2336:
tired and hungry party. They furnished fresh horses and dried meat and fish with wild potatoes and other roots which were good to eat, and the refreshed white men went further on, westward, leaving their bony, wornout horses for the
Indians to take care of and have fat and strong when Lewis and Clark should come back on their way home." On their return trip they arrived at the Nez Perce encampment the following spring, again hungry and exhausted. The tribe constructed a large tent for them and again fed them. Desiring fresh red meat, the party offered an exchange for a Nez Perce horse. Quoting from the Lewis and Clark diary, Fletcher writes, "The hospitality of the Chiefs was offended at the idea of an exchange. He observed that his people had an abundance of young horses and that if we were disposed to use that food, we might have as many as we wanted." The party stayed with the Nez Perce for a month before moving on.
2266:(Wie-a-kins) which would, they thought, offer a link to the invisible world of spiritual power". The weyekin would protect one from harm and become a personal guardian spirit. To receive a weyekin, a seeker would go to the mountains alone on a vision quest. This included fasting and meditation over several days. While on the quest, the individual may receive a vision of a spirit, which would take the form of a mammal or bird. This vision could appear physically or in a dream or trance. The weyekin was to bestow the animal's powers on its bearerâfor example; a deer might give its bearer swiftness. A person's weyekin was very personal. It was rarely shared with anyone and was contemplated in private. The weyekin stayed with the person until death.
3103:
5969:
2429:
6673:
2805:
several languages. He defended the actions of the 1863 Treaty which cost the Nez Perce nearly 90% of their lands after gold was discovered because he knew it was futile to resist the US government and its military power. He tried to negotiate the best outcome which still allowed the majority of Nez Perce to live in their usual village locations. He died, frustrated that the U.S. government failed to follow through on the promises made in both treaties, even making a trip to
Washington, D.C. to express his frustration. He is buried at the Nikesa Cemetery at the Presbyterian church in
2526:
6486:
6192:
376:
2249:
2351:
59:
2488:
1996:
3122:
5052:
2534:
2509:. They wanted to restore part of their traditional horse culture, where they had conducted selective breeding of their horses, long considered a marker of wealth and status, and trained their members in a high quality of horsemanship. Social disruption due to reservation life and assimilationist pressures by Americans and the government resulted in the destruction of their horse culture in the 19th century. The 20th-century breeding program was financed by the
5764:
3088:
5815:
1808:
68:
639:
3905:
2385:, in the late 19th century the Nez Perce split into two groups: one side accepted the coerced relocation to a reservation and the other refused to give up their fertile land in Washington and Oregon. Those willing to go to a reservation made a treaty in 1877. The flight of the non-treaty Nez Perce began on June 15, 1877, with
2291:, includes a research center, archives, and library. Historical records are available for on-site study and interpretation of Nez Perce history and culture. The park includes 38 sites associated with the Nez Perce in the states of Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington, many of which are managed by local and state agencies.
2047:), the first being roasted in pits, while the other was ground in mortars and molded into cakes for future use, both plants had been traditionally an important food and trade item. Women were primarily responsible for the gathering and preparing of these root crops. Camas bulbs were gathered in the region between the
2463:. During the surrender negotiations, Chief Joseph sent a message, usually described as a speech, to the US soldiers. It has become renowned as one of the greatest American speeches: "...Hear me, my chiefs, I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever."
713:, the Nez Perce had seasonal villages and camps to take advantage of natural resources throughout the year. Their migration followed a recurring pattern from permanent winter villages through several temporary camps, nearly always returning to the same locations each year. The Nez Perce traveled via the
2830:
along with
Looking Glass' band to hunt buffalo, was present at the Walla Walla Council in 1855 and supported the non-treaty faction at the Lapwai Council, refused to sign the Treaty of 1855 and 1866, left his territory on Salmon River (two miles south of Corvallis) in 1875 with part of his band, and
2804:
in the
September 1805. His father's positive experiences with the whites greatly influenced him, leader of the treaty faction of the Nez Percé, and signed the 1855 Walla Walla Treaty and controversial 1863 treaty. He was called the Lawyer by fur trappers because of his oratory and ability to speak
1023:
Territories along the South and Middle Fork of the
Clearwater River downstream to the city of Lewiston (and south of it) in eastern Washington and the Idaho Panhandle. They also spent much time east of the Bitterroot Mountains and camped along the Yellowstone River, their main meeting place and one
697:
In 1800, the Nez Perce had more than 70 permanent villages, ranging from 30 to 200 individuals, depending on the season and social grouping. Archeologists have identified a total of about 300 related sites including camps and villages, mostly in the Salmon River Canyon. In 1805, the Nez Perce
488:
It is never easy to come at the name of an Indian or even of an Indian tribe. A tribe has always at least two names; one they call themselves by and one by which they are known to other tribes. All the tribes living west of the Rocky
Mountains were called "Chupnit-pa-lu", which means people of the
2335:
Recollecting the Nez Perce encounter with the Lewis and Clark party, in 1889 anthropologist Alice
Fletcher wrote that "the Lewis and Clark explorers were the first white men that many of the people had ever seen and the women thought them beautiful." She wrote that the Nez Perce "were kind to the
1713:
Because of large amount of inter-marriage between Nez Perce bands and neighboring tribes or bands to forge alliances and peace (often living in mixed bilingual villages together), the following bands were also counted to the Nez Perce (which today are viewed as being linguistically and culturally
1641:(several local groups along the Snake River between the mouth of the Salmon River in the south and the Grande Ronde River in the north, the name of their main village SakĂĄn and the band name SakĂĄnma refers to an area where the cliffs rise close to the water â this could be Joseph Canyon (SaqĂĄnma))
489:
pierced noses; it also means emerging from the bushes or forest; the people from the woods. The tribes on the
Columbia river used to pierce the nose and wear in it some ornament as you have seen some old fashioned white ladies wear in their ears. Lewis and Clark had with them an interpreter whose
331:
known as the Nez Perce Tribal
Executive Committee (NPTEC). They are one of five federally recognized tribes in the state of Idaho. The Nez Perce only own 12% of their own reservation and some Nez Perce lease land to farmers or loggers. Today, hatching, harvesting and eating salmon is an important
2638:
in northeast Oregon is in the historic territory of the large
Wallowa Band. The Homeland has owned 320 acres (130 ha) and a visitor center since 2000, to "enrich relationships among the descendants of indigenous people and the contemporary inhabitants of the Wallowa Valley ... preserve and
1773:
which lived to the west of the Nez Perce at the headwaters of the Walla Walla, Umatilla and Grande Ronde River and from the Blue Mountains westwards up to the Deschutes River, they oft shared village sites with the Nez Perce and Palus and were feared by neighboring tribes, as early as 1805, most
2443:
on an epic flight to freedom of more than 1,170 miles (1,880 km) across four states and multiple mountain ranges. The 250 Nez Perce warriors defeated or held off the pursuing troops in 18 battles, skirmishes, and engagements. More than 100 US soldiers and 100 Nez Perce (including women and
1976:
Historically, in late May and early June, Nez Perce villagers crowded to communal fishing sites to trap eels, steelhead, and chinook salmon, or haul in fish with large dip nets. Fishing took place throughout the summer and fall, first on the lower streams and then on the higher tributaries, and
2324:. The explorers were favorably impressed by the Nez Perce whom they met. Preparing to make the remainder of their journey to the Pacific by boats on rivers, they entrusted the keeping of their horses until they returned to "2 brothers and one son of one of the Chiefs." One of these Indians was
3556:
2831:
did settle down in Weiser County (Montana), joined with Shoshone Chief's Eagle's Eye. The leadership of the other Lam'tama that rested on the Salmon River was taken by old chief White Bird. Eagle From the Light didn't participate in the War of 1877 because he was too far away.
2789:â "Thunder traveling to higher areas") (1840â1904), also known as Young Joseph, the best-known leader of the Nez Perce, who led his people in their struggle to retain their identity, with about 60 warriors, he commanded the greatest following of the non-treaty chiefs.
2626:
by allowing acquisition of surplus by non-natives after households received plots, the U.S. government opened the Nez Percé reservation for general settlement on November 18, 1895. The proclamation had been signed less than two weeks earlier by President
1545:) and its confluence with the Snake River in the north, and almost to the Snake River in the east. Their area was widely known as an excellent grazing ground for the large herds of horses and was therefore often used by the neighbouring and related
2639:
celebrate the customs and culture of the indigenous inhabitants." A Methodist church was established in Wallowa in 1877, and in 2021 the United Methodist Church returned a small parcel of land and the church building to the Nez Perce Tribe.
1977:
catches also included salmon, sturgeon, whitefish, suckers, and varieties of trout. Most of the supplies for winter use came from a second run in the fall, when large numbers of Sockeye salmon, silver, and dog salmon appeared in the rivers.
2910:), (also: tiwĂiteq'is) (c. 1785â1871), was leader of the Wallowa Band and one of the first Nez PercĂ© converts to Christianity and vigorous advocate of the tribe's early peace with whites, father of Chief Joseph (also known as Young Joseph).
3080:-hia â "White Lightning", c. 1855, died August 1935) was a Nez Perce warrior of the non-treaty Wallowa band who fought in the Nez Perce War of 1877, gunshot wound, left arm near wrist; under left eye in the Battle of the Clearwater
414:
who visited the area regularly in the late 18th century, meaning literally "pierced nose". English-speaking traders and settlers adopted the name in turn. Since the late 20th century, the Nez Perce identify most often as
1032:). Their fishing and hunting grounds were also used by the "Wawawai Band" of the Upper Palus Regional Band, who lived directly to the west and formed a bilingual Palus-Nez-Percé Band due to many intermarriages. They were the
439:, nasal passage, and is simply a play on words. If translated literally, it would come out as either "Nasal Passage of the Canoe" (Watopa-pahlute) or "Nasal Passage of the Grass" (Wato-pahlute). The Assiniboine called them
3102:
2920:, also known as Ollikut) (1840sâ1877), younger brother of Chief Joseph, war chief of the Wallowa band, was killed while fighting at the final battle on Snake Creek, near the Bear Paw Mountains on October 4, 1877.
2894:â "Wrapped in the wind") (c. 1832â1877), leader of the non-treaty Alpowai band and war leader, who was killed during the tribe's final battle with the US Army; his following was third and did not exceed 40 men.
2332:, who by 1877 was a prominent member of the "Treaty" faction of the tribe. The Nez Perce were generally faithful to the trust; the party recovered their horses without serious difficulty when they returned.
3259:"Stern, Theodore. 1998. 'Columbia River Trade Network,' Pp. 641â652 in Handbook of North American Indians: Volume 12, Plateau. Deward E. Walker, Jr., Volume Editor. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution."
4202:
Joseph, Young, and William H. Hare. âAn Indian's Views of Indian Affairs.â The North American Review, vol. 128, no. 269, 1879, pp. 412â433. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25100745. Accessed August 19, 2020.
1329:â "Salmon River") and one of its tributaries, the White Bird Creek, and to the Snake River in the southwest, and also included the White Bird Canyon (deeper than the Grand Canyon) in the southwest of the
1050:(largest and most important band, along the Alpaha (Alpowa) Creek, a small tributary of the Clearwater), west of Clarkston, Washington ('Al'pawawaii = People of a "place of a plant called Ahl-pa-ha")
1064:(their settlement Hasutin / HÄsotĆin was an important fishing ground at Asotin Creek (HĂ©esutine â "eel river") on the Snake River in Nez Perce County, Idaho, directly opposite the present town of
1980:
Fishing is traditionally an important ceremonial and commercial activity for the Nez Perce tribe. Today Nez Perce fishers participate in tribal fisheries in the mainstream Columbia River between
1417:â "Place of the Butterflies"), the tribal and administrative centre of the Nez PercĂ© Tribe of Idaho. Their tribal area was one of the four centers for the major regional groups of the Nez PercĂ©.
2007:". Thanksgiving was offered to the Creator and to the fish for having returned and given themselves to the people as food. In this way, it was hoped that the fish would return the next year.
1440:
Territories encompassed the vast mountain wilderness between the Snake River in the south and the Lower Salmon River in the north until it met the Snake River, were direct neighbours of the
4989:
2647:
The Tamkaliks Celebration is a powwow named after the Nez Perce word for where you can see the mountains. It began in 1991 to welcome the Nez Perce back home to the Wallowa Valley.
2969:, 1808â1891), leader of the treaty faction of the Alpowai (or Alpowa) band of the Nez PercĂ©, was the first Christian convert among the Nez PercĂ©, was married to Tamer, a sister of
1214:("many rope litters") in the Kamiah Valley. They used with other bands the important fishing grounds near Bruce Eddy in Clearwater County, Idaho, which was in the territory of the
3450:. The Nez Perce Tribe Environmental Restoration & Waste Management Program, in association with the United States Department of Energy. Lewiston, Idaho: Confluence Press.
497:" and it was written down in the journal; spelled rather queerly, for white people's ears do not always catch Indian tones and of course the Indians could not spell any word.
2848:(c. 1810â1848) was the first united leader of the Nez Perce. He was the grandson of the leader Hohots Ilppilp (also known as Red Grizzly Bear), who met with Lewis and Clark.
254:
people the Nimiipuu were economically and culturally influential in trade and war, interacting with other indigenous nations in a vast network from the western shores of
1269:(at Big Canyon Creek in Camas Prairie, which flows into the Clearwater River north of today's Peck; they were therefore direct neighbours of the southern Painima Band),
6804:
4982:
447:. The tribe also uses the term "Nez Perce", as does the United States Government in its official dealings with them, and contemporary historians. Older historical
296:
by an 1863 treaty (subsequently known as the "Thief Treaty" or "Steal Treaty" among the Nimiipuu), confinement to reservations in Idaho, Washington and Oklahoma
3662:
596:
indicates the name "Cuupn'itpel'uu" meant "we walked out of the woods or walked out of the mountains" and referred to the time before the Nez Perce had horses.
5803:
1787:
1726:
4235:
6834:
2517:. It has promoted businesses in Native American country that reflect values and traditions of the peoples. The Nez Perce Horse breed is noted for its speed.
2510:
761:
The Nez Perce had many allies and trading partners among neighboring peoples, but also enemies and ongoing antagonist tribes. To the north of them lived the
6814:
4975:
363:), health clinics, a police force and court, community centers, salmon fisheries, radio station, and other institutions that promote economic and cultural
3036:("area with little snow"), by which White Bird Canyon was known to the Nez Perce, his following was second in size to Joseph's, and did not exceed 50 men
646:
The Nez Perce territory at the time of Lewis and Clark (1804â1806) was approximately 17,000,000 acres (69,000 km) and covered parts of present-day
6809:
5892:
4570:
1992:
and its tributaries. The Nez Perce tribe runs the Nez Perce Tribal Hatchery on the Clearwater River, as well as several satellite hatchery programs.
6596:
2013:
Aside from fish and game, Plant foods provided over half of the dietary calories, with winter survival depending largely on dried roots, especially
5448:
4437:
1570:
4669:. Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection. Published for the American Folk-Lore Society by G.E. Stechert & Co.
2611:
Due to tribal loss of lands, the population on the reservation is predominantly white, nearly 90% in 1988. The largest community is the city of
5781:
4096:
3786:
2055:
drainages. Techniques for preparing and storing winter foods enabled people to survive times of colder winters with little or no fresh foods.
1823:(collecting wild plants and roots and pursuing wild animals). They depended on hunting, fishing, and the gathering of wild roots and berries.
1341:("area with little snow") and refers to its excellent climatic conditions, which were particularly suitable for horse breeding. They were the
6403:
6094:
4463:
2466:
Chief Joseph went to Washington, D.C., in January 1879 to meet with the President and Congress, after which his account was published in the
5514:
889:(T'septitimeni'n - " Painted arrows"), were the main enemies of the Plateau peoples when entering the Northwestern Plains to hunt buffalo.
1747:
of the Upper Palus Band, which constituted together with the Middle Palus Band und Lower Palus Band â one of the three main groups of the
1448:
living further southeast of them. They could be classified as buffalo hunters, but they were also true mountain dwellers, also called the
2276:", written in 1889 refers to the Nez Perce as "the richest, noblest, and most gentle" of Indian peoples as well as the most industrious.
3480:
1725:
which lived along the Walla Walla River and along the confluence of the Snake and Columbia River rivers, today they are enrolled in the
6824:
5796:
332:
cultural and economic strength of the Nez Perce through full ownership or co-management of various salmon fish hatcheries, such as the
2316:, they ran low of food, and Clark took six hunters and hurried ahead to hunt. On September 20, 1805, near the western end of the
6829:
2409:
leading 750 men, women and children in an attempt to reach a peaceful sanctuary. They intended to seek shelter with their allies the
2800:) (c. 1796â1876), son of a Salish-speaking Flathead woman and Twisted Hair, the Nez Perce who welcomed and befriended the exhausted
1751:, which lived along the Columbia, Snake and Palouse Rivers to the northwest of the Nez Perce. Today the majority is enrolled in the
6819:
308:
land allotments, the Nez Perce remain as a distinct culture and political economic influence within and outside their reservation.
2619:
is the seat of tribal government, and it has the highest percentage of Nez Perce people as residents, at about 81.4 percent.
4513:
4319:
3461:
1405:. One of their traditional settlements (as well as an important meeting place for neighbouring bands) was on the site of today's
1210:
Their main village KÄmiÄhp was located on the south side of the Clearwater River and the confluence of Lawyer Creek near today's
4489:
3205:
Ames, Kenneth and Alan Marshall. 1980. "Villages, Demography and Subsistence Intensification on the Southern Columbia Plateau".
2937:, warrior and subchief; chosen trail boss and guide of the Nez Percé people following the Battle of the Big Hole, killed in the
702:, with a population of about 6,000. By the beginning of the 20th century, the Nez Perce had declined to about 1,800 due to
480:
mistakenly identified this people as the Nez Perce when the team encountered the tribe in 1805. Writing in 1889, anthropologist
5885:
4393:
4375:
4357:
4338:
2887:
2390:
3546:
Buechel, Eugene & Manhart S.J., Paul "Lakota Dictionary: Lakota-English / English-Lakota, New Comprehensive Edition" 2002.
1075:(their village HÄsweiwÄwih was also located opposite Asotin, along a small creek whose upper reaches were called HeswĂ©/HÄsiwÄ)
6589:
5789:
5738:
4556:
3824:
3646:
3534:
3324:
Colombi, Benedict. 2005. "Dammed in Region Six: The Nez Perce Tribe, Agricultural Development, and the Inequality of Scale".
1569:
and their tribal area was one of the four centers for the major regional groups of the Nez Percé. Today most are part of the
845:(WihnenâĂipelâuu), an alliance of northern plains Native American nations based around the fur trade, and later included the
5870:
2308:
was the first known Euro-American to meet any of the tribe, excluding the aforementioned French Canadian traders. While he,
6574:
2927:â "Bird Alighting"), a Nez Perce warrior who fought with distinction in every battle of the Nez Perce War, wounded in the
2552:
1234:("People further upstream"). Their tribal area was one of the four centers for the major regional groups of the Nez Percé.
484:, who the U.S. government had sent to Idaho to allot the Nez Perce Reservation, explained the mistaken naming. She wrote,
5615:
2997:
2514:
2394:
1791:
6381:
6072:
4998:
3969:
3600:
2631:. Thousands rushed to grab land on the reservation, staking out their claims even on land owned by Nez Perce families.
2280:
1526:
1104:(at the Middle Fork of the Clearwater River, about 5 miles above present-day Kooskia, Idaho, Chief Looking Glass Group)
126:
6396:
6087:
5878:
4814:
4799:
4777:
4762:
4653:
4540:
4054:
4004:
3670:
3612:
2476:
1425:("People from MĂĄka/Maaqa along Cottonwood Creek (formerly: Maka Creek"), a tributary of the Clearwater River, Idaho.)
1133:
Territories from their winter village Ahsahka/Asaqa ("river mouth" or "confluence") up to the Salmon Ridge along the
710:
281:
French explorers and trappers indiscriminately used and popularized the name "Nez PercĂ©" for the nimĂipuu and nearby
17:
3696:. Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, v.2 pt.3. American Anthropological Association. p. 172.
6582:
5733:
5051:
4239:
221:
3337:
Colombi, Benedict. 2012. "Salmon and the Adaptive Capacity of Nimiipuu (Nez Perce) Culture to Cope with Change".
3121:
1692:(their village IwatĆin was located on the north bank of the Potlatch River near today's Kendrick in Latah County)
730:
341:
5811:
1668:
Territories along the Potlatch River (which was called YÄkĂĄ above its mouth into the Clearwater River) in Idaho.
1401:
Territories along Sweetwater Creek and Lapwai Creek up to its confluence with the Clearwater River near today's
5839:
3846:
3757:
1145:. An important fishing ground was Bruce Eddy in Clearwater County, Idaho, which was traditionally owned by the
333:
4740:. Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection (2nd ed.). Chicago: A.C. McClurg.
5849:
5695:
1181:("People along Hatweh Creek", a tributary of the Clearwater River, about four to five miles east of Lewiston)
714:
493:
and so it came about that when it was asked "What Indians are these?" the answer was "They are 'Chupnit-pa-lu
3735:â âłon the water side or on the west sideâł and their Shoshone kin within the mixed Bannock-Shoshone bands as
2010:
Like salmon, plants contributed to traditional Nez Perce culture in both material and spiritual dimensions.
6389:
6080:
5844:
5834:
4574:
2604:. The total land area is about 1,195 square miles (3,100 km), and the reservation's population at the
2422:
706:, conflicts with non-Indians, and other factors. The tribe reports having more than 3,500 members in 2021.
4159:
2447:
A majority of the surviving Nez Perce were finally forced to surrender on October 5, 1877, after the
5682:
4304:
2748:
2479:. The annual Cypress Hills ride in June commemorates the Nez Perce people's attempt to escape to Canada.
2213:
Many fishes and plants important to Nez Perce culture are today state symbols: the black huckleberry or "
1509:
Territories in northeastern Oregon and northwestern Idaho with tribal centre in the river valleys of the
1134:
4070:
3570:
3350:
Colombi, Benedict. 2012. "The Economics of Dam Building: Nez Perce Tribe and Global-Scale Development".
2991:) of the non-treaty Pikunan band; fought in the Nez Perce War after first advocating peace; died at the
1965:
Prior to contact with Europeans, the Nez Perce's traditional hunting and fishing areas spanned from the
6241:
5701:
5540:
5332:
3817:
The North American Indian. Volume 8 â The Nez Perces. Wallawalla. Umatilla. Cayuse. The Chinookan tries
2801:
2605:
2359:
2003:
The first fishing of the season was accompanied by prescribed rituals and a ceremonial feast known as "
623:
477:
312:
31:
3408:
1988:
dams. The Nez Perce also fish for spring and summer Chinook salmon and Rainbow trout/steelhead in the
1699:(their village TunÄhÄ was located at the mouth of Middle Potlatch Creek into the Potlatch River, near
861:(âIsqâĂłyxnix/Issq-oykinix - "Blackfooted People") (composed of three Blackfoot speaking peoples â the
6794:
4707:
4253:
1839:
921:â "confluence of two rivers" or "river fork", as the Clearwater flows into the Snake River here), in
750:
4132:
3773:
3150:
NĂŒtzel & Erwin, 2004, found on the land of the Nez PercĂ© tribe, has been named in their honour.
1460:(on the upper portion of the Southern Fork Clearwater; their immediate neighbors downstream was the
5902:
5768:
5403:
3391:
3285:
2856:
2601:
2585:
2305:
2230:
2218:
2052:
1795:
679:
502:
352:
3087:
1490:(on the lower portion of the Southern Fork Clearwater; their immediate neighbors upstream was the
6684:
6606:
6203:
5453:
5398:
5096:
4750:
Oral traditions from the Chinook, Nez Perce, Klickitat and other tribes of the Pacific Northwest.
3929:
3604:
3311:
3127:
3057:
2589:
2328:(meaning "Hair Bunched and tied," but more commonly known as Twisted Hair). He was the father of
2238:
1899:
1036:
and their tribal area was one of the four centres for the large regional groups of the Nez Percé.
762:
687:
2428:
1678:(their village YaktĆin was located at the mouth of the Potlatch River into the Clearwater River)
953:(their village PalĂłt was on the north bank of the Snake River â about 2 to 3 miles above SĂĄhatp)
3871:"Nez Perce National Historical Park (Source for Nez Perce names for Fishes, Animals and Plants"
2953:
2860:
2413:
but, upon the Crow's refusal to offer help, the Nez Perce tried to reach the camp in Canada of
2083:
1947:
1911:
1620:("long, rough canyon") â and along Lower Joseph Creek to its mouth into the Grande Ronde River)
926:
699:
351:
Some still speak their traditional language. The Tribe owns and operates two casinos along the
225:
4967:
4735:
4664:
5900:
4023:
3961:
3955:
2928:
2468:
2460:
2288:
2273:
2171:
2135:
2067:
1935:
1891:
1169:("People further upstream", a collective term for bands that had their center around Kamiah).
1015:
858:
473:
6604:
5666:
3219:
6771:
6764:
6561:
6554:
6368:
6361:
6314:
6059:
6052:
5638:
5383:
5317:
4913:
Northwestern Tribes in Exile: Modoc, Nez Perce, and Palouse Removal to the Indian Territory
4609:
2827:
2313:
2253:
2203:
2048:
1970:
1959:
1867:
1756:
1330:
1322:
1262:(near Big Eddy on the north bank of the Clearwater River, some miles upstream from Orofino)
874:
683:
671:
4807:
Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce, Who Called Themselves the Nimipu, "the Real People": A Poem
2525:
974:(their village ShimĂnÄkÄm â "confluence", was located in the area of present-day Lewiston)
540:, a transliteration of a Sahaptin term. According to D.E. Walker in 1998, writing for the
8:
6702:
6497:
6413:
6221:
6104:
6010:
5980:
5658:
5327:
5322:
4878:
Chief Joseph, Yellow Wolf, and the Creation of Nez Percé History in the Pacific Northwest
4071:"Selections from WITH THE NEZ PERCES Alice Fletcher in the Field, 1889â92 by E. Jane Gay"
3571:"Selections from WITH THE NEZ PERCES Alice Fletcher in the Field, 1889â92 by E. Jane Gay"
2772:
2597:
2593:
2546:
2119:
1923:
615:
375:
236:
6411:
6102:
5585:
4613:
4533:
Chief Joseph, Yellow Wolf and the Creation of Nez Perce History in the Pacific Northwest
2245:" of Idaho, Montana and Wyoming, and the West Coast steelhead or "heyey" of Washington.
781:(KuuspelâĂșu/Kuuspelu - "Water People", lit. "River People"), to the northwest lived the
243:
for much of that time, especially after acquiring the horses that led them to breed the
6799:
6732:
6522:
6329:
6319:
6155:
6126:
6020:
5819:
5443:
5342:
5337:
5291:
5031:
4770:
Chief Joseph & the Flight of the Nez Perce: The Untold Story of an American Tragedy
4124:
2992:
2938:
2816:
2542:
2448:
2440:
2382:
2371:
2269:
1883:
1855:
1779:
1722:
1534:
1188:
1082:(their village ĂnatĆin was located at the confluence of Mill Creek and the Snake River)
1065:
794:
770:
667:
647:
627:
611:
605:
364:
320:
259:
209:
205:
114:
4961:
4275:
3716:
1356:(along Slate Creek ('Iyeesnime) and Upper Salmon River, therefore often simply called
967:(their village SĂĄhatp was located on the north bank of the Snake River, above WawĂĄwih)
419:
in Sahaptin. This has also been spelled Nee-Me-Poo. The Lakota/ Dakota named them the
6692:
6475:
6256:
6236:
6181:
6145:
5854:
5643:
5388:
5086:
5002:
4810:
4795:
4773:
4758:
4741:
4711:
4670:
4649:
4536:
4128:
4116:
4050:
4000:
3975:
3965:
3852:
3842:
3820:
3697:
3642:
3608:
3530:
2845:
2839:
2733:
2728:
2320:, he found a small camp at the edge of the camas-digging ground, which is now called
2107:
2095:
2075:
1879:
1530:
922:
826:
818:
619:
394:
305:
282:
251:
229:
4698:
3914:
3233:
2248:
996:(their village WawĂĄwih was located at Wawawai Creek, a tributary of the Snake River)
6740:
6530:
6454:
6337:
6150:
6028:
5995:
5943:
5688:
5560:
5473:
5368:
5256:
4617:
4108:
3273:
Noon Nee-Me-Poo (We, The Nez Perces): Culture and History of the Nez Perces, Vol. 1
2970:
2903:
2881:
2812:
2671:
2661:
2628:
2588:, in parts of four counties. In descending order of surface area, the counties are
2581:
2456:
2350:
2309:
2207:
2195:
2139:
2044:
1700:
862:
834:
508:
297:
240:
157:
58:
5151:
4181:
6722:
6657:
6647:
6628:
6512:
6507:
6465:
6435:
6304:
6261:
6231:
6211:
5648:
5499:
5463:
5281:
5101:
5016:
4937:
3994:
3870:
2976:
2942:
2871:
2695:
2666:
2635:
2506:
2497:
In 1994 the Nez Perce tribe began a breeding program, based on crossbreeding the
2406:
2367:
2284:
2159:
2071:
1951:
1843:
1819:
without agriculture living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by
1816:
1584:
1402:
914:
846:
821:
bands (Tiwélqe/Tewelk'a, later Sosona') in the southeast), to the east lived the
810:
790:
774:
461:
408:
360:
4855:
Hormel, Leontina M. 2016. "Nez Perce Defending Treaty Lands in Northern Idaho".
4730:. Yale Western Americana series, 10. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1965.
3363:
Hormel, Leontina M. 2016. "Nez Perce Defending Treaty Lands in Northern Idaho".
2421:. He had migrated there instead of surrendering after the Indian victory at the
1601:(their settlement Williwewix was located at the mouth of the Grande Ronde River)
1378:(their settlement Tamanma was located at the mouth of the Salmon River in Idaho)
642:
Original Nez Perce territory (green) and the reduced reservation of 1863 (brown)
6712:
6470:
6281:
6276:
6171:
6166:
5990:
5948:
5924:
5428:
5373:
5236:
5201:
5196:
5141:
5071:
5021:
4737:
Myths and legends of the Pacific Northwest, especially of Washington and Oregon
4212:
2897:
2877:
2779:, a published collection of Nez Perce myths and legends from the oral tradition
2764:
2714:
2704:
2685:
2612:
2321:
2151:
1981:
1895:
1851:
1831:
1656:
1252:
1125:
1114:("People along Assuti Creek" in Idaho, joined Chief Joseph in the war of 1877.)
1025:
982:
870:
822:
814:
766:
742:
734:
726:
675:
593:
481:
345:
337:
5271:
4598:"Late Triassic (Late Norian) gastropods from the Wallowa Terrane (Idaho, USA)"
1137:
up to its mouth into the Clearwater River, hunted sometimes near Peck, Idaho (
6788:
6717:
6652:
6459:
6309:
6286:
6271:
6266:
6251:
6176:
6160:
5958:
5953:
5653:
5605:
5438:
5358:
5286:
5221:
5206:
5186:
5176:
5161:
5121:
5081:
5041:
5036:
5026:
4931:
4120:
3979:
3909:
3739:â âłon the knife side or on the iron sideâł (the equivalent Shoshone words are
2806:
2793:
2723:
2690:
2676:
2616:
2567:
2554:
2487:
2414:
2363:
2345:
2329:
2147:
2099:
2030:
1995:
1966:
1915:
1770:
1609:
1583:(the largest band with several local groups, in the Wallowa River Valley and
1550:
1518:
1406:
1393:
1334:
1211:
1202:
1097:(about 3 miles below Alpowa Creek, along the eastern bank of the Snake River)
929:
in Oregon and Idaho. Their fishing and hunting grounds were also used by the
892:
882:
866:
853:(Sat'sashipunu/Sat'sashipuun - "Porcupine People" or "Porcupine Eater"), and
806:
798:
786:
356:
328:
301:
293:
286:
96:
73:
4906:
The Allotment Plot: Alice C. Fletcher, E. Jane Gay, and Nez Perce Survivance
4745:
4715:
3856:
829:(SĂ©elix/Se'lix), further east and northeast on the Northern Plains were the
6005:
5504:
5494:
5458:
5418:
5363:
5116:
5091:
4674:
3701:
3093:
3025:
2984:
2834:
2782:
2752:
2452:
2432:
2418:
2386:
2183:
1903:
1827:
1748:
1510:
1011:
934:
910:
801:(WecqâĂșupuu) and Sk'in (TikeâĂ©spelâuu) and northwest of the latter various
782:
773:(QemâĂ©espelâuu/Q'emespelu, both meaning "Camas People" or "Camas Eaters"),
738:
718:
572:, "to come out (e.g. of forest, bushes, ice)". Finally, with the suffix of
130:
5216:
4535:. Indigenous Peoples and Politics. New York: Routledge. pp. 103â109.
4112:
2039:
1504:("People along the Wallowa River" or "People along the Grand Ronde River")
1470:(about 4 miles above Asotin, Washington, on the east side of Snake River.)
937:), who formed bilingual Palus-Nez-Percé bands due to many mixed marriages.
6755:âĄThis populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
6662:
6621:
6545:âĄThis populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
6428:
6352:âĄThis populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
6246:
6119:
6043:âĄThis populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
6000:
5917:
5743:
5565:
5509:
5378:
4955:
3957:
Lewis & Clark and the Indian Country: the Native American Perspective
2709:
2533:
2410:
2163:
2123:
2059:
1989:
1927:
1871:
1859:
1847:
1807:
1562:
1514:
1277:
933:(comprising the "Palus (or Palus proper) Band" and "Wawawai Band" of the
906:
878:
842:
830:
785:(PelĂșucpuu/Peluutspu - "People of Pa-luĆĄ-sa/Palus ") and to the west the
663:
541:
267:
5575:
3774:
Wallowa Valley, Oregon, to Kooskia, Idaho â Discover the Nez Perce Trail
6296:
5717:
5633:
5623:
5468:
5191:
4719:
4660:
4621:
3144:
2865:
2768:
2502:
2317:
2014:
1985:
1939:
1685:(lived along Pine Creek, a small right tributary of the Potlatch River)
1659:(above its mouth into the Clearwater River)", not to confused with the
1627:(above Joseph Creek and along the north bank of the Grande Ronde River)
1481:
1778:, a variety of the Lower Nez Perce/Lower NiimiipuutĂmt dialect of the
1308:("People of a region with little snow, i.e. LamtĂĄma (LamĂĄtta) region")
576:, meaning "people or inhabitants of". Together, these three elements:
67:
5628:
5555:
5550:
5535:
5478:
5393:
5301:
5276:
4597:
2934:
2826:) chief of the non-treaty Lam'tama band, that traveled east over the
2498:
2402:
1594:(lived with several local groups isolated in the Imnaha River Valley)
1218:. Other Nez Perce bands often grouped them under the collective name
850:
769:(Heyéeynimuu/Heyeynimu - "Steelhead People"), and further north the
703:
490:
469:
456:
448:
411:
244:
4949:
4794:. Native American peoples. Milwaukee, WI: Gareth Stevens Pub, 2003.
3409:"Nez Perce Tribe Department of Fisheries & Resources Management"
833:(âIsĂșuxe/Isuuxh'e - "Crow People") and two powerful alliances â the
686:
in the east (the door to the Northwestern Plains of Montana) to the
5968:
5600:
5580:
5570:
5423:
5413:
5408:
5266:
5211:
5136:
5126:
4557:"Lily Gladstone is the Breakout Star of Killers of the Flower Moon"
4411:
3641:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 52, 527, 542.
3141:
3112:
2623:
2087:
2034:
2026:
1820:
1244:(was the biggest and most important band of the Kamiah Valley area)
1201:("People of KÄmiÄhp", "People of the Many Rope Litters Place, i.e.
886:
789:(WeyĂiletpuu â "Ryegrass People"), west bound there were found the
691:
592:, or "the People Walking Single File Out of the Forest". Nez Perce
389:
142:
6672:
4639:"I Will Fight No More Forever": Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce War
4464:"The Nez Perce tribe resumes annual powwows after pandemic hiatus"
4376:"3,000 took part in "sneak" when Nez Perce Reservation was opened"
3799:
854:
5590:
5530:
5433:
5261:
5251:
5246:
5146:
5111:
4932:
Friends of the Bear Paw, Big Hole & Canyon Creek Battlefields
3908:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3248:
Nchâi-wĂĄna, 'the Big River': Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land.
3029:
2988:
2913:
2398:
2262:
2111:
778:
722:
655:
263:
4843:
Nchâi-wĂĄna, 'the Big River': Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land
4697:
4571:"The Treaty Trail: U.S.-Indian Treaty Councils in the Northwest"
3827:, page 158 â 160 (Source for regional bands, bands and villages)
431:. After Nez Perce became a more common name, they changed it to
5595:
5545:
5296:
5231:
5226:
5171:
5106:
4997:
4962:
The Nez Perce Essay by Deward E. Walker, Jr. and Peter N. Jones
3412:
2375:
2175:
1752:
1660:
881:(H'elutiin)). The feared Blackfoot Confederacy and the various
802:
746:
651:
404:
275:
255:
6485:
6191:
3839:
Salmon and His People: Fish & Fishing in Nez Perce Culture
1634:(near the present Zindel, at the Grande Ronde River in Oregon)
1124:("People at the confluence, People from the river mouth, i.e.
568:- means "in single file". This prefix, combined with the verb
292:
Cut off from most of their horticultural sites throughout the
224:
who still live on a fraction of the lands on the southeastern
5823:
5814:
5241:
5166:
5156:
5131:
5076:
5066:
4834:
Holt, Renée. 2012. "Decolonizing Indigenous Communities". in
3111:(Bird Alighting), a Nez Perce warrior who helped capture the
2451:
in Montana, 40 miles (64 km) from the CanadaâUS border.
1786:("Ryegrass People"); today most Cayuse are enrolled into the
659:
638:
514:
324:
289:", but only the Chinook used that form of body modification.
271:
100:
4829:
A Little Bit of Wisdom: Conversations with a Nez Perce Elder
3435:
Salmon and His People: Fish and Fishing in Nez Perce Culture
2354:
Map showing the flight of the Nez Perce and key battle sites
1774:
Cayuse had given up their mother tongue and had switched to
1444:
on the opposite bank of the Snake River in the west and the
178:
6639:
6446:
6137:
5935:
4925:
4836:
Unsettling America: Decolonization in Theory & Practice
3960:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. pp.
3498:
3377:
3032:) of the non-treaty LamĂĄtta or LamtĂĄama band, belonging to
2127:
1149:, but was shared by neighboring bands upon invitation: the
838:
523:
517:
232:. This region has been occupied for at least 11,500 years.
193:
166:
4943:
1525:â "the winding river"). Their territory extended into the
1255:" at the confluence of Orofino Creek and Clearwater River)
893:
Historic regional bands, bands, local groups, and villages
839:
Plains and Woods Cree (PaskwÄwiyiniwak and SakÄwithiniwak)
682:("Clear Water") rivers. The tribal area extended from the
532:
4785:
The Nez Perces in the Indian Territory: Nimiipuu Survival
4438:"Oregon-Idaho Conference Returns Church to the Nez Perce"
4358:"Unruly mobs dashed to grab land when reservation opened"
4300:
3267:
3265:
2767:(1904â1949), scholar and administrator who studied under
2439:
The Nez Perce were pursued by over 2,000 soldiers of the
2187:
885:(Iseq'uulkt - "Cut Throats") and their later allies, the
622:. The Sahaptian sub-family is one of the branches of the
529:
393:), meaning, "The People", in their language, part of the
4596:
NĂŒtzel, Alexander; Erwin, Douglas H. (October 1, 2004).
3169:
1284:) in Nez Perce County, on the Clearwater River in Idaho)
72:
No Horn on His Head, a Nez Perce man painted in 1832 by
4254:"Nez Perce horse culture resurrected through new breed"
4871:
The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northwest
4728:
The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northwest
4276:"The Nez Perce Reservation with a Map Insert of Idaho"
4047:
The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northwest
3331:
3262:
2868:
and Al Hoxie, silent film actors; mother was Nez Perce
2475:
The route of the Nez Perce flight is preserved by the
2150:). The most important industrial woods were redcedar,
1846:(Entosphenus tridentatus or Lampetra tridentata), and
1788:
Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation
1727:
Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation
1298:("People of Kannah (along Clearwater River)" in Idaho)
1024:
of the most important fishing grounds was the area of
960:(their village PinÄwÄwi was located at Penawawa Creek)
560:
has a different analysis than did Walker for the term
4573:. Washington State Historical Society. Archived from
3789:(PDF) Oregon State University, Commencement June 1984
3220:"Map: Distribution of North American Plateau Indians"
2511:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
1553:). They were often grouped under the collective name
859:
Blackfoot Confederacy (Niitsitapi or Siksikaitsitapi)
526:
196:
190:
187:
181:
169:
163:
160:
4149:
New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965, pp. 632â633.
3440:
2513:, the Nez Perce tribe, and the nonprofit called the
2358:
The Nez Perce were one of the tribal nations at the
1850:
were eaten too. Other important fishes included the
1782:. They called themselves by their Nez-Percé name as
1671:
several village based bands are counted among them:
1576:
several village based bands are counted among them:
1529:(already claimed by the Cayuse) in the west, to the
1321:
and extended in the Idaho Panhandle north along the
1237:
several village based bands are counted among them:
1039:
several village based bands are counted among them:
940:
several village based bands are counted among them:
520:
175:
2837:, actress best known from her role in television's
2622:Similar to the opening of Native American lands in
2537:
Nez Perce Indians with Appaloosa horse, around 1895
851:
Western Saulteaux / Plains Ojibwe (Bungi or NakawÄ)
715:
Lolo Trail (Salish: NaptniĆĄaqs â "Nez Perce Trail")
511:
172:
4683:The Nez Percés: Tribesmen of the Columbia Plateau.
3731:Paiute-speakers (i.e. Bannocks) called themselves
3529:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
3312:"Map: Shrinkage of the Nez Perce lands after 1855"
2952:), war leader of a non-treaty band, killed in the
1826:Nez Perce people historically depended on various
1753:Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation
1337:. Their tribal area and band name is derived from
4281:. Nez Perce Tribe. Geographic Information Systems
2880:, actress; her mother is white and her father is
1842:) were eaten the most, but other species such as
1317:in the north and downstream in the northwest the
626:family, which in turn may be related to a larger
6805:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
6786:
4822:Nez Perce Oral Narratives: Linguistics, Vol. 104
4641:. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1963.
4490:"Archie Phinney was a champion of Indian rights"
4320:"Nez Perce Tribe battling whites over economics"
4160:"Letters and Quotations of the Nez Perce Flight"
3841:. Lewiston, Idaho: Confluence Press. p. 1.
3499:"Official Home of the Nez Perce Tribal Web Site"
3275:. Lewiston, Idaho: The Nez Percé Tribe of Idaho.
548:(the Nez Perce people). The term is formed from
4824:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
4685:Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1955.
4213:"Maps of the Nez Perce National Historic Trail"
4147:The Nez Perce and the Opening of the Northwest.
3715:Walker, Deward E. Jr.; Jones, Peter N. (1964).
3016:â "White Goose") (d.1892), also referred to as
2110:). Nez Perce textiles were made primarily from
1757:Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation
1571:Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation
733:("Big Water"). Before the 1957 construction of
451:works and documents use the French spelling of
239:, the NimĂipuu were the dominant people of the
213:
4908:. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press.
4866:. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press.
4233:
3836:
3250:Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 4.
2973:, who was baptized on the same day as Timothy.
1714:closely related, but separate ethnic groups):
777:(PĂĄapspaloo/Papspelu - "Fir Tree People") and
753:aims to improve salmon-fishing for the tribe.
327:through a central government headquartered in
6590:
6397:
6088:
5886:
5797:
4983:
4964:â University of Washington Digital Collection
3915:"Plants â Nez Perce National Historical Park"
1999:Nez Perce encampment, Lapwai, Idaho, ca. 1899
1371:(from Lower Salmon River to White Bird Creek)
6835:Native American tribes in Washington (state)
4301:"Nez Perce Reservation Census of Population"
4018:
4016:
3954:Hoxie, Frederick E.; Nelson, Jay T. (2007).
3787:Inner Bark Utilization: A Nez Perce Example.
3352:American Indian Culture and Research Journal
813:bands (HeyâÇuxcpelâuu) in the southwest and
618:language related to the several dialects of
6815:Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau
5972:Map of Idaho highlighting Clearwater County
4944:Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission
4899:Nu moe poom tit wah tit (Nez Perce Legends)
4852:. Moscow, Idaho: University of Idaho Press.
4595:
3953:
3714:
3478:
3234:"EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica: Nez Perce People"
3201:
3199:
3193:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2378:), which signed the Treaty of Walla Walla.
6676:Map of Idaho highlighting Nez Perce County
6597:
6583:
6404:
6390:
6095:
6081:
5893:
5879:
5804:
5790:
4990:
4976:
4845:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
4666:Folk-tales of Salishan and Sahaptin tribes
4514:"Lawyer led Nez Perce in peace before war"
4339:"Heads were popping up all over the place"
3721:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
2444:children) were killed in these conflicts.
2339:
2256:", described in the Nez Perce origin story
66:
57:
6810:History of the Northwestern United States
5859:
4857:Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice
4311:
4097:"Legacy of the Walla Walla Council, 1955"
4013:
3365:Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice
2642:
2482:
2260:The Nez Perce believed in spirits called
717:(Khoo-say-ne-ise-kit) as far east as the
544:, this term is an adaptation of the term
505:referred to the people as the Chopunnish
4915:. Sacramento: Sierra Oaks Publishing Co.
4850:Nez Perce Women in Transition, 1877â1990
4695:
4435:
4336:
4326:. Moscow. Associated Press. p. 10A.
4268:
3947:
3196:
2532:
2524:
2486:
2427:
2349:
2247:
2237:" of Montana, the Chinook salmon is the
1994:
1806:
805:bands (Lexéyuu), to the south lived the
637:
374:
4827:Axtell, Horace and Margo Aragon. 1997.
4507:
4505:
4503:
4355:
4349:
4094:
4044:
4038:
3993:Jackson, Helen Hunt (January 1, 2001).
3992:
3691:
3521:
3519:
3472:
3384:
3164:
3162:
2520:
1533:in the southwest, to both sides of the
1343:second largest Nez Percé regional group
1230:referred to all bands around Kamiah as
633:
459:. The original French pronunciation is
14:
6787:
6489:Map of Idaho highlighting Lewis County
6195:Map of Idaho highlighting Idaho County
4946:â member tribes include the Nez Perce.
4733:
4481:
4461:
4382:. Idaho. November 19, 1931. p. 3.
4368:
4317:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3758:"NimipuutĂmt Volume 3 Names of Tribes"
3594:
3459:
3453:
3437:. Winchester, Idaho: Confluence Press.
3433:Landeen, Dan and Allen Pinkham. 1999.
2541:The current tribal lands consist of a
2058:Favorite fruits dried for winter were
1392:("People of the Butterfly Place, i.e.
1260:Tuke'liklikespu (TukÄ'lÄklÄkespu) Band
1226:; the closely related and neighboring
1073:HeswĂ©iwewipu/HÄsweiwÄwihpu local group
1034:third largest Nez Percé regional group
913:up to about 80 miles south of today's
388:
6578:
6385:
6076:
5874:
5785:
4971:
4755:Let Me Be Free: The Nez Perce Tragedy
4530:
4511:
4487:
4234:Praharenka, Gail; Niemeyer, Bernice.
3837:Landeen, Dan; Pinkham, Allen (1999).
3667:Lewis & Clark Rediscovery Project
2233:of Oregon and the ponderosa pine or "
1048:Alpowe'ma (Alpoweyma/Alpowamino) Band
1008:Alpowe'ma (Alpoweyma/Alpowamino) Band
756:
552:(piercing with a pointed object) and
460:
4841:Hunn, Eugene and James Selam. 2001.
4831:. Lewiston, Idaho: Confluence Press.
4659:
4500:
4386:
4330:
3636:
3627:University of California Press, 1994
3516:
3481:"Nez Perce at a crossroads (part 2)"
3479:Tuchscherer, Tara (March 10, 1998).
3246:Hunn, Eugene and James Selam. 2001.
3159:
2655:
1811:A traditional Nez Perce beaded shirt
827:Bitterroot Salish / Flathead (SeliĆĄ)
91:Regions with significant populations
5734:Bridge of the Gods (geologic event)
4873:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
4648:. New York: Benchmark Books, 2002.
4512:Ruark, Janice (February 23, 1977).
4462:Sierra, Antonio (August 13, 2022).
4455:
3927:
3890:
3800:"Home â Nez Perce Wallowa Homeland"
3062:HiĂmiin maqs maqs / HimĂin maqsmĂĄqs
2751:in eastern Washington contains the
2515:First Nations Development Institute
2299:
2241:of Oregon, the cutthroat trout or "
1815:The semi-sedentary Nez Percés were
1792:Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs
1057:(between Lewiston and Alpowa Creek)
1014:" or "People of âAlâpawawaii, i.e.
887:Cheyenne (Suhtai/Sutaio Tsitsistas)
379:Nez Perce baby in cradleboard, 1911
370:
220:, meaning "we, the people") are an
27:Indigenous peoples of North America
24:
6671:
6605:Municipalities and communities of
6484:
6412:Municipalities and communities of
6190:
6103:Municipalities and communities of
5967:
5901:Municipalities and communities of
4883:McWhorter, Lucullus Virgil. 1940.
4631:
4095:Trafzer, Clifford E. (Fall 2005).
4026:. Nez Perce National Historic Park
3601:Handbook of North American Indians
3378:"Nez Perce Tribe official website"
3290:Nez Perce National Historical Park
3054:), war leader of a non-treaty band
3041:âelelĂmyetĂ©'qeninâ/ hĂĄatyata'qanin
2962:), war leader of a non-treaty band
2634:The Nez Perce Wallowa Homeland at
2505:, to produce what they called the
2281:Nez Perce National Historical Park
2108:Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa
2096:Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa
1228:Atskaaiwawipu (Asahkaiowaipu) Band
1216:Atskaaiwawipu (Asahkaiowaipu) Band
989:), a tributary of the Snake River)
491:wife was a Shoshone or Snake woman
25:
6846:
6825:Native American tribes in Montana
4956:Nez Perce National Historic Trail
4919:
4901:. Lapwai, Idaho: Nez Perce Tribe.
4757:. New York: HarperCollins, 1992.
4436:Caldwell, Kristen (May 6, 2021).
4356:Brammer, Rhonda (July 24, 1977).
3669:. Nez Perce Tribe. Archived from
2758:
2529:Location of Nez Perce Reservation
2501:and a Central Asian breed called
2477:Nez Perce National Historic Trail
2136:Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus
6830:Native American tribes in Oregon
5813:
5762:
5639:Spokane-Coeur d'Alene-Paloos War
5050:
4950:Nez Perce National Historic Park
4887:. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Press.
4809:. New York: Random House, 1983.
4734:Judson, Katharine Berry (1912).
4337:Hamilton, Ladd (June 25, 1961).
4318:Popkey, Dan (October 29, 1988).
3903:
3692:Spinden, Herbert Joseph (1908).
3460:Abrams, Joan (August 21, 1996).
3448:Treaties: Nez Perce Perspectives
3392:The Nez Perce Flight for Justice
3120:
3101:
3086:
2874:, war veteran and rodeo champion
2855:), wounded in right hand at the
2449:Battle of the Bear Paw Mountains
2312:and their men were crossing the
1828:Pacific salmon and Pacific trout
1655:("People of the YÄkĂĄ River, i.e.
1632:IsÀwisnemepu (Isawisnemepu) Band
879:Gros Ventre or Atsina (A'aninin)
873:, later joined by the unrelated
871:Siksika or Blackfoot (SiksikĂĄwa)
793:(HiyĂłwatalampoo/Hiyuwatalampo),
507:
222:Indigenous people of the Plateau
156:
6820:Native American tribes in Idaho
4692:, New York: Bantam Books, 1976.
4589:
4563:
4549:
4524:
4429:
4404:
4400:. December 11, 1921. p. 5.
4293:
4246:
4227:
4205:
4196:
4174:
4152:
4139:
4088:
4063:
3986:
3921:
3877:
3863:
3830:
3810:
3792:
3779:
3767:
3750:
3725:
3708:
3685:
3655:
3630:
3621:
3588:
3563:
3549:
3540:
3491:
3427:
3401:
3370:
3357:
3344:
3318:
3304:
972:Siminekempu (ShimĂnÄkÄmpu) Band
835:Iron Confederacy (Nehiyaw-Pwat)
342:Dworshak National Fish Hatchery
4496:. Idaho. p. 4-Centennial.
3278:
3271:Slickpoo, Allen P., Sr. 1973.
3253:
3240:
3226:
3212:
3183:
2650:
979:Tokalatoinu (TukĂĄlatuinu) Band
741:was a favored location on the
698:were the largest tribe on the
334:Kooskia National Fish Hatchery
13:
1:
5696:Delgamuukw v British Columbia
4897:Slickpoo, Allen P. Sr. 1972.
4772:. New York: HarperOne, 2005.
4690:From Where the Sun Now Stands
4488:Rigby, Barry (July 3, 1990).
3917:. U.S. National Park Service.
3153:
3115:at the Battle of the Big Hole
2890:or âEelelimyeteqeninâ (also:
2615:, near its northeast corner.
2221:and the Indian arrowwood or "
1313:Territories were between the
1147:Atskaaiwawipu (Asahkaiowaipu)
958:Pinewewixpu (PinÄwÄwipu) Band
825:(LĂ©mhaay), north of them the
779:Kootenay / Kootenai (Ktunaxa)
662:, in an area surrounding the
558:Nez Perce Language Dictionary
383:Their name for themselves is
5769:Pacific Northwest portal
4706:(Revised ed.). Boston:
4602:PalÀontologische Zeitschrift
4412:"Nez Perce Wallowa Homeland"
3207:North American Archaeologist
2423:Battle of the Little Bighorn
1914:), and varieties of trout â
1762:Weyiiletpuu (Wailetpu) Band
1741:Palus (or Palus proper) Band
1549:("Ryegrass People, i.e. the
837:(named after the dominating
763:Coeur dâAlene (Schitsu'umsh)
250:Prior to first contact with
7:
4305:United States Census Bureau
4236:"Nez Perce Ride to Freedom"
4101:Oregon Historical Quarterly
2749:Colville Indian Reservation
2025:" (when peeled and dried) (
1547:Weyiiletpuu (Wailetpu) Band
1135:North Fork Clearwater River
737:, which flooded this area,
719:Plains (Khoo-sayn / Kuseyn)
599:
556:(people). By contrast, the
247:horse in the 18th century.
10:
6851:
5048:
4885:Yellow Wolf: His Own Story
4696:Humphrey, Seth K. (1906).
4416:Nez Perce Wallowa Homeland
3135:
2802:Lewis and Clark Expedition
2360:Walla Walla Council (1855)
2343:
2294:
2186:), and hard woods such as
1802:
1362:Upper Salmon River Indians
1242:KÄmiÄhpu (Kimmooenim) Band
1141:) in the territory of the
863:Piegan or Peigan (PiikĂĄni)
815:Bannock (Nimi Pan a'kwati)
731:Pacific Coast (âEteyekuus)
603:
478:Lewis and Clark Expedition
313:federally recognized tribe
285:. The name translates as "
29:
6760:
6750:
6731:
6701:
6683:
6669:
6638:
6619:
6550:
6540:
6521:
6496:
6482:
6445:
6426:
6357:
6347:
6328:
6295:
6220:
6202:
6188:
6136:
6117:
6048:
6038:
6019:
5979:
5965:
5934:
5915:
5830:
5752:
5726:
5710:
5675:
5614:
5523:
5487:
5351:
5310:
5059:
5009:
4911:Trafzer, Clifford. 1987.
4904:Tonkovich, Nicole. 2012.
4753:Lavender, David Sievert.
4708:Little, Brown and Company
4531:McCoy, Robert R. (2004).
4182:"Chief Joseph Surrenders"
4049:. Yale University Press.
3819:. Classic Books Company.
3339:American Indian Quarterly
3326:American Indian Quarterly
1872:Chum salmon or dog salmon
1840:Oncorhynchus tschawytscha
1755:and some are part of the
1676:Yakto'inu (YaktĆinu) Band
1616:("long, wild canyon") or
1155:Ilasotino (Hasotino) Band
1062:Hasotino (HÄsotĆinu) Band
935:Upper Palus Regional Band
867:Kainai or Bloods (KĂĄĂnaa)
751:Columbia Basin Initiative
680:Clearwater (Koos-Kai-Kai)
614:, or NiimiipuutĂmt, is a
141:
136:
125:
120:
113:English, nimipuutĂmt aka
112:
107:
95:
90:
85:
80:
65:
56:
49:
5904:Clearwater County, Idaho
5676:Court cases and treaties
4938:Nez Perce Horse Registry
4520:. Washington. p. 3.
4494:Lewiston Morning Tribune
4442:United Methodist Insight
4380:Lewiston Morning Tribune
4362:Lewiston Morning Tribune
4343:Lewiston Morning Tribune
3999:. Digital Scanning Inc.
3485:Lewiston Morning Tribune
3466:Lewiston Morning Tribune
3462:"Casino countdown is on"
3446:Nez Perce Tribe (2003).
3130:, December 30, 1909
2985:medicine man (or shaman)
2857:Battle of the Clearwater
2381:Under pressure from the
2043:" (Nez Perce: "sweet") (
1796:Nez Perce Tribe of Idaho
1697:TunĂšhepu (TunÄhÄpu) Band
1690:Iwatoinu (IwatĆinu) Band
1369:Nipihama (NipÄhÄmÄ) Band
1251:("People of TĂ©ewe, i.e.
1159:Nipihama (NipÄhÄmÄ) Band
819:Northern Shoshone (Newe)
745:("The Great River") for
465:, with three syllables.
317:Nez Perce Tribe of Idaho
6608:Nez Perce County, Idaho
5515:Tseax Lava Bed Memorial
5454:August Jack Khatsahlano
5272:TsilhqotÊŒin (Chilcotin)
4890:Phinney, Archie. 1969.
4848:James, Caroline. 1996.
4704:The Indian Dispossessed
4518:Spokane Daily Chronicle
4394:"Nez Perce Reservation"
4145:Josephy, Jr., Alvin M.
4045:Josephy, Alvin (1971).
3934:The Oregon Encyclopedia
3804:www.wallowanezperce.org
3663:"Since Time Immemorial"
3605:Smithsonian Institution
3595:Walker, Deward (1998).
3328:, 29(3&4): 560â589.
3292:. National Park Service
3148:Cryptaulax nezperceorum
2888:Looking Glass (younger)
2822:Eagle from the Light, (
2455:surrendered to General
2340:Flight of the Nez Perce
2225:", the Douglas fir or "
1900:Acipenser transmontanus
1581:Wallowa (Willewah) Band
1567:largest Nez Percé group
1502:WalwĂĄma (WalwĂĄama) Band
1498:Wallowa (Willewah) Band
1478:Tukeespe/Tu-kehs-pa APS
1442:Wallowa (Willewah) Band
791:Umatilla (ImatalamĆĂĄma)
743:Columbia River (Xuyelp)
739:Celilo Falls (Silayloo)
729:and as far west as the
721:("Buffalo country") of
237:Sahaptin language group
214:
6677:
6490:
6196:
5973:
5739:Reservations in Oregon
5197:Nlaka'pamux (Thompson)
4894:. New York: AMS Press.
4880:. New York: Routledge.
4869:Josephy, Alvin. 1997.
4862:Josephy, Alvin. 2007.
4699:"The Nez Perces"
3487:. (Idaho). p. 1A.
3468:. (Idaho). p. 1A.
3072:, wished to be called
2954:Battle of the Big Hole
2861:Battle of the Big Hole
2643:Annual cultural events
2538:
2530:
2494:
2483:Horse breeding program
2436:
2355:
2257:
2084:Vaccinium membranaceum
2000:
1948:Salvelinus confluentus
1912:Catostomus commersonii
1812:
1446:LamtĂĄma (LamĂĄtta) Band
1435:("Snake River People")
1429:Pikunan (Pikunin) Band
1354:Esnime (IyÄsnimÄ) Band
1319:Pikunan (Pikunin) Band
1302:LamtĂĄma (LamĂĄtta) Band
1175:Hatweme (HatwÄme) Band
1163:Alpowna (Alpowai) Band
1044:Alpowna (Alpowai) Band
1004:Alpowna (Alpowai) Band
965:Sahatpu (SĂĄhatpu) Band
927:Seven Devils Mountains
811:Northern Paiute (Numu)
700:Columbia River Plateau
643:
499:
380:
226:Columbia River Plateau
6741:Nez Perce Reservation
6675:
6531:Nez Perce Reservation
6488:
6338:Nez Perce Reservation
6194:
6029:Nez Perce Reservation
5971:
4876:McCoy, Robert. 2004.
4805:Warren, Robert Penn.
4215:. U.S. Forest Service
4162:. U.S. Forest Service
4113:10.1353/ohq.2005.0006
3996:A Century of Dishonor
3885:Salmon and His People
3785:Thomas E. Churchill:
3733:Pan a'kwati/PanĂĄkwate
3039:Wrapped in the Wind (
2945:and Nez Perce descent
2929:Battle of Camas Creek
2536:
2528:
2490:
2469:North American Review
2431:
2353:
2344:Further information:
2289:National Park Service
2287:, and managed by the
2274:A Century of Dishonor
2251:
2172:Pseudotsuga menziesii
2068:Amelanchier alnifolia
1998:
1936:Salvelinus fontinalis
1892:Prosopium williamsoni
1810:
1599:Weliwe (Wewi'me) Band
1592:ImnĂĄma (ImnĂĄmma) Band
1333:and southeast of the
1179:Hatwai (HĂ©etwey) Band
1080:AnatĆinnu local group
1012:Alpaha (Alpowa) Creek
641:
486:
474:Toussaint Charbonneau
378:
262:, the high plains of
137:Related ethnic groups
6773:United States portal
6563:United States portal
6370:United States portal
6061:United States portal
5399:Randy'L He-dow Teton
5384:Annie Miner Peterson
5237:StÊŒatÊŒimc (Lillooet)
5207:Nuxalk (Bella Coola)
5010:Archaeological sites
4926:Official tribal site
4364:. Idaho. p. 6E.
4345:. Idaho. p. 14.
3639:Nez Perce Dictionary
3637:Aoki, Haruo (1994).
3607:. pp. 437â438.
3527:Nez Perce Dictionary
3415:on December 26, 2018
3191:Nez Perce Dictionary
3014:Peopeo Kiskiok Hihih
3002:PiyĂłopiyo xÌŁayxÌŁĂĄyxÌŁ
2828:Bitterroot Mountains
2584:region south of the
2521:Current tribal lands
2314:Bitterroot Mountains
2254:Heart of the Monster
2219:official state fruit
2204:Philadelphus lewisii
2021:" (when fresh) and "
1971:Bitterroot Mountains
1960:Oncorhynchus clarkii
1916:West Coast steelhead
1868:Oncorhynchus kisutch
1331:Clearwater Mountains
883:Teton Sioux (Lakota)
877:and (for a time) by
843:Assiniboine (Nakoda)
690:in the west between
672:Salmon (Nacoâx kuus)
634:Aboriginal territory
127:Seven Drum (Walasat)
30:For other uses, see
6415:Lewis County, Idaho
6106:Idaho County, Idaho
5820:Indian reservations
5217:Secwépemc (Shuswap)
4820:Aoki, Haruo. 1989.
4614:2004PalZ...78..361N
4559:. October 20, 2023.
4135:on January 5, 2007.
3390:R. David Edmunds, "
3286:"The Treaty Period"
3189:Aoki, Haruo. 1994.
3020:was war leader and
2824:Tipiyelehne Ka Awpo
2773:Columbia University
2755:band of Nez Percé.
2580:, primarily in the
2564: /
2547:North Central Idaho
2283:, headquartered in
2120:Apocynum cannabinum
2076:black huckleberries
1969:in the west to the
1924:Oncorhynchus mykiss
1732:Pelloatpallah Band
1055:Tsokolaikiinma Band
875:Sarcee (Tsuu T'ina)
441:PasĂș oÈnĂłgA wÄŻcaĆĄtA
266:, and the northern
46:
6733:Indian reservation
6678:
6523:Indian reservation
6491:
6330:Indian reservation
6197:
6021:Indian reservation
5974:
5556:'Yalis (Alert Bay)
5524:Towns and villages
5032:Marmes Rockshelter
4999:Indigenous peoples
4726:Josephy, Alvin M.
4622:10.1007/BF03009231
3557:"AISRI Dictionary"
2993:Battle of Bear Paw
2939:Battle of Bear Paw
2859:and killed in the
2815:, a politician in
2787:hinmatĂłoyalahtq'it
2568:46.300°N 116.400°W
2539:
2531:
2495:
2437:
2383:European Americans
2356:
2279:The museum at the
2270:Helen Hunt Jackson
2258:
2198:) and syringa or "
2001:
1884:Mountain whitefish
1856:Oncorhynchus nerka
1813:
1780:Nez Perce language
1723:Walla Walla people
1565:"). They were the
1535:Grande Ronde River
1323:Upper Salmon River
1276:(near present-day
1189:Grande Ronde River
1122:Asahkaiowaipu Band
1118:Atskaaiwawipu Band
1066:Asotin, Washington
931:Pelloatpallah Band
905:Territories along
787:Cayuse (Lik-si-yu)
771:Kalispel (QlÌispĂ©)
757:Enemies and allies
727:buffalo (Qoq'a lx)
668:Grande Ronde River
644:
612:Nez Perce language
606:Nez Perce language
435:. This comes from
390:[nimiËpuË]
381:
365:self-determination
321:Native reservation
210:Nez Perce language
42:
6782:
6781:
6572:
6571:
6379:
6378:
6070:
6069:
5868:
5867:
5779:
5778:
5644:Fraser Canyon War
5389:Coquelle Thompson
5147:Kutenai (Ktunaxa)
5003:Pacific Northwest
4864:Nez Perce Country
4838:. April 18, 2012.
4681:Haines, Francis.
4637:Beal, Merrill D.
4024:"Research Center"
3825:978-0-7426-9808-6
3694:Nez Percé Indians
3648:978-0-520-09763-6
3535:978-0-520-09763-6
3396:American Heritage
3354:, 36(1): 123â149.
3170:"Nez Perce Tribe"
3113:mountain howitzer
3012:; more correctly
2979:, was leader and
2923:Peo Peo Tholekt (
2892:Allalimya Takanin
2840:Northern Exposure
2747:In addition, the
2744:
2743:
2491:Nez Perce warrior
1880:Oncorhynchus keta
1531:Wallowa Mountains
1492:Saiksaikinpu Band
1458:Saiksaikinpu Band
1450:Snake River tribe
1347:Salmon River Band
1339:LamtĂĄma (LamĂĄtta)
1187:(lived along the
987:Took-kahl-la-toin
923:Wallowa Mountains
831:Crow (ApsĂĄalooke)
747:salmon (lé'wliks)
664:Snake (Weyikespe)
501:In his journals,
468:The interpreters
462:[nepÉÊse]
445:sinitÄiĆĄkatarĂwiĆĄ
306:Dawes Act of 1887
252:European colonial
230:Pacific Northwest
148:
147:
18:Nez Perce (tribe)
16:(Redirected from
6842:
6795:Nez Perce people
6774:
6767:
6674:
6631:
6624:
6614:
6609:
6599:
6592:
6585:
6576:
6575:
6564:
6557:
6487:
6438:
6431:
6421:
6416:
6406:
6399:
6392:
6383:
6382:
6371:
6364:
6193:
6129:
6122:
6112:
6107:
6097:
6090:
6083:
6074:
6073:
6062:
6055:
5970:
5927:
5920:
5910:
5905:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5872:
5871:
5818:
5817:
5806:
5799:
5792:
5783:
5782:
5767:
5766:
5765:
5689:Sohappy v. Smith
5474:Chief Dan George
5369:Sarah Winnemucca
5333:Plateau Penutian
5107:Dakelh (Carrier)
5054:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4969:
4968:
4783:Pearson, Diane.
4749:
4723:
4701:
4678:
4626:
4625:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4509:
4498:
4497:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4398:Spokesman-Review
4390:
4384:
4383:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4280:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4242:on May 17, 2008.
4238:. Archived from
4231:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4184:. Great Speeches
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4156:
4150:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4131:. Archived from
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4020:
4011:
4010:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3928:Kephart, Susan.
3925:
3919:
3918:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3888:
3883:Landeen (1999),
3881:
3875:
3874:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3834:
3828:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3796:
3790:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3754:
3748:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3673:on April 3, 2016
3659:
3653:
3652:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3538:
3523:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3503:www.nezperce.org
3495:
3489:
3488:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3457:
3451:
3444:
3438:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3411:. Archived from
3405:
3399:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3374:
3368:
3361:
3355:
3348:
3342:
3335:
3329:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3282:
3276:
3269:
3260:
3257:
3251:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3210:
3203:
3194:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3166:
3124:
3105:
3090:
3006:Peo-peo-hix-hiix
2971:Old Chief Joseph
2904:Old Chief Joseph
2813:Claudia Kauffman
2656:
2629:Grover Cleveland
2586:Clearwater River
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2573:46.300; -116.400
2569:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2457:Oliver O. Howard
2362:(along with the
2310:Meriwether Lewis
2300:European contact
2208:Indian arrowwood
2196:Taxus brevifolia
2140:western redcedar
2088:red elderberries
2053:Clearwater river
2045:Camassia quamash
1830:for their food:
1765:
1735:
1718:Walla Walla Band
1701:Juliaetta, Idaho
1561:("People of the
1358:Slate Creek Band
767:Spokane (Sqeliz)
765:(âIskĂicuâmix),
678:Water") and the
624:Plateau Penutian
539:
538:
535:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
496:
464:
392:
371:Name and history
353:Clearwater River
298:Indian Territory
241:Columbia Plateau
219:
203:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
143:Sahaptin peoples
81:Total population
70:
61:
47:
41:
21:
6850:
6849:
6845:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6785:
6784:
6783:
6778:
6772:
6765:
6756:
6746:
6727:
6704:
6697:
6679:
6667:
6634:
6629:
6622:
6615:
6612:
6607:
6603:
6573:
6568:
6562:
6555:
6546:
6536:
6517:
6499:
6492:
6480:
6441:
6436:
6429:
6422:
6419:
6414:
6410:
6380:
6375:
6369:
6362:
6353:
6343:
6324:
6291:
6223:
6216:
6198:
6186:
6132:
6127:
6120:
6113:
6110:
6105:
6101:
6071:
6066:
6060:
6053:
6044:
6034:
6015:
5982:
5981:Unincorporated
5975:
5963:
5930:
5925:
5918:
5911:
5908:
5903:
5899:
5869:
5864:
5826:
5812:
5810:
5780:
5775:
5763:
5761:
5748:
5722:
5706:
5671:
5649:Puget Sound War
5616:Armed conflicts
5610:
5519:
5500:Cascades Rapids
5483:
5464:Harriet Nahanee
5347:
5306:
5055:
5046:
5017:Bald Point Site
5005:
4996:
4922:
4892:Nez Percé Texts
4859:, 28(1): 76â83.
4768:Nerburn, Kent.
4644:Bial, Raymond.
4634:
4632:Further reading
4629:
4594:
4590:
4580:
4578:
4577:on May 24, 2013
4569:
4568:
4564:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4529:
4525:
4510:
4501:
4486:
4482:
4472:
4470:
4460:
4456:
4446:
4444:
4434:
4430:
4420:
4418:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4354:
4350:
4335:
4331:
4316:
4312:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4259:
4257:
4256:. Idaho Natives
4252:
4251:
4247:
4232:
4228:
4218:
4216:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4187:
4185:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4165:
4163:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4144:
4140:
4093:
4089:
4079:
4077:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4043:
4039:
4029:
4027:
4022:
4021:
4014:
4007:
3991:
3987:
3972:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3936:
3926:
3922:
3913:
3904:
3902:
3891:
3882:
3878:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3849:
3835:
3831:
3815:
3811:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3784:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3730:
3726:
3713:
3709:
3690:
3686:
3676:
3674:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3593:
3589:
3579:
3577:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3524:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3477:
3473:
3458:
3454:
3445:
3441:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3389:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3367:, 28(1): 76â83.
3362:
3358:
3349:
3345:
3341:, 36(1): 75â97.
3336:
3332:
3323:
3319:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3295:
3293:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3270:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3245:
3241:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3209:, 2(1): 25â52."
3204:
3197:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3156:
3138:
3131:
3125:
3116:
3109:Peo Peo Tholekt
3106:
3097:
3091:
3066:HeâMene Mox Mox
3048:CĂșuÉ«im maqsmĂĄqs
3046:Yellow Bull or
3010:Peo peo Hih Hih
2977:Toohoolhoolzote
2960:Koolkool Snehee
2943:French Canadian
2925:piyopyĂłotâalikt
2872:Jackson Sundown
2853:Pahkatos Owyeen
2777:Nez Perce Texts
2761:
2745:
2653:
2645:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2523:
2507:Nez Perce Horse
2492:
2485:
2407:Toohoolhoolzote
2348:
2342:
2302:
2297:
2285:Spalding, Idaho
2160:Pinus ponderosa
2072:Saskatoon berry
1952:Cutthroat trout
1844:Pacific lamprey
1817:Hunter-gatherer
1805:
1769:These were the
1763:
1739:These were the
1733:
1721:These were the
1625:Toiknimapu Band
1585:Zumwalt Prairie
1433:Pikhininmu Band
1403:Spalding, Idaho
1267:Pipu'inimu Band
1199:Kimmooenim Band
1089:Sapachesap Band
1010:("People along
915:Lewiston, Idaho
895:
847:Stoney (Nakoda)
759:
694:45°N and 47°N.
636:
608:
602:
510:
506:
494:
409:French Canadian
373:
235:Members of the
186:
159:
155:
76:
52:
44:
43:Nez Perce Tribe
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6848:
6838:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6769:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6737:
6735:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6709:
6707:
6703:Unincorporated
6699:
6698:
6696:
6695:
6689:
6687:
6681:
6680:
6670:
6668:
6666:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6644:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6620:
6617:
6616:
6602:
6601:
6594:
6587:
6579:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6559:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6527:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6504:
6502:
6498:Unincorporated
6494:
6493:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6457:
6451:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6409:
6408:
6401:
6394:
6386:
6377:
6376:
6374:
6373:
6366:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6334:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6301:
6299:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6228:
6226:
6222:Unincorporated
6218:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6208:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6189:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6142:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6100:
6099:
6092:
6085:
6077:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6057:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6025:
6023:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5987:
5985:
5977:
5976:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5940:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5898:
5897:
5890:
5883:
5875:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5809:
5808:
5801:
5794:
5786:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5714:
5712:
5711:Current issues
5708:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5702:Nisga'a Treaty
5699:
5692:
5685:
5683:Boldt Decision
5679:
5677:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5620:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5449:Chief Tonasket
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5429:Simon Gunanoot
5426:
5421:
5416:
5414:Chief Concomly
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5374:Chief Kamiakin
5371:
5366:
5361:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5314:
5312:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5202:Nuu-chah-nulth
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5097:Coeur d' Alene
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5022:Fort Rock Cave
5019:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5006:
4995:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4921:
4920:External links
4918:
4917:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4803:
4788:
4781:
4766:
4751:
4731:
4724:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4657:
4642:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4608:(2): 361â416.
4588:
4562:
4548:
4541:
4523:
4499:
4480:
4454:
4428:
4403:
4385:
4367:
4348:
4329:
4310:
4292:
4267:
4245:
4226:
4204:
4195:
4173:
4151:
4138:
4107:(3): 398â411.
4087:
4062:
4055:
4037:
4012:
4005:
3985:
3971:978-0252074851
3970:
3946:
3920:
3889:
3876:
3862:
3847:
3829:
3809:
3791:
3778:
3766:
3749:
3724:
3707:
3684:
3654:
3647:
3629:
3620:
3613:
3587:
3562:
3548:
3539:
3515:
3490:
3471:
3452:
3439:
3426:
3400:
3383:
3369:
3356:
3343:
3330:
3317:
3303:
3277:
3261:
3252:
3239:
3225:
3211:
3195:
3182:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3126:
3119:
3117:
3107:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3074:Heinmot Hihhih
3055:
3052:Chuslum Moxmox
3044:
3037:
2995:
2974:
2963:
2956:
2946:
2932:
2921:
2911:
2901:
2898:Michael Wasson
2895:
2885:
2878:Lily Gladstone
2875:
2869:
2863:
2849:
2843:
2832:
2820:
2810:
2792:Chief Lawyer (
2790:
2780:
2765:Archie Phinney
2760:
2759:Notable people
2757:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2522:
2519:
2493:on horse, 1910
2484:
2481:
2341:
2338:
2322:Weippe Prairie
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2176:sandbar willow
2152:ponderosa pine
2060:serviceberries
1896:White sturgeon
1852:Sockeye salmon
1832:Chinook salmon
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1767:
1760:
1737:
1730:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1657:Potlatch River
1645:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1618:an-an-a-soc-um
1606:Inantoinu Band
1602:
1595:
1588:
1574:
1527:Blue Mountains
1506:
1505:
1495:
1485:
1474:Taksehepu Band
1471:
1465:
1454:
1453:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1398:
1397:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1345:; also called
1310:
1309:
1299:
1296:Kam'nakka Band
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1253:Orofino, Idaho
1245:
1235:
1207:
1206:
1192:
1182:
1171:
1170:
1130:
1129:
1115:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1058:
1051:
1037:
1026:Kooskia, Idaho
1020:
1019:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
990:
983:Tucannon River
975:
968:
961:
954:
947:
945:Nuksiwepu Band
938:
902:
901:
894:
891:
823:Lemhi Shoshone
758:
755:
749:-fishing. The
735:The Dalles Dam
711:Plateau tribes
688:Blue Mountains
676:Chinook salmon
635:
632:
604:Main article:
601:
598:
594:oral tradition
482:Alice Fletcher
443:, the Arikara
372:
369:
146:
145:
139:
138:
134:
133:
123:
122:
118:
117:
110:
109:
105:
104:
93:
92:
88:
87:
83:
82:
78:
77:
71:
63:
62:
54:
53:
50:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6847:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6775:
6770:
6768:
6763:
6762:
6759:
6753:
6749:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6730:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6706:
6700:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6682:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6632:
6625:
6618:
6613:United States
6610:
6600:
6595:
6593:
6588:
6586:
6581:
6580:
6577:
6565:
6560:
6558:
6553:
6552:
6549:
6543:
6539:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6520:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6495:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6439:
6432:
6425:
6420:United States
6417:
6407:
6402:
6400:
6395:
6393:
6388:
6387:
6384:
6372:
6367:
6365:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6350:
6346:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6327:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6315:Joseph Plains
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6219:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6130:
6123:
6116:
6111:United States
6108:
6098:
6093:
6091:
6086:
6084:
6079:
6078:
6075:
6063:
6058:
6056:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6041:
6037:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5978:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5928:
5921:
5914:
5909:United States
5906:
5896:
5891:
5889:
5884:
5882:
5877:
5876:
5873:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5835:Coeur d'Alene
5833:
5832:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5816:
5807:
5802:
5800:
5795:
5793:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5751:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:Miscellaneous
5725:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5655:
5654:Chilcotin War
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5607:
5606:Old Man House
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5586:X̱wemelch'stn
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5561:Lax Kw'alaams
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5359:Spokane Garry
5357:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5232:Sinixt (Lake)
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5152:KwakwakaÊŒwakw
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5053:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5037:Paisley Caves
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5027:Kennewick Man
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4993:
4988:
4986:
4981:
4979:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4815:0-394-53019-5
4812:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4800:0-8368-3666-9
4797:
4793:
4790:Stout, Mary.
4789:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4778:0-06-051301-2
4775:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4763:0-06-016707-6
4760:
4756:
4752:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4732:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4688:Henry, Will.
4687:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4654:0-7614-1210-7
4651:
4647:
4646:The Nez Perce
4643:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4592:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4558:
4552:
4544:
4542:0-415-94889-4
4538:
4534:
4527:
4519:
4515:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4495:
4491:
4484:
4469:
4465:
4458:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4314:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4277:
4271:
4255:
4249:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4214:
4208:
4199:
4183:
4177:
4161:
4155:
4148:
4142:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4080:September 21,
4076:
4072:
4066:
4058:
4056:0-300-01494-5
4052:
4048:
4041:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4008:
4006:9781582182896
4002:
3998:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3950:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3911:
3910:public domain
3900:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3886:
3880:
3872:
3866:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3788:
3782:
3775:
3770:
3759:
3753:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3720:
3719:
3711:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3650:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3624:
3616:
3614:0-16-049514-8
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3580:September 20,
3576:
3572:
3566:
3558:
3552:
3543:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3525:Aoki, Haruo.
3522:
3520:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3443:
3436:
3430:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3379:
3373:
3366:
3360:
3353:
3347:
3340:
3334:
3327:
3321:
3313:
3307:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3256:
3249:
3243:
3235:
3229:
3221:
3215:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3192:
3186:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3158:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3129:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3070:Hemene Moxmox
3067:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3018:White Pelican
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2884:and Nez Perce
2883:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2851:Five Wounds (
2850:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2798:Halalhot'suut
2795:
2794:Hallalhotsoot
2791:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:and produced
2774:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2648:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2582:Camas Prairie
2577:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2527:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2489:
2480:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2391:Looking Glass
2388:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2352:
2347:
2346:Nez Perce War
2337:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2326:Walammottinin
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2306:William Clark
2292:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2272:, author of "
2271:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2148:Thuja plicata
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2100:chokecherries
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2031:Lomatium cous
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2006:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1973:in the east.
1972:
1968:
1967:Cascade Range
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:Silver salmon
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1771:Cayuse people
1768:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1610:Joseph Canyon
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:Cayuse people
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:Wallowa River
1516:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:Lapwai, Idaho
1404:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:Camas prairie
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:Lamatama Band
1303:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:Kamiah, Idaho
1209:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:KÄmiÄhpu Band
1193:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1095:Witkispu Band
1092:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1001:
995:
994:Wawawipu Band
991:
988:
984:
980:
976:
973:
969:
966:
962:
959:
955:
952:
948:
946:
942:
941:
939:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
903:
900:
899:Almotipu Band
897:
896:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
807:Snake Indians
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
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693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
640:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
607:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
564:. The prefix
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
537:
504:
503:William Clark
498:
492:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
463:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:people, from
426:
422:
418:
413:
410:
406:
402:
398:
396:
391:
386:
377:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
326:
322:
319:govern their
318:
314:
309:
307:
304:of 1877, and
303:
302:Nez Perce War
299:
295:
294:Camas Prairie
290:
288:
284:
279:
277:
274:and northern
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
218:
217:
211:
207:
201:
153:
144:
140:
135:
132:
128:
124:
119:
116:
111:
106:
102:
98:
97:United States
94:
89:
84:
79:
75:
74:George Catlin
69:
64:
60:
55:
48:
37:
33:
19:
6766:Idaho portal
6627:
6556:Idaho portal
6434:
6363:Idaho portal
6125:
6054:Idaho portal
6011:Headquarters
5923:
5760:
5759:
5694:
5687:
5667:Nicola's War
5659:
5505:Kettle Falls
5495:Celilo Falls
5459:Joe Capilano
5419:Wickaninnish
5404:Chief Nicola
5364:Chief Joseph
5181:
5092:Coast Salish
4912:
4905:
4898:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4806:
4791:
4784:
4769:
4754:
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4727:
4718:– via
4703:
4689:
4682:
4665:
4645:
4638:
4605:
4601:
4591:
4579:. Retrieved
4575:the original
4565:
4551:
4532:
4526:
4517:
4493:
4483:
4471:. Retrieved
4467:
4457:
4445:. Retrieved
4441:
4431:
4419:. Retrieved
4415:
4406:
4397:
4388:
4379:
4370:
4361:
4351:
4342:
4332:
4323:
4313:
4295:
4283:. Retrieved
4270:
4258:. Retrieved
4248:
4240:the original
4229:
4217:. Retrieved
4207:
4198:
4186:. Retrieved
4176:
4164:. Retrieved
4154:
4146:
4141:
4133:the original
4104:
4100:
4090:
4078:. Retrieved
4074:
4065:
4046:
4040:
4028:. Retrieved
3995:
3988:
3956:
3949:
3937:. Retrieved
3933:
3923:
3884:
3879:
3865:
3838:
3832:
3816:
3812:
3803:
3794:
3781:
3769:
3752:
3744:
3740:
3736:
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3727:
3718:he Nez Perce
3717:
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3693:
3687:
3675:. Retrieved
3671:the original
3666:
3657:
3638:
3632:
3623:
3596:
3590:
3578:. Retrieved
3574:
3565:
3551:
3542:
3526:
3508:December 20,
3506:. Retrieved
3502:
3493:
3484:
3474:
3465:
3455:
3447:
3442:
3434:
3429:
3417:. Retrieved
3413:the original
3403:
3398:, Fall 2008.
3395:
3386:
3372:
3364:
3359:
3351:
3346:
3338:
3333:
3325:
3320:
3306:
3294:. Retrieved
3289:
3280:
3272:
3255:
3247:
3242:
3228:
3214:
3206:
3190:
3185:
3173:. Retrieved
3147:
3139:
3108:
3094:Chief Lawyer
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:medicine man
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2980:
2966:
2959:
2949:
2924:
2917:
2907:
2891:
2852:
2838:
2835:Elaine Miles
2823:
2797:
2786:
2783:Chief Joseph
2776:
2746:
2738:
2646:
2633:
2621:
2610:
2608:was 17,959.
2540:
2496:
2474:
2467:
2465:
2461:U.S. Cavalry
2453:Chief Joseph
2446:
2438:
2433:Chief Joseph
2419:Sitting Bull
2401:, Lean Elk (
2387:Chief Joseph
2380:
2357:
2334:
2330:Chief Lawyer
2325:
2303:
2278:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2212:
2199:
2191:
2184:Salix exigua
2179:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2131:
2115:
2103:
2091:
2079:
2063:
2057:
2038:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1979:
1975:
1964:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1904:White sucker
1887:
1875:
1863:
1835:
1825:
1814:
1783:
1775:
1766:Yeletpo Band
1749:Palus people
1745:Wawawai Band
1744:
1740:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1689:
1683:YatĂłinu Band
1682:
1675:
1652:
1648:
1639:SakĂĄnma Band
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1580:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1522:
1511:Imnaha River
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:Tukpame Band
1487:
1477:
1476:("People of
1473:
1468:Saxsano Band
1467:
1462:Tukpame Band
1461:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1390:LapwÄme Band
1389:
1385:
1376:Tamanmu Band
1375:
1368:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1326:
1318:
1315:Alpowai Band
1314:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1274:Painima Band
1273:
1266:
1259:
1248:
1241:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1198:
1194:
1185:Hinsepu Band
1184:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:Painima Band
1142:
1138:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1102:SĂĄlwepu Band
1101:
1094:
1088:
1079:
1072:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1029:
1007:
1003:
993:
986:
978:
971:
964:
957:
951:PalĂłtpu Band
950:
944:
930:
918:
911:Hells Canyon
898:
760:
708:
696:
645:
609:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
500:
487:
467:
452:
449:ethnological
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
400:
399:
387:(pronounced
384:
382:
359:and east of
350:
316:
310:
291:
287:pierced nose
280:
270:in southern
249:
234:
215:
151:
149:
131:Christianity
39:Ethnic group
36:
6705:communities
6623:County seat
6430:County seat
6320:Mount Idaho
6297:Ghost towns
6224:communities
6156:Grangeville
6128:Grangeville
6121:County seat
5983:communities
5919:County seat
5840:Duck Valley
5744:Raven Tales
5718:Land claims
5566:Lax Ksiluux
5510:Siwash Rock
5379:Chief Moses
5292:Walla Walla
5060:Ethnicities
4661:Boas, Franz
3741:WihiN'naite
3737:WihĂnakwate
3419:December 8,
3128:Yellow Wolf
3058:Yellow Wolf
2651:Communities
2606:2000 census
2571: /
2543:reservation
2372:Walla Walla
2188:Pacific yew
2164:Douglas fir
2124:Indian hemp
2029:especially
1990:Snake River
1928:brook trout
1848:chiselmouth
1784:Weyiiletpuu
1776:WeyĂiletpuu
1736:Palous Band
1653:YÄkĂĄmÄ Band
1649:Yakama Band
1612:â known as
1563:Indian Hemp
1515:Minam River
1423:MĂĄkapu Band
1411:Thlap-Thlap
1386:Lapwai Band
1327:Naco'x kuus
1292:Kannah Band
1282:Pipyuuninma
1278:Peck, Idaho
1249:Tewepu Band
1191:in Oregon.)
1151:Tewepu Band
1139:Pipyuuninma
1112:Assuti Band
981:(along the
925:and in the
907:Snake River
795:Walla Walla
709:Like other
684:Bitterroots
546:cĂș·pĆitpeÄŸu
542:Smithsonian
455:, with the
433:Watopahlute
412:fur traders
268:Great Basin
6789:Categories
6693:Sweetwater
6476:Winchester
6257:Greencreek
6237:Clearwater
6182:White Bird
6146:Cottonwood
5634:Yakima War
5624:Cayuse War
5469:Annie York
5318:Athabaskan
4720:Wikisource
4473:August 14,
3848:1881090329
3154:References
3078:In-mat-hia
2998:White Bird
2950:Wahchumyus
2817:Washington
2769:Franz Boas
2734:Winchester
2729:Sweetwater
2602:Clearwater
2503:Akhal-Teke
2395:White Bird
2318:Lolo Trail
2239:state fish
2231:state tree
1982:Bonneville
1940:bull trout
1790:, some as
1482:Ghost town
919:Simiinekem
869:, and the
857:) and the
648:Washington
630:grouping.
590:cĂșpnitpelu
562:cĂșpnitpelu
300:after the
260:Washington
6800:Nez Perce
6751:Footnotes
6541:Footnotes
6500:community
6455:Craigmont
6348:Footnotes
6151:Ferdinand
6039:Footnotes
5996:Cavendish
5944:Elk River
5860:Nez Perce
5845:Fort Hall
5629:Modoc War
5551:Skidegate
5536:Ninstints
5479:Bill Reid
5394:Sacagawea
5328:Chinookan
5323:Chimakuan
5311:Languages
5302:Wuikinuxv
5277:Tsimshian
5257:Tillamook
5182:Nez Perce
4792:Nez Perce
4581:April 14,
4324:Idahonian
4219:April 14,
4188:April 14,
4166:April 14,
4129:166019157
4121:0030-4727
4030:April 14,
3980:132681406
3175:April 23,
3145:gastropod
3096:, c. 1861
2967:Tamootsin
2965:Timothy (
2958:Red Owl (
2948:Rainbow (
2935:Poker Joe
2882:Blackfeet
2672:Ferdinand
2662:Craigmont
2590:Nez Perce
2499:Appaloosa
2441:U.S. Army
2403:Poker Joe
2229:" is the
2217:" is the
1932:pi'ckatyo
1232:Matalaimo
1167:Matalaimo
1030:Leewikees
1016:Clarkston
809:(various
704:epidemics
692:latitudes
616:Sahaptian
470:Sacagawea
457:diacritic
453:Nez Percé
417:NiimĂipuu
407:given by
401:Nez Percé
245:Appaloosa
152:Nez Perce
115:Nez Perce
108:Languages
45:NiimĂipuu
32:Nez Perce
6723:Spalding
6658:Lewiston
6648:Culdesac
6630:Lewiston
6513:Slickpoo
6508:Fletcher
6466:Nezperce
6437:Nezperce
6305:Florence
6262:Harpster
6232:Burgdorf
6212:Elk City
5850:Kootenai
5753:See also
5662:incident
5601:Opitsaht
5581:Kitwanga
5576:Ging̱olx
5541:Cumshewa
5424:Cumshewa
5409:Maquinna
5343:Wakashan
5338:Salishan
5282:Umatilla
5267:Tsetsaut
5212:Quileute
5137:Kalapuya
5127:Heiltsuk
5102:Colville
5067:Aleutian
5042:XÌ±ĂĄ:ytem
4746:10363767
4716:68571148
4663:(1917).
4468:NPR News
4285:April 5,
3939:April 4,
3857:41433913
3745:Bannaite
3142:Triassic
3034:Lahmatta
2918:âĂĄlok'at
2908:Tuekakas
2696:Nezperce
2667:Culdesac
2624:Oklahoma
2559:116°24âČW
2368:Umatilla
2304:In 1805
2263:weyekins
2243:wawa'lam
2223:sise'qiy
2200:sise'qiy
2144:tala'tat
2027:Lomatium
1956:wawa'lam
1821:foraging
1663:peoples)
1559:QĂ©emuynu
1555:KÄmĂșinnu
1543:Willewah
1517:and the
1484:Agatha")
1413:, also:
1165:and the
775:Colville
725:to hunt
628:Penutian
620:Sahaptin
600:Language
421:Watopala
397:family.
395:Sahaptin
385:nimĂipuu
361:Lewiston
216:nimĂipuu
121:Religion
51:nimĂipuu
6713:Gifford
6471:Reubens
6282:Syringa
6277:Pollock
6172:Riggins
6167:Kooskia
5991:Ahsahka
5949:Orofino
5926:Orofino
5660:Tonquin
5591:Kiix-in
5531:Skedans
5434:Slumach
5262:Tlingit
5252:Takelma
5247:Tahltan
5192:Nisga'a
5142:Klamath
5112:Gitxsan
5087:Chinook
5072:Bannock
5001:of the
4787:. 2008.
4675:2322072
4610:Bibcode
4447:May 10,
4421:May 10,
4307:. 2000.
4260:May 22,
3930:"Camas"
3887:, p. 92
3702:4760170
3677:May 23,
3603:v. 12.
3597:Plateau
3296:June 9,
3136:Eponymy
3064:(also:
3050:(also:
3030:prophet
3004:(also:
2989:prophet
2941:; half
2914:Ollokot
2715:Reubens
2705:Orofino
2686:Kooskia
2636:Wallowa
2613:Orofino
2556:46°18âČN
2459:of the
2399:Ollokot
2295:History
2215:cemi'tk
2192:ta'mqay
2138:), and
2112:dogbane
2098:), and
2092:mi'ttip
2080:cemi'tk
2033:), and
2019:qĂĄamsit
1950:), and
1876:ka'llay
1864:ka'llay
1803:Culture
1614:saqĂĄnma
1523:Wal'awa
1480:, i.e.
1415:LĂ©epwey
1126:Ahsahka
723:Montana
656:Montana
550:cĂș·pĆit
476:of the
437:pahlute
346:Orofino
340:or the
338:Kooskia
283:Chinook
264:Montana
228:in the
206:autonym
6718:Lenore
6653:Lapwai
6640:Cities
6460:Kamiah
6447:Cities
6310:Joseph
6287:Warren
6272:Lucile
6267:Lowell
6252:Golden
6177:Stites
6161:Kamiah
6138:Cities
5959:Weippe
5954:Pierce
5936:Cities
5596:Yuquot
5546:Masset
5488:Places
5444:Leschi
5439:Sealth
5352:People
5297:Yakama
5287:Umpqua
5227:Sinixt
5222:Shasta
5187:Nicola
5177:Naukan
5172:Molala
5162:Methow
5122:Haisla
5082:Cayuse
4813:
4798:
4776:
4761:
4744:
4714:
4673:
4652:
4539:
4127:
4119:
4053:
4003:
3978:
3968:
3912::
3855:
3845:
3823:
3700:
3645:
3611:
3533:
2900:, poet
2807:Kamiah
2753:Joseph
2739:
2724:Stites
2691:Lapwai
2677:Kamiah
2617:Lapwai
2600:, and
2435:, 1877
2417:Chief
2415:Lakota
2405:) and
2376:Yakama
2374:, and
2364:Cayuse
2049:Salmon
2040:qém'es
2037:, or "
2017:, or "
2005:kooyit
1986:McNary
1944:i'slam
1908:mu'quc
1888:ci'mey
1836:nacoox
1661:Yakama
1539:Waliwa
1513:, the
1394:Lapwai
1203:Kamiah
1161:, the
1157:, the
1153:, the
865:, the
803:Yakama
658:, and
652:Oregon
429:Watopa
405:exonym
403:is an
357:Kamiah
329:Lapwai
315:, the
276:Nevada
256:Oregon
86:3,500+
6242:Dixie
6006:Greer
5855:Lemhi
5824:Idaho
5571:'Ksan
5242:Syilx
5167:Miwok
5157:Makah
5132:Inuit
5117:Haida
5077:Cahto
4279:(PDF)
4125:S2CID
3962:66â67
3776:(PDF)
3761:(PDF)
3022:tooat
2981:tooat
2846:Ellis
2819:state
2598:Idaho
2594:Lewis
2252:"The
2235:la'qa
2227:pa'ps
2180:tax's
2168:pa'ps
2156:la'qa
2132:to'ko
2128:tules
2116:qeemu
2104:ti'ms
2035:Camas
2023:qĂĄaws
2015:Kouse
1920:heyey
1224:UyÄmÄ
1220:Uyame
855:MĂ©tis
799:Wasco
783:Palus
660:Idaho
580:- + -
574:-pelĂș
570:-pinĂ
425:Canoe
423:, or
325:Idaho
311:As a
272:Idaho
101:Idaho
6663:Peck
6247:Fenn
6001:Dent
4811:ISBN
4796:ISBN
4774:ISBN
4759:ISBN
4742:OCLC
4712:OCLC
4671:OCLC
4650:ISBN
4583:2012
4537:ISBN
4475:2022
4449:2021
4423:2021
4287:2016
4262:2013
4221:2012
4190:2012
4168:2012
4117:ISSN
4082:2017
4051:ISBN
4032:2012
4001:ISBN
3976:OCLC
3966:ISBN
3941:2016
3853:OCLC
3843:ISBN
3821:ISBN
3743:and
3698:OCLC
3679:2013
3643:ISBN
3609:ISBN
3582:2017
3531:ISBN
3510:2017
3421:2017
3298:2021
3177:2021
3140:The
2866:Jack
2710:Peck
2411:Crow
2190:or "
2178:or "
2166:or "
2154:or "
2142:or "
2130:or "
2114:or "
2102:or "
2090:or "
2078:or "
2062:or "
2051:and
1984:and
1954:or "
1942:or "
1930:or "
1918:or "
1906:or "
1886:or "
1834:or "
1743:and
1705:Yeqe
1695:the
1688:the
1681:the
1674:the
1637:the
1630:the
1623:the
1608:(in
1604:the
1597:the
1590:the
1579:the
1374:the
1367:the
1352:the
1272:the
1265:the
1258:the
1247:the
1240:the
1100:the
1093:the
1087:the
1078:the
1071:the
1060:the
1053:the
1042:the
992:the
977:the
970:the
963:the
956:the
949:the
943:the
841:and
610:The
586:pelĂș
582:pinĂ
554:peÄŸu
472:and
355:(in
258:and
150:The
6685:CDP
6204:CDP
5822:in
4618:doi
4109:doi
4105:106
4075:PBS
3575:PBS
3394:",
3076:or
3068:or
3060:or
3028:or
3008:or
3000:or
2987:or
2916:, (
2771:at
2549:at
2545:in
2210:).
2206:or
2202:" (
2194:" (
2182:" (
2174:),
2170:" (
2162:),
2158:" (
2146:" (
2134:" (
2126:),
2122:or
2118:" (
2106:" (
2094:" (
2086:),
2082:" (
2074:),
2070:or
2066:" (
2064:kel
1962:).
1958:" (
1946:" (
1938:),
1934:" (
1926:),
1922:" (
1910:" (
1902:),
1894:),
1890:" (
1882:),
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