Newton's parakeet - Knowledge

1076: 4253: 1168:) by A. Newton, but Cheke did not find this likely, as their beaks are grey. Pingré also mentioned green birds, perhaps with some red colours, but his account is partially unintelligible and therefore ambiguous. A red shoulder patch is also present on the related Alexandrine parakeet. None of the existing Newton's parakeet specimens have red patches. Fuller suggested the single known male specimen may have been immature, judged on the colour of its beak, and this may also explain the absence of the red patch. When 4277: 84: 4229: 1014: 1199: 4265: 4153: 1303: 58: 31: 4177: 2153: 1190: 4241: 391: 4189: 700: 4165: 2141: 4217: 547: 1043:, where it became gradually narrower. The underside of the tail was greyish, the upper beak was dark reddish brown, and the mandible was black. The legs were grey and the iris yellow. The female was similar but had a greyer head and a black beak. The black collar was not so prominent as that of the male and did not extend to the back of the neck. 636:, members of which are known as Psittaculines, basing this theory on morphological features and the fact that parrots from that group have managed to colonise many isolated islands in the Indian Ocean. The Psittaculini could have invaded the area several times, as many of the species were so specialised that they may have evolved significantly on 1233:), which is endangered today, but was common all over Rodrigues and nearby islets during his visit. Newton's parakeet may have fed on leaves as the related echo parakeet does. The fact that it survived long after Rodrigues had been heavily deforested shows that its ecology was less vulnerable than that of, for example, the Rodrigues parrot. 472:" ("exiled") refers to Leguat, in that he was exiled from France when he gave the first description of the bird. Newton had tried to find a more descriptive name, perhaps based on colouration, but found it difficult. He refrained from publishing a figure of the female in his original description, though the journal 1147:

The parrots are of three kinds, and in quantity ... The second species is slightly smaller and more beautiful, because they have their plumage green like the preceding , a little more blue, and above the wings a little red as well as their beak. The third species is small and altogether green,

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received a live specimen on Mauritius in the 1770s and described it as "greyish blue". French artist Paul Philippe Sanguin de Jossigny made two illustrations of this specimen, the only known depictions of Newton's parakeet in life, unpublished until 2007. Though both existing specimens are blue, some

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species on Indian Ocean islands, with new populations settling during the species' southwards colonisation from its native South Asia. Features of that species gradually disappear in species further away from its range. Subfossil remains of Newton's parakeet show that it differed from other Mascarene

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for the Réunion parakeet and Newton's parakeet, due to their close evolutionary relationship. The echo parakeet was itself close to extinction in the 1980s, numbering only twenty individuals, but has since recovered, so introducing it to the nearby islands could also help secure the survival of this

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The perruche seemed to me much more delicate . I would not have missed any game from France if this one had been commoner in Rodrigues; but it begins to become rare. There are even fewer perroquets , although there were once a big enough quantity according to François Leguat; indeed a little islet

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Many other species endemic to Rodrigues became extinct after humans arrived, and the island's ecosystem remains heavily damaged. Forests had covered the entire island before humans arrived, but very little forestation can be seen today. Newton's parakeet lived alongside other recently extinct birds

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A. Newton requested further specimens, especially males, but in 1875 he finally published a plate of the female, lamenting that no male specimens could be found. Tafforet's 1726 account had been rediscovered the previous year, and A. Newton noted that it confirmed his assumption that the male would

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Braun, Michael P.; Datzmann, Thomas; Arndt, Thomas; Reinschmidt, Matthias; Schnitker, Heinz; Bahr, Norbert; Sauer-Gürth, Hedwig; Wink, Michael (2019). "A molecular phylogeny of the genus Psittacula sensu lato (Aves: Psittaciformes: Psittacidae: Psittacula, Psittinus, Tanygnathus, †Mascarinus) with

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produces green colouration in parrot feathers. Complete lack of psittacin produces blue colouration, whereas reduced psittacin can produce a colour between green and blue called parblue, which corresponds to the colour of the two preserved Newton's parakeet specimens. The reason why only parblue

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of Newton's parakeet, as Hume has suggested. As A. Newton observed in his original description, some feathers of the female specimen display both blue and green tinges, depending on the light. This may explain some of the discrepancies. According to Fuller, the green parrots mentioned could also

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In 1876, the Newton brothers noted that they had expected the male would be adorned with a red patch on the wing, but that the absence of this indicated it was immature. They still found it more beautiful than the female. These two specimens are the only preserved individuals of the species. The

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struck the following year and may have devastated the remaining population. Further severe storms hit in 1878 and 1886, and since few forested areas were left by this time, there was little cover to protect any remaining birds. The male could, therefore, have been the last of the species alive.

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by humans. Leguat stated that Newton's parakeet was abundant during his stay. It was still common when Tafforet visited in 1726, but when Pingré mentioned it in 1761, he noted that the bird had become scarce. It was still present on southern islets off Rodrigues (Isle Gombrani), along with the

494:, had seen a live Newton's parakeet the year before, but was not carrying a gun at the time. On 14 August 1875, William Vandorous shot a male specimen. It may have been the same specimen Slater had observed. It was subsequently sent to E. Newton by William J. Caldwell. This is the 1030:

was 22 mm (0.87 in). The wing of the female specimen was 191 mm (7.5 in), the tail 210 mm (8.3 in), the culmen 24 mm (0.94 in), and the tarsus was 22 mm (0.87 in). The male specimen was greyish blue (also described as

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The two existing specimens were originally preserved in alcohol, but though this can discolour specimens, it is not probable that it could turn green to blue. Hume and the Dutch orhinthologist Hein van Grouw have also suggested that due to an inheritable

621:, so it was possible for species to colonise some of these less isolated islands. Although most extinct parrot species of the Mascarenes are poorly known, subfossil remains show that they shared common features such as enlarged heads and jaws, reduced 378:. A male, the last specimen recorded, was collected in 1875, and these two specimens are the only ones that exist today. The bird became scarce due to deforestation and perhaps hunting, but it was thought to have been finally wiped out by a series of 1050:

species, including the black collar, but the bluish grey colouration set it apart from other members of its genus, which are mostly green. It differed from its Mascarene relatives in some skeletal details, including in that the internal margin of the

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Hunting and Fishing were so easie to us, that it took away from the Pleasure. We often delighted ourselves in teaching the Parrots to speak, there being vast numbers of them. We carried one to Maurice Isle , which talk'd French and

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Almost nothing is known about the behaviour of Newton's parakeet, but it is probable that it was similar to that of other members of its genus. Leguat mentioned that the parrots of the island ate the nuts of the bois d'olive tree

1341:, and assistant colonial secretary William J. Caldwell saw several specimens in 1875 during his own three-month visit. The male that he received in 1875 and gave to Newton is the last recorded member of the species. A series of 374:" is a reference to Leguat, who was exiled from France. Only two life drawings exist, both of a single specimen held in captivity in the 1770s. The species was scientifically described in 1872, with a female specimen as the 1336:

According to government surveyor Thomas Corby, Newton's parakeet may still have been fairly common in 1843. Slater reported that he saw a single specimen in southwestern Rodrigues during his three-month stay to observe the

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According to early accounts praising its flavour, it appears visitors commonly ate Newton's parakeet. Several individuals would likely be needed to provide a single meal, owing to the bird's small size. Pingré stated:

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of rose-ringed parakeet subspecies (from Asia and Africa), which it had diverged from 3.82 million years ago. Furthermore, Newton's parakeet appeared to be ancestral to the parakeets of Mauritius and Réunion. The

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Newton's parakeet was about 40 cm (16 in) long – roughly the size of the rose-ringed parakeet. The wing of the male specimen was 198 mm (7.8 in), the tail 206 mm (8.1 in), the

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could be extracted. A 2015 genetic study by the British geneticist Hazel Jackson and colleagues included viable DNA from the toe-pad of the female Newton's parakeet specimen. It was found to group within a

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features, but also had similarities, such as a reduced sternum, which suggests a close relationship. Skeletal features indicate an especially close relationship with the Alexandrine parakeet and the

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Selvatti, A. P.; Galvão, A.; Mayr, G.; Miyaki, C. Y.; Russo, C. A. M. (2022). "Southern hemisphere tectonics in the Cenozoic shaped the pantropical distribution of parrots and passerines".

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stated in 1973 that his visits to Rodrigues the previous seven years confirmed the bird was extinct. Hume concluded in 2007 that the islets were probably too small to sustain a population.

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Of the roughly eight parrot species endemic to the Mascarenes, only the echo parakeet has survived. The others were likely all made extinct by a combination of excessive hunting and

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Kundu, S.; Jones, C. G.; Prys-Jones, R. P.; Groombridge, J. J. (2011). "The evolution of the Indian Ocean parrots (Psittaciformes): Extinction, adaptive radiation and eustacy".

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Cheke, A. S. (1987). "An ecological history of the Mascarene Islands, with particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates". In Diamond, A. W. (ed.).

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stated that an extremely small population might still survive on small offshore islets, since this is often the last refuge of endangered birds. The Mauritian ornithologist

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Hume, J. P.; Steel, L.; André, A. A.; Meunier, A. (2014). "In the footsteps of the bone collectors: Nineteenth-century cave exploration on Rodrigues Island, Indian Ocean".

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The authors of the 2015 study which resolved the phylogenetic placement of the Mascarene island parakeets suggested that the echo parakeet of Mauritius would be a suitable

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Leguat and his men were hesitant to hunt the parrots of Rodrigues because they were so tame and easy to catch. Leguat's group took a parrot as a pet and were able to

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had offered him the space. He instead wanted to wait until a male specimen could be procured since he imagined it would be more attractive. The female, which is the

1851:"Micro-evolutionary diversification among Indian Ocean parrots: temporal and spatial changes in phylogenetic diversity as a consequence of extinction and invasion" 1883:

Provost, Kaiya L.; Joseph, Leo; Smith, Brian Tilston (2018). "Resolving a phylogenetic hypothesis for parrots: implications from systematics to conservation".

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A 2022 genetic study by the Brazilian ornithologist Alexandre P. Selvatti and colleagues confirmed the earlier studies in regard to the relationship between

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and storms that hit Rodrigues in the late 19th century. Speculation about the possible survival of the species, though unfounded, lasted as late as 1967.

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Tafforet also described what appears to be green Newton's parakeets, but the issue of colouration was further complicated by the mention of red plumage:

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occurred, but no definitive explanation exists for these reports. Little is known about its behaviour in life, but it may have fed on the nuts of the

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There are abundance of green and blew Parrets, they are of a midling and equal bigness; when they are young, their Flesh is as good as young Pigeons.

3065: 4428: 1594:"Unpublished material from the Transit of Venus expedition to Rodrigues in 1874 - Henry Slater's sketchbook and notes on the birds of Rodrigues" 4572: 4467: 1055:(where the two halves of the lower jaw connected) was oval instead of square-shaped when seen from above, and in that the upper end of the 1176:, blue is easily produced from green; the production of blue may suppress red colouration, so blue morphs may have lacked the red patch. 1477:"Reappraisal of the parrots (Aves: Psittacidae) from the Mascarene Islands, with comments on their ecology, morphology, and affinities" 1072:

early accounts from Rodrigues have caused confusion over the colouration of the plumage. One of these is Leguat's following statement:

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proposed that the last two types mentioned were male and female Newton's parakeets, and that the differences between them were due to

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yellow. Some 17th-century accounts indicate that some members of the species were green, which would suggest that both blue and green

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There were unfounded rumours of its continued existence until the beginning of the 20th century. In 1967, the American ornithologist

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is a close relative and probable ancestor. Newton's parakeet may itself have been ancestral to the endemic parakeets of nearby

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Around 40 centimetres (16 in) long, Newton's parakeet was roughly the size of a rose-ringed parakeet. Its

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blue") tinged with green, and darker above. The head was bluer, with a dark line running from the eye to the

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remains have since been found in the Plaine Corail caverns on Rodrigues. The American ornithologist

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there. Subsequent accounts were by Julien Tafforet, who was marooned on the island in 1726, in his

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The voyage of François Leguat of Bresse, to Rodriguez, Mauritius, Java, and the Cape of Good Hope

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from related species, indicating long-term isolation on Rodrigues and subsequent adaptation. The

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turn out be much more colourful than the female. Newton's collector, the English naturalist

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Rodrigues parrot. After this point, much of Rodrigues was severely deforested and used for

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in 1708 and was only mentioned a few times by other writers afterwards. The specific name "

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bones, and robust leg bones. Hume has suggested that they all have a common origin in the

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Hume, J. P.; van Grouw, H. (2014). "Colour aberrations in extinct and endangered birds".

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should be split into multiple genera. They placed Newton's parakeet in the new genus

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of Rodrigues, collected a female specimen; it was preserved in alcohol and given to

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Jackson, H.; Jones, C. G.; Agapow, P. M.; Tatayah, V.; Groombridge, J. J. (2015).

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Lost Land of the Dodo: an Ecological History of Mauritius, Réunion & Rodrigues

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of the species, numbered UMZC 18/Psi/67/h/2 and housed in the Cambridge Museum.

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In 2018, the American ornithologist Kaiya L. Provost and colleagues found the

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Newton, A. (1872). "On an undescribed bird from the island of Rodriguez".

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species from other islands, that survived on Rodrigues for a short time.

949: 618: 610: 461:. A. Newton scientifically described the species in 1872 and gave it the 4539: 538:, wherein he also classified other extant parakeets of Asia and Africa. 4493: 4407: 4103: 3965: 3904: 3883: 3715: 3699: 3634: 3579: 3551: 3483: 3448: 3326: 3174: 3009: 2984: 2742: 2457: 2441: 2276: 2163: 1302: 1173: 656: 640:

before the Mascarenes emerged from the sea. Other members of the genus

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of Newton's parakeet indicates it had long been isolated on Rodrigues.

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The general appearance of Newton's parakeet was similar to the extant

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for Newton's parakeet in his 1937 checklist of birds, replacing the

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has proposed that this may also be the case for all parrots there.

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Proceedings of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius

1005:(8–5 million years ago), and colonised the Mascarenes from there. 4340: 3941: 3794: 3673: 3558: 3524: 3462: 3283: 3137: 3129: 2822: 2694: 2679: 1484: 1342: 1128: 1056: 1002: 550: 507: 379: 315: 268: 1598:

Journal of the Royal Society of Arts & Sciences of Mauritius

699: 4071: 4010: 3786: 3778: 3707: 3647: 3531: 3469: 3352: 3019: 3014: 2892: 2140: 1810: 1790:. New Haven and London: T. & A. D. Poyser. pp. 46–56. 1032: 344:, but this was clearer in the male. The legs were grey and the 272: 135: 105: 4389: 3957: 3744: 3307: 2207: 1917: 1306:

Statues in Hungary of Newton's parakeet and the also extinct

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south of Rodrigues still retains the name Isle of Parrots .

1040: 1039:. It had a broad black collar running from the chin to the 1036: 1001:

lineage were the first psittaculines in Africa by the late

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tree, along with leaves. It was very tame and was able to

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than the female and possessed a reddish instead of black

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Newton's parakeet was first written about by the French

328:, a genus containing mostly green species. The male had 1844: 1842: 1425:. Vol. 1. London: Hakluyt Society. pp. 84–85. 1089:, based on his 1875 illustration of the female specimen 1372: 982:. They suggested that Psittaculinae originated in the 682:

was unable to include Newton's parakeet, as no viable

4205: 2004:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 225–227. 1648: 1098:

If the green parrots Leguat referred to were not the

1839: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1452: 3204: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 2052:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1882: 1620:"XXVII.-On the psittaci of the Mascarene Islands" 1401:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685465A93074571.en 4554: 1739: 1737: 1429: 457:, who sent it to his brother, the ornithologist 2110:Staub, F. (1973). "Birds of Rodriguez Island". 1517:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 2598: 2478:Rose-ringed parakeet (or ringnecked parakeet) 2179: 2024: 1748:. London: A & C Black. pp. 175–176. 1734: 510:were extracted from the female specimen, and 3112: 2467:Alexandrine parakeet (or Alexandrine parrot) 2027:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1617: 1210:'s 1708 maps of Rodrigues and his settlement 1062: 993:), and that the ancestral population of the 605:Many endemic Mascarene birds, including the 2018: 1743: 414:. Leguat was the leader of a group of nine 2605: 2591: 2186: 2172: 1911: 1693:. London: Hutchinson & Co. p. 65. 1683: 1677: 1613: 1611: 1123:, some Newton's parakeets may have lacked 208: 56: 29: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1955: 1876: 1785: 1762: 1554: 1527: 1399: 1111:instead have been storm-blown members of 434:, who travelled to Rodrigues to view the 4603:Species made extinct by human activities 2193: 2087:Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World 2084: 2078: 1301: 1179: 1136:specimens are known today may be due to 1106:), they might perhaps have been a green 1074: 1012: 698: 557:extracted from the female specimen, 1875 545: 406:Newton's parakeet was first recorded by 389: 16:Extinct parrot from the island Rodrigues 2612: 1608: 696:accompanying the study is shown below: 652:) of Mauritius, as well as its extinct 644:from the Mascarenes include the extant 430:, and then by the French mathematician 4555: 1999: 1982: 1703: 1697: 1560: 1533: 1510: 1414: 1288:saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise 422:between 1691 and 1693 after they were 4573:Extinct birds of Indian Ocean islands 4292: 4291: 3097: 2586: 2167: 2109: 2103: 2043: 1813:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1591: 4164: 1474: 441:In 1871, George Jenner, the British 4188: 1387:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1366: 1026:25 mm (0.98 in), and the 1017:Jossigny's other 1770s life drawing 13: 1786:Cheke, A. S.; Hume, J. P. (2008). 1636:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1876.tb06925.x 1579:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1875.tb05978.x 1548:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1872.tb05858.x 746:(Abyssinian rose-ringed parakeet) 14: 4614: 3066:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 2133: 2048:Studies of Mascarene Island Birds 1744:Hume, J. P.; Walters, M. (2012). 671:) of both Mauritius and Réunion. 482:of the species, is housed in the 4275: 4263: 4251: 4239: 4227: 4215: 4187: 4175: 4163: 4152: 4151: 4042:(New World vultures and condors) 2151: 2139: 1707:Check-List of Birds of the World 1197: 1188: 486:as specimen UMZC 18/Psi/67/h/1. 82: 2037: 1804: 1618:Newton, A.; Newton, E. (1876). 1282:. Extinct reptiles include the 1152:In 1987, the British ecologist 918:(African rose-ringed parakeet) 744:Psittacula krameri parvirostris 412:A New Voyage to the East Indies 322:in colour, which is unusual in 3098: 1642: 1585: 1504: 1408: 1284:domed Rodrigues giant tortoise 1008: 785:(Boreal rose-ringed parakeet) 769:(Indian rose-ringed parakeet) 767:Psittacula krameri manillensis 262:Rodrigues ring-necked parakeet 1: 4563:IUCN Red List extinct species 1897:10.1080/01584197.2017.1387030 1360: 1297: 711:, the closest living relative 2062:10.1017/CBO9780511735769.003 1663:10.1080/08912963.2014.886203 1561:Newton, A. (1875). "Note on 1262:, the Rodrigues parrot, the 978:, the Mascarene parrot, and 541: 7: 4593:Taxa named by Alfred Newton 4578:Bird extinctions since 1500 4106:(woodpeckers and relatives) 2353:Yellow-breasted racket-tail 1825:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.025 783:Psittacula krameri borealis 573:) has been proposed as the 484:Cambridge University Museum 394:Illustration of the female 385: 10: 4619: 3968:(cormorants and relatives) 3061:Extinct species since 1500 2358:Golden-mantled racket-tail 1710:. Vol. 3. Cambridge: 1104:Necropsittacus rodericanus 915:Psittacula krameri krameri 428:Relation de l'Île Rodrigue 291:. Several of its features 4509: 4300: 4147: 4098:(kingfishers and rollers) 4030: 3985: 3952:(albatrosses and petrels) 3924: 3895: 3866: 3845: 3836:(swifts and hummingbirds) 3818:(nightjars and relatives) 3806: 3769: 3760: 3727: 3690: 3681: 3672: 3668: 3642:(pheasants and relatives) 3617: 3541: 3500: 3438: 3410: 3386: 3362: 3335: 3256: 3243: 3200: 3173: 3169: 3108: 3104: 3093: 3089: 3028: 2931: 2831: 2781: 2708: 2638: 2625: 2543: 2455: 2406: 2371: 2305: 2274: 2239: 2219: 2205: 1933:10.11646/zootaxa.4563.3.8 1919:taxonomic implications". 1885:Emu - Austral Ornithology 1498:10.11646/zootaxa.1513.1.1 1063:Possible colour variation 911: 871: 846: 828: 821: 814: 780: 764: 757: 741: 734: 727: 720: 231: 224: 216: 207: 185: 178: 79:Scientific classification 77: 54: 45: 37: 28: 23: 3997:(seriemas and relatives) 3976:(pelicans and relatives) 2337:Blue-crowned racket-tail 2085:Greenway, J. C. (1967). 1712:Harvard University Press 1394:: e.T22685465A93074571. 953:species to group within 41:by Paul Jossigny, 1770s 4588:Birds described in 1872 4090:(hornbills and hoopoes) 4005:(falcons and relatives) 2550:(probably Psittaculini) 2534:Mascarene grey parakeet 2509:Blossom-headed parakeet 2347:Blue-winged racket-tail 2327:Blue-headed racket-tail 2266:Madarasz's tiger parrot 1964:Journal of Biogeography 1720:10.5962/bhl.title.14581 984:Australo–Pacific region 665:Mascarene grey parakeet 418:refugees who colonised 4074:(trogons and quetzals) 3886:(cranes and relatives) 3156:(emus and cassowaries) 3046:Glossary of bird terms 2858:Confuciusornithiformes 1704:Peters, J. L. (1937). 1374:BirdLife International 1334: 1311: 1251:ecological replacement 1247: 1150: 1096: 1090: 1079:Keulemans' plate from 1067:The French naturalist 1018: 945:Mascarinus marscarinus 849:Psittacula eques eques 712: 661:Psittacula eques eques 617:were lower during the 558: 451:colonial administrator 403: 400:John Gerrard Keulemans 318:was mostly greyish or 4481:Paleobiology Database 3915:(kagu and sunbittern) 3878:(gulls and relatives) 2883:Songlingornithiformes 2848:Omnivoropterygiformes 2519:Red-breasted parakeet 2514:Lord Derby's parakeet 2494:Slaty-headed parakeet 2349:(or Sulu racket-tail) 1592:Cheke, A. S. (2019). 1339:1874 Transit of Venus 1329: 1305: 1276:Rodrigues night heron 1242: 1180:Behaviour and ecology 1162:grey-headed lovebirds 1145: 1092: 1078: 1016: 832:Psittacula eques echo 702: 650:Psittacula eques echo 549: 436:1761 transit of Venus 393: 256:), also known as the 3737:Phoenicopteriformes 2529:Long-tailed parakeet 2504:Plum-headed parakeet 2499:Grey-headed parakeet 2322:Mindanao racket-tail 2292:Blue-collared parrot 2256:Painted tiger parrot 2251:Brehm's tiger parrot 2148:at Wikimedia Commons 1714:. pp. 242–246. 1475:Hume, J. P. (2007). 1053:mandibular symphysis 957:, making that genus 592:rose-ringed parakeet 567:Alexandrine parakeet 338:Alexandrine parakeet 297:rose-ringed parakeet 3708:Mesitornithiformes 3702:(doves and pigeons) 3036:Families and orders 2898:Ichthyornithiformes 2873:Patagopterygiformes 2557:Broad-billed parrot 2472:Seychelles parakeet 2383:Great-billed parrot 2342:Mindoro racket-tail 2317:Montane racket-tail 2288:(or singing parrot) 2261:Modest tiger parrot 2000:Fuller, E. (2000). 1511:Newton, A. (1875). 1415:Leguat, F. (1891). 1308:broad-billed parrot 1292:Rodrigues day gecko 1272:Rodrigues scops owl 1260:Rodrigues solitaire 1148:and the beak black. 1131:that together with 1069:Philibert Commerson 851:(Réunion parakeet) 571:Psittacula eupatria 410:in his 1708 memoir 48:Conservation status 4598:Fauna of Rodrigues 4050:(eagles and hawks) 3950:Procellariiformes 3855:Opisthocomiformes 3824:Steatornithiformes 3051:List by population 2888:Hongshanornithidae 2813:Evolution of birds 2398:Black-lored parrot 2393:Blue-backed parrot 2286:Red-cheeked parrot 2231:Blue-rumped parrot 1651:Historical Biology 1380:Alexandrinus exsul 1312: 1268:Rodrigues starling 1230:Fernelia buxifolia 1220:Cassine orientalis 1091: 1019: 986:(then part of the 713: 669:Psittacula bensoni 596:Psittacula krameri 575:founder population 559: 404: 258:Rodrigues parakeet 24:Newton's parakeet 4550: 4549: 4294:Taxon identifiers 4203: 4202: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4115: 4114: 3936:(loons or divers) 3905:Phaethontiformes 3897:Phaethontimorphae 3847:Opisthocomiformes 3816:Caprimulgiformes 3756: 3755: 3745:Podicipediformes 3664: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3382: 3381: 3165: 3164: 3122:Struthioniformes 2990:Waterfowl hunting 2923:Gastornithiformes 2918:Aepyornithiformes 2908:Lithornithiformes 2580: 2579: 2488:Newton's parakeet 2428:Tanimbar eclectus 2418:Moluccan eclectus 2388:Blue-naped parrot 2332:Green racket-tail 2144:Media related to 2096:978-0-486-21869-4 2071:978-0-521-11331-1 2011:978-0-670-81787-0 1976:10.1111/jbi.14466 1970:(10): 1753–1766. 1870:10.1111/ibi.12275 1797:978-0-7136-6544-4 1755:978-1-4081-5725-1 1238:teach it to speak 1158:sexual dimorphism 1081:Walter Rothschild 936: 935: 927: 926: 900: 899: 891: 890: 880:Newton's parakeet 860: 859: 803: 802: 794: 793: 480:holotype specimen 248:Newton's parakeet 245: 244: 239: 72: 65: (ca. 1875) 4610: 4543: 4542: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4511:Palaeornis exsul 4502: 4501: 4499:Psittacula-exsul 4489: 4488: 4476: 4475: 4463: 4462: 4450: 4449: 4437: 4436: 4424: 4423: 4411: 4410: 4398: 4397: 4385: 4384: 4372: 4371: 4362: 4361: 4349: 4348: 4346:C7B5B8044FD44F97 4336: 4335: 4334: 4332:Psittacula exsul 4321: 4320: 4319: 4302:Psittacula exsul 4289: 4288: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4268: 4267: 4266: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4244: 4243: 4232: 4231: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4211: 4191: 4190: 4179: 4167: 4166: 4155: 4154: 4107: 4099: 4091: 4083: 4080:Leptosomiformes 4075: 4067: 4059: 4051: 4048:Accipitriformes 4043: 4022: 4021:(perching birds) 4014: 4006: 3998: 3977: 3969: 3961: 3953: 3945: 3942:Sphenisciformes 3937: 3916: 3908: 3887: 3879: 3876:Charadriiformes 3858: 3837: 3819: 3798: 3790: 3787:Musophagiformes 3782: 3767: 3766: 3748: 3740: 3719: 3711: 3703: 3688: 3687: 3679: 3678: 3670: 3669: 3643: 3630: 3408: 3407: 3404: 3397: 3310: 3303: 3267: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3202: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3171: 3170: 3157: 3149: 3141: 3133: 3125: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3090: 2958:Bird collections 2913:Dinornithiformes 2818:Darwin's finches 2808:Origin of flight 2748:Seabird breeding 2738:Sexual selection 2607: 2600: 2593: 2584: 2583: 2567:Rodrigues parrot 2524:Nicobar parakeet 2438:Oceanic eclectus 2363:Buru racket-tail 2188: 2181: 2174: 2165: 2164: 2158:Psittacula exsul 2156:Data related to 2155: 2146:Psittacula exsul 2143: 2128: 2127: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2051: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2022: 2016: 2015: 1997: 1980: 1979: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1855: 1846: 1837: 1836: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1783: 1760: 1759: 1741: 1732: 1731: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1615: 1606: 1605: 1589: 1583: 1582: 1563:Palaeornis exsul 1558: 1552: 1551: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1481: 1472: 1427: 1426: 1412: 1406: 1405: 1403: 1370: 1280:Rodrigues pigeon 1201: 1192: 1154:Anthony S. Cheke 1100:Rodrigues parrot 941:Mascarene parrot 875:Psittacula exsul 835:(echo parakeet) 824: 823: 817: 816: 760: 759: 737: 736: 730: 729: 723: 722: 716: 715: 600:derived features 598:), but the many 586:species in some 520:Psittacula exsul 466:Palaeornis exsul 432:Alexandre Pingré 330:stronger colours 253:Psittacula exsul 237: 235:Palaeornis exsul 212: 194: 192:Psittacula exsul 190: 87: 86: 66: 60: 59: 33: 21: 20: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4538: 4533: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4505: 4497: 4492: 4484: 4479: 4471: 4466: 4458: 4453: 4445: 4440: 4432: 4427: 4419: 4414: 4406: 4401: 4393: 4388: 4380: 4375: 4367: 4365: 4357: 4352: 4344: 4339: 4330: 4329: 4324: 4315: 4314: 4309: 4296: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4238: 4226: 4216: 4214: 4206: 4204: 4199: 4111: 4105: 4097: 4089: 4088:Bucerotiformes 4082:(cuckoo-roller) 4081: 4073: 4065: 4057: 4049: 4041: 4040:Cathartiformes 4026: 4020: 4012: 4011:Psittaciformes 4004: 3996: 3981: 3975: 3974:Pelecaniformes 3967: 3959: 3951: 3943: 3935: 3920: 3914: 3913:Eurypygiformes 3906: 3891: 3885: 3877: 3862: 3856: 3841: 3835: 3817: 3802: 3796: 3788: 3780: 3752: 3746: 3738: 3723: 3717: 3716:Pterocliformes 3709: 3701: 3652: 3641: 3628: 3613: 3537: 3496: 3434: 3399: 3398: 3391: 3390: 3378: 3358: 3331: 3308: 3301: 3261: 3260: 3248: 3247: 3231: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3161: 3155: 3154:Casuariiformes 3147: 3146:Apterygiformes 3139: 3131: 3123: 3100: 3085: 3056:Lists by region 3024: 2934: 2927: 2868:Chaoyangiformes 2853:Jeholornithidae 2827: 2791:Origin of birds 2777: 2758:Brood parasites 2704: 2634: 2621: 2611: 2581: 2576: 2549: 2539: 2451: 2433:Papuan eclectus 2402: 2367: 2301: 2270: 2235: 2215: 2201: 2192: 2136: 2131: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2083: 2079: 2072: 2042: 2038: 2023: 2019: 2012: 1998: 1983: 1960: 1956: 1916: 1912: 1881: 1877: 1853: 1847: 1840: 1809: 1805: 1798: 1784: 1763: 1756: 1742: 1735: 1702: 1698: 1682: 1678: 1647: 1643: 1616: 1609: 1590: 1586: 1559: 1555: 1532: 1528: 1509: 1505: 1479: 1473: 1430: 1413: 1409: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1300: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1208:François Leguat 1204: 1203: 1202: 1194: 1193: 1182: 1174:aviculturalists 1166:Agapornis canus 1138:collecting bias 1065: 1011: 937: 928: 901: 892: 861: 804: 795: 638:hotspot islands 544: 516:James L. Peters 492:Henry H. Slater 463:scientific name 416:French Huguenot 408:François Leguat 388: 368:François Leguat 287:in the western 203: 196: 188: 187: 174: 81: 73: 61: 57: 50: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4616: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4544: 4531: 4515: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4490: 4477: 4464: 4451: 4438: 4425: 4412: 4399: 4386: 4373: 4363: 4350: 4337: 4322: 4306: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4285: 4284: 4272: 4260: 4248: 4236: 4224: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4185: 4173: 4161: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4109: 4101: 4096:Coraciiformes 4093: 4085: 4077: 4072:Trogoniformes 4069: 4061: 4053: 4045: 4036: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4024: 4019:Passeriformes 4016: 4008: 4003:Falconiformes 4000: 3995:Cariamiformes 3991: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3971: 3963: 3958:Ciconiiformes 3955: 3947: 3939: 3930: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3910: 3901: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3889: 3881: 3872: 3870: 3868:Cursorimorphae 3864: 3863: 3861: 3860: 3851: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3839: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3812: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3800: 3792: 3784: 3775: 3773: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3750: 3742: 3733: 3731: 3729:Mirandornithes 3725: 3724: 3722: 3721: 3713: 3705: 3700:Columbiformes 3696: 3694: 3692:Columbimorphae 3685: 3676: 3666: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3637: 3632: 3627:Meleagridinae 3623: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3611: 3604: 3597: 3590: 3583: 3576: 3569: 3562: 3555: 3547: 3545: 3543:Odontophoridae 3539: 3538: 3536: 3535: 3528: 3521: 3514: 3506: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3494: 3487: 3480: 3473: 3466: 3459: 3452: 3444: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3416: 3414: 3405: 3384: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3376: 3368: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3356: 3349: 3341: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3322:Stictonettinae 3319: 3317:Dendrocygninae 3314: 3313: 3312: 3305: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3270: 3268: 3251: 3238: 3195: 3167: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3159: 3151: 3143: 3135: 3127: 3118: 3116: 3102: 3101: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3070:Notable birds 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3022: 3020:Egg collecting 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2939: 2937: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2903:Hesperornithes 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2878:Ambiortiformes 2875: 2870: 2865: 2863:Enantiornithes 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2837: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2787: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2714: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2666: 2665: 2655: 2650: 2644: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2632: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2610: 2609: 2602: 2595: 2587: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2574: 2571:Necropsittacus 2564: 2561:Lophopsittacus 2553: 2551: 2546:incertae sedis 2541: 2540: 2538: 2537: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2461: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2449: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2423:Sumba eclectus 2420: 2414: 2412: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2379: 2377: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2313: 2311: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2282: 2280: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2247: 2245: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2217: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2203: 2202: 2191: 2190: 2183: 2176: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2160:at Wikispecies 2149: 2135: 2134:External links 2132: 2130: 2129: 2102: 2095: 2077: 2070: 2036: 2017: 2010: 1981: 1954: 1910: 1875: 1864:(3): 496–510. 1838: 1819:(1): 296–305. 1803: 1796: 1761: 1754: 1733: 1696: 1685:Rothschild, W. 1676: 1641: 1630:(3): 281–289. 1607: 1584: 1573:(3): 342–343. 1553: 1526: 1503: 1428: 1407: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1351:James Greenway 1299: 1296: 1264:Rodrigues rail 1206: 1205: 1196: 1195: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1064: 1061: 1010: 1007: 988:supercontinent 934: 933: 930: 929: 925: 924: 921: 920: 910: 907: 906: 903: 902: 898: 897: 894: 893: 889: 888: 885: 884: 870: 867: 866: 863: 862: 858: 857: 854: 853: 845: 842: 841: 838: 837: 827: 822: 820: 815: 813: 810: 809: 806: 805: 801: 800: 797: 796: 792: 791: 788: 787: 779: 776: 775: 772: 771: 763: 758: 756: 753: 752: 749: 748: 740: 735: 733: 728: 726: 721: 719: 714: 565:features, the 543: 540: 518:used the name 387: 384: 243: 242: 241: 240: 229: 228: 222: 221: 214: 213: 205: 204: 197: 183: 182: 176: 175: 167: 165: 161: 160: 153: 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 136:Psittaciformes 133: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 75: 74: 55: 52: 51: 46: 43: 42: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4615: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4283: 4273: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4223: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4196: 4195: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4150: 4149: 4146: 4108: 4102: 4100: 4094: 4092: 4086: 4084: 4078: 4076: 4070: 4068: 4062: 4060: 4056:Strigiformes 4054: 4052: 4046: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4015: 4009: 4007: 4001: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3970: 3964: 3962: 3956: 3954: 3948: 3946: 3940: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3909: 3907:(tropicbirds) 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3830: 3829:Podargiformes 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3791: 3785: 3783: 3779:Cuculiformes 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3712: 3706: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3479: 3478: 3477:Macrocephalon 3474: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3389: 3385: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3364:Anseranatidae 3361: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3304: 3299: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3255: 3252: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3203: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3172: 3168: 3158: 3152: 3150: 3144: 3142: 3138:Tinamiformes 3136: 3134: 3128: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3114:Palaeognathae 3111: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 3000:Pigeon racing 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2842:Archaeopteryx 2839: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2596: 2594: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2483:Echo parakeet 2481: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2223: 2218: 2212: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2184: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2106: 2098: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2073: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2049: 2040: 2032: 2028: 2021: 2013: 2007: 2003: 2002:Extinct Birds 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1958: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1879: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1852: 1845: 1843: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1807: 1799: 1793: 1789: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1757: 1751: 1747: 1746:Extinct Birds 1740: 1738: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1700: 1692: 1691: 1690:Extinct Birds 1686: 1680: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1645: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1614: 1612: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1588: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1557: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1530: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1507: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1478: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1417:Oliver, S. P. 1411: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1375: 1369: 1365: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1322: 1317: 1316:deforestation 1309: 1304: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1255: 1252: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1209: 1200: 1191: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1149: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1116: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1095: 1088: 1087: 1086:Extinct Birds 1083:'s 1907 book 1082: 1077: 1073: 1070: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1015: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 989: 985: 981: 977: 972: 970: 969: 964: 960: 956: 952: 951: 946: 942: 932: 931: 923: 922: 919: 917: 916: 909: 908: 905: 904: 896: 895: 887: 886: 883: 881: 877: 876: 869: 868: 865: 864: 856: 855: 852: 850: 844: 843: 840: 839: 836: 834: 833: 826: 825: 819: 818: 812: 811: 808: 807: 799: 798: 790: 789: 786: 784: 778: 777: 774: 773: 770: 768: 762: 761: 755: 754: 751: 750: 747: 745: 739: 738: 732: 731: 725: 724: 718: 717: 710: 706: 705:echo parakeet 701: 697: 695: 690: 685: 681: 677: 676:genetic study 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 655: 651: 647: 646:echo parakeet 643: 639: 635: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 563:morphological 556: 552: 548: 539: 537: 536: 531: 530: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 499: 497: 493: 487: 485: 481: 477: 476: 471: 467: 464: 460: 459:Alfred Newton 456: 452: 449:, a British 448: 447:Edward Newton 444: 439: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 401: 398:specimen, by 397: 392: 383: 381: 377: 373: 369: 366: 361: 359: 355: 351: 350:colour morphs 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 326: 321: 317: 312: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 267: 263: 259: 255: 254: 249: 236: 233: 232: 230: 227: 223: 220: 215: 211: 206: 201: 195: 193: 184: 181: 180:Binomial name 177: 173: 172: 171:P. exsul 166: 163: 162: 159: 158: 154: 151: 150: 147: 146:Psittaculidae 144: 141: 140: 137: 134: 131: 130: 127: 124: 121: 120: 117: 114: 111: 110: 107: 104: 101: 100: 97: 94: 91: 90: 85: 80: 76: 70: 64: 53: 49: 44: 40: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 4510: 4301: 4282:Paleontology 4192: 4180: 4168: 4156: 4066:(mousebirds) 4064:Coliiformes 3934:Gaviiformes 3926:Aequornithes 3834:Apodiformes 3795:Otidiformes 3771:Otidimorphae 3718:(sandgrouse) 3640:Phasianinae 3606: 3599: 3592: 3587:Odontophorus 3585: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3557: 3550: 3530: 3523: 3516: 3509: 3489: 3482: 3475: 3468: 3461: 3454: 3447: 3425:Oreophasinae 3371: 3351: 3344: 3249:(waterfowls) 3245:Anseriformes 2995:Cockfighting 2980:Conservation 2975:Bird feeding 2963:Birdwatching 2953:Ornithomancy 2893:Gansuiformes 2840: 2833:Fossil birds 2723:Intelligence 2570: 2560: 2544: 2487: 2456: 2407: 2372: 2306: 2275: 2240: 2220: 2206: 2199:Psittaculini 2115: 2111: 2105: 2086: 2080: 2047: 2039: 2030: 2026: 2020: 2001: 1967: 1963: 1957: 1924: 1920: 1913: 1888: 1884: 1878: 1861: 1857: 1816: 1812: 1806: 1787: 1745: 1706: 1699: 1689: 1679: 1654: 1650: 1644: 1627: 1623: 1601: 1597: 1587: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1556: 1539: 1535: 1529: 1520: 1516: 1506: 1489: 1483: 1421: 1410: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1368: 1355:France Staub 1348: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1313: 1310:of Mauritius 1258:such as the 1256: 1248: 1243: 1235: 1228: 1218: 1215: 1172:are bred by 1169: 1165: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1117: 1112: 1108:colour morph 1103: 1097: 1093: 1084: 1066: 1047: 1045: 1020: 998: 994: 979: 975: 973: 968:Alexandrinus 966: 962: 959:paraphyletic 954: 948: 944: 938: 913: 912: 879: 874: 873: 872: 848: 847: 830: 829: 782: 781: 766: 765: 743: 742: 673: 668: 660: 649: 641: 634:Psittaculini 604: 595: 588:osteological 583: 578: 570: 560: 533: 527: 519: 500: 488: 473: 469: 465: 440: 427: 411: 405: 371: 362: 358:mimic speech 354:bois d'olive 323: 313: 299:of the same 289:Indian Ocean 261: 257: 252: 251: 247: 246: 238:Newton, 1872 234: 217:Location of 191: 186: 170: 169: 156: 39:Life drawing 18: 4416:iNaturalist 4326:Wikispecies 4194:WikiProject 4104:Piciformes 3987:Australaves 3966:Suliformes 3884:Gruiformes 3739:(flamingos) 3648:Tetraoninae 3619:Phasianidae 3608:Rhynchortyx 3573:Dactylortyx 3440:Megapodidae 3430:Penelopinae 3388:Galliformes 3130:Rheiformes 3124:(ostriches) 3074:individuals 2948:Ornithology 2935:interaction 2690:Preen gland 2446:prehistoric 2374:Tanygnathus 2308:Prioniturus 2297:Song parrot 2242:Psittacella 1891:(1): 7–21. 1009:Description 980:Tanygnathus 950:Tanygnathus 663:), and the 619:Pleistocene 611:Julian Hume 4568:Psittacula 4557:Categories 4526:Q109563395 4494:Xeno-canto 4270:Madagascar 3944:(penguins) 3797:(bustards) 3635:Perdicinae 3580:Dendrortyx 3552:Callipepla 3484:Megapodius 3449:Aepypodius 3327:Tadorninae 3309:true geese 3140:(tinamous) 3099:Neornithes 3010:Pheasantry 2985:Aviculture 2753:Incubation 2743:Lek mating 2569:† (genus: 2559:† (genus: 2458:Psittacula 2277:Geoffroyus 2033:: 168–193. 1927:(3): 547. 1361:References 1298:Extinction 1290:, and the 1278:, and the 1170:Psittacula 1113:Psittacula 1048:Psittacula 999:Mascarinus 995:Psittacula 976:Psittacula 963:Psittacula 955:Psittacula 707:of nearby 678:of parrot 657:subspecies 642:Psittacula 615:Sea levels 584:Psittacula 579:Psittacula 535:Psittacula 529:Palaeornis 443:magistrate 325:Psittacula 320:slate blue 283:island of 157:Psittacula 4583:Parakeets 4013:(parrots) 3857:(hoatzin) 3808:Strisores 3789:(turacos) 3781:(cuckoos) 3710:(mesites) 3629:(turkeys) 3601:Philortyx 3518:Agelastes 3511:Acryllium 3502:Numididae 3491:Talegalla 3401:gamebirds 3394:landfowls 3373:Anseranas 3337:Anhimidae 3296:Anserinae 3079:fictional 2801:dinosaurs 2796:Theropoda 2783:Evolution 2728:Migration 2710:Behaviour 2222:Psittinus 2118:: 28–29. 1671:128901896 1542:: 31–34. 1321:livestock 1254:species. 1133:eumelanin 1125:psittacin 709:Mauritius 694:cladogram 680:phylogeny 627:radiation 561:Based on 542:Evolution 512:subfossil 455:Mauritius 420:Rodrigues 305:Mauritius 285:Rodrigues 281:Mascarene 275:that was 219:Rodrigues 164:Species: 102:Kingdom: 96:Eukaryota 4540:11331662 4520:Wikidata 4460:22685465 4434:11213939 4359:22685465 4354:BirdLife 4311:Wikidata 4158:Category 4032:Afroaves 3960:(storks) 3762:Passerea 3747:(grebes) 3683:Columbea 3594:Oreortyx 3566:Cyrtonyx 3456:Alectura 3420:Cracinae 3412:Cracidae 3289:Oxyurini 3279:Aythyini 3274:Anatinae 3258:Anatidae 3005:Falconry 2968:big year 2823:Seabirds 2733:Foraging 2680:Feathers 2409:Eclectus 1949:91969786 1941:31716534 1905:52995298 1833:22019932 1728:41950882 1687:(1907). 1657:(2): 1. 1604:: 48–56. 1523:: 39–43. 1492:: 4–29. 1376:(2016). 1343:cyclones 1245:Flemish. 1121:mutation 991:Gondwana 623:pectoral 577:for all 555:mandible 504:mandible 496:paratype 424:marooned 396:holotype 386:Taxonomy 380:cyclones 376:holotype 365:Huguenot 293:diverged 264:, is an 226:Synonyms 142:Family: 116:Chordata 112:Phylum: 106:Animalia 92:Domain: 69:IUCN 3.1 4473:1560314 4408:5229073 4395:newpar2 4369:newpar2 4341:Avibase 4317:Q634873 4246:Biology 4234:Animals 4208:Portals 4170:Commons 3674:Neoaves 3559:Colinus 3525:Guttera 3463:Eulipoa 3284:Mergini 3148:(kiwis) 3132:(rheas) 2943:Ringing 2768:Hybrids 2763:Nesting 2718:Singing 2695:Plumage 2670:Dactyly 2640:Anatomy 2630:Outline 2620:: Aves) 2442:extinct 2124:6800045 1921:Zootaxa 1485:Zootaxa 1419:(ed.). 1129:pigment 1057:humerus 1003:Miocene 674:A 2011 654:Réunion 629:of the 551:Sternum 508:sternum 316:plumage 309:Réunion 279:to the 277:endemic 269:species 266:extinct 202:, 1872) 189:† 168:† 152:Genus: 132:Order: 122:Class: 67: ( 63:Extinct 4486:371632 4447:554891 4258:Africa 4182:Portal 4058:(owls) 3532:Numida 3470:Leipoa 3353:Chauna 3346:Anhima 3041:Genera 3015:Imping 2933:Human 2773:Colony 2700:Vision 2685:Flight 2195:Tribus 2122: 2093: 2068: 2008: 1947: 1939: 1903: 1831: 1794: 1752: 1726: 1669: 1286:, the 1274:, the 1270:, the 1266:, the 1033:slatey 1028:tarsus 1024:culmen 947:) and 402:, 1875 273:parrot 200:Newton 4429:IRMNG 4421:18909 4390:eBird 4382:4PKCG 4366:BOW: 4222:Birds 3302:swans 3264:ducks 3234:fowls 3029:Lists 2653:Brain 2618:class 2614:Birds 2440:† ₴ ( 2208:Genus 2056:–89. 1945:S2CID 1901:S2CID 1854:(PDF) 1724:S2CID 1667:S2CID 1480:(PDF) 1225:shrub 689:clade 631:tribe 532:with 526:name 524:genus 470:Exsul 372:exsul 301:genus 4535:GBIF 4468:NCBI 4455:IUCN 4442:ITIS 4403:GBIF 2675:Eggs 2663:milk 2658:Crop 2648:Beak 2120:OCLC 2091:ISBN 2066:ISBN 2006:ISBN 1937:PMID 1925:4563 1858:Ibis 1829:PMID 1792:ISBN 1750:ISBN 1624:Ibis 1567:Ibis 1536:Ibis 1521:1875 1490:1513 1392:2016 1127:, a 1041:nape 1037:cere 703:The 607:dodo 553:and 506:and 475:Ibis 346:iris 342:nape 334:beak 307:and 126:Aves 4377:CoL 2444:or 2058:doi 2031:134 1972:doi 1929:doi 1893:doi 1889:118 1866:doi 1862:157 1821:doi 1716:doi 1659:doi 1632:doi 1575:doi 1565:". 1544:doi 1494:doi 1396:doi 684:DNA 468:. 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