as a suspected Class A war criminal. However, the U.S. government did not charge, try, or convict him, and eventually released him as they considered Kishi to be the best man to lead a post-war Japan in a

1699:, led by protesting university students, and at the time, there were serious fears in Japan that protests led by university students against the Kishi government might likewise lead to a revolution, making it imperative to ditch the very unpopular Kishi. 1347:

Kishi had foreseen this eventuality, and by this time, had already identified over 200 members of the Diet who would be willing to join him in forming a new political party to challenge Yoshida. Kishi wooed these politicians by flashing "show money"

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As a self-described "playboy of the Eastern world", Kishi was known during his four years in Manchukuo for his lavish spending amid much drinking, gambling, and womanizing. Kishi spent almost all of his time in Manchukuo's capital, Xinjing (modern

835:. When he was about to graduate from middle school, Nobusuke was adopted by his father's older brother, Nobumasa Kishi, adopting their family name. The Kishi family lacked a male heir, so they adopted Nobusuke in order to continue the family line. 1718:

became prime minister. Ikeda soon made clear that there would be no further attempts by the LDP to revise Article 9 of the Constitution for the foreseeable future, which from Kishi's perspective, meant that all of his efforts had been for naught.

1100:. Kishi's many connections with the business world and his organizational skills proved an asset to keeping Japan's war effort going despite growing obstacles. In 1943, the Ministry of Commerce was abolished and replaced with the newly created 1846:

prime minister, he pressured the Eisenhower administration into expediting the release of convicted Class B and Class C war criminals. He also sought to commemorate executed Class A war criminals. In 1960, Kishi was involved in dedicating, on

1710:. However, he was talked out of these extreme measures by his cabinet, and thereafter had no choice but to cancel Eisenhower's visit and take responsibility for the chaos by announcing on June 16 that he would resign within one month's time. 862:

and eventually gain appointment as a prefectural governor. Several of Kishi's mentors even criticized his choice. However, Kishi was uninterested in administrative work, and aimed to be directly involved in Japan's economic development.

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Kishi remained in the Diet until retiring from politics in 1979. Even after he retired, he remained a strong influence behind the scenes in LDP politics. After several months of illness, Kishi died on August 7, 1987, at the age of 90.

1675:", the protesters surrounded the car, rocking it back and forth for more than an hour while standing on its roof, chanting anti-American slogans, and singing protest songs. Ultimately, MacArthur and Hagerty had to be rescued by a 5610: 1524:" that Japan had claimed to be pursuing in World War II. Ultimately, even the United States was lukewarm about Kishi's project, so it was shelved for the time being, although it was later partially revived in the form of the 1731:

Aramaki was arrested at the scene, tried, found guilty, and sentenced to three years in prison in May 1962. Despite being unemployed, he had somehow been able to post a substantial bail during the intervening two years.

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noting that, "Kishi's planned economy was geared towards production goals and profit taking, not competition with other Japanese firms; profit would come primarily from rationalizing labor costs as much as possible. The

1760:). Many LDP politicians felt that the stabbing had been carried out at Ōno's behest, as Ōno had openly hoped to succeed Kishi as prime minister and was known to be angry that Kishi had thrown his support behind Ikeda. 1632:

student federation and leftist labor unionists invaded the compound of the National Diet in November 1959 to express their anger at the Treaty, and in January, Zengakuren activists organized a sit-in in Tokyo's

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labor federation launched a variety of protest activities in the fall of 1958 with the aim of killing the bill. These protests succeeded in arousing public anger at the bill and Kishi was forced to withdraw it.

3679:[Suspect in the shooting of former Prime Minister Abe stated that his initial aim was to attack a religious leader or that he had a grudge against his mother because she had become obsessed with him.]. 1649:

into the Diet and had his political opponents physically dragged out by the police. Kishi then passed the revised Treaty with only members of his own party present. Kishi's anti-democratic actions during this "

1541: 847: 1878:(1920–2012). Their headquarters in Japan was built “on land in Tokyo once owned by Kishi." When Moon was convicted and jailed for tax evasion in the United States, Kishi wrote a letter asking President 1740:

prior to his attack, perhaps suggesting that he sympathized with Kanba and blamed Kishi for her death. According to court records, Aramaki told police that he was angry at Kishi's mishandling of the

1133:) faction while working in the background to foment a new political movement dedicated to prolonging the war. Between January and March 1945 Kishi held meetings with several close associates such as 1960:, was adopted by Kishi's son Nobukazu shortly after birth, lived with Kishi during the later years of his life, won Kishi's historical Diet seat in 2012, and became Minister of Defense in 2020. 1628:) and began recruiting additional member organizations and organizing protest activities against the revised Security Treaty. In a sign of things to come, radical student activists from the 1181: 850:

in 1920 at the top of his class and with the highest grades in the university's history. While at the university, Kishi became a protégé of the right-wing ultranationalist legal scholar

4879: 1077:. Kishi intended to create within Japan the same sort of totalitarian "national defense state" that he had pioneered in Manchuria, but these plans ran into vigorous opposition from the 5570: 1825:

visited Japan, the Tokyo police refused to provide security under the grounds that this was a private visit, not a state one. At that point, Kishi asked one of his close friends, the

220: 1081:, who accused him of being a communist, and Kishi was fired from his post in December 1940. However, Kishi entered the cabinet as Minister of Commerce under new prime minister 1682:

On 15 June 1960, the radical student activists from Zengakuren attempted to storm the Diet compound once again, precipitating a fierce battle with police in which a female

2148:(under his pseudonym 田尻育三) originally used the nickname "Monster of Manchuria" in "Monster of Manchuria: A Study on Kishi Nobusuke," a piece he wrote for the magazine 878:. Besides the Soviet Five-Year Plan, which left Kishi with an obsession with economic planning, Kishi was also greatly impressed with the labor management theories of 1107:

Meanwhile, Kishi increasingly became convinced that the war was unwinnable under Tōjō. In July 1944, during the political crisis caused by the Japanese defeat at the

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Curiously, Kishi was largely silent on the attack in his memoirs, devoting only two lines to it and saying only that he did not know the reason, and Kishi's brother

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magazine, which declared that the Prime Minister's "134 pound body packed pride, power and passion—a perfect embodiment of his country's amazing resurgence" while

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Kishi passed the extremely difficult entrance examination to enter First High School in Tokyo, the most prestigious high school in the country, and then attended

886:, and the high status of German technological engineers within the German business world. Kishi became known as one of the more prominent members of a group of " 1804:, who, while they held power, made sure the constitution would remain unchanged. That is why the call for constitutional revision died with my administration." 1788:

for the economic development of South Korea featuring statist economic policies that very closely resembled Five-Year Plan Kishi had administered in Manchukuo.

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After the fall of the Tōjō cabinet, Kishi temporarily withdrew from frontline politics, reinventing himself as a key figure in the civilian "continue the war" (

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Political scientist Richard Samuels has found extensive corruption during Kishi's time as prime minister. In February 1958, when the Indonesian president

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Desperate to stay in office long enough to host Eisenhower's visit, Kishi hoped to secure the streets in time for Eisenhower's arrival by calling out the

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successfully defeated Kishi's Police Duties Bill in 1958 had rebranded itself as the "People's Council for Preventing Revision of the Security Treaty" (

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less than one year later, in October 1941. Kishi and General Tōjō had worked closely together in Manchuria, and Tōjō regarded Kishi as his protégé.

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In 1926–27, Kishi traveled around the world to study industry and industrial policy in various industrialised states around the world, such as the

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During his time as a prisoner, Kishi had already begun plotting his political comeback. He conceived of the idea of building on his earlier

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control of Manchukuo's economy by the military, with the authority to do whatever he liked just as long as industrial growth was increased.

5660: 2853: 1568:, to insinuate to U.S. leaders that if the treaty were not revised the continued existence of U.S. bases in Japan might become untenable. 3934:

Hoshiro, Hiroyuki (Fall 2009). "Co-Prosperity Sphere Again? United States Foreign Policy and Japan's 'First' Regionalism in the 1950s".

1168:(right), were instrumental in the establishment and operation of Kishi's "National Defense Brotherhood". Pictured while in captivity at 3644: 890:" within the Japanese government who favored a statist model of economic development with the state guiding and directing the economy. 758:(LDP) through a merger of smaller conservative parties in 1955, and thus is credited with being a key player in the initiation of the " 4009: 3989: 3532: 1419: 4120: 1052:

Cropped photo of the wartime Hideki Tōjō cabinet. Kishi is second from the left in the second row, just behind Tōjō's right shoulder.

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After the Japanese surrender to the Allies in August 1945, Kishi, with other members of the former Japanese government, was held at

5590: 4903: 1463: 1521: 1667:

to make advance preparations for Eisenhower's impending arrival. Hagerty was picked up in a black car by US Ambassador to Japan

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elected to the Diet as a Liberal in 1953, Kishi's main activities revolved around undermining the leader of the Liberal Party,

1333: 1236: 952: 3871: 3852: 3802: 3024: 1277:(and several other Cabinet members) who were put on trial, Kishi was released in 1948 and was never indicted or tried by the 1332:. Besides becoming prime minister, Kishi's main aim in politics was to revise the American-imposed constitution, especially 1153:

political movement aimed at further mobilizing the Japanese population for a final, decisive confrontation with the Allies.

5575: 4919: 4072: 1974: 1641:

become the first sitting US president to visit Japan. However, when debate on the treaty began in the Diet, the opposition

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direction. With U.S. support, he went on to consolidate the Japanese conservative camp against perceived threats from the

5600: 5560: 5555: 4896: 4096: 1706:

and tens of thousands of right-wing thugs that would be provided by his friend, the yakuza-affiliated right-wing "fixer"

1619:

However, even though the revised treaty addressed almost all of Japan's complaints with the original treaty, and put the

858:. This was an unusual choice, because at the time, the most brilliant aspiring bureaucrats typically sought to enter the 331: 3896: 3827: 3774: 3676: 3647:[Shooting Suspect: "Mother became involved in religion and went bankrupt," unilateral resentment toward Abe?]. 3589: 2137: 1424: 5580: 4246: 3055: 1379:

Conservative leaders meet to plot the merger of the Liberal and Democratic parties in July 1955. From left to right:

1093: 3914: 742:

and Vice Minister of Munitions, and co-signed the declaration of war against the United States on December 7, 1941.

5655: 4273: 1595: 1404: 755: 525: 435: 3716: 1791:

For the rest of his life, Kishi remained devoted to the cause of revising the Japanese Constitution to get rid of

1208:) with the Americans on Japanese soil that would reverse the tide of the war and reignite popular support for his 974:

In 1936, Kishi was one of the drafters of Manchukuo's first Five-Year Plan. Clearly modeled on the Soviet Union's

777: 5645: 1986: 1544:, and the Eisenhower administration finally agreed to negotiations on a revised version. The American ambassador 1476: 5585: 4223: 1993: 1785: 1650: 1396: 547: 82: 1874:

and enjoyed protection from prosecution by the LDP. Kishi was publicly known as a friend of the sect's leader

1672: 3623: 1352:) that he had been supplied by his powerful big business backers. In November 1954, Kishi co-founded the new 1101: 1088:

On 1 December 1941, Kishi voted in the Cabinet for war with the United States and Britain, and co-signed the

3483: 1980: 1637:

to attempt to prevent Kishi from flying to Washington to sign the treaty, but were cleared away by police.

1329: 1289: 1193: 1124: 827:, would also go on to become a prime minister. Nobusuke attended an elementary school and middle school in 3711:[ "Specific religious group" has a relationship with mother "Devotion bankruptcy" new statement]. 1752:

Taikakai ("Great Reform Society"), and in the post-war period, he became a member of LDP factional leader

1281:. However, he remained legally prohibited from entering public affairs because of the Allied occupation's 5650: 4608: 1657: 1180:(IRAPA) in March 1945. Out of the IRAPA's disbandment emerged two political associations: the mainstream 789: 3410: 2483: 1616:

called him the "Friendly, Savvy Salesman from Japan" who had created the "economic powerhouse of Asia".

1364:, a type of portable Shinto shrine carried around to be worshipped. Everyone bows downs and worships an 773:, which were the largest protests in Japan's modern history and which forced him to resign in disgrace. 5635: 2100: 2086: 2000: 1741: 1496: 3738: 762:", the extended period during which the LDP was the overwhelmingly dominant political party in Japan. 2266: 1703: 1516: 966:

officers as a rising star in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry who openly touted the policies of

839: 5595: 3271: 2484:"The Unquiet Past Seven decades on from the defeat of Japan, memories of war still divide East Asia" 1956:, served as prime minister of Japan from 2006 to 2007 and again from 2012 to 2020. Their third son, 676: 3888: 3819: 3786:

Absolute Erotic, Absolute Grotesque: The Living, Dead, and Undead in Japan's Imperialism, 1895–1945

3047: 2056: 1917:

Kishi/Abe family, from left to right: Hironobu Abe, Yoshiko Kishi, Nobukazu Kishi, Nobusuke Kishi,

1060: 879: 3501: 1320:

When the prohibition on former government members was fully rescinded in 1952 with the end of the

4269: 4045: 1306: 716: 635: 54: 4010:"America's Favorite War Criminal: Kishi Nobusuke and the Transformation of U.S.-Japan Relations" 1324:, Kishi returned to politics and was central in creating the "Japan Reconstruction Federation" ( 1251:

and were never judged. Their fraternity formed in prison continued for the rest of their lives.

1941:

Nobumasa Kishi. Their son Nobukazu was born in 1921, and their daughter Yōko was born in 1928.

1855: 1525: 1353: 1282: 1240: 820: 5124: 5113: 4613: 4505: 1883:

was maintained even after that. The LDP/UC cooperation has carried on until the present day.

1642: 1573: 751: 5191: 5098: 4460: 4414: 3654: 1747:

However, some figures close to Kishi considered Aramaki's supposed anger in relation to the

5545: 5540: 5161: 4563: 4447: 4013: 3993: 1668: 1545: 1046: 975: 832: 808: 491: 4573: 4517: 4475: 3837:

Kitaoka, Shinichi (2016). "Kishi Nobusuke: Frustrated Ambition". In Watanabe, Akio (ed.).

3686: 958:

Kishi has been described as the "mastermind" behind the industrial development of Japan's

324: 8: 5630: 5494: 5233: 5211: 4342: 4324: 3594: 1620: 1200:). Some 32 Diet members jumped ship to join Kishi's new association by the end of March. 899: 843: 665: 5333: 1161: 1134: 5462: 5451: 5135: 4528: 4442: 3976: 2707: 1934: 1870:(UC, sometimes known as the "Moonies") in Japan. The sect shared Kishi's commitment to 1867: 1561: 1553: 1150: 1089: 887: 568: 5468: 5424: 5313: 5288: 5201: 5108: 5065: 4979: 4968: 4940: 4706: 4666: 4419: 4352: 1443:

In February 1957, Kishi became prime minister following the resignation of the ailing

1400: 1388: 1357: 1146: 90: 5514: 5509: 5489: 5474: 5441: 5378: 5358: 5293: 5278: 5267: 5239: 5227: 5076: 5025: 4800: 4778: 4773: 4763: 4724: 4424: 4082: 4065: 3980: 3892: 3867: 3848: 3823: 3798: 3770: 3557: 3051: 3020: 3017:

Banking on the Future of Asia and the Pacific: 50 Years of the Asian Development Bank

2699: 2133: 1913: 1557: 1549: 1270: 1265: 1142: 987: 312: 5245: 5206: 5071: 4974: 4603: 4312: 1216: 95: 5446: 5368: 5014: 4962: 4729: 4671: 4512: 4499: 4404: 4380: 4368: 4357: 4319: 4145: 4130: 4038: 3968: 3957:"The War Is Not Over: Kishi Nobusuke and the National Defense Brotherhood, 1944–45" 3943: 3649: 1886: 1851: 1696: 1683: 1511: 1468: 1444: 1408: 1274: 1108: 1082: 1030: 851: 816: 735: 618: 487: 354: 201: 110: 5519: 5196: 5181: 5156: 5082: 5031: 5002: 4238: 4113: 1905:

Kishi's family in 1923, from left to right: Kishi's wife Yoshiko, Kishi's brother

1858:, marking their grave as that of "the seven patriots who died for their country". 418: 5430: 5408: 5388: 5323: 5261: 5250: 5176: 5130: 5103: 4985: 4957: 4952: 4946: 4758: 4661: 4618: 4583: 4522: 4335: 4306: 4282: 3882: 3844: 3838: 3813: 3681: 3041: 2127: 1565: 1452: 1427: 1341: 1244: 936: 727: 495: 5611:

Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

5419: 5166: 5146: 5087: 5059: 5048: 5043: 5008: 4991: 4935: 4795: 4783: 4535: 4470: 4409: 4399: 4375: 4362: 4347: 4329: 4301: 1854:, a headstone to General Tojo and six other military leaders executed after the 1540:

In November 1957, Kishi laid down his proposals for a revamped extension of the

5414: 5328: 5283: 5256: 5054: 5020: 4854: 4830: 4820: 4656: 4651: 4588: 4568: 2094: 1875: 1871: 1780: 1664: 1634: 1488: 1431: 1321: 1256: 1215:

The Dōshikai soon came into conflict with the new government of Prime Minister

1074: 911: 5171: 5151: 4686: 4558: 3544: 1906: 1801: 1764: 1753: 1380: 1375: 1309: 1189: 824: 781: 624: 154: 5534: 5499: 5484: 5479: 5457: 5436: 5403: 5383: 5348: 5318: 5222: 5119: 4888: 4859: 4815: 4753: 4712: 4691: 4598: 4553: 4540: 4494: 4465: 3956: 2703: 1879: 1830: 1748: 1737: 1707: 1687: 1660: 1600: 1590: 1313: 1260: 1232: 1169: 1165: 1138: 1112: 963: 903: 867: 859: 770: 5393: 5373: 4748: 4546: 4390: 3273:

Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1960 Volume XVIII: Japan; Korea

1953: 1945: 1603:

to protest against revision of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, June 18, 1960

1145:, the then-Foreign Minister; and party politician and future prime minister 1073:

In 1939, Kishi became Vice Minister of Commerce in the government of Prince

5398: 5363: 5353: 5343: 5338: 5308: 5303: 5186: 5140: 5092: 5037: 4997: 4810: 4768: 4719: 4701: 4681: 4578: 4453: 4435: 4429: 4208: 4162: 4055: 1949: 1926: 1797: 1715: 1692: 1447:. His main concerns were with foreign policy, especially with revising the 1384: 1022: 983: 967: 959: 927: 915: 875: 747: 213: 181: 122: 4642: 4485: 3972: 39: 5217: 4930: 4593: 2145: 1957: 1776: 1248: 792: 759: 730:

in the 1930s, Kishi was nicknamed the "Monster of the Shōwa era" (昭和の妖怪;

649: 2711: 2687: 5298: 4835: 4805: 4789: 4739: 4696: 4186: 3947: 3708: 1918: 1890: 1847: 1676: 1629: 1577: 1141:, a prominent rightist deeply involved in Japan's criminal underworld; 785: 712: 708: 660: 643: 171: 3884:

Planning for Empire: Reform Bureaucrats and the Japanese Wartime State

3535:, Japan Policy Research Institute, Working Paper No. 83, December 2001 3520:

Machiavelli's Children: Leaders and Their Legacies in Italy and Japan.

3502:"How Abe's killing exposes Japan's thin line between church and state" 1156: 754:

in the 1950s. Kishi was instrumental in the formation of the powerful

5504: 4845: 4825: 4292: 1484: 1480: 1209: 1014: 948: 943: 919: 907: 723: 1572:

nationwide coalition of left-leaning civic organizations led by the

1305:

Nobusuke Kishi (left) relaxes at the house of his brother, the then

3446:

Park Chung Hee and Modern Korea: The Roots of Militarism, 1866–1945

1922: 1909:(rear), Kishi's son Nobukazu, Kishi, Kishi's cousin Hiroshi Yoshida 1714:

house of the Diet. On July 15, 1960, Kishi officially resigned and

1507: 1223:

an undisclosed office and agreed to formally disband the Dōshikai.

995: 784:, was also a prime minister. Kishi was the maternal grandfather of 765:

As prime minister, Kishi's mishandling of the 1960 revision of the

605: 75: 815:

family that had recently fallen on hard times. His older brother,

3739:"Ex Japan Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's Mother Yoko Abe Dies at 95" 1938: 1822: 1767:

did not even mention the attack in his diary entry for that day.

1301: 883: 871: 828: 812: 2688:"The Kishi Effect: A Political Genealogy of Japan-ROK Relations" 722:

Known for his exploitative rule of the Japanese puppet state of

2857: 2854:

The Imperial Ghost in the Neoliberal Machine (Figuring the CIA)

1901: 1866:

Beginning in the mid-1960s, Kishi developed connections to the

1826: 1492: 1204:

worldview, and systematic preparation for a "decisive battle" (

1026: 804: 734:). Kishi later served in the wartime cabinet of Prime Minister 3864:

Cry Havoc: How the Arms Race Drove the World to War, 1931-1941

4632: 3590:"How Abe and Japan became vital to Moon's Unification Church" 2798: 1503: 1036: 1018: 515: 511: 2749: 2747: 2745: 3815:

Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo

2655: 2501: 2414: 1471:

presenting Welcome Address to Kishi, New Delhi, 24 May 1957

962:

in Manchuria. Kishi had first come to the attention of the

923: 766: 3616:"旧統一教会と「関係アリ」国会議員リスト入手！歴代政権の重要ポスト経験者が34人も（日刊ゲンダイDIGITAL）" 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 2969: 2957: 2933: 2762: 2645: 2643: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2518: 2516: 2404: 2402: 1235:

as a suspected "Class A" war criminal by the order of the

1021:) with the exception of monthly trips on the world famous 5571:

Members of the House of Representatives (Empire of Japan)

3224: 3222: 3086: 3084: 2986: 2984: 2742: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 1092:

issued on 7 December 1941. Kishi was also elected to the

3558:"【独自】安倍家と統一教会との"深い関係"を示す機密文書を発見米大統領に「文鮮明の釈放」を嘆願していた岸信介" 2834: 2822: 2810: 2774: 2563: 2561: 1969:

From the corresponding article in the Japanese Knowledge

1744:

crisis and wanted to "encourage Kishi to feel remorse".

3429: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2667: 2640: 2628: 2609: 2597: 2585: 2573: 2513: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2399: 2377: 2375: 2360: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2298: 2296: 2281: 1889:, the suspect in the assassination of Kishi's grandson 1458: 3463: 3451: 3339: 3337: 3324: 3322: 3297: 3295: 3254: 3252: 3239: 3237: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3192: 3144: 3132: 3108: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3067: 2981: 2945: 2921: 2909: 2730: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2337: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 1502:

In pursuit of the ADF, Kishi visited India, Pakistan,

1096:

of the Diet of Japan in April 1942 as a member of the

882:

in the United States, the German policy of industrial

3990:"Kishi and Corruption: An Anatomy of the 1955 System" 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2786: 2718: 2558: 2387: 2246: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 1736:

same reporter that he had visited with the family of

1255:

Council on Japan included former ambassador to Japan

1066:

Hideki Tōjō (right) and Nobusuke Kishi, October 1943.

3545:「我々は世界を支配できると思った」米・統一教会の元幹部が語った”選挙協力”と”高額報酬”の実態【報道特集 3307: 2863: 2758:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 179. 2528: 2450: 2438: 2426: 2372: 2320: 2308: 2293: 2271:

East Asia Forum Quarterly: Volume 14, Number 3, 2022

1861: 1475:

In the first year of Kishi's term, Japan joined the

1176:

Kishi's plans coincided with the dissolution of the

4268: 3677:"当初の狙いは宗教団体の幹部襲撃か「母親がのめり込み恨みがあった」安倍元首相銃撃事件の容疑者が供述" 3533:

Kishi and Corruption: An Anatomy of the 1955 System

3334: 3319: 3292: 3280: 3249: 3234: 3204: 3180: 3168: 3156: 3096: 3064: 2996: 2540: 1118: 831:, and then transferred to another middle school in 811:, the son of a sake brewer from a once illustrious 3120: 2890: 2179: 2167: 2155: 1149:. Out of these meetings came a plan to form a new 4177:Secretary-General of the Liberal Democratic Party 4012:. Japan Policy Research Institute. Archived from 3992:. Japan Policy Research Institute. Archived from 2072:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany 1599:Protesters flood the streets around the Japanese 1273:, and corporate lawyer James L. Kauffman. Unlike 5626:Imperial Rule Assistance Association politicians 5606:Recipients of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers 5532: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 1896: 1372:, it must be picked up and carried by somebody. 1279:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 893: 3840:The Prime Ministers of Postwar Japan, 1945-1995 3043:Cold War Democracy: The United States and Japan 1948:married politician and future foreign minister 700: 4918: 3484:"Far from Yasukuni, cemetery honors criminals" 1994:Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers 1756:'s private extraparliamentary pressure group ( 1560:over proposed expansion of the US air base at 1312:(1901–75), shortly after he was released from 1178:Imperial Rule Assistance Political Association 819:, would go on to become a Vice Admiral in the 694: 4904: 4254: 3795:Eisaku Satō, Japanese Prime Minister, 1964-72 3581: 3411:"岸信介の退陣佐藤栄作との兄弟酒「ここで二人で死のう」吉田茂と密かに決めた人事とは…" 3383:"The assassination attempt of Nobusuke Kishi" 2469: 1564:and the explosion of anger in Japan over the 1531: 1328:), drawing upon his earlier efforts with the 1031:passed through a 'filter' and been 'cleansed' 5621:Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) politicians 3376: 3374: 3372: 2013:Senior second rank (August 1987; posthumous) 1816: 776:Kishi was the first prime minister from the 221:Director-General of the Japan Defense Agency 3587: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 2070:West Germany: Grand Cross 1st Class of the 1840: 914:(the "Young Marshal") and turned it into a 5616:Democratic Party (Japan, 1954) politicians 4911: 4897: 4261: 4247: 3685:(in Japanese). 9 July 2022. Archived from 3653:(in Japanese). 9 July 2022. Archived from 3448:, Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2016 page 310. 3019:. Asian Development Bank. pp. 31–32. 1414: 1037:Minister in the Konoe and Tōjō governments 233:31 January 1957 – 2 February 1957 38: 4153:President of the Liberal Democratic Party 3405: 3403: 1584: 461:20 April 1953 – 7 September 1979 398:18 October 1941 – 8 October 1943 130:President of the Liberal Democratic Party 4007: 3912: 3783: 3380: 3349: 3014: 2884: 2673: 2661: 2649: 2634: 2622: 2603: 2591: 2579: 2522: 2507: 2420: 2331: 1912: 1900: 1594: 1462: 1418: 1374: 1300: 1155: 1137:, a preeminent fascist political fixer; 980:Manchuria Industrial Development Company 942: 798: 283:23 December 1956 – 10 July 1957 3987: 3954: 3933: 3836: 3792: 3767:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 3522:Cornell University Press, 2019, p. 245. 3469: 3457: 3002: 2990: 2975: 2963: 2951: 2939: 2927: 2915: 2840: 2828: 2816: 2804: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2736: 2393: 2354: 2314: 2302: 2287: 2264: 2240: 2085:Republic of China: Grand Cordon of the 1522:Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere 993:In order to make it profitable for the 926:, who had been the last emperor of the 586: 67:31 January 1957 – 19 July 1960 5533: 3880: 3861: 3400: 3039: 2753: 2724: 2685: 2567: 2553:Pan-Asianism and Japan's War 1931–1945 2534: 2463: 2444: 2432: 2408: 2381: 2366: 2007: 1626:Anpo Jōyaku Kaitei Soshi Kokumin Kaigi 1483:, signed a new commercial treaty with 1237:Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers 436:Member of the House of Representatives 344:8 October 1943 – 22 July 1944 5641:Politicians from Yamaguchi Prefecture 5551:20th-century prime ministers of Japan 4892: 4242: 3811: 3381:Eldridge, Robert D. (July 13, 2020). 3343: 3328: 3313: 3301: 3286: 3258: 3243: 3228: 3213: 3198: 3186: 3174: 3162: 3150: 3138: 3114: 3102: 3090: 3075: 2252: 2173: 2161: 1296: 1226: 142:21 March 1957 – 14 July 1960 3709:"【速報】"特定の宗教団体"は母親と関係「のめり込み破産」新たな供述" 2125: 1779:, the South Korean dictator General 1722: 1459:Pursuit of an Asian Development Fund 1098:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 953:Imperial Japan's sphere of influence 542:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 450:1 May 1942 – 8 October 1943 5661:Politicians with Unification Church 4121:Minister of Commerce & Industry 4097:Minister of State without Portfolio 4008:Schaller, Michael (July 11, 1995). 3764: 3481: 3126: 2903: 1182:Greater Japan Political Association 705:, 13 November 1896 – 7 August 1987) 332:Minister of State without Portfolio 13: 3988:Samuels, Richard (December 2001). 3913:Haberman, Clyde (August 8, 1987). 2034:Senior seventh rank (October 1923) 2028:Senior sixth rank (September 1927) 2022:Senior fifth rank (September 1934) 1933:In 1919, Kishi married his cousin 1425:President of the Republic of China 1399:and Liberal Party merged to elect 902:" of September 1931, the Japanese 14: 5677: 3915:"Nobusuke Kishi: Ex-Tokyo Leader" 3645:"銃撃容疑者「母親が宗教にのめり込み破産」安倍氏に一方的恨みか" 3417:(in Japanese). September 23, 2015 2041: 1937:, and was adopted by her father, 1862:Connections to Unification Church 1487:, and signed peace treaties with 856:Ministry of Commerce and Industry 590: 386:Minister of Commerce and Industry 4875: 4874: 3788:. Durham: Duke University Press. 3719:from the original on 9 July 2022 2555:, London: Palgrave, 2007 p. 125. 2093: 2078: 2063: 2048: 1811: 1119:The National Defense Brotherhood 1059: 1045: 803:Kishi was born Nobusuke Satō in 675: 5591:Japanese people of World War II 3961:The Journal of Japanese Studies 3731: 3701: 3669: 3637: 3608: 3568: 3550: 3538: 3525: 3512: 3494: 3482:Kim, Hyun-Ki (15 August 2013). 3475: 3264: 3033: 3008: 2846: 2679: 1925:, unknown female relative, and 1542:US–Japan Mutual Security Treaty 1477:United Nations Security Council 1438: 1239:. Kishi, Kodama, Sasakawa, and 922:". Although nominally ruled by 846:), where he graduated from the 582: 16:Japanese politician (1896–1987) 3753: 3276:. pp. 332 (Document 173). 2265:Levidis, Andrew (2022-07-01). 2258: 2119: 1770: 1449:1952 U.S-Japan Security Treaty 1285:of members of the old regime. 1243:, the former president of the 1192:, and Kishi's anti-mainstream 1: 5566:Government ministers of Japan 3622:(in Japanese). Archived from 2860:Journal, Issue #100, May 2019 2107: 2016:Senior third rank (July 1960) 1897:Personal life and descendants 1247:newspaper, lived in the same 906:seized the Chinese region of 894:Economic manager of Manchukuo 3715:(in Japanese). 9 July 2022. 3547:, TBS NEWS DIG, 30 July 2022 2112: 1981:Order of the Sacred Treasure 1330:National Defense Brotherhood 1290:National Defense Brotherhood 1194:National Defense Brotherhood 1125:National Defense Brotherhood 788:, twice prime minister, and 271:Minister for Foreign Affairs 7: 5576:Far-right politics in Japan 4073:Minister of Foreign Affairs 3906: 3769:. New York: HarperCollins. 2025:Fifth rank (September 1929) 2003:(7 August 1987; posthumous) 1695:had been overthrown in the 1658:White House Press Secretary 1269:journalists Harry Kern and 823:, and his younger brother, 701: 10: 5682: 5601:University of Tokyo alumni 5561:Defense ministers of Japan 5556:Foreign ministers of Japan 4920:Foreign Ministers of Japan 4101:Oct 1943 – Jul 1944 3588:Marc Fisher (2022-07-12). 2267:"The end of the Kishi era" 2087:Order of Propitious Clouds 2019:Fourth rank (October 1940) 2001:Order of the Chrysanthemum 1588: 1532:Pursuit of treaty revision 1497:U.S.-Japan Security Treaty 1479:, paid war reparations to 1322:Allied occupation of Japan 1122: 767:U.S.-Japan Security Treaty 439:for Yamaguchi 1st District 4926: 4872: 4844: 4738: 4641: 4631: 4484: 4389: 4291: 4281: 4222:Secretary-General of the 4220: 4215: 4205: 4198: 4193: 4183: 4174: 4169: 4159: 4150: 4142: 4137: 4127: 4118: 4110: 4094: 4089: 4079: 4070: 4062: 4052: 4043: 4035: 4030: 3983:– via Project MUSE. 3866:. New York: Basic Books. 3040:Miller, Jennifer (2019). 2754:Browne, Courtney (1967). 1963: 1817:Accusations of corruption 1704:Japan Self Defense Forces 1517:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy 840:Tokyo Imperial University 695: 683: 671: 666:Tokyo Imperial University 659: 611: 600: 557: 532: 521: 501: 474: 469: 465: 454: 443: 434: 424: 412: 402: 391: 384: 372: 360: 348: 337: 330: 318: 306: 287: 276: 269: 257: 247: 237: 226: 219: 207: 195: 160: 146: 135: 128: 116: 104: 81: 71: 60: 53: 49: 37: 28: 21: 5581:Japanese anti-communists 4270:Prime ministers of Japan 4200:Head of Tōkakai faction 4138:Party political offices 3955:Levidis, Andrew (2023). 3889:Cornell University Press 3820:Harvard University Press 3758: 3048:Harvard University Press 3015:McCawley, Peter (2017). 2057:Order of the Aztec Eagle 2031:Sixth rank (August 1925) 1983:, 5th Class (April 1934) 1841:Release of war criminals 1775:After taking power in a 1405:Liberal Democratic Party 880:Frederick Winslow Taylor 756:Liberal Democratic Party 526:Liberal Democratic Party 29: 5656:War crimes in Manchukuo 4046:Prime Minister of Japan 3862:Maiolo, Joseph (2010). 3793:Hattori, Ryuji (2021). 3784:Driscoll, Mark (2010). 2037:Seventh rank (May 1921) 1987:Military Medal of Honor 1777:coup d'état in May 1961 1415:Prime Minister of Japan 1403:as the head of the new 1307:Chief Cabinet Secretary 780:. His younger brother, 717:prime minister of Japan 55:Prime Minister of Japan 44:Official portrait, 1957 5646:Historical negationism 4224:Japan Democratic Party 3881:Mimura, Janis (2011). 2807:, pp. 8–9, 16–17. 1930: 1910: 1856:Tokyo war crimes trial 1604: 1585:The 1960 Anpo Protests 1526:Asian Development Bank 1472: 1467:Indian Prime Minister 1435: 1391: 1317: 1173: 955: 821:Imperial Japanese Navy 548:Japan Democratic Party 5666:Satō–Kishi–Abe family 5586:Japanese nationalists 3973:10.1353/jjs.2023.0001 3797:. London: Routledge. 3765:Bix, Herbert (2000). 3576:Les nouvelles sectes. 2756:Tojo: The Last Banzai 2686:Delury, John (2015). 1916: 1904: 1679:military helicopter. 1643:Japan Socialist Party 1598: 1574:Japan Socialist Party 1466: 1422: 1378: 1304: 1160:The political fixers 1159: 1102:Ministry of Munitions 946: 910:ruled by the warlord 799:Early life and career 778:Satō–Kishi–Abe family 752:Japan Socialist Party 4125:Oct 1941 – Oct 1943 4077:Dec 1956 – Jul 1957 4050:Jan 1957 – Jul 1960 3887:. Ithaca, New York: 3812:Kapur, Nick (2018). 3531:Richard J. Samuels: 3518:Richard J. Samuels: 3488:Korea JoongAng Daily 2055:Mexico: Sash of the 1999:Grand Cordon of the 1992:Grand Cordon of the 1952:. Their second son, 1669:Douglas MacArthur II 1546:Douglas MacArthur II 1423:Nobusuke Kishi with 1326:Nippon Saiken Renmei 1316:on 24 December 1948. 976:First Five-Year Plan 809:Yamaguchi Prefecture 589:; died 492:Yamaguchi Prefecture 367:Position established 3847:. pp. 97–118. 3050:. pp. 189–90. 2978:, pp. 403–404. 2966:, pp. 398–400. 2942:, pp. 395–396. 2771:, pp. 102–103. 2664:, pp. 278–279. 2510:, pp. 268–269. 2423:, pp. 267–268. 2008:Order of precedence 1663:arrived at Tokyo's 1621:U.S.-Japan alliance 1548:(the nephew of the 1259:, retired diplomat 1186:Dai Nippon Seijikai 900:Manchurian Incident 844:University of Tokyo 769:led to the massive 719:from 1957 to 1960. 5651:Stabbing survivors 4203:1955 – 1979 4031:Political offices 3948:10.5509/2009823385 3919:The New York Times 3745:. 5 February 2024. 3595:washingtonpost.com 3578:Seuil, Paris 1977. 2089:(19 November 1969) 1977:(10 November 1928) 1931: 1911: 1868:Unification Church 1605: 1554:John Foster Dulles 1473: 1436: 1392: 1387:, Nobusuke Kishi, 1318: 1297:Return to politics 1227:Prisoner in Sugamo 1188:), led by General 1174: 1090:declaration of war 956: 888:reform bureaucrats 771:1960 Anpo protests 379:Position abolished 5636:Tabuse, Yamaguchi 5528: 5527: 4886: 4885: 4868: 4867: 4627: 4626: 4237: 4236: 4232:Office abolished 4206:Succeeded by 4184:Succeeded by 4160:Succeeded by 4128:Succeeded by 4105:Office abolished 4083:Aiichiro Fujiyama 4080:Succeeded by 4066:Mamoru Shigemitsu 4053:Succeeded by 3873:978-0-465-01114-8 3854:978-1-4985-1001-1 3818:. Cambridge, MA: 3804:978-0-367-53776-0 3508:. August 3, 2022. 3231:, pp. 24–25. 3201:, pp. 22–23. 3153:, pp. 20–21. 3141:, pp. 18–19. 3117:, pp. 17–18. 3093:, pp. 88–89. 3046:. Cambridge, MA: 3026:978-92-9257-875-6 2843:, pp. 28–29. 2831:, pp. 24–26. 2819:, pp. 23–26. 2783:, pp. 11–12. 2692:Asian Perspective 2411:, pp. 29–30. 2290:, pp. 98–99. 2255:, pp. 17–34. 1944:Kishi's daughter 1723:Stabbing incident 1558:Sunagawa Struggle 1368:, but to move an 1271:Compton Packenham 1241:Matsutarō Shōriki 1143:Mamoru Shigemitsu 1025:railroad line to 988:Ayukawa Yoshisuke 687: 686: 325:Aiichirō Fujiyama 313:Mamoru Shigemitsu 187:Shojiro Kawashima 177:Shojiro Kawashima 163:Secretary-General 5673: 4913: 4906: 4899: 4890: 4889: 4878: 4877: 4639: 4638: 4289: 4288: 4263: 4256: 4249: 4240: 4239: 4146:Tanzan Ishibashi 4143:Preceded by 4111:Preceded by 4063:Preceded by 4039:Tanzan Ishibashi 4036:Preceded by 4028: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4004: 4002: 4001: 3984: 3951: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3902: 3877: 3858: 3833: 3808: 3789: 3780: 3747: 3746: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3713:FNN Prime Online 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3650:Mainichi Shimbun 3641: 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2505: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2495: 2490:. 12 August 2015 2480: 2467: 2461: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2370: 2369:, p. 33n79. 2364: 2358: 2352: 2335: 2329: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2143: 2123: 2103:(28 August 1979) 2099:United Nations: 2098: 2097: 2084: 2082: 2081: 2069: 2067: 2066: 2054: 2052: 2051: 1975:Coronation Medal 1887:Tetsuya Yamagami 1852:Aichi prefecture 1800:and my brother, 1697:April Revolution 1684:Tokyo University 1673:Hagerty Incident 1512:Jawaharlal Nehru 1469:Jawaharlal Nehru 1445:Tanzan Ishibashi 1409:Tanzan Ishibashi 1397:Democratic Party 1354:Democratic Party 1162:Ryōichi Sasakawa 1135:Ryōichi Sasakawa 1109:Battle of Saipan 1063: 1049: 930:, Manchukuo was 852:Shinkichi Uesugi 790:defense minister 706: 704: 698: 697: 679: 639: 594: 592: 588: 584: 572: 508: 485:13 November 1896 484: 482: 470:Personal details 459: 448: 427: 415: 405: 396: 375: 363: 351: 342: 321: 309: 296:Tanzan Ishibashi 290: 281: 260: 253:Tanzan Ishibashi 250: 243:Tanzan Ishibashi 240: 231: 210: 202:Tanzan Ishibashi 198: 165: 151: 140: 119: 111:Tanzan Ishibashi 107: 65: 42: 32: 19: 18: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5524: 4922: 4917: 4887: 4882: 4864: 4840: 4734: 4623: 4480: 4385: 4283:Empire of Japan 4277: 4267: 4227: 4211: 4202: 4189: 4180: 4165: 4156: 4148: 4133: 4124: 4116: 4100: 4085: 4076: 4068: 4058: 4049: 4041: 4019: 4017: 3999: 3997: 3936:Pacific Affairs 3924: 3922: 3909: 3899: 3874: 3855: 3845:Lexington Books 3830: 3805: 3777: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3750: 3743:Yomiuri Shimbun 3737: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3682:Yomiuri Shimbun 3675: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3629: 3627: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3600: 3598: 3586: 3582: 3574:Alain Woodrow: 3573: 3569: 3564:. 20 July 2022. 3556: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3530: 3526: 3517: 3513: 3506:Financial Times 3500: 3499: 3495: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3444:Eckert, Carter 3443: 3430: 3420: 3418: 3409: 3408: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3387:The Japan Times 3379: 3350: 3342: 3335: 3327: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3250: 3242: 3235: 3227: 3220: 3212: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3082: 3074: 3065: 3058: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3013: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2982: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2902: 2891: 2883: 2864: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2752: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2727:, pp. 390. 2723: 2719: 2684: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2648: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2566: 2559: 2550: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2521: 2514: 2506: 2502: 2493: 2491: 2482: 2481: 2470: 2462: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2338: 2330: 2321: 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Lanham, MD: 3834: 3829:978-0674984424 3828: 3809: 3803: 3790: 3781: 3776:978-0060193140 3775: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3730: 3700: 3689:on 9 July 2022 3668: 3657:on 9 July 2022 3636: 3607: 3580: 3567: 3549: 3537: 3524: 3511: 3493: 3474: 3472:, p. 103. 3462: 3460:, p. 117. 3450: 3428: 3415:Sankei Shimbun 3399: 3348: 3333: 3318: 3316:, p. 250. 3306: 3291: 3279: 3263: 3248: 3233: 3218: 3203: 3191: 3179: 3167: 3155: 3143: 3131: 3129:, p. 662. 3119: 3107: 3095: 3080: 3063: 3056: 3032: 3025: 3007: 2995: 2993:, p. 399. 2980: 2968: 2956: 2954:, p. 396. 2944: 2932: 2930:, p. 387. 2920: 2918:, p. 398. 2908: 2906:, p. 660. 2889: 2862: 2845: 2833: 2821: 2809: 2797: 2795:, pp. 13. 2785: 2773: 2761: 2741: 2739:, p. 102. 2729: 2717: 2678: 2676:, p. 278. 2666: 2654: 2652:, p. 267. 2639: 2637:, p. 277. 2627: 2625:, p. 266. 2608: 2606:, p. 276. 2596: 2594:, p. 275. 2584: 2582:, p. 274. 2572: 2570:, p. 102. 2557: 2539: 2537:, pp. 36. 2527: 2525:, p. 269. 2512: 2500: 2468: 2466:, pp. 30. 2449: 2447:, pp. 24. 2437: 2425: 2413: 2398: 2386: 2371: 2359: 2357:, p. 100. 2336: 2319: 2307: 2292: 2280: 2257: 2245: 2178: 2166: 2154: 2139:978-4122057234 2138: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2090: 2075: 2060: 2043: 2042:Foreign Honors 2040: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2004: 1997: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1965: 1962: 1898: 1895: 1876:Sun Myung Moon 1872:anti-communism 1863: 1860: 1842: 1839: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1781:Park Chung Hee 1772: 1769: 1724: 1721: 1686:student named 1665:Haneda Airport 1635:Haneda Airport 1589:Main article: 1586: 1583: 1550:famous general 1533: 1530: 1489:Czechoslovakia 1460: 1457: 1440: 1437: 1432:Soong Mei-ling 1416: 1413: 1298: 1295: 1257:Joseph C. 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4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4259: 4257: 4252: 4250: 4245: 4244: 4241: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4179: 4178: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4155: 4154: 4147: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4123: 4122: 4115: 4114:Seizō Sakonji 4109: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4075: 4074: 4067: 4061: 4057: 4048: 4047: 4040: 4034: 4029: 4016:on 2020-07-25 4015: 4011: 4006: 3996:on 2012-02-05 3995: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3910: 3900: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3841: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3816: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3762: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3672: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3640: 3626:on 2022-07-18 3625: 3621: 3617: 3611: 3597: 3596: 3591: 3584: 3577: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3546: 3541: 3534: 3528: 3521: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3471: 3466: 3459: 3454: 3447: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3421:September 21, 3416: 3412: 3406: 3404: 3392:September 21, 3388: 3384: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3346:, p. 81. 3345: 3340: 3338: 3331:, p. 34. 3330: 3325: 3323: 3315: 3310: 3304:, p. 33. 3303: 3298: 3296: 3289:, p. 30. 3288: 3283: 3275: 3274: 3267: 3261:, p. 29. 3260: 3255: 3253: 3246:, p. 27. 3245: 3240: 3238: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3216:, p. 23. 3215: 3210: 3208: 3200: 3195: 3189:, p. 22. 3188: 3183: 3177:, p. 21. 3176: 3171: 3165:, p. 35. 3164: 3159: 3152: 3147: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3123: 3116: 3111: 3105:, p. 20. 3104: 3099: 3092: 3087: 3085: 3078:, p. 18. 3077: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3059: 3057:9780674976344 3053: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3036: 3028: 3022: 3018: 3011: 3004: 2999: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2977: 2972: 2965: 2960: 2953: 2948: 2941: 2936: 2929: 2924: 2917: 2912: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2886: 2885:Schaller 1995 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2842: 2837: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2813: 2806: 2801: 2794: 2789: 2782: 2777: 2770: 2765: 2757: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2738: 2733: 2726: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2675: 2674:Driscoll 2010 2670: 2663: 2662:Driscoll 2010 2658: 2651: 2650:Driscoll 2010 2646: 2644: 2636: 2635:Driscoll 2010 2631: 2624: 2623:Driscoll 2010 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2605: 2604:Driscoll 2010 2600: 2593: 2592:Driscoll 2010 2588: 2581: 2580:Driscoll 2010 2576: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2554: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2536: 2531: 2524: 2523:Driscoll 2010 2519: 2517: 2509: 2508:Driscoll 2010 2504: 2489: 2488:The Economist 2485: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2446: 2441: 2435:, p. 29. 2434: 2429: 2422: 2421:Driscoll 2010 2417: 2410: 2405: 2403: 2396:, p. 14. 2395: 2390: 2384:, p. 34. 2383: 2378: 2376: 2368: 2363: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2333: 2332:Haberman 1987 2328: 2326: 2324: 2317:, p. 99. 2316: 2311: 2305:, p. 98. 2304: 2299: 2297: 2289: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2261: 2254: 2249: 2242: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2176:, p. 10. 2175: 2170: 2164:, p. 25. 2163: 2158: 2151: 2150:Bungei Shunjū 2147: 2141: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2126:岩見隆夫 (2012). 2122: 2118: 2102: 2096: 2091: 2088: 2076: 2073: 2061: 2058: 2046: 2045: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1935:Yoshiko Kishi 1928: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1908: 1903: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1880:Ronald Reagan 1877: 1873: 1869: 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Hatoyama 4742:, 1989–2019 4667:I. Hatoyama 4609:Higashikuni 4315:(caretaker) 4295:, 1868–1912 4285:, 1868–1947 4131:Hideki Tōjō 3967:(1): 1–30. 3754:Works cited 2725:Maiolo 2010 2568:Mimura 2011 2551:Hotta, Eri 2535:Maiolo 2010 2464:Maiolo 2010 2445:Maiolo 2010 2433:Maiolo 2010 2409:Maiolo 2010 2382:Mimura 2011 2367:Mimura 2011 2277:(3): 38–39. 2146:Takao Iwami 2144:The author 2101:Peace Medal 1958:Nobuo Kishi 1907:Eisaku Satō 1802:Eisaku Satō 1771:Later years 1765:Eisaku Satō 1754:Banboku Ōno 1381:Banboku Ōno 1356:along with 1310:Eisaku Satō 1275:Hideki Tōjō 1249:prison cell 1190:Jirō Minami 1164:(left) and 1094:Lower House 1083:Hideki Tōjō 825:Eisaku Satō 817:Ichirō Satō 793:Nobuo Kishi 782:Eisaku Satō 760:1955 System 736:Hideki Tōjō 650:Nobuo Kishi 634: [ 625:Eisaku Satō 619:Ichirō Satō 567: [ 550:(1952–1955) 544:(1941–1945) 528:(1955–1987) 430:Hideki Tōjō 414:Preceded by 408:Hideki Tōjō 362:Preceded by 355:Hideki Tōjō 308:Preceded by 249:Preceded by 197:Preceded by 155:Banboku Ōno 106:Preceded by 5631:Shinzo Abe 5535:Categories 5359:Sakurauchi 5268:Shigemitsu 5240:Shigemitsu 5228:Shigemitsu 5162:S. Hayashi 5021:T. Hayashi 4740:Heisei era 4391:Taishō era 4187:Takeo Miki 4091:New office 4020:2015-09-09 4000:2015-09-09 3925:October 1, 3630:2022-07-18 3620:Yahoo!ニュース 3601:2022-07-13 3344:Kapur 2018 3329:Kapur 2018 3314:Kapur 2018 3302:Kapur 2018 3287:Kapur 2018 3259:Kapur 2018 3244:Kapur 2018 3229:Kapur 2018 3214:Kapur 2018 3199:Kapur 2018 3187:Kapur 2018 3175:Kapur 2018 3163:Kapur 2018 3151:Kapur 2018 3139:Kapur 2018 3115:Kapur 2018 3103:Kapur 2018 3091:Kapur 2018 3076:Kapur 2018 2698:(3): 446. 2494:2015-09-09 2253:Kapur 2018 2174:Kapur 2018 2162:Kapur 2018 2132:. 中央公論新社. 2108:References 1954:Shinzō Abe 1946:Yōko Kishi 1919:Shinzō Abe 1891:Shinzo Abe 1677:US Marines 1630:Zengakuren 1212:ideology. 874:, and the 786:Shinzo Abe 713:politician 709:bureaucrat 661:Alma mater 652:(grandson) 646:(grandson) 644:Shinzo Abe 640:(grandson) 481:1896-11-13 172:Takeo Miki 5490:Matsumoto 5463:Machimura 5452:Machimura 5447:Kawaguchi 5437:M. Tanaka 5379:Mitsuzuka 5246:K. Suzuki 5192:K. Nomura 5136:Yoshizawa 5125:Shidehara 5120:G. Tanaka 5114:Shidehara 4846:Reiwa era 4811:Y. Fukuda 4779:Hashimoto 4730:Takeshita 4720:Z. Suzuki 4702:T. Fukuda 4692:K. Tanaka 4672:Ishibashi 4645:, 1947–89 4643:Shōwa era 4614:Shidehara 4604:K. Suzuki 4529:Takahashi 4518:Wakatsuki 4513:Hamaguchi 4506:Shidehara 4500:Hamaguchi 4495:G. Tanaka 4488:, 1926–47 4486:Shōwa era 4476:Wakatsuki 4443:Takahashi 4393:, 1912–26 4343:Matsukata 4325:Matsukata 4293:Meiji era 4217:New title 4195:New title 4171:New title 3981:256809396 2704:0258-9184 2113:Citations 1829:gangster 1793:Article 9 1562:Tachikawa 1485:Australia 1481:Indonesia 1434:, in 1957 1334:Article 9 1210:Total War 1015:Changchun 949:Manchukuo 920:Manchukuo 908:Manchuria 842:(now the 833:Yamaguchi 724:Manchukuo 672:Signature 627:(brother) 621:(brother) 612:Relatives 488:Yamaguchi 457:In office 446:In office 394:In office 340:In office 279:In office 229:In office 138:In office 63:In office 5520:Kamikawa 5475:Nakasone 5404:Kakizawa 5389:Watanabe 5384:Nakayama 5369:Kuranari 5334:Hatoyama 5324:Miyazawa 5279:Fujiyama 5202:Matsuoka 5099:Yamamoto 5077:Terauchi 5026:Terauchi 4880:Category 4774:Murayama 4764:Hosokawa 4759:Miyazawa 4725:Nakasone 4715:(acting) 4652:Katayama 4574:Hiranuma 4549:(acting) 4531:(acting) 4508:(acting) 4471:Ta. Katō 4461:Yamamoto 4456:(acting) 4448:To. Katō 4438:(acting) 4425:Terauchi 4415:Yamamoto 4371:(acting) 4358:Yamagata 4338:(acting) 4320:Yamagata 3907:Articles 3717:Archived 3127:Bix 2000 2904:Bix 2000 2712:43738126 2129:昭和の妖怪岸信介 1923:Yōko Abe 1758:ingaidan 1614:Newsweek 1576:and the 1508:Thailand 1370:omikoshi 1366:omikoshi 1362:omikoshi 1350:misegane 1266:Newsweek 1079:zaibatsu 996:zaibatsu 986:founder 932:de facto 918:called " 898:In the " 740:Commerce 715:who was 601:Children 76:Hirohito 5515:Hayashi 5505:T. Kono 5500:Kishida 5485:Maehara 5442:Koizumi 5431:Y. Kōno 5409:Y. Kōno 5262:Yoshida 5251:Yoshida 5234:S. Tōgō 5212:S. Tōgō 5167:N. Satō 5044:Katsura 5015:Saionji 4963:Saionji 4953:Enomoto 4860:Kishida 4801:Koizumi 4662:Yoshida 4619:Yoshida 4564:Hayashi 4466:Kiyoura 4410:Katsura 4405:Saionji 4400:Katsura 4381:Saionji 4376:Katsura 4369:Saionji 1939:shizoku 1823:Sukarno 1131:kōsenha 884:cartels 872:Germany 829:Okayama 813:samurai 595: 579: 575: 299:Himself 72:Monarch 5510:Motegi 5469:Kōmura 5425:Kōmura 5420:Obuchi 5364:S. Abe 5354:Sonoda 5349:M. Ito 5339:Sonoda 5329:Kosaka 5319:Kimura 5309:Fukuda 5294:Shiina 5284:Kosaka 5257:Ashida 5207:Toyoda 5187:N. Abe 5172:Hirota 5152:Hiroda 5141:Uchida 5131:Inukai 5109:Matsui 5093:Uchida 5083:Motono 5055:Makino 5038:Uchida 5032:Komura 5003:Komura 4836:S. Abe 4806:S. Abe 4784:Obuchi 4713:M. Itō 4657:Ashida 4579:N. Abe 4559:Hirota 4523:Inukai 4454:Uchida 4436:Uchida 4363:H. Itō 4348:H. Itō 4336:Kuroda 4330:H. Itō 4307:Kuroda 4302:H. 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