170:." Additionally, the inculpation revealed that the investigation uncovered evidence that the accused had used the JAC as a means for spying and promoting anti-government sentiment. The indictment went on to assert that the accused had been enemies of the government prior to their involvement with the JAC, and that the JAC served as their international network for communicating anti-Soviet views.
402:. After the execution of the defendants, the trial and its results were kept secret. There was not a single reference to the trial or the execution in Soviet newspapers. Defendants' families were charged with "being relatives of traitors to the motherland" and exiled in December 1952. They did not learn about the fates of their family members until November 1955, when the case was reopened.
135:, a Yiddish actor and director, headed the committee. Other members of the committee were prominent Yiddish literary figures, actors, and doctors who wanted to help influence Jewish support for the Soviet Union through their writing and also using radio broadcasts from Russia to different countries. In 1943, Mikhoels and the vice-chairman of the Anti-Fascist Committee,
381:, the lead judge of the trial, confronted with such a great number of discrepancies and contradictions, twice made attempts to appeal to the Soviet leadership to reopen the investigation and was denied both times. Even after sentencing the defendants, Cheptsov attempted to lengthen the process by declining to immediately execute the defendants.
425:. Weeks after Stalin's death, on 5 March 1953, the new Soviet leadership renounced the Doctors' plot, which led to questions about the similar situation with the JAC defendants. Upon the discovery that much of the testimony from the trial was the result of torture and coercion, the proceedings were reexamined. On 22 November 1955, the
389:
The sentence stated that the defendants would receive "the severest measure of punishment for the crimes committed by them jointly: execution, with all of their property to be confiscated." The court also stripped the men of their medals and made petitions to remove military commendations such as the
369:
had the opportunity to cross-examine each other, furthering the trial's intense atmosphere. During the trial, defendants answered some questions from judges which were wholly unrelated to the trial and resulted merely from personal curiosities. For example, the judges often asked the defendants about
368:
as "nothing less than terror masquerading as law." While some defendants admitted their guilt, others plead partially guilty and some maintained their innocence. Since the trial was not public, the defendants made expressive and often lengthy statements professing their innocence. The defendants also
409:
was sentenced to three-and-a-half years in a correctional labour camp, followed by five years of exile; however, after Stalin's death, she was able to return to her home and continue her studies. During the trial, she was determined to be "no less guilty" than the other defendants but was considered
363:
The trial began on 8 May 1952 and lasted until the sentencing on 18 July. The structure of the trial was peculiar due to the fact that there were no prosecutors or defence attorneys, simply three military judges. This was in accordance with Soviet law at the time, but is characterized by historian
376:
With extensive statements, arguments, and inconsistencies between the defendants, the trial lasted much longer than the government had desired. On 26 June, experts were called to give testimony about the issues of treason, but they ultimately acknowledged that "their judgment was incomplete and
173:
Overemphasis on exchanges of relatively innocuous information between the JAC leadership and Jews in other countries, particularly
American journalists, augmented accusations of espionage. Another piece of evidence supporting the indictment was a letter that the leadership of the JAC wrote as a
377:
insufficient." It became clear that some pieces of evidence had been tremendously exaggerated. For example, a statement by Leon Talmy that a particular
Russian village was "not as pretty" as a certain Kan village was used as evidence of his nationalist tendencies.
410:
important to the state because of her research; she, therefore, received a lesser sentence than the others. Officials counted her time spent in prison before the sentencing towards her labour camp term, so she went into exile immediately after the sentencing.
181:
All of the defendants endured incessant interrogations which, for everyone except Itzik Fefer, were coupled with beatings and torture. Eventually, these tactics led to forced, false confessions. One defendant,
1096:
20:
1589:
186:, told the court at the trial, "I was ready to confess that I was the pope's own nephew and that I was acting on his direct personal orders" after a beating. Another defendant,
298:
1393:
150:, the JAC felt it had a duty to change priorities, and focus on the rebuilding of Jewish communities, farms, culture, and identity – including a proposal to establish
2440:
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131:
catalyzed the start of the Jewish Anti-Fascist
Committee (JAC), a committee reaching out to Jews worldwide to support the Soviet war effort against Nazi Germany.
2136:
2323:
1740:
607:
The Last
Lullaby. Ed. and trans. Aaron Kramer. First Paperback ed. N.p.: Dora Teitelboim Foundation, Inc., 1998. 251. Google Books Search. Web. 4 Feb. 2010.
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as well as many other crimes. After their arrests, they were tortured, beaten, and isolated for three years before being formally charged. There were five
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1149:
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352:
265:
190:, said he had counted over two thousand blows to his buttocks and heels, but he was the only member of the accused who refused to confess to any crimes.
183:
166:
The charges filed against the accused included mentions of "counterrevolutionary crimes" and organized action meant to "topple, undermine, or weaken the
1847:
1978:
1855:
1103:
413:
During his imprisonment, Solomon
Bregman collapsed and was placed in the prison infirmary. He remained unconscious until his death on 23 January 1953.
344:
1679:
1635:
284:
317:(1895–1953), Deputy Commissar of Foreign Affairs. Fell into a coma after denouncing the trial, and died in prison five months after the executions
1386:
348:
304:
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900:
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2314:
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86:
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335:
Some who were either directly or indirectly connected to the JAC at the time were also arrested in the years surrounding the trial. Although
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398:. On 12 August 1952, thirteen of the defendants (excluding Lina Stern and Solomon Bregman) were executed in the basement of
3732:
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432:
Many of the surviving members of the JAC emigrated to Israel in the 1970s. A memorial for the JAC victims was dedicated in
2552:
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97:
on 12 August 1952. The arrests were first made in
September 1948 and June 1949. All defendants were falsely accused of
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2016:
455:, an alleged post-war conspiracy by Jewish doctors to murder Stalinist officials, later proved fictitious.
202:(1895–1952), Yiddish poet, co-founder of the School of Writers, a Yiddish literary school in Soviet Russia
3752:
3504:
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1328:
324:
323:(or Shtern) (1878–1968), a biochemist, physiologist and humanist and the first female academician in the
260:
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151:
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in the 1960s through the 1980s as an example of a particularly grim anti-Jewish act by the
Soviets.
429:
determined that there was "no substance to the charges" against the defendants and closed the case.
3772:
3544:
3528:
3259:
3181:
3165:
2632:
2298:
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1138:
343:, another Yiddish writer, was arrested in 1949, and died in a labour camp in 1950. Literary critic
154:. Not everyone agreed with the direction in which things were headed and many, such as Stalin and
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328:
68:
41:
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1963:
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Jewish
Virtual Library. The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise, 2010. Web. 4 Feb. 2010.
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1986:
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901:"65 Years Ago, The USSR Murdered Its Greatest Jewish Poets. What's Left Of Their Legacy?"
279:
80:
53:
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246:
187:
502:
Rubenstein, Joshua (2001). "Introduction." In: Rubenstein and
Vladimir Naumov (Eds.),
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1026:
Stalin's Secret Pogrom: The
Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
504:
Stalin's Secret Pogrom: The Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
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2468:
2213:
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1839:
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59:
32:
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2396:
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2024:
1911:
1772:
1693:
1345:
314:
252:
226:
205:
158:, thought the JAC was "intervening in matters in which it should not interfere."
90:
537:
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2447:
2418:
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2199:
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155:
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The New Republic 25 Aug. 1997: Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 2 Feb. 2010.
292:
2164:
146:
began and Russian Jewish culture was destroyed by the invading Nazi forces'
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962:
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759:
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706:
691:
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661:
646:
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211:
167:
128:
19:
461:, whose short story "The Twenty-seventh Man" is an allusion to this event.
2192:
1831:
1181:
1144:
220:
136:
439:
The anniversary of the murders was commemorated by the activists of the
2185:
2178:
2104:
1748:
406:
340:
320:
1272:
472:
436:
in 1977, on the 25th anniversary of the Night of the Murdered Poets.
433:
249:(1892–1952), medical director of the Botkin Clinical Hospital, Moscow
147:
98:
2531:
1903:
1402:
295:
leader in Austria and the U.S. before returning to the USSR in 1933
106:
102:
1071:
2503:
1406:
1186:
370:
175:
94:
3582:
85:'Soviet Union Martyrs') was the execution of thirteen
243:, vigorously denounced accusations against himself and others
109:
writers among these defendants, all of whom were part of the
2153:
278:(1893–1952), translator, journalist, a former member of the
1410:
1191:
961:. National Conference on Soviet Jewry. 1973. Archived from
339:
was not arrested, his death was ordered by Stalin in 1948.
311:; editor, International Division, Soviet Information Bureau
331:. She was the only survivor out of the fifteen defendants.
1938:
301:(1901–1952), wife of Ilya Vatenberg, a translator at JAC.
1111:
139:, traveled to the U.S. and England to help raise money.
1072:
Photographs of a 1986 Night of the Murdered Poets vigil
268:(1890–1952), a researcher at the Institute of History,
1401:
73:
46:
1017:
50th anniversary of the Night of the Murdered Poets
876:
874:
872:
850:
848:
846:
427:
Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR
2137:Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920)
1022:August 12, 2002, Letter from President Bush, links
1035:Seven-fold Betrayal: The Murder of Soviet Yiddish
721:Slutsky, Yehuda; Shmuel Spector, Shmuel (2007). "
421:Stalin continued his oppression of Jews with the
327:and is best known for her pioneering work on the
3778:Persecution of intellectuals in the Soviet Union
3704:
869:
843:
840:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
825:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
810:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
795:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
780:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
765:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
750:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
712:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
697:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
682:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
667:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
652:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
637:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
622:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR Database
116:
58:'Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee affair';
862:
860:
223:(1890–1952), Yiddish poet and children's writer
214:(1900–1952), Yiddish poet, an informer for the
161:
3481:Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting
1294:Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia
1011:50 Years After The Night of the Murdered Poets
1451:
1387:
1097:
857:
498:
496:
127:The threat of an attack on Soviet Russia by
3718:Antisemitic attacks and incidents in Europe
916:...they...were executed in the 's basement.
255:(1899–1952), assistant to and successor to
1656:Persecution of Jews during the Black Death
1394:
1380:
1304:National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry
1104:
1090:
1020:National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry
586:. (New York: The Free Press, 1990) p. 122.
565:
563:
561:
506:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.
48:Dela Yevreyskovo antifashistskovo komiteta
898:
493:
3393:
1476:Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus
37:Дело Еврейского антифашистского комитета
18:
3678:Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus
1046:
745:"Юзефович (Шпинак) Иосиф Сигизмундович"
576:
558:
549:
3705:
790:"Ватенберг-Островская Чайка Семеновна"
692:"Лозовский (Дридзо) Соломон Абрамович"
573:(New York: Enigma Books, 2003) p. 222.
287:(1887–1952), translator and editor of
16:1952 execution of thirteen Soviet Jews
3345:Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre
1375:
1085:
229:(1884–1952), a distinguished novelist
3723:Jews and Judaism in the Soviet Union
3497:Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege
3087:Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack
1113:Jews and Judaism in the Soviet Union
948:
3222:
2754:
2345:
178:to become the new Jewish homeland.
63:
13:
1076:American Jewish Historical Society
988:For the Relief of Unbearable Urges
538:"The Night of the Murdered Poets."
479:, was possibly also killed in the
307:(1905–1952), deputy editor of the
14:
3799:
3738:Jews executed by the Soviet Union
3489:Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting
3238:Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing
3231:Dolphinarium discotheque massacre
1309:Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry
1129:The Holocaust in the Soviet Union
1041:Unknown History, Unheroic Martyrs
1004:
956:"The Night of the Murdered Poets"
552:War, the Holocaust, and Stalinism
525:"Anti-Fascist Committee, Jewish."
396:Order of the Red Banner of Labour
75:Harugim malkhes funem Ratnfarband
64:הרוגי מלכות פֿונעם ראַטנפאַרבאַנד
3783:1952 murders in the Soviet Union
3743:Antisemitism in the Soviet Union
3465:Toulouse and Montauban shootings
3366:Maxim restaurant suicide bombing
3288:Matza restaurant suicide bombing
647:"Фефер Исаак (Ицик) Соломонович"
347:died in prison, and journalists
3584:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
2683:Kremnička and Nemecká massacres
1484:Jewish revolt against Heraclius
980:
939:
930:
921:
892:
883:
828:
813:
798:
783:
768:
753:
738:
715:
700:
685:
670:
655:
640:
625:
3274:Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre
3103:Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre
2113:Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation
1360:The Black Book of Soviet Jewry
1242:Joseph Stalin and antisemitism
820:"Брегман Сололомон Леонтьевич"
662:"Квитко Лев (Лейба) Моисеевич"
610:
598:
589:
543:
530:
517:
1:
3521:Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
3190:Mahane Yehuda Market bombings
1197:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
899:Talya Zax (August 12, 2017).
723:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
677:"Бергельсон Давид Рафаилович"
584:Stalin's War Against the Jews
373:meat and synagogue services.
123:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
117:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
111:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
3758:August 1952 events in Europe
3473:Jerusalem synagogue massacre
3380:Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing
3158:Dizengoff Street bus bombing
1590:Massacres at London and York
1278:Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking
1174:Jewish Communist Youth Union
707:"Шимелиович Борис Абрамович"
416:
299:Chaika Vatenberg-Ostrovskaya
241:Commissar of Foreign Affairs
216:Ministry of Internal Affairs
162:Interrogation and indictment
7:
3733:Yiddish-language literature
2921:Night of the Murdered Poets
1220:Night of the Murdered Poets
990:. New York: Vintage Books.
446:
384:
325:Russian Academy of Sciences
261:Moscow State Jewish Theater
74:
47:
29:Night of the Murdered Poets
10:
3804:
3352:Davidka Square bus bombing
3063:Antwerp summer camp attack
2937:Shafrir synagogue shooting
2640:Operation Harvest Festival
1749:Massacre of the Assumption
1235:Anti-cosmopolitan campaign
1053:New York Times Book Review
986:Englander, Nathan (1999).
854:Rubenstein, 2001 pp. 53–56
775:"Ватенберг Илья Семенович"
605:"Poetry of the Holocaust."
471:countless Jews during the
270:Soviet Academy of Sciences
193:
120:
3555:
3440:
3418:Tel Aviv shawarma bombing
3373:Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing
3329:
3295:Hebrew University bombing
3251:
3215:
3208:
3125:
3046:
3016:Ben Yehuda Street bombing
2976:Avivim school bus bombing
2967:
2912:
2899:Menarsha synagogue attack
2890:
2863:Ben Yehuda Street bombing
2840:
2790:
2747:
2697:
2653:
2617:
2581:
2432:
2410:
2374:
2336:
2008:
2001:
1807:
1619:
1612:
1541:
1506:
1424:
1417:
1337:
1286:
1268:1970s Soviet Union aliyah
1250:
1205:
1160:
1150:Jewish history in the JAO
1134:Jewish autonomy in Crimea
1119:
880:Rubenstein, 2001 p. 59–62
805:"Теумин Эмилия Исааковна"
632:"Гофштейн Давид Наумович"
355:were shot – all in 1950.
237:Soviet Information Bureau
235:(1878–1952), Director of
208:(1889–1952), Yiddish poet
152:Jewish autonomy in Crimea
36:
3713:1952 in the Soviet Union
3545:Monsey Hanukkah stabbing
3529:Poway synagogue shooting
3426:Jerusalem yeshiva attack
3260:Ghriba synagogue bombing
3182:Island of Peace massacre
2633:Kielce cemetery massacre
1139:Jewish Autonomous Oblast
835:"Штерн Лина Соломоновна"
617:"Маркиш Перец Давидович"
550:Redlich, Shimon (1995).
487:
358:
291:, newspaper of the JAC;
23:Order to arrest Lozovsky
3079:Vienna synagogue attack
3055:Paris synagogue bombing
2299:The Bloody Day in Jaffa
1329:Jackson–Vanik amendment
889:Rubenstein, 2001 p. 492
760:"Тальми Леон Яковлевич"
735:. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
595:Rubenstein, 2001, p. 51
3728:Soviet rehabilitations
3402:Beersheba bus bombings
3008:Kiryat Shmona massacre
2929:Scorpion Pass massacre
2626:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
2057:Second Kishinev pogrom
1797:Portuguese Inquisition
1441:2nd Alexandrian pogrom
1338:Media and publications
1287:International activism
1263:Anti-Zionist Committee
1168:Jewish Communist Party
733:Jewish Virtual Library
24:
3302:Rishon LeZion bombing
3024:Coastal Road massacre
2025:First Kishinev pogrom
1816:Chmielnicki massacres
1725:Schaffhausen Massacre
1644:Armleder persecutions
1598:Rintfleisch massacres
1299:Soviet Jewry movement
1230:Rootless cosmopolitan
1049:"Yiddish in the USSR"
945:Lustiger 2003, p. 246
936:Lustiger 2003, p. 349
927:Lustiger 2003, p. 243
866:Lustiger 2003, p. 236
728:Encyclopaedia Judaica
441:Soviet Jewry Movement
309:Diplomatic Dictionary
22:
3537:Jersey City shooting
3410:Ashdod Port bombings
2992:Lod Airport massacre
2953:Purge of Polish Jews
2877:Kfar Etzion massacre
2383:Częstochowa massacre
2144:1920 Nebi Musa riots
1964:Fourth Odessa pogrom
1920:Second Odessa pogrom
1215:1931 Menshevik Trial
536:Rubenstein, Joshua.
272:, trade union leader
148:genocidal operations
3359:Café Hillel bombing
2727:Tripolitania pogrom
2525:Kamianets-Podilskyi
2049:Fifth Odessa pogrom
1987:1898 Algerian riots
1928:Third Odessa pogrom
1872:First Odessa pogrom
1757:Spanish Inquisition
1733:Moroccan revolution
1613:14th – 19th century
1543:Rhineland massacres
1258:Soviet anti-Zionism
1207:Soviet antisemitism
968:on 23 November 2015
571:Stalin and the Jews
329:blood–brain barrier
280:Communist Party USA
259:as director of the
174:formal request for
3753:Soviet show trials
3457:Burgas bus bombing
3142:Crown Heights riot
3095:Ras Burqa massacre
2806:Haifa Oil Refinery
2662:Ardeatine massacre
2597:Dzyatlava massacre
2017:Częstochowa pogrom
1628:Shepherds' Crusade
1433:Alexandrian pogrom
1418:1st – 13th century
1047:Shneiderman, S.L.
1028:(introduction) by
838:Memorial (society)
823:Memorial (society)
808:Memorial (society)
793:Memorial (society)
778:Memorial (society)
763:Memorial (society)
748:Memorial (society)
710:Memorial (society)
695:Memorial (society)
680:Memorial (society)
665:Memorial (society)
650:Memorial (society)
635:Memorial (society)
620:Memorial (society)
379:Alexander Cheptsov
247:Boris Shimeliovich
188:Boris Shimeliovich
25:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3672:
3671:
3513:Halamish stabbing
3505:Tel Aviv shooting
3436:
3435:
3389:
3388:
3325:
3324:
3281:Passover massacre
3247:
3246:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3166:Beit Lid massacre
3121:
3120:
3042:
3041:
3032:Nahariya massacre
2963:
2962:
2908:
2907:
2886:
2885:
2836:
2835:
2799:Fajja bus attacks
2786:
2785:
2743:
2742:
2693:
2692:
2649:
2648:
2613:
2612:
2577:
2576:
2428:
2427:
2406:
2405:
2370:
2369:
2354:Tiberias massacre
2283:Constantine riots
2230:
2229:
2155:Russian Civil War
1997:
1996:
1973:
1972:
1709:Brussels massacre
1703:
1702:
1608:
1607:
1576:
1575:
1502:
1501:
1492:Battle of Khaybar
1468:Bar Kokhba revolt
1369:
1368:
1314:Cleveland Council
1043:by Jonathan Tobin
1037:by Joseph Sherman
1030:Joshua Rubenstein
582:Rapoport, Louis,
523:Redlich, Shimon.
481:Lubyanka Building
477:War Refugee Board
366:Joshua Rubenstein
353:Miriam Zheleznova
266:Joseph Yuzefovich
184:Joseph Yuzefovich
84:
72:
57:
45:
3795:
3788:Executed writers
3748:Trials in Russia
3689:
3686:Dagestan attacks
3681:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3572:Beersheba attack
3567:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3391:
3390:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3327:
3326:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3249:
3248:
3240:
3233:
3220:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3161:
3153:
3145:
3137:
3134:Cairo bus attack
3123:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3066:
3058:
3044:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3003:
3000:Ma'alot massacre
2995:
2987:
2979:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2910:
2909:
2901:
2888:
2887:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2838:
2837:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2788:
2787:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2752:
2751:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2713:Topoľčany pogrom
2708:
2706:Deutsch Schützen
2695:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2676:Sărmașu massacre
2671:
2664:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2615:
2614:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2590:Dünamünde Action
2579:
2578:
2570:
2562:
2555:
2553:Kaunas (October)
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2430:
2429:
2421:
2408:
2407:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2372:
2371:
2363:
2356:
2343:
2342:
2329:
2327:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2252:
2239:
2236:Zavirtcha pogrom
2223:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2065:Białystok pogrom
2060:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2006:
2005:
1990:
1982:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1859:
1856:Algiers massacre
1851:
1843:
1840:Massacre of Uman
1835:
1827:
1819:
1800:
1792:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1736:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1617:
1616:
1601:
1593:
1585:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1531:Granada massacre
1526:
1518:
1515:Córdoba massacre
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1460:The Great Revolt
1449:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1422:
1421:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1055:. Archived from
1013:By Shai Franklin
999:
984:
978:
977:
975:
973:
967:
960:
952:
946:
943:
937:
934:
928:
925:
919:
918:
913:
911:
896:
890:
887:
881:
878:
867:
864:
855:
852:
841:
832:
826:
817:
811:
802:
796:
787:
781:
772:
766:
757:
751:
742:
736:
719:
713:
704:
698:
689:
683:
674:
668:
659:
653:
644:
638:
629:
623:
614:
608:
602:
596:
593:
587:
580:
574:
569:Lustiger, Arno,
567:
556:
555:
547:
541:
534:
528:
521:
515:
500:
465:Raoul Wallenberg
459:Nathan Englander
337:Solomon Mikhoels
257:Solomon Mikhoels
233:Solomon Lozovsky
133:Solomon Mikhoels
79:
77:
67:
65:
52:
50:
40:
38:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3773:1952 in Judaism
3703:
3702:
3701:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3551:
3543:
3535:
3527:
3519:
3511:
3503:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3471:
3463:
3455:
3447:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3400:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3071:Antwerp bombing
3069:
3061:
3053:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2984:Munich massacre
2982:
2974:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2904:
2897:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2689:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2573:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2424:
2417:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2332:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2275:Campbell pogrom
2273:
2267:Hebron massacre
2265:
2257:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2033:Zablotov pogrom
2031:
2023:
2015:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1912:Damascus affair
1910:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1803:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1773:Lisbon massacre
1771:
1763:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1604:
1596:
1588:
1580:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1513:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1466:
1458:
1447:
1439:
1431:
1413:
1400:
1370:
1365:
1346:Am Yisrael Chai
1333:
1282:
1246:
1201:
1156:
1115:
1110:
1062:
1060:
1007:
1002:
985:
981:
971:
969:
965:
958:
954:
953:
949:
944:
940:
935:
931:
926:
922:
909:
907:
897:
893:
888:
884:
879:
870:
865:
858:
853:
844:
833:
829:
818:
814:
803:
799:
788:
784:
773:
769:
758:
754:
743:
739:
720:
716:
705:
701:
690:
686:
675:
671:
660:
656:
645:
641:
630:
626:
615:
611:
603:
599:
594:
590:
581:
577:
568:
559:
548:
544:
535:
531:
522:
518:
501:
494:
490:
449:
419:
400:Lubyanka Prison
387:
361:
345:Yitzhak Nusinov
315:Solomon Bregman
253:Benjamin Zuskin
227:David Bergelson
206:Dovid Hofshteyn
196:
164:
144:German invasion
125:
119:
91:Lubyanka Prison
17:
12:
11:
5:
3801:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3768:1952 in Russia
3765:
3763:1952 in Moscow
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3682:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3588:
3586:
3577:
3576:
3568:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3541:
3533:
3525:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3397:
3395:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3333:
3331:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3312:
3309:Matzuva attack
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3255:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3174:Purim massacre
3170:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3129:
3127:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3111:Purim stabbing
3107:
3099:
3091:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3050:
3048:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2980:
2971:
2969:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2949:
2945:Tripoli pogrom
2941:
2933:
2925:
2916:
2914:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2894:
2892:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2870:Cairo bombings
2866:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2842:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2794:
2792:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2758:
2756:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2699:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2679:
2672:
2669:Luduș massacre
2665:
2657:
2655:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2621:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2604:Sarny massacre
2600:
2593:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2436:
2434:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2419:Dorohoi pogrom
2414:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2390:Dynów massacre
2386:
2378:
2376:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2347:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2311:
2307:Przytyk pogrom
2303:
2295:
2291:Thrace pogroms
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2259:Safed massacre
2255:
2240:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2158:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2073:Siedlce pogrom
2069:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2012:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1943:
1940:Russian Empire
1933:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1896:Safed massacre
1892:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1848:Tétouan pogrom
1844:
1836:
1828:
1824:Safed massacre
1820:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1741:Cordoba pogrom
1737:
1729:
1721:
1713:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1659:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1636:Navarre pogrom
1632:
1623:
1621:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1586:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1546:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1480:
1472:
1464:
1455:
1453:
1452:Jewish revolts
1446:
1445:
1437:
1428:
1426:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1324:Freedom Sunday
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1078:, New York, NY
1069:
1059:on 16 Mar 2012
1044:
1038:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1006:
1005:External links
1003:
1001:
1000:
979:
947:
938:
929:
920:
891:
882:
868:
856:
842:
827:
812:
797:
782:
767:
752:
737:
731:. 2nd ed. Via
714:
699:
684:
669:
654:
639:
624:
609:
597:
588:
575:
557:
554:. p. 123.
542:
529:
516:
514:. p. 504.
491:
489:
486:
485:
484:
462:
456:
448:
445:
418:
415:
405:The defendant
392:Order of Lenin
386:
383:
360:
357:
333:
332:
318:
312:
302:
296:
285:Ilya Vatenberg
282:
273:
263:
250:
244:
230:
224:
218:
209:
203:
200:Peretz Markish
195:
192:
163:
160:
156:Mikhail Suslov
121:Main article:
118:
115:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3800:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3635:Netiv HaAsara
3632:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3600:Ein HaShlosha
3597:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3449:Itamar attack
3446:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3317:
3316:Hebron ambush
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3267:Hadera attack
3264:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2720:Kraków pogrom
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2568:
2567:The Holocaust
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2546:Švenčionėliai
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2462:Kaunas (June)
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2398:
2397:Silc massacre
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2362:
2361:Kristallnacht
2358:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2245:
2244:Oradea pogrom
2241:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2121:Kielce pogrom
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:Shiraz pogrom
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1888:Hebron pogrom
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:Hep-Hep riots
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:Hebron pogrom
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1670:
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1663:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1550:
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1547:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1225:Doctors' plot
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:Organizations
1159:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
997:
996:0-375-40492-9
993:
989:
983:
964:
957:
951:
942:
933:
924:
917:
906:
902:
895:
886:
877:
875:
873:
863:
861:
851:
849:
847:
839:
836:
831:
824:
821:
816:
809:
806:
801:
794:
791:
786:
779:
776:
771:
764:
761:
756:
749:
746:
741:
734:
730:
729:
724:
718:
711:
708:
703:
696:
693:
688:
681:
678:
673:
666:
663:
658:
651:
648:
643:
636:
633:
628:
621:
618:
613:
606:
601:
592:
585:
579:
572:
566:
564:
562:
553:
546:
539:
533:
526:
520:
513:
512:9780300129397
509:
505:
499:
497:
492:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
453:Doctors' plot
451:
450:
444:
442:
437:
435:
430:
428:
424:
423:Doctors' plot
414:
411:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
382:
380:
374:
372:
367:
356:
354:
350:
349:Shmuel Persov
346:
342:
338:
330:
326:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
306:
305:Emilia Teumin
303:
300:
297:
294:
293:Labor Zionist
290:
286:
283:
281:
277:
274:
271:
267:
264:
262:
258:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
238:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
217:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
191:
189:
185:
179:
177:
171:
169:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
124:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
82:
76:
70:
61:
55:
49:
43:
34:
30:
21:
3564:Israel riots
3556:2020–present
3209:21st century
3150:AMIA bombing
2920:
2734:Cairo pogrom
2315:Brest pogrom
2105:Skver pogrom
2002:20th century
1979:Corfu pogrom
1880:Tzfat pogrom
1789:Safed pogrom
1765:Arles pogrom
1717:1391 pogroms
1582:Ham massacre
1523:Fez massacre
1358:
1353:Jews on Land
1351:
1344:
1219:
1061:. Retrieved
1057:the original
1052:
987:
982:
970:. Retrieved
963:the original
950:
941:
932:
923:
915:
908:. Retrieved
904:
894:
885:
830:
815:
800:
785:
770:
755:
740:
726:
717:
702:
687:
672:
657:
642:
627:
612:
600:
591:
583:
578:
570:
551:
545:
532:
519:
503:
475:through the
438:
431:
420:
412:
404:
388:
375:
362:
334:
308:
288:
212:Itzik Feffer
180:
172:
168:Soviet Union
165:
141:
129:Nazi Germany
126:
28:
26:
2913:1950s–1960s
2685:(1944–1945)
2569:(1941–1945)
2318: [
2247: [
2157:(1918–1920)
2129:Lwów pogrom
2097:Lwów pogrom
2041:Kiev pogrom
1942:(1881–1884)
1832:Mawza Exile
1818:(1648–1657)
1658:(1348–1350)
1646:(1336–1339)
1592:(1189–1190)
1182:Yevsektsiya
1145:Birobidzhan
972:22 November
905:The Forward
221:Leib Kvitko
137:Itzik Fefer
87:Soviet Jews
3707:Categories
2770:Kunmadaras
2179:Justingrad
1687:Strasbourg
910:August 12,
407:Lina Stern
341:Der Nister
321:Lina Stern
276:Leon Talmy
3441:2010–2019
3394:2004–2009
3216:2000–2009
2748:1946–1999
2469:Szczuczyn
2441:Bucharest
2338:1938–1945
2214:Proskurov
2172:Radomyshl
2089:The Tritl
2009:1900–1937
1808:1600–1899
1620:1300–1599
1507:1000–1299
1486:(614–617)
1478:(351–352)
1470:(132–136)
1403:Massacres
1273:Refusenik
473:Holocaust
434:Jerusalem
417:Aftermath
239:, Deputy
142:Once the
99:espionage
69:romanized
42:romanized
3628:Nahal Oz
3621:Kissufim
3614:Kfar Aza
3338:Istanbul
2532:Babi Yar
2497:Jedwabne
1904:Allahdad
1494:(628 CE)
1409:against
447:See also
394:and the
385:Sentence
289:Eynikeyt
3663:Yakhini
3531:(2019)
2856:Djerada
2849:Tripoli
2777:Miskolc
2560:Rumbula
2518:Tykocin
2448:Antwerp
2309:(1936)
2193:Zviahel
1462:(66–73)
1407:pogroms
1251:Zionism
1121:History
1074:at the
1063:12 July
469:rescued
194:Victims
107:Yiddish
103:treason
89:in the
83:
71::
60:Yiddish
56:
44::
33:Russian
3688:(2024)
3680:(2023)
3642:Nir Oz
3593:Be'eri
3574:(2022)
3566:(2021)
3547:(2019)
3539:(2019)
3523:(2018)
3515:(2017)
3507:(2016)
3499:(2015)
3491:(2014)
3483:(2014)
3475:(2014)
3467:(2012)
3459:(2012)
3451:(2011)
3428:(2008)
3420:(2006)
3412:(2004)
3404:(2004)
3192:(1997)
3184:(1997)
3176:(1996)
3168:(1995)
3160:(1994)
3152:(1994)
3144:(1991)
3136:(1990)
3113:(1989)
3105:(1986)
3097:(1985)
3089:(1982)
3081:(1981)
3073:(1981)
3065:(1980)
3057:(1980)
3034:(1979)
3026:(1978)
3018:(1975)
3010:(1974)
3002:(1974)
2994:(1972)
2986:(1972)
2978:(1970)
2955:(1968)
2947:(1967)
2939:(1956)
2931:(1954)
2923:(1952)
2827:Manama
2820:Aleppo
2763:Kielce
2539:Odessa
2511:Ponary
2504:Farhud
2490:Wąsosz
2328:(1937)
2301:(1936)
2293:(1934)
2285:(1934)
2277:(1931)
2269:(1929)
2261:(1929)
2253:(1927)
2238:(1921)
2207:Fastov
2131:(1918)
2123:(1918)
2115:(1917)
2107:(1917)
2099:(1914)
2091:(1912)
2083:(1910)
2075:(1906)
2067:(1906)
2059:(1905)
2051:(1905)
2043:(1905)
2035:(1903)
2027:(1903)
2019:(1902)
1989:(1898)
1981:(1891)
1957:Warsaw
1930:(1871)
1922:(1859)
1914:(1840)
1906:(1839)
1898:(1838)
1890:(1834)
1882:(1834)
1874:(1821)
1866:(1819)
1858:(1805)
1850:(1790)
1842:(1768)
1834:(1679)
1826:(1660)
1799:(1536)
1791:(1517)
1783:(1517)
1775:(1506)
1767:(1484)
1759:(1478)
1751:(1474)
1743:(1473)
1735:(1465)
1727:(1401)
1719:(1391)
1711:(1370)
1694:Zurich
1680:Speyer
1666:Erfurt
1638:(1328)
1630:(1320)
1600:(1298)
1584:(1143)
1567:Mainz
1560:Speyer
1545:(1096)
1533:(1066)
1525:(1033)
1517:(1013)
1187:Komzet
1176:(EKSM)
1170:(EKP)
1141:(JAO)
994:
510:
467:, who
371:kosher
176:Crimea
95:Moscow
3656:Re'im
3649:Nirim
3607:Holit
3126:1990s
3047:1980s
2968:1970s
2455:Gabès
2326:]
2251:]
2200:Pinsk
2186:Skver
1673:Basel
1553:Worms
1425:1–999
1319:Nativ
966:(PDF)
959:(PDF)
488:Notes
359:Trial
3330:2003
3252:2002
3223:2001
2891:1949
2841:1948
2813:Aden
2791:1947
2755:1946
2698:1945
2654:1944
2618:1943
2582:1942
2483:Lviv
2476:Iași
2433:1941
2411:1940
2375:1939
2346:1938
2221:Kiev
2165:Lida
1950:Kiev
1443:(66)
1435:(38)
1411:Jews
1192:OZET
1065:2013
992:ISBN
974:2015
912:2017
508:ISBN
351:and
101:and
81:lit.
54:lit.
27:The
1405:or
725:".
93:in
3709::
2324:pl
2322:;
2320:de
2249:hu
1051:.
914:.
903:.
871:^
859:^
845:^
560:^
495:^
113:.
78:,
66:,
62::
51:,
39:,
35::
1395:e
1388:t
1381:v
1105:e
1098:t
1091:v
1067:.
998:.
976:.
483:.
31:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
