New Zealand bellbird

1160: 2200:. The bellbirds initially dispersed a few kilometres into the valley but gradually disappeared with no reports after 1946. During the second mainland release in March 1983 at Shakespear Regional Park, 22 birds were set free. Only one nest was reported, and soon after, bellbirds disappeared, with some observed returning to their home island of Tiritiri Matangi. Similar outcomes were seen in a few other release attempts, where bellbirds vanished shortly after being released. As of 2012, a few more reintroductions were in progress. The cause of failures of reintroductions of bellbirds is often difficult to determine, but predation by mammalian predators, mainly ship rats, is thought to be a critical factor. There is a potential possibility to 2099: 1588: 778: 1568: 1984: 1664: 1951: 1272: 31: 1894: 1391: 586: 80: 2181: 1943:

resources. Bellbirds sing throughout the day but are especially active in the early morning and evening. The male's song features three distinct sounds reminiscent of chiming bells. The dawn song typically includes 2 to 6 pure, bell-like notes, sometimes interspersed with quieter tones, and can last between 10 to 40 minutes, particularly at dawn and during the breeding season. While singing, the male stretches his neck and fluffs his feathers. Singing males often join together in

2086:, which was introduced from Europe together with some non-native bird species. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that offshore island populations were not as affected (the Great Barrier, with its highly modified habitat, represents an exception), and bellbirds have survived in some mainland habitats with the same pressure of introduced mammals until present day. However, challenging the "disease hypothesis" is the observation that the probable disease organisms and their 6650: 1636:

They stay close to the nest in dense vegetation, where their parents continue to feed them. After about 3 days, the young birds begin to forage on their own, becoming fully independent in approximately another week or two. On Tiritiri Matangi, nest success was 44 %, primarily hindered by predation and nest abandonment, contributing to the relatively low reproductive success. Bellbirds can begin breeding in their first year and can live at least eight years.

2216: 55: 1660:. For most of the year, they feed on nectar from a large variety of native and, more recently, exotic plant species. However, in autumn, when nectar and honeydew are scarce, they eat more fruit. Females tend to consume more insects than males, likely because the more aggressive males exclude them from feeding territories. Fruit is typically consumed whole, with diameters mostly below 6 mm and occasionally up to 10 mm. 5760: 6638: 2443:) to ensure that "the child might have a sweet voice, and become an admired orator". Such customs varied across the country. In some birth ceremonies, the bellbird was released alive rather than being cooked and eaten. Occasionally, a young chief was given bellbird meat as he grew to adulthood, with the hope that he would become a successful orator. A well-spoken orator was often simply called a 2076:. In the South Island, bellbird numbers in Canterbury did not reach their lowest point until 1900. While bellbirds declined across New Zealand's main islands, the impact was most pronounced in the North Island. After 1910, bellbird numbers in Canterbury started to surge. A comparable recovery, albeit earlier, occurred in many North Island areas apart from northern areas like Northland. 1864:). They obtain insects by gleaning them from all parts of a tree or by hawking. During the breeding season, they are territorial and forage alone. After breeding, they are typically solitary, even though multiple individuals may forage in the same tree simultaneously; each defends its own foraging territory within the tree. Bellbirds play an important part in 1584:

non-territorial and, especially in autumn, joined flocks of juveniles and immature birds. During breeding, bellbirds vigorously defend their territories, with females willing to physically attack intruders. Sometimes, females attempt to distract approaching predators by falling to the ground and flapping away through dense undergrowth.

1912: 2172:)). Ship rats are believed to be the primary reason for the extinction of the Chatham Island bellbird, which is another reason to suspect that they also played a significant role in the population decline of New Zealand bellbirds. Some other research also points to ship rats or introduced mammalian predators in general. 2496:

leaves. The fowler would then set up a low-lying horizontal perch snare above the shelter and attract bellbirds by imitating their calls, using a leaf held between the lips. Once a bird landed on the perch, the fowler would strike it. A method of catching live bellbirds involved using a trap called a

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Despite the bellbirds' widespread presence on the New Zealand mainland, their populations remain low due to the impact of mammalian predators like rats and stoats. Invasive mammalian predators are the main threats to bellbirds. In beech forest the main predator is the stoat, while in non-beech forest

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from twigs, moss and fibres, lining it with fine grasses, wool and feathers. While the nest is usually situated in a tree, on some islands it may be located in a rock or trunk cavity. On a tree, it could be placed from ground level to about 15 m high. On Tiritiri Matangi, most nests were placed under

1942:

who thought that "it seemed to be like small bells most exquisitely tuned". Bellbird song varies regionally and is somewhat similar to the song of the tūī but it doesn't include harsh grunts, clicks and wheezes. Bellbirds utilise their song throughout the year to defend breeding territories and food

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Usually both parents feed the chicks, though sometimes only females feed the chicks or do the majority of feeding. The female broods the chicks for about 5–6 days, spending all night and about half of the day doing so; after this period, she only broods at night. Chicks fledge after around 19 days.

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Courtship occurs in August and September, during which a pair of bellbirds can be seen chasing each other or singing together. Male courtship behaviour includes hovering or slowly ascending with his body in a vertical position, producing a whirring sound with his wings. Courtship feeding sometimes

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Bare parts of males and females are the same. The bill is black and slightly curved downwards. Legs are grey-black, claws brown. Similar to other honeyeaters, bellbirds have a brush-like tongue that is used to collect nectar deeply from flowers. The tongue is longitudinally grooved, and its tip is

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reaches densities of 71 birds per hectare. However, this figure was derived from a study area of only 0.45 hectares, and therefore may not accurately reflect the entire 66-hectare island. On the predator-free Great Island in the Three Kings Islands, the density of bellbirds was estimated to be 16

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and continuing below the eye. Upperparts are dark olive-brown with dark brown uppertail and olive-edged outer webs. The upperwing is mostly dark olive-brown with dark brown inner webs and olive outer edges. Underparts are mostly olive-brown with a patch of pale yellow feathers on the flanks, less

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Bellbirds measure about 17–20 cm in length, with females weighing approximately 25 g and males 33 g. Males are mostly olive-green with paler underparts, and bluish-black wings and tail. Females are paler and browner. Like other honeyeaters, the bellbird has a brush-like tongue that

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A juvenile male is similar to an adult male but is duller with very little to no iridescence. A juvenile female is even paler and greyer than a juvenile male. Unlike adults, juvenile bellbirds don't have their primaries notched. Nestlings are initially born without feathers but quickly develop a

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Song types differ significantly between the sexes, with males singing several structurally distinct types of songs, while females produce overlapping types in structure. Joint singing at dawn, as noted by Sir Joseph Banks in Queen Charlotte Sound during James Cook's first voyage to New Zealand,

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and establish long-term bonds. They keep the same territory each year. On Poor Knight Islands, adult males were defending their territories year-round. During the breeding season, a female shared a male's territory and helped defend it by chasing away other bellbirds. After breeding, she became

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areas the main predator is likely the ship rat. In areas of the mainland where bellbirds are found, their numbers are typically lower compared to predator-free islands. Although possums have not been shown to directly kill bellbirds, they compete with them for food resources. Introduced social

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Bellbirds were once widespread across New Zealand in high numbers. At the time of European arrival, they were one of the most common birds. Bellbird populations have suffered significant declines due to the destruction of native forests (initiated by Māori and perpetuated by Europeans) and the

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had been present in New Zealand since the 1820s, making it unlikely that an avian disease would cause the sudden bellbird's decline a few decades later. Moreover, further evidence supporting a sudden spread of disease is lacking, and widespread sudden decrease in other

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I remember the time, not very long ago, when the Maori lads would come out of the woods with hundreds of Korimakos hung around them in strings; now one scarcely ever hears the bird: formerly they swarmed in the northern woods by thousands ; now they are well nigh

1627:. In contrast, bellbirds from the Poor Knights Islands lay eggs from late September to late November and usually have only one brood. Females lay 3–4 eggs at daily intervals. The eggs measure approximately 23×16 mm and are pinkish with red-brown spots. Only females 1947:. Their full song includes a variety of sounds, such as clonks, chonks, quiet notes, and harsh noises. The female sings with quite pure frequency, producing songs of 7 to 15 notes. She can engage in countersinging with other females or perform duets with her mate. 1224:

divided into four segments. The end of each segment is equipped with fine hair-like structures that form the final brush. In both sexes, the ninth primary feather is notched. Sometimes, the eighth or tenth or all three mentioned primaries are notched too.

1970:. Bellbirds can control the production of these sounds and tūī, a major food competitor, can also make them. The wing whirling sounds are connected to the expression of aggression on feeding territories, territory defence but also courtship displays. 2894: 2283:. The decline is most prominent in lowland areas under 1000 metres in elevation. A 2022 study of New Zealand garden birds concluded that bellbird numbers are stable or locally increasing. Known increases of bellbirds in some areas like Christchurch 2051:). Sometime between the 1860s and about 1900, bellbird numbers declined very dramatically, prompting many ornithologists to search for reasons beyond deforestation and introduced mammals. The prominent New Zealand ornithologist of the 19th century, 2129:, infamous for its rat infestation, yet discovered a thriving bellbird population there. Later authors suggested that rats still may have caused the decline of the bellbirds and that the rats Buller saw on Motutaiko Island were in fact either 1910: 1959:

occurs primarily at dawn and dusk in areas with a high density of bellbirds and few other bird species. This phenomenon is only heard when many bellbirds are present at the same time. Their alarm call is a rapidly repeated set of harsh

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the eggs, while males defend the territory. Incubation lasts approximately 13–15 days, starting with the last egg laid. Occasionally, the male may feed the incubating female, but she also leaves the nest to forage independently.

2370:). In addition to proverbs highlighting the bellbird's singing abilities, some compare the restless nature of female bellbirds, who are constantly on the move, to that of irresponsible or even promiscuous women. An example is " 1519:

locally. Seasonal migrations were recorded between bush in the winter and summer coastal forest, or between river beds and urban areas. They are also capable of moving between offshore islands and the mainland. Bellbirds from

1903: 546:: "Their voices were certainly the most melodious wild musick I have ever heard, almost imitating small bells but with the most tuneable silver sound imaginable". It is assumed that the chorus was created by bellbirds. 5135: 5185:

Forest lore of the Māori : with methods of snaring, trapping, and preserving birds and rats, uses of berries, roots, fern-root, and forest products, with mythological notes on origins, karakia used

2505:, which was a long, thin rod ending with a short horizontal section and a loop at the end of a long string. The trap's design allowed the trapper to close the loop when a bird landed on the end of the 1220:

prominent than in adult males, and pale olive to off-white vent and undertail-coverts. The undertail is brownish grey, and the underwing resembles that of an adult male. The iris of a female is brown.

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The modification of the ninth, sometimes also eight or tenth primaries allow bellbirds to make a specific whirring sound during flight. The wing sound frequencies can vary, usually staying below 1000

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during a child's naming ceremony, a bellbird was cooked in a small, specially dedicated oven. Shortly after cooking, this "sweetest singing bird of New Zealand" was ritually eaten by a chief priest (

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differs from the nominate female by having a greener sheen on the head and neck, and a green-blue sheen on the crown, forehead, nape, and ear coverts. Compared to mainland birds, males of the subsp.

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but may leave to feed at nearby food sources. Outside of this period, they are solitary and nomadic. The bellbird's flight is noisy and direct. While some populations are residential, some may

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and undertail-coverts are pale yellow to off-white, and the thighs are grey. The underwing is mainly grey with a dark olive leading edge, pale-yellow secondary coverts, and a brown tint to the

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are "naturally uncommon". According to IUCN and a 2010 study, the overall bellbird population is suspected to be in decline as a result of predation by introduced mammals and ongoing

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leaves and placing them in a shallow hole, about 15 cm deep. They were then covered with ashes and earth until cooked, ensuring that the juices, fat, and aromas were sealed in.

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bellbirds to areas of their former abundance. The first reintroduction occurred in 1932 when Auckland Zoological Society released 15 bellbirds from Little Barrier Island in the

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considered the decline to be caused by "cats, rats, bees and bush-fires." Buller mentioned that some Māori from Northland believed that the decline was caused by an introduced

620:, where he lived before and after the voyage. He erroneously wrote in the description that the specimen was from the Cape of Good Hope (in the original text he used the Cape's 3689: 4914:

Kelly, Dave; Brindle, Chelsea; Ladley, Jenny J.; Robertson, Alastair W.; Maddigan, Fraser W.; Butler, Jeff; Ward-Smith, Tamsin; Murphy, David J.; Sessions, Laura A. (2005).

4298: 2520:). The bellbirds were plucked, but their internal organs were left intact to infuse a special flavour. Another cooking method involved wrapping the bellbirds in large 2144:

Ship rats were introduced in northern New Zealand in the mid-19th century, and their rapid spread south indeed coincided with the decline of bellbirds (and some other

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The decline started in the north of the country and moved south. By 1870, bellbirds had vanished from Northland and between 1868 and 1878 they had disappeared from

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symbolises the vitality of the land and its people. The proverb signifies that individuals will thrive if they receive the right support. New Zealand missionary

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has more blue sheen on its head, and feathers on some upper parts (nape, forehead, crown, ear coverts, chin, and throat) have a violet sheen. Female subspecies

570:. He mentioned that the bellbird "has an agreeable note" and that because of its ability to imitate the notes of other birds, "it was called by the English the 741:. The English common name "bellbird" originates from the imaginative similarity of one of its notes to the distant ringing of a bell. The subspecies epithet 5161: 5096: 3516: 1188:

g. Males have an olive-green body with a dark purplish sheen on their head. Their belly and flanks are lighter. The uppertail is black-brown with a narrow

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of the genus. This classification has been widely accepted since then. For a long time, the New Zealand bellbird was the sole representative of the genus

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occurs, during which the male feeds the female. Courtship behaviour intensifies as they get closer to nest building. The female constructs a cup-shaped

3858: 507:, allowing them to produce specific whirring sounds in flight that they utilise during courtship and territorial defence. The bellbird is regarded as 4397: 2838:

Museum Carlsonianum, in quo novas et selectas aves, coloribus ad vivum brevique descriptione illustratas, suasu et sumtibus generosissimi possessoris

4534: 2756: 2895:"The extant type specimens of birds from New Zealand and the Society Islands collected on Cook's second voyage and described by Anders Sparrman in 6827: 5368: 2256: 6866: 7020: 578:

until a 1790 publication, assigned it to the Creeper genus and named the species the Mocking Creeper. The specimen he described was in the

3064: 2679: 632:). In the past, mislabelling specimens was quite common and Sparrman made exactly the same mistake with two other New Zealand birds, the 4658: 4635: 854:), another New Zealand endemic bird, was originally considered to be a honeyeater also, but it is now believed to constitute its own 6992: 6801: 4773:

Lester, Phil; Beggs, Jacqueline; Brown, Bob; Edwards, Eric; Groenteman, Ronny; Toft, Richard; Twidle, Andrew; Ward, Darren (2013).

2264: 2252:), have been found to significantly diminish the availability of honeydew drops, which are an important food source for bellbirds. 1367:

can get occasional winter female visitors from nearby offshore islands, and small pocket populations exist in some places north of

834:. The Chatham bellbird is now recognised as a separate species and a second member of the genus. The New Zealand bellbird and the 6840: 3531: 2674: 1215:

is duller and much browner than adult males. The gloss on the head is bluish, and there is a narrow white stripe starting at the

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study from 2017 identified the Chatham bellbird as the closest relative to the New Zealand bellbird. Both species constitute a

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in London, but has been lost, which probably happened when the Leverian collection was broken up and sold by auction in 1806.

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Bellbirds can gather food from all levels of the forest. They may also forage in flocks with other bird species, such as the

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went extinct in the early 20th century. The bellbird's closest living relative is the only other New Zealand honeyeater, the

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that drove away the bellbirds from their flowers. Buller originally believed that the decline was caused by introduced

1783:) and many others. Similar to nectar, fruit can be obtained from numerous species of trees and shrubs, such as karamū ( 1251:

has slightly darker plumage than the nominate male, and its sheen on the upper body parts is violet. The female subsp.

1551:). In the Auckland Islands, bellbirds were the most commonly eaten prey of falcons. Bellbirds can also be attacked by 5284: 4671: 3296:

Marki, Petter Z.; Jønsson, Knud A.; Irestedt, Martin; Nguyen, Jacqueline M.T.; Rahbek, Carsten; Fjeldså, Jon (2017).

3196:"Systematic affinities of two enigmatic New Zealand passerines of high conservation priority, the hihi or stitchbird 3124:

A list of the genera of birds, with an indication of the typical species of each genus, compiled from various sources

645: 4176: 1159: 7035: 6871: 6520: 6243: 2708: 4775:"The outlook for control of New Zealand's most abundant, widespread and damaging invertebrate pests: social wasps" 440:, which was much noted by early European settlers. Exceptional singing abilities were already observed by Captain 4865:

MacLeod, Catriona J.; Green, Peter; Howard, Simon; Gormley, Andrew M.; Brandt, Angela J.; Spurr, Eric B. (2022).

4535:"Ship rat, stoat and possum control on mainland New Zealand: An overview of techniques, successes and challenges" 1938:

The New Zealand bellbirds have a distinctive vocal repertoire. Its pronounced singing voice was noted already by

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Driskell, Amy; Christidis, Les; Gill, B. J.; Boles, Walter E.; Barker, F. Keith; Longmore, N. W. (28 May 2007).

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The main cause of this sharp decline remains unclear and could differ in certain areas across New Zealand.

1336: 4389: 6752: 5257: 5011: 4090:"Magpie interactions with other birds in New Zealand: results from a literature review and public survey" 3298:"Supermatrix phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian Meliphagides radiation (Aves: Passeriformes)" 2428: 1359:, but occasionally visits the nearby mainland of eastern Northland. Bellbirds are almost absent north of 563: 555: 6757: 777: 6628: 6591: 5665: 4829: 4727: 2599: 531: 338: 246: 4585: 4477: 3195: 2652: 1387:. In their native forest habitat, bellbirds can be abundant and are more widely distributed than tūī. 79: 6891: 6731: 6432: 3128: 2836: 2149: 433: 4688: 3888: 3557: 3354: 3156: 6550: 6444: 6011: 5999: 5228: 3927: 1810: 1376: 452:

from deep flowers. The species is common across much of New Zealand, its offshore islands, and the

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Elliott, Graeme P.; Wilson, Peter R.; Taylor, Rowley H.; Beggs, Jacqueline R. (1 September 2010).

6064: 6052: 5800: 4689:"Effect of introduced social wasps on the standing crop of honeydew in New Zealand beech forests" 3297: 2300: 2292: 1919: 1600: 1433:-hardwood lowland forests with diverse vegetation. It is typically found in forests dominated by 1320: 1300: 656: 641: 547: 292: 234: 6930: 2488:

tree. During direct hunting, a fowler would hide in a shelter made from vegetation such as fern

1372: 1328: 574:". Latham, who at that time created English names for species, and did not start applying Latin 6832: 6739: 6666: 6324: 5975: 5706: 2193: 1704: 590: 6858: 6562: 5970: 5965: 5853: 5240:

Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 5: Tyrant-flycatchers to chats

2669: 1587: 7025: 6925: 6603: 6427: 6422: 6312: 6156: 6028: 5987: 5629: 5183: 5110: 2525: 2288: 2260: 2201: 1874: 1818: 1802: 1760: 1525: 1308: 611: 262: 174: 6917: 3259:"A new endemic family of New Zealand passerine birds: adding heat to a biodiversity hotspot" 644:

was later corrected to Queen Charlotte Sound. Parts of Carlson's collection ended up in the

6744: 6718: 6713: 6253: 5938: 5566: 5465: 5377: 4878: 4739: 4597: 4347:"The song structure and seasonal patterns of vocal behaviour of male and female bellbirds ( 3309: 3215: 2493: 2073: 1712: 1653: 1623:

Mainland bellbirds generally lay eggs between September and January, typically raising two

1592: 1450: 1442: 1434: 1356: 1143: 746: 616:

in Sweden, which held birds that Sparrman had collected on the voyage with Cook and at the

480: 2634:(5th ed.). Wellington: Ornithological Society of New Zealand. 2022. pp. 203–204. 8: 6383: 6371: 5836: 5824: 5788: 5489: 4817: 4251:"Foods and Foraging of Forest Birds in Temperate Rainforest, South Westland, New Zealand" 3807:"Assessing natural dispersal of New Zealand bellbirds using song type and song playbacks" 3558:"Wing noises, wing slots, and aggression in New Zealand honeyeaters (Aves: Meliphagidae)" 3122: 2576: 2453: 2280: 2137:, which do not climb trees frequently, and the sharp decline was caused by tree-climbing 1987: 1794: 1768: 1736: 1672: 1663: 1580: 598: 579: 543: 488: 44: 4882: 4743: 4601: 3971:"A Bird Census and Some Recent Observations on Birds on Great Island, Three Kings Group" 3313: 3219: 2380:) which could describe an irresponsible woman. A well-known Māori song goes as follows: 2197: 1950: 6654: 6530: 6525: 6346: 6297: 6287: 5902: 5776: 5718: 5583: 5578: 5537: 5477: 3990: 3118: 1983: 1776: 1752: 1567: 1544: 1512: 1495: 1332: 1172:

Bellbirds are medium-sized honeyeaters, about 17–20 cm in length from the tip of their

937: 874: 797: 484: 313: 200: 74: 5759: 2356:) that refer to the bellbird's singing. Early Māori, who deeply appreciated songs and 1271: 6979: 6912: 6775: 6574: 6545: 6535: 6508: 6481: 6395: 6139: 6100: 5858: 5600: 5588: 5554: 5525: 5513: 5453: 5405: 5321: 5302: 5280: 5243: 5213: 5155: 5090: 4939: 4896: 4796: 4755: 4751: 4708: 4667: 4613: 4370: 3982: 3951: 3908: 3577: 3510: 3370: 3335: 3278: 3239: 3231: 3176: 2977: 2555: 2541: 2521: 2237: 1744: 1688: 1552: 1380: 1304: 862: 617: 517:, who traditionally valued it for both its meat and its melodious singing abilities. 461: 437: 407: 6943: 5198: 4774: 3651: 1235:

are very similar in appearance to the nominate species described above. Male subsp.

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The Māori hunted bellbirds for their meat using various methods. They would employ

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was named after the New Zealand bellbird, as are places like Lake Bellbird on the

6899: 6503: 6476: 6117: 6040: 5617: 5294: 5015: 4867:"Assessing the state of New Zealand's garden birds from national to local scales" 4609: 4434:

Myers, J. G. (1923). "The present position of the endemic birds of New Zealand".

4302: 2832: 2550: 2545: 2346:, who traditionally valued it for its meat and singing abilities. There are many 2205: 1785: 1421:. It is found from lowland areas at sea level up to about 1200 metres, including 1399: 1316: 855: 633: 551: 503:

occurs approximately 19 days after hatching. Bellbirds have modified their ninth

222: 191: 6881: 5341: 3321: 3227: 2343: 1575:, an exotic plant. The pollen on its forehead will help pollinate other flowers. 514: 6334: 6214: 6185: 6173: 5875: 5641: 4478:"Notes on the Ornithology of New Zealand; with an Exhibition of Rare Specimens" 2134: 2087: 1990:

was one of the first ornithologists mentioning steep bellbirds decline in 1860s

1879: 1628: 1516: 1418: 1340: 1292: 1205: 1193: 1111: 782: 663: 649: 504: 496: 250: 5848: 4366: 1390: 7014: 6853: 6689: 6307: 6302: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6209: 5194: 4943: 4900: 4800: 4759: 4712: 4617: 4374: 3986: 3955: 3912: 3581: 3282: 3235: 3180: 2585: 2296: 2083: 2052: 1720: 1536: 1384: 1312: 886: 637: 575: 465: 64: 59: 4891: 4866: 4346: 4213:) in native forest remnants on the Port Hills, Banks Peninsula, New Zealand" 3136: 2846: 2516:

Preparing a bellbird meal involved cooking the entire birds in earth ovens (

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The first Europeans to encounter New Zealand bellbirds were members of the

325: 4915: 4586:"Declines in common, widespread native birds in a mature temperate forest" 4555: 4316: 4250: 3806: 3258: 2423:

In the song above, the korimako (bellbird) represents humanity, while the

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and aggressively defend their territory against intruders. Bellbirds form

6904: 6814: 6698: 6292: 6127: 5914: 5179: 4556:"Predation and other factors currently limiting New Zealand forest birds" 2558:

and the historic building site The Sign of the Bellbird in Christchurch.

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birds per hectare and on Tiritiri Matangi Island 2.13 pairs per hectare.

1189: 559: 411: 342: 5189:. Wellington, New Zealand: E. C. Keating, Government Printer Wellington. 3994: 3970: 6997: 6938: 6806: 6540: 6088: 6016: 5429: 5346: 4277: 4265: 3821: 3330: 2921: 2648: 2517: 2473: 2321: 2284: 2215: 2082:

suggested that the decline could have been caused by a disease such as

2004: 1939: 1930: 1624: 1596: 1521: 1472: 1464: 1459: 1430: 1089: 882: 847: 843: 827: 444:, who described its song as "like small bells most exquisitely tuned". 441: 432:). The bellbird forms a significant component of the famed New Zealand 404: 141: 4554:

Innes, John; Kelly, Dave; Overton, Jacob McC.; Gillies, Craig (2010).

6819: 6226: 5955: 5926: 5653: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4044: 4042: 4029: 4027: 4025: 3610: 3608: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 2997: 2953: 2951: 2357: 2145: 2138: 2130: 2114: 2103: 2044: 2036: 1869: 1834: 1830: 1617: 1608: 1532: 1426: 1422: 1410: 890: 802: 492: 473: 416: 151: 131: 91: 6793: 6660: 5612: 5549: 4728:"Invasive wasps, not birds, dominate in a temperate honeydew system" 3274: 2121:. However, in 1894 he cast doubts on this hypothesis after visiting 1680: 1395: 495:

that can span many years. Females typically lay around 3–4 eggs and

6964: 6683: 6449: 5701: 4127: 3889:"Breeding of the bellbird on the Poor Knights Islands, New Zealand" 3632: 2165: 2060: 1960: 1696: 1429:. It particularly thrives in densely vegetated areas with a mix of 1368: 980: 835: 605:. His description was based on a specimen in the private museum of 425: 111: 4227: 4149: 4137: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4039: 4022: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3734: 3620: 3605: 3588: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 2948: 2451:(bellbird). Bellbirds often eat the fruit of a small forest tree, 2432: 652:

was there as of 1857, but it was not found there in a 1926 study.

6726: 5742: 4687:

Moller, H.; Tilley, J. A. V.; Thomas, B. W.; Gaze, P. D. (1991).

2353: 1826: 1488: 1406: 1360: 1212: 1201: 823: 791: 469: 457: 400: 4482:

Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand

4459:

Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand

3374: 2316: 1255:

has slightly paler underparts compared to the nominate female.

1247:

are relatively larger in proportion to females. The male subsp.

754: 562:, however his illustration remained unpublished for many years. 5689: 5417: 4533:

Brown, Kerry; Elliott, Graeme; Innes, John; Kemp, Josh (2015).

4390:"Conifer–broadleaf forests – Loss of conifer–broadleaf forests" 4321:) foraging and diet in an area inadequate mistletoe pollnation" 4104: 4001: 3746: 3381: 2338: 2032: 2024: 1944: 1850: 1657: 1645: 1484: 1476: 1197: 509: 500: 449: 101: 2654:

The Three Famous Voyages of Captain James Cook Round the World

1667:

Juvenile bellbird standing on a branch (Zealandia, Wellington)

483:, and insects. During the breeding season, they become highly 6788: 5077:. 5 February 2014. Archived from the original on 24 June 2024 4636:"Conservation translocations of New Zealand birds, 1863–2012" 3155:

Craig, John L.; Stewart, Anne M.; Douglas, Murray E. (1981).

2922:"History vs mystery: The reliability of museum specimen data" 2808: 2489: 2469: 2219: 2092: 2016: 1967: 1846: 1649: 1613: 1511:

During the breeding season, bellbirds mostly remain on their

1417:

and gardens, especially if there is a nearby patch of native

1092:

of the New Zealand bellbird with the following distribution:

873:. Other close relatives of the bellbirds and the tūī are the 866: 621: 4845:"Conservation status of birds in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2021" 3928:"Survival, density and population composition of bellbirds ( 3717:"Rare Birds Committee Report for the year to 31st July 2006" 3194:

Ewen, John G.; Flux, Ian; Ericson, Per G. P. (1 July 2006).

1487:

forests. Occasionally, it ventures into farmland, including

1204:. There is a yellow patch at the bend of a folded wing. The 745:

is named after a hill (216 m) on Aorangi Island (one of the

6407: 5870: 4913: 4504:"Notes on the occurrence of the Bellbird in North Auckland" 3805:

Brunton, Dianne H.; Evans, Barbara A.; Ji, Weihong (2008).

3256: 2568: 2233: 1842: 1837:(Cicadidae). Young birds primarily feed on insects such as 1494:

On predator-free islands, bellbirds typically reach higher

1480: 1471:). Additionally, it can be found in exotic forests such as 1414: 1216: 1196:

are mostly dark olive-green, with blackish inner webs. The

1177: 1173: 121: 5242:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 1173–1191. 4666:. Wellington: Department of Conservation. pp. 10–11. 3295: 2303:

are related to the control of invasive mammalian species.

2184:

Attaching tracking transmitter and antenna to a bellbird,

1498:

than on the mainland. On the Poor Knights Islands, subsp.

6417: 5960: 5266:. Vol. 1, Pt 2. Printed for Benj. White – via 4864: 2118: 1996: 566:

published a description of the bellbird in his 1782 work

4583: 4553: 2484:, were baited with honey flowers such as those from the 1671:

Nectar is taken from a variety of local plants, such as

826:

in the early 20th century, was formerly classified as a

5227:

Higgins, P.J.; Peter, J.M.; Steele, W.K., eds. (2001).

5136:"Crater Rim – Sign of the Kiwi to Sign of the Bellbird" 5071:"Listen to RNZI's identification signal – the bellbird" 5051: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4772: 4417: 4415: 3532:"Observations on the tongues of some New Zealand birds" 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 5041: 5039: 4967: 4965: 4686: 3099: 3031:

Parliamentary Counsel Office/Te Tari Tohutohu Pāremata

2574: 2360:, compared skilled performers to bellbirds by saying " 6626: 5320:. Paraparaumu, New Zealand: Viking Sevenseas NZ Ltd. 4540:. Wellington: New Zealand Department of Conservation. 4532: 4175:

Spurr, E. B.; Crossland, A. C.; Sagar, P. M. (2008).

3770:

Spurr, E. B.; Crossland, A. C.; Sagar, P. M. (2014).

2936: 2757:"Intraspecific variation in the New Zealand bellbird 589:

Illustration of male (right) and female bellbirds by

4977: 4950: 4412: 4296:

Bellbird/korimako facts – Department of Conservation

3087: 2920:

Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Prŷs-Jones, Robert P. (2003).

2796: 2775: 2226: 1413:, and it is frequently found in urban areas such as 685:, the bellbird is known by several names, including 601:

of the species in 1786 and coined the binomial name

542:

wrote in his diary on 17 January 1770 about a local

5036: 5024: 4962: 4345:Brunton, Dianne H.; Li, Xiaoling (1 January 2006). 4174: 3769: 3154: 3045: 2919: 806:, where he moved the bellbird. The bellbird is the 554:collected the first specimens in April 1773 during 5277:Birdstories: a history of the birds of New Zealand 5226: 5017:Te Ika a Maui, Or, New Zealand and Its Inhabitants 4830:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22704447A110985953.en 4633: 4283: 4271: 4233: 4162: 4143: 4048: 4033: 3827: 3740: 3626: 3614: 3599: 3467:Reader's Digest Complete book of New Zealand birds 3417: 2957: 2600:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22704447A110985953.en 789:The bellbird was originally placed into the genus 414:. It has been the only living member of the genus 5299:Birds of Aotearoa: A natural and cultural history 5020:. London: Wertheim and Macintosh. pp. 74–75. 4726:Gardner-Gee, Robin; Beggs, Jacqueline R. (2013). 4634:Miskelly, Colin M.; Powlesland, Ralph G. (2013). 2212:of their extinct relative, the Chatham bellbird. 476:, and it is commonly found in parks and gardens. 7012: 5207: 5160:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5095:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4725: 4249:Colin F. J., O'Donnell; Dilks, Peter J. (1994). 4248: 4131: 4016: 3752: 3638: 3515:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3491:"Bellbird | Korimako | New Zealand Birds Online" 3398: 1878:), fuchsia, and kōwhai. They are also important 1192:blue-black edge on most feathers. The upperwing 4087: 3193: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2657:. London: Ward, Locke and Company. p. 165. 2472:or long, thin rods to strike the birds. Ground 1409:encompasses both native and exotic forests and 1211:Females are slightly smaller than males. Their 761:, another subspecies epithet, comes from Latin 749:). The hill was named after Oneho, the wife of 4656: 4207:Spurr, E. B.; Rod, S.; Tranter, K. P. (2011). 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2257:International Union for Conservation of Nature 2102:Bellbird's common predator is a tree-climbing 5362: 3925: 2888: 2886: 2271:as "not-threatened", while island subspecies 1299:. It is also present on many satellites like 5142:. Archived from the original on 24 June 2024 3975:Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 3497:. Archived from the original on 22 June 2024 3363:Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 2973:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 2926:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 2707:. Department of Conservation. Archived from 2259:(IUCN) classifies bellbirds as a species of 520: 472:includes both native and exotic forests and 6612: 6595: 6583: 6566: 6554: 6512: 6490: 6453: 6436: 6399: 6387: 6375: 6350: 6338: 6316: 6279: 6257: 6230: 6218: 6201: 6189: 6177: 6160: 6143: 6131: 6104: 6092: 6080: 6068: 6056: 6044: 6032: 6020: 6003: 5991: 5979: 5942: 5930: 5918: 5906: 5879: 5862: 5840: 5828: 5816: 5804: 5792: 5780: 5746: 5734: 5722: 5710: 5693: 5681: 5669: 5657: 5645: 5633: 5621: 5604: 5592: 5570: 5558: 5541: 5529: 5517: 5505: 5493: 5481: 5469: 5457: 5445: 5433: 5421: 5409: 5397: 5210:The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand 4177:"Recapture of bellbird likely 8+ years old" 4088:Morgan, D.; Waas, J. R.; Innes, J. (2005). 3968: 3932:) on the Poor Knights Islands, New Zealand" 3694:) to Waiheke Island, Hauraki Gulf, 1988–91" 3690:"Failed attempts to reintroduce bellbirds ( 2862: 2754: 2723: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2507: 2499: 2478: 2459: 2445: 2437: 2371: 2361: 2347: 2326: 2306: 1995:introduction of invasive predators such as 1528:, which is 23 km away across the open sea. 1463:sp.) or coastal broadleaf forests, such as 1266: 763: 757:that inhabited the island until the 1820s. 735: 727: 719: 711: 703: 695: 687: 675: 667: 626: 5369: 5355: 4852:Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4060: 2883: 2863:Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2024). 1339:and there is a historical record from the 53: 29: 5208:Heather, Barrie; Robertson, Hugh (2015). 4890: 4842: 4790: 4344: 3469:. Auckland: Reader's Digest. p. 290. 3464: 3329: 3157:"The foraging of New Zealand honeyeaters" 2976:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 248. 2598: 1918:Several New Zealand bellbirds singing on 1279:The most widespread subspecies by far is 5376: 4843:Robertson, Hugh A.; et al. (2021). 4657:Aikman, Hilary; Miskelly, Colin (2004). 4452: 4394:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 3714: 2675:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 2614: 2315: 2214: 2179: 2097: 1982: 1949: 1662: 1586: 1566: 1506: 1389: 1270: 776: 584: 513:(cultural or spiritual treasure) by the 4822:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4570: 4501: 4317:"Scarce or distracted ? Bellbird ( 4067:) on the Auckland Islands, New Zealand" 3105: 2969: 2629:"Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand" 2411:'What is most important in this world?' 7013: 5293: 5274: 5256: 5193: 5057: 5010: 4998: 4986: 4956: 4812: 4810: 4629: 4627: 4549: 4547: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4475: 4421: 4387: 4340: 4338: 4315:Murphy, David J.; Kelly, Dave (2001). 4244: 4242: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 3926:Sagar, P. M.; Scofield, R. P. (2006). 3882: 3880: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3772:"Increased abundance of the bellbird ( 3765: 3763: 3761: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3369:. Auckland Institute and Museum: 337. 3150: 3148: 3146: 3093: 3033:. Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 2942: 2892: 2858: 2856: 2814: 2802: 2790: 2363:He rite ki te kōpara e kō nei i te ata 1620:. Nest building takes about 3–7 days. 558:. Forster illustrated the bellbird in 6665: 6664: 5350: 5315: 5200:A history of the birds of New Zealand 5045: 5030: 4971: 4924:) populations and benefit mistletoe ( 4497: 4495: 4433: 3886: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3555: 3551: 3549: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3352: 3302:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3208:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3127:. : Richard and John Taylor. p. 3021: 3019: 2871:. International Ornithologists' Union 2841:(pl. 5). Holmiae: Typographia Regia. 2827: 2825: 2823: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2643: 2641: 2398:'He tāngata, he tāngata, he tāngata. 2378:Hey! The bellbird is a restless bird. 2332:was used by Māori to catch bellbirds. 2059:(1873), quoted a local resident from 2057:A History of the Birds of New Zealand 1978: 354:(Lesson) ; Mathews & Iredale 1913 6892:31b38660-56f5-4e84-8459-6c6047ad0c0e 5342:Bellbird in New Zealand Birds Online 5178: 3969:Turbott, E. G.; Bull, P. C. (1954). 3857:Anderson, S.H.; Craig, J.L. (2003). 3654:. Supporters of Tiritiri Matangi Inc 3117: 3051: 2755:Bartle, J. A.; Sagar, P. M. (1987). 2647: 2382: 2368:Just like a korimako singing at dawn 2095:suggest a wider ecological problem. 525: 7021:IUCN Red List least concern species 4807: 4624: 4544: 4521: 4335: 4289: 4239: 4209:"Food preferences of the bellbird ( 4191: 4061:Hyde, N.H.S.; Worthy, T.H. (2010). 3877: 3833: 3793: 3758: 3473: 3143: 2853: 2667: 2586:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2311: 1825:). Favourite insects taken include 1457:), as well as mixed beech forests ( 1275:Juvenile bellbird perched on a twig 846:(Meliphagidae) in New Zealand. The 13: 4492: 4063:"The diet of New Zealand falcons ( 3666: 3652:"The Sanctuary – Tiritiri Matangi" 3546: 3529: 3423: 3016: 2820: 2686: 2682:from the original on 20 June 2024. 2638: 2175: 1954:Female bellbird (Tiritiri Matangi) 1892: 842:) are the only representatives of 753:, the last chief of the Ngatitoki 14: 7057: 5335: 4871:Ecological Solutions and Evidence 4400:from the original on 24 June 2024 3856: 3488: 3465:Robertson, C. J. R., ed. (2010). 3075:from the original on 20 June 2024 2831: 2227:Threats and population assessment 2192:There have been many attempts to 1885: 1132:Manawatāwhi / Three Kings Islands 772: 646:Swedish Museum of Natural History 479:Bellbirds feed on nectar, fruit, 363:Bangs; Mathews & Iredale 1913 6648: 6636: 6521:North Island little spotted kiwi 5758: 5318:Māori Bird Lore: An Introduction 4752:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2012.02412.x 4284:Higgins, Peter & Steele 2001 4272:Higgins, Peter & Steele 2001 4234:Higgins, Peter & Steele 2001 4163:Higgins, Peter & Steele 2001 4144:Higgins, Peter & Steele 2001 4049:Higgins, Peter & Steele 2001 4034:Higgins, Peter & Steele 2001 3859:"Breeding biology of bellbirds ( 3828:Higgins, Peter & Steele 2001 3804: 3741:Higgins, Peter & Steele 2001 3627:Higgins, Peter & Steele 2001 3615:Higgins, Peter & Steele 2001 3600:Higgins, Peter & Steele 2001 3418:Higgins, Peter & Steele 2001 3071:. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. 2012. 3002:kōmako – Te Aka Māori Dictionary 2958:Higgins, Peter & Steele 2001 1929:Problems playing this file? See 1908: 1524:are believed to have flown from 1283:, which can be found throughout 1158: 830:of the New Zealand bellbird, as 781:Illustration of the bellbird by 725:. The male bellbird is known as 78: 5279:. Nelson: Potton & Burton. 5128: 5103: 5063: 5004: 4907: 4858: 4836: 4766: 4719: 4680: 4650: 4469: 4446: 4427: 4381: 4314: 4308: 4168: 4081: 4054: 3962: 3919: 3776:) in Christchurch, New Zealand" 3708: 3644: 3523: 3346: 3289: 3250: 3187: 3111: 3057: 2990: 2963: 2913: 2575:BirdLife International (2017). 2405:If the flax heart is pulled out 1973: 1868:numerous native plants such as 889:relationships are shown in the 6472:North Island stout-legged wren 6467:South Island stout-legged wren 5172: 4932:New Zealand Journal of Ecology 4920:) trapping increase bellbird ( 4705:10.1080/03014223.1991.10757964 4693:New Zealand Journal of Zoology 4560:New Zealand Journal of Ecology 4325:New Zealand Journal of Ecology 4255:New Zealand Journal of Ecology 4206: 3936:New Zealand Journal of Zoology 3905:10.1080/03014223.1985.10428314 3893:New Zealand Journal of Zoology 3811:New Zealand Journal of Ecology 3574:10.1080/03014223.1984.10423758 3562:New Zealand Journal of Zoology 3173:10.1080/03014223.1981.10427945 3161:New Zealand Journal of Zoology 3027:"Schedule 97 – Taonga species" 2661: 2407:Where will the korimako sing? 1335:have appeared as far south as 1165:Female (left) and male (right) 1149: 534:(1768–1771). When anchored at 1: 7046:Taxa named by Anders Sparrman 7041:Birds of the Auckland Islands 3948:10.1080/03014223.2006.9518454 3863:) on Tiritiri Matangi Island" 3263:Australian Journal of Zoology 2561: 2531: 1083: 985:Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae 840:Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae 448:enables effective feeding on 430:Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae 359:Anthornis melanura incoronata 7031:Endemic birds of New Zealand 4660:Birds of the Chatham Islands 4610:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.05.022 4132:Heather & Robertson 2015 4017:Heather & Robertson 2015 3753:Heather & Robertson 2015 3687: 3639:Heather & Robertson 2015 3399:Heather & Robertson 2015 3083:– via ngaitahu.iwi.nz. 2869:World Bird List Version 14.2 2394:'He aha te mea nui i te ao?' 2388:Hūtia te rito o te harakeke, 2373:Ehara! He kōpara kai rerere. 2336:The bellbird is regarded as 2186:Zealandia wildlife sanctuary 1343:dating back to 1888. Subsp. 456:, but it is scarce north of 350:Anthornis melanura dumerilii 38:New Zealand bellbird (male) 7: 5263:A General Synopsis of Birds 5111:"Lake Bellbird, West Coast" 4305:Retrieved: 13 February 2011 3322:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.021 3228:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.026 1591:Bellbird (male) feeding on 1571:Bellbird (male) feeding on 1562: 1379:. It is also scarce in the 1088:There are three recognised 662:means "black-tailed" (from 597:Sparrman published his own 568:A General Synopsis of Birds 499:them for about 13–15 days. 333:Anthornis melanura melanura 10: 7062: 6592:New Zealand owlet-nightjar 5666:South Island oystercatcher 5203:. London: John Van Voorst. 4779:New Zealand Science Review 4453:Reischek, Andreas (1886). 3715:Scofield, R. Paul (2006). 2970:Jobling, James A. (2010). 2465:("food of the bellbird"). 2431:wrote in 1855 that in the 2265:Department of Conservation 1140:(Bartle & Sagar, 1987) 532:first voyage of James Cook 283:(Sparrman); G.R. Gray 1840 6954: 6673: 6433:Auckland Island merganser 6362: 6242: 6116: 5891: 5767: 5756: 5384: 5140:Christchurch City Council 4367:10.1007/s10164-005-0155-5 3359:from Three Kings Islands" 3004:. Te Aka Māori Dictionary 2593:: e.T22704447A110985953. 2415:'People, people, people' 2222:, a predator of bellbirds 2154:Philesturnus carunculatus 1025: 1005: 998: 978: 971: 964: 935: 915: 908: 901: 832:A. melanura melanocephala 521:Taxonomy and nomenclature 258:Anthomiza caeruleocephala 206: 199: 180: 173: 75:Scientific classification 73: 51: 42: 37: 28: 23: 6445:Chatham Island merganser 6012:Northern royal albatross 6000:New Zealand storm petrel 5301:. Auckland: Reed Books. 2817:, pp. 698–699, 735. 2670:"Joseph Banks's journal" 2386: 2307:Relationship with humans 2208:in order to replace the 1815:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides 1377:Shakespear Regional Park 1267:Distribution and habitat 1180:. Females weigh about 25 491:pairs with long-lasting 7036:Birds described in 1786 6065:South Island saddleback 6053:North Island saddleback 6029:Orange-fronted parakeet 5801:North Island brown kiwi 5316:Riley, Murdoch (2001). 4892:10.1002/2688-8319.12121 4590:Biological Conservation 4476:Buller, Walter (1894). 3556:Craig, John L. (1984). 3137:10.5962/bhl.title.13777 2847:10.5962/bhl.title.62901 2457:, hence its Māori name 2390:kei hea te kōmako e kō? 2150:South Island saddleback 2055:, in his landmark book 1920:Tiritiri Matangi Island 1817:), flax, red matipo or 1639: 1301:Tiritiri Matangi Island 1033:Anthornis melanocephala 628:Promontorium Bonae Spei 548:Johann Reinhold Forster 505:primary flight feathers 6613: 6596: 6584: 6567: 6555: 6513: 6491: 6454: 6437: 6400: 6388: 6376: 6351: 6339: 6317: 6280: 6258: 6231: 6219: 6202: 6190: 6178: 6161: 6144: 6132: 6105: 6093: 6081: 6069: 6057: 6045: 6033: 6021: 6004: 5992: 5980: 5976:New Zealand fairy tern 5943: 5931: 5919: 5907: 5880: 5863: 5841: 5829: 5817: 5805: 5793: 5781: 5747: 5735: 5723: 5711: 5707:Variable oystercatcher 5694: 5682: 5670: 5658: 5646: 5634: 5622: 5605: 5593: 5571: 5559: 5542: 5530: 5518: 5506: 5494: 5482: 5470: 5458: 5446: 5434: 5422: 5410: 5398: 5275:Norman, Geoff (2018). 4792:10.26686/nzsr.v70.8698 4502:Turbott, E.G. (1953). 4455:"Notes on Ornithology" 2893:Medway, D. G. (2004). 2513:, catching its feet. 2508: 2500: 2479: 2460: 2446: 2438: 2403: 2372: 2362: 2348: 2333: 2327: 2223: 2189: 2106: 2070: 1991: 1955: 1897: 1709:Metrosideros umbellata 1668: 1603: 1576: 1402: 1276: 869:to which the tūī is a 858:family Notiomystidae. 786: 764: 736: 728: 720: 712: 704: 696: 688: 676: 668: 627: 594: 538:, the voyage botanist 6926:Paleobiology Database 6604:New Zealand musk duck 6551:Scarlett's shearwater 6428:South Island adzebill 6423:North Island adzebill 6313:Erect-crested penguin 6157:Chatham oystercatcher 5988:New Zealand king shag 5630:New Zealand rock wren 4926:Peraxilla tetrapetala 4388:Dawson, John (2007). 4286:, pp. 1179–1180. 4274:, pp. 1177–1179. 4065:Falco novaeseelandiae 3887:Sagar, P. M. (1985). 3830:, pp. 1174–1175. 3688:Lee, Michael (2005). 3353:Falla, R. A. (1948). 2319: 2218: 2183: 2101: 2065: 1986: 1953: 1896: 1875:Peraxilla tetrapetala 1823:Neomyrtus pedunculata 1807:Dacrydium cupressinum 1765:Griselinia littoralis 1666: 1590: 1570: 1549:Falco novaeseelandiae 1535:of bellbirds are the 1526:Little Barrier Island 1507:Behaviour and ecology 1393: 1274: 780: 588: 536:Queen Charlotte Sound 383:), also known by its 274:(Gmelin); Lesson 1838 24:New Zealand bellbird 6254:Antipodean albatross 6244:Subantarctic islands 5567:New Zealand dotterel 5466:Double-banded plover 5378:Birds of New Zealand 5195:Buller, Walter Lawry 4818:"Anthornis melanura" 3495:nzbirdsonline.org.nz 2865:"Finches, euphonias" 2244:), and particularly 2074:Great Barrier Island 1717:Melicytus ramiflorus 1496:population densities 1469:Metrosideros excelsa 1439:Metrosideros robusta 1373:Tāwharanui Peninsula 1357:Poor Knights Islands 1208:of the male is red. 1176:to the end of their 1144:Poor Knights Islands 1097:A. melanura melanura 1008:New Zealand bellbird 942:Pycnopygius cinereus 800:established a genus 747:Poor Knights Islands 556:Cook's second voyage 399:, is a medium-sized 375:New Zealand bellbird 321:Anthornis incoronata 6563:North Island takahē 6438:rakiraki maungahuka 6384:New Zealand bittern 6372:South Island piopio 6325:Reischek's parakeet 5971:South Island kōkako 5966:North Island kōkako 5854:South Island takahē 5837:Yellow-eyed penguin 5825:Southern brown kiwi 5789:Little spotted kiwi 4883:2022EcoSE...3E2121M 4744:2013AusEc..38..346G 4602:2010BCons.143.2119E 4436:N Z J. Sci. Technol 4355:Journal of Ethology 4223:(3&4): 139–157. 3641:, pp. 404–405. 3314:2017MolPE.107..516M 3220:2006MolPE..40..281E 3119:Gray, George Robert 2897:Museum Carlsonianum 2701:"Bellbird/korimako" 2454:Pennantia corymbosa 2281:habitat destruction 1988:Walter Lawry Buller 1799:Aristotelia serrata 1773:Cordyline australis 1741:Schefflera digitata 1677:Fuchsia excorticata 1673:New Zealand fuchsia 1455:Weinmannia racemosa 1394:Male bellbird on a 1349:Three Kings Islands 1137:A. melanura obscura 922:Pycnopygius ixoides 769:("dark", "dusky"). 45:Conservation status 6944:Anthornis-melanura 6719:Anthornis_melanura 6705:Anthornis melanura 6675:Anthornis melanura 6531:South Island snipe 6526:North Island snipe 6347:Subantarctic snipe 6298:Campbell albatross 6288:Antipodes parakeet 6232:kawau o rangihaute 5903:Black-fronted tern 5777:Great spotted kiwi 5719:White-fronted tern 5584:North Island robin 5579:South Island robin 5538:Long-tailed cuckoo 5478:New Zealand falcon 5231:Anthornis melanura 4922:Anthornis melanura 4349:Anthornis melanura 4319:Anthornis melanura 4301:2012-10-05 at the 4211:Anthornis melanura 3930:Anthornis melanura 3861:Anthornis melanura 3774:Anthornis melanura 3692:Anthornis melanura 3198:Notiomystis cincta 2759:Anthornis melanura 2579:Anthornis melanura 2538:Anthornis melanura 2334: 2224: 2190: 2107: 1992: 1979:Historical decline 1956: 1898: 1781:Plagianthus regius 1757:Ripogonum scandens 1669: 1644:Bellbirds consume 1604: 1601:Craigieburn Forest 1595:on the trunk of a 1577: 1557:Gymnorhina tibicen 1545:New Zealand falcon 1541:Circus approximans 1425:regions above the 1403: 1277: 1012:Anthornis melanura 938:marbled honeyeater 852:Notiomystis cincta 848:hihi or stitchbird 798:George Robert Gray 787: 607:Gustaf von Carlson 595: 380:Anthornis melanura 309:Anthornis ruficeps 300:Anthornis melanura 279:Anthornis melanura 242:Philedon dumerilii 184:Anthornis melanura 7008: 7007: 6913:Open Tree of Life 6667:Taxon identifiers 6624: 6623: 6575:New Zealand goose 6396:New Zealand quail 6140:Chatham albatross 5859:Fiordland penguin 5601:Paradise shelduck 5589:New Zealand scaup 5526:Sacred kingfisher 5514:Grey-faced petrel 5406:Black-billed gull 5249:978-0-19-553258-6 5219:978-0-143-57092-9 5212:. Penguin Books. 5060:, pp. 89–90. 5001:, pp. 70–71. 3530:McCann, Charles. 2983:978-1-4081-2501-4 2542:Radio New Zealand 2421: 2420: 2413:And I will reply, 2267:considers subsp. 2242:Vespula germanica 2041:Rattus norvegicus 1913: 1904:Bellbirds singing 1833:(Hemiptera), and 1749:Myrsine australis 1693:Neopanax arboreus 1553:Australian magpie 1447:Quintinia serrata 1381:Canterbury Plains 1259:covering of grey 1141: 1129: 1121:A. melanura oneho 1101: 1080: 1079: 1071: 1070: 1062: 1061: 1053: 1052: 1044: 1043: 953: 952: 879:plain honeyeaters 618:Cape of Good Hope 526:History and names 462:Canterbury Plains 371: 370: 364: 355: 346: 329: 317: 305: 296: 284: 275: 266: 254: 238: 226: 68: 7053: 7001: 7000: 6988: 6987: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6956:Certhia melanura 6947: 6946: 6934: 6933: 6921: 6920: 6908: 6907: 6895: 6894: 6885: 6884: 6875: 6874: 6862: 6861: 6849: 6848: 6836: 6835: 6823: 6822: 6810: 6809: 6797: 6796: 6784: 6783: 6771: 6770: 6761: 6760: 6748: 6747: 6735: 6734: 6732:D5564C35C51D4F5F 6722: 6721: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6662: 6661: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6632: 6616: 6609:New Zealand swan 6599: 6587: 6570: 6558: 6516: 6494: 6462:Long-billed wren 6457: 6440: 6403: 6391: 6379: 6354: 6342: 6320: 6283: 6261: 6234: 6222: 6205: 6193: 6181: 6169:Chatham parakeet 6164: 6152:Chatham gerygone 6147: 6135: 6108: 6096: 6084: 6072: 6060: 6048: 6036: 6024: 6007: 5995: 5983: 5946: 5934: 5922: 5910: 5883: 5866: 5844: 5832: 5820: 5808: 5796: 5784: 5762: 5750: 5738: 5726: 5714: 5697: 5685: 5673: 5661: 5649: 5637: 5625: 5608: 5596: 5574: 5562: 5545: 5533: 5521: 5509: 5497: 5485: 5473: 5461: 5449: 5442:Buff-banded rail 5437: 5425: 5413: 5401: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5348: 5347: 5331: 5312: 5295:Orbell, Margaret 5290: 5271: 5268:Internet Archive 5253: 5237: 5223: 5204: 5190: 5166: 5165: 5159: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5094: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4975: 4969: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4894: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4849: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4814: 4805: 4804: 4794: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4665: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4631: 4622: 4621: 4596:(9): 2119–2126. 4581: 4568: 4567: 4551: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4530: 4519: 4518: 4508: 4499: 4490: 4489: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4342: 4333: 4332: 4312: 4306: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4246: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4204: 4189: 4188: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4102: 4101: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4037: 4031: 4020: 4014: 3999: 3998: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3884: 3875: 3874: 3854: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3802: 3791: 3790: 3780: 3767: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3721: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3685: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3603: 3597: 3586: 3585: 3553: 3544: 3543: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3514: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3486: 3471: 3470: 3462: 3421: 3415: 3402: 3396: 3379: 3378: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3333: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3202:Callaeas cinerea 3191: 3185: 3184: 3152: 3141: 3140: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3023: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2890: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2860: 2851: 2850: 2833:Sparrman, Anders 2829: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2773: 2772: 2752: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2697: 2684: 2683: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2645: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2625: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2602: 2572: 2536:The call of the 2511: 2503: 2482: 2463: 2449: 2441: 2392:Kī mai ki a au, 2383: 2375: 2365: 2351: 2330: 2312:In Māori culture 2301:Tiritiri Matangi 2210:ecological niche 2198:Waitākere Ranges 2170:Xenicus longipes 2123:Motutaiko Island 2111:Andreas Reischek 1915: 1914: 1895: 1862:Mohoua albicilla 1733:Kunzea ericoides 1321:Hen and Chickens 1297:Auckland Islands 1227:Both subspecies 1187: 1183: 1162: 1139: 1123: 1116:Auckland Islands 1102:– occurs in the 1100:(Sparrman, 1786) 1099: 1029:Chatham bellbird 1001: 1000: 974: 973: 967: 966: 918:plain honeyeater 911: 910: 904: 903: 897: 896: 822:), which became 820:A. melanocephala 816:Chatham bellbird 767: 739: 731: 723: 715: 707: 699: 691: 679: 671: 630: 615: 603:Certhia melanura 454:Auckland Islands 422:Chatham bellbird 362: 353: 336: 324: 312: 303: 291: 288:Certhia olivacea 282: 273: 261: 245: 233: 221: 218:Certhia melanura 212: 186: 166:A. melanura 83: 82: 62: 57: 56: 33: 21: 20: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7011: 7010: 7009: 7004: 6996: 6991: 6983: 6978: 6969: 6968: 6963: 6950: 6942: 6937: 6929: 6924: 6916: 6911: 6903: 6900:Observation.org 6898: 6890: 6888: 6880: 6878: 6870: 6865: 6857: 6852: 6844: 6839: 6831: 6826: 6818: 6813: 6805: 6800: 6792: 6787: 6779: 6774: 6766: 6764: 6756: 6751: 6743: 6738: 6730: 6725: 6717: 6712: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6669: 6659: 6649: 6647: 6637: 6635: 6627: 6625: 6620: 6504:Waitaha penguin 6499:Chatham penguin 6364: 6358: 6246: 6238: 6120: 6118:Chatham Islands 6112: 6041:Red-billed gull 6034:kākāriki karaka 5895: 5893: 5887: 5769: 5763: 5754: 5386: 5380: 5375: 5338: 5328: 5309: 5287: 5250: 5235: 5220: 5175: 5170: 5169: 5153: 5152: 5145: 5143: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5119: 5117: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5088: 5087: 5080: 5078: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5044: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5012:Taylor, Richard 5009: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4985: 4978: 4970: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4928:) pollination?" 4918:Mustela erminea 4912: 4908: 4863: 4859: 4847: 4841: 4837: 4816: 4815: 4808: 4771: 4767: 4732:Austral Ecology 4724: 4720: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4632: 4625: 4582: 4571: 4552: 4545: 4537: 4531: 4522: 4506: 4500: 4493: 4474: 4470: 4451: 4447: 4432: 4428: 4420: 4413: 4403: 4401: 4386: 4382: 4343: 4336: 4313: 4309: 4303:Wayback Machine 4294: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4247: 4240: 4236:, p. 1178. 4232: 4228: 4205: 4192: 4173: 4169: 4165:, p. 1184. 4161: 4150: 4146:, p. 1182. 4142: 4138: 4130: 4105: 4086: 4082: 4059: 4055: 4051:, p. 1180. 4047: 4040: 4036:, p. 1177. 4032: 4023: 4015: 4002: 3967: 3963: 3924: 3920: 3885: 3878: 3855: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3803: 3794: 3778: 3768: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3743:, p. 1175. 3739: 3735: 3719: 3713: 3709: 3686: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3629:, p. 1186. 3625: 3621: 3617:, p. 1189. 3613: 3606: 3602:, p. 1185. 3598: 3589: 3554: 3547: 3528: 3524: 3508: 3507: 3500: 3498: 3487: 3474: 3463: 3424: 3420:, p. 1174. 3416: 3405: 3397: 3382: 3351: 3347: 3294: 3290: 3275:10.1071/ZO07007 3255: 3251: 3200:and the kokako 3192: 3188: 3153: 3144: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3025: 3024: 3017: 3007: 3005: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2968: 2964: 2960:, p. 1173. 2956: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2918: 2914: 2891: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2861: 2854: 2830: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2776: 2753: 2724: 2714: 2712: 2711:on 22 June 2024 2705:www.doc.govt.nz 2699: 2698: 2687: 2666: 2662: 2646: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2546:interval signal 2534: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2314: 2309: 2229: 2206:Chatham Islands 2178: 2176:Reintroductions 2135:Polynesian rats 1981: 1976: 1936: 1935: 1927: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1916: 1909: 1906: 1899: 1893: 1888: 1880:seed dispersers 1786:Coprosma lucida 1642: 1565: 1509: 1405:The bellbird's 1400:Banks Peninsula 1347:only occurs on 1337:Campbell Island 1269: 1185: 1181: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1152: 1086: 1081: 1072: 1063: 1054: 1045: 954: 775: 673:, "black", and 609: 591:J. G. Keulemans 580:Leverian Museum 552:Anders Sparrman 528: 523: 460:and across the 367: 361: 352: 335: 323: 311: 302: 290: 281: 272: 270:Philedon sannio 260: 244: 232: 220: 214: 213: 210: 195: 188: 182: 169: 77: 69: 58: 54: 47: 17: 16:Species of bird 12: 11: 5: 7059: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6989: 6976: 6960: 6958: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6948: 6935: 6922: 6909: 6896: 6886: 6876: 6863: 6850: 6837: 6824: 6811: 6798: 6785: 6772: 6762: 6749: 6736: 6723: 6710: 6695: 6679: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6658: 6657: 6645: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6618: 6606: 6601: 6589: 6577: 6572: 6560: 6548: 6546:Imber's petrel 6543: 6538: 6536:Forbes's snipe 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6509:Eyles' harrier 6506: 6501: 6496: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6447: 6442: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6393: 6381: 6368: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6344: 6335:Snares penguin 6332: 6327: 6322: 6318:tawaki nana hī 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6250: 6248: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6224: 6215:Magenta petrel 6212: 6207: 6195: 6186:Chatham pigeon 6183: 6174:Chatham petrel 6171: 6166: 6154: 6149: 6137: 6124: 6122: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6110: 6098: 6086: 6074: 6062: 6050: 6038: 6026: 6014: 6009: 5997: 5985: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5936: 5924: 5912: 5899: 5897: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5873: 5868: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5834: 5822: 5810: 5798: 5786: 5773: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5740: 5728: 5716: 5704: 5699: 5687: 5675: 5663: 5651: 5642:Shining cuckoo 5639: 5627: 5615: 5610: 5598: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5564: 5552: 5547: 5535: 5523: 5511: 5499: 5487: 5475: 5463: 5451: 5439: 5427: 5415: 5403: 5390: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5374: 5373: 5366: 5359: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5337: 5336:External links 5334: 5333: 5332: 5326: 5313: 5307: 5291: 5285: 5272: 5254: 5248: 5224: 5218: 5205: 5191: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5127: 5102: 5062: 5050: 5035: 5023: 5003: 4991: 4976: 4961: 4949: 4906: 4857: 4835: 4806: 4765: 4738:(3): 346–354. 4718: 4699:(2): 171–179. 4679: 4672: 4649: 4623: 4569: 4543: 4520: 4491: 4468: 4445: 4426: 4411: 4380: 4334: 4307: 4288: 4276: 4264: 4238: 4226: 4190: 4167: 4148: 4136: 4134:, p. 405. 4103: 4080: 4053: 4038: 4021: 4019:, p. 406. 4000: 3981:(4): 245–262. 3961: 3942:(4): 249–257. 3918: 3899:(4): 643–648. 3876: 3832: 3820: 3792: 3757: 3755:, p. 404. 3745: 3733: 3707: 3665: 3643: 3631: 3619: 3604: 3587: 3568:(2): 195–199. 3545: 3522: 3472: 3422: 3403: 3401:, p. 172. 3380: 3345: 3288: 3249: 3214:(1): 281–284. 3186: 3142: 3110: 3108:, p. 278. 3098: 3086: 3056: 3054:, p. 321. 3044: 3015: 2989: 2982: 2962: 2947: 2945:, p. 309. 2935: 2912: 2882: 2852: 2819: 2807: 2805:, p. 735. 2795: 2793:, p. 310. 2774: 2722: 2685: 2668:Brockie, Bob. 2660: 2637: 2613: 2566: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2533: 2530: 2429:Richard Taylor 2419: 2418: 2401: 2396:Māku e kī atu, 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2263:. New Zealand 2228: 2225: 2177: 2174: 2148:as well, like 2131:Norwegian rats 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1926: 1917: 1907: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1886:Song and sound 1884: 1641: 1638: 1597:mountain beech 1579:Bellbirds are 1564: 1561: 1508: 1505: 1355:only nests on 1341:Snares Islands 1309:Little Barrier 1268: 1265: 1184:g and males 33 1164: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1134: 1118: 1112:Stewart Island 1085: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1004: 999: 997: 994: 993: 990: 989: 977: 972: 970: 965: 963: 960: 959: 956: 955: 951: 950: 947: 946: 934: 931: 930: 927: 926: 914: 909: 907: 902: 900: 895: 783:Charles Heaphy 774: 773:Classification 771: 737:kerekerematātu 681:, "tail"). In 576:binomial names 527: 524: 522: 519: 385:Māori language 369: 368: 366: 365: 356: 347: 330: 318: 306: 297: 285: 276: 267: 255: 239: 230:Certhia sannio 227: 209: 208: 207: 204: 203: 197: 196: 189: 178: 177: 171: 170: 163: 161: 157: 156: 149: 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 129: 125: 124: 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 99: 95: 94: 89: 85: 84: 71: 70: 52: 49: 48: 43: 40: 39: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7058: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7016: 6999: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6981: 6977: 6972: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6945: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6887: 6883: 6877: 6873: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6763: 6759: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6715: 6711: 6706: 6700: 6696: 6691: 6685: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6663: 6656: 6646: 6644: 6634: 6633: 6630: 6615: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6598: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6581: 6580:Finsch's duck 6578: 6576: 6573: 6569: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6493: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6456: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6413:Haast's eagle 6411: 6409: 6406: 6402: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6385: 6382: 6378: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6361: 6353: 6348: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6319: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6308:Campbell teal 6306: 6304: 6303:Campbell shag 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6282: 6281:tētē kākāriki 6277: 6276:Auckland teal 6274: 6272: 6271:Auckland shag 6269: 6267: 6266:Auckland rail 6264: 6260: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6233: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6210:Chatham snipe 6208: 6204: 6199: 6196: 6192: 6187: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6163: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6107: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6066: 6063: 6059: 6054: 6051: 6047: 6042: 6039: 6035: 6030: 6027: 6023: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6006: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5945: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5916: 5913: 5909: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5894:endemic birds 5890: 5882: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5802: 5799: 5795: 5794:kiwi pukupuku 5790: 5787: 5783: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5766: 5761: 5749: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5732: 5729: 5725: 5720: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5652: 5648: 5647:pīpīwharauroa 5643: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5568: 5565: 5561: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5539: 5536: 5532: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5503: 5500: 5496: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5443: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5418:Brown creeper 5416: 5412: 5407: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5383: 5379: 5372: 5367: 5365: 5360: 5358: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5329: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5286:9780947503925 5282: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5241: 5234: 5232: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5187: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5163: 5157: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5098: 5092: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5059: 5054: 5048:, p. 52. 5047: 5042: 5040: 5033:, p. 53. 5032: 5027: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5007: 5000: 4995: 4989:, p. 71. 4988: 4983: 4981: 4974:, p. 50. 4973: 4968: 4966: 4959:, p. 70. 4958: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4811: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4675: 4673:0-478-22565-2 4669: 4662: 4661: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4628: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4550: 4548: 4536: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4517:(6): 175–178. 4516: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4496: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4424:, p. 93. 4423: 4418: 4416: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4350: 4341: 4339: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4320: 4311: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4292: 4285: 4280: 4273: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4243: 4235: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4212: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4164: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4145: 4140: 4133: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4066: 4057: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4035: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4018: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3931: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3881: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3862: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3829: 3824: 3817:(2): 147–154. 3816: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3788: 3784: 3777: 3775: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3724:Southern Bird 3718: 3711: 3704:(3): 150–157. 3703: 3699: 3695: 3693: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3653: 3647: 3640: 3635: 3628: 3623: 3616: 3611: 3609: 3601: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3550: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3518: 3512: 3496: 3492: 3489:Sagar, P. M. 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3468: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3400: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3358: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3114: 3107: 3102: 3096:, p. 89. 3095: 3090: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3053: 3048: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3020: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2985: 2979: 2975: 2974: 2966: 2959: 2954: 2952: 2944: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2898: 2889: 2887: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2857: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2816: 2811: 2804: 2799: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2771:(4): 253–306. 2770: 2766: 2762: 2760: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2671: 2664: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2644: 2642: 2630: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2504: 2502: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2442: 2440: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2402: 2399: 2385: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2331: 2329: 2323: 2318: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2297:Kapiti Island 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261:least concern 2258: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2204:bellbirds to 2203: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2182: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2084:avian malaria 2081: 2077: 2075: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2053:Walter Buller 2050: 2049:Rattus rattus 2046: 2042: 2038: 2037:Norwegian rat 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1989: 1985: 1971: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1952: 1948: 1946: 1941: 1934: 1932: 1921: 1905: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1725:Pseudowintera 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1705:southern rātā 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1574: 1569: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1537:swamp harrier 1534: 1531:Main natural 1529: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435:northern rātā 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1385:Central Otago 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1351:, and subsp. 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1329:Mayor Islands 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1273: 1264: 1262: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1179: 1175: 1161: 1145: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1127: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1091: 1076: 1075: 1067: 1066: 1058: 1057: 1049: 1048: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1003: 1002: 996: 995: 992: 991: 988: 986: 982: 976: 975: 969: 968: 962: 961: 958: 957: 949: 948: 945: 943: 939: 933: 932: 929: 928: 925: 923: 919: 913: 912: 906: 905: 899: 898: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 804: 799: 795: 793: 784: 779: 770: 768: 766: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 738: 732: 730: 724: 722: 716: 714: 708: 706: 700: 698: 692: 690: 684: 680: 678: 672: 670: 665: 661: 658: 657:specific name 653: 651: 650:type specimen 647: 643: 642:type locality 639: 635: 631: 629: 623: 619: 613: 608: 604: 600: 592: 587: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 518: 516: 512: 511: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 477: 475: 471: 467: 466:Central Otago 463: 459: 455: 451: 445: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 418: 413: 409: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 381: 376: 360: 357: 351: 348: 344: 340: 334: 331: 327: 322: 319: 315: 310: 307: 301: 298: 294: 289: 286: 280: 277: 271: 268: 264: 259: 256: 252: 248: 243: 240: 236: 231: 228: 224: 219: 216: 215: 205: 202: 198: 193: 187: 185: 179: 176: 175:Binomial name 172: 168: 167: 162: 159: 158: 155: 154: 150: 147: 146: 143: 140: 137: 136: 133: 132:Passeriformes 130: 127: 126: 123: 120: 117: 116: 113: 110: 107: 106: 103: 100: 97: 96: 93: 90: 87: 86: 81: 76: 72: 66: 61: 60:Least Concern 50: 46: 41: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 7026:Meliphagidae 6955: 6674: 6487:Laughing owl 6482:Chatham kākā 6477:Lyall's wren 6330:Snares snipe 6198:Chatham shag 6077:Shore plover 5951:Foveaux shag 5876:Blue penguin 5813:Okarito kiwi 5678:Spotted shag 5606:pūtangitangi 5502:Grey warbler 5393: 5317: 5298: 5276: 5262: 5258:Latham, John 5239: 5230: 5209: 5199: 5184: 5180:Best, Elsdon 5144:. Retrieved 5139: 5130: 5118:. Retrieved 5114: 5105: 5079:. Retrieved 5074: 5065: 5053: 5026: 5016: 5006: 4994: 4952: 4938:(1): 69–82. 4935: 4931: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4916:"Can stoat ( 4909: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4851: 4838: 4821: 4785:(4): 56–62. 4782: 4778: 4768: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4659: 4652: 4643: 4639: 4593: 4589: 4566:(1): 86–114. 4563: 4559: 4514: 4510: 4485: 4481: 4471: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4402:. Retrieved 4393: 4383: 4361:(1): 17–25. 4358: 4354: 4348: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4310: 4291: 4279: 4267: 4261:(2): 87–107. 4258: 4254: 4229: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4184: 4180: 4170: 4139: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4056: 3978: 3974: 3964: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3921: 3896: 3892: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3823: 3814: 3810: 3786: 3782: 3773: 3748: 3736: 3727: 3723: 3710: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3656:. Retrieved 3646: 3634: 3622: 3565: 3561: 3539: 3535: 3525: 3499:. Retrieved 3494: 3466: 3366: 3362: 3356: 3348: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3269:(2): 73–78. 3266: 3262: 3252: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3167:(1): 87–91. 3164: 3160: 3123: 3113: 3106:Jobling 2010 3101: 3089: 3077:. Retrieved 3068: 3059: 3047: 3035:. Retrieved 3030: 3006:. Retrieved 3001: 2992: 2972: 2965: 2938: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2906: 2902: 2899:(1786–1789)" 2896: 2873:. Retrieved 2868: 2837: 2810: 2798: 2768: 2764: 2758: 2713:. Retrieved 2709:the original 2704: 2673: 2663: 2653: 2604:. Retrieved 2590: 2584: 2578: 2570: 2549: 2548:. The movie 2537: 2535: 2515: 2506: 2498: 2477: 2467: 2458: 2452: 2444: 2436: 2433:Taupō region 2422: 2404: 2387: 2377: 2367: 2337: 2335: 2325: 2293:Craigieburns 2289:Lake Rotoiti 2276: 2272: 2268: 2254: 2249: 2246:common wasps 2241: 2238:German wasps 2230: 2191: 2188:, Wellington 2169: 2162:Cyanoramphus 2161: 2153: 2143: 2108: 2078: 2071: 2066: 2063:, who said: 2056: 2048: 2040: 2028: 2020: 2013:Mustela furo 2012: 2000: 1993: 1974:Conservation 1965: 1957: 1937: 1928: 1873: 1861: 1855: 1839:caterpillars 1835:true cicadas 1822: 1814: 1806: 1798: 1784: 1780: 1772: 1769:cabbage tree 1764: 1756: 1748: 1740: 1732: 1724: 1716: 1708: 1701:Phormium sp. 1700: 1692: 1684: 1676: 1670: 1643: 1634: 1622: 1612:the hanging 1605: 1578: 1556: 1548: 1540: 1530: 1510: 1499: 1493: 1468: 1458: 1454: 1446: 1438: 1404: 1352: 1344: 1280: 1278: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1210: 1171: 1136: 1120: 1108:South Island 1104:North Island 1096: 1087: 1032: 1026: 1011: 1007: 1006: 984: 979: 941: 936: 921: 916: 887:phylogenetic 871:sister taxon 860: 851: 839: 831: 819: 811: 808:type species 801: 790: 788: 762: 758: 742: 734: 726: 718: 710: 702: 694: 686: 674: 666: 659: 654: 625: 602: 596: 572:Mocking-bird 571: 567: 540:Joseph Banks 529: 508: 478: 446: 429: 415: 396: 392: 388: 379: 378: 374: 372: 358: 349: 337:(Sparrman); 332: 320: 308: 304:Ellman, 1861 299: 293:J.R. Forster 287: 278: 269: 257: 241: 229: 217: 183: 181: 165: 164: 152: 142:Meliphagidae 18: 6815:iNaturalist 6699:Wikispecies 6655:New Zealand 6597:ruru hinapō 6293:Bounty shag 6128:Black robin 5915:Black stilt 5748:ngutuparore 5712:tōrea pango 5623:tītipounamu 5572:tūturiwhatu 5447:moho-pererū 5173:Works cited 5115:NZ Topo Map 5058:Buller 1873 4999:Orbell 2003 4987:Orbell 2003 4957:Orbell 2003 4422:Buller 1873 4331:(1): 69–81. 4100:(2): 61–74. 4077:(1): 19–26. 3873:(2): 75–82. 3789:(2): 67–74. 3542:(1): 36–45. 3331:10852/65203 3308:: 516–529. 3094:Buller 1873 2943:Norman 2018 2815:Latham 1782 2803:Latham 1782 2791:Norman 2018 2649:Cook, James 2606:13 November 2540:is used by 2476:, known as 2474:snare traps 2250:V. vulgaris 2202:translocate 2194:reintroduce 2080:J. G. Myers 2001:Felis catus 1866:pollinating 1829:(Diptera), 1689:five-finger 1513:territories 1479:, and even 1150:Description 844:honeyeaters 729:kēkerematua 610: [ 599:description 564:John Latham 560:Dusky Sound 544:dawn chorus 485:territorial 434:dawn chorus 412:New Zealand 314:Von Pelzeln 7015:Categories 6971:Q109563197 6939:Xeno-canto 6585:manutahora 6541:Snipe-rail 6455:mātuhituhi 6101:Yellowhead 6089:Stitchbird 6017:Otago shag 6005:takahikare 5892:Endangered 5768:Flightless 5683:pārekareka 5495:pīwakawaka 5430:Brown teal 5327:0854671005 5308:0790009099 5046:Riley 2001 5031:Riley 2001 4972:Riley 2001 4646:(1): 3–28. 4465:: 184–188. 2562:References 2556:West Coast 2532:In culture 2494:nīkau palm 2486:pōhutukawa 2439:tino ariki 2349:whakataukī 2285:Port Hills 2146:passerines 2127:Lake Taupō 2029:M. nivalis 2021:M. erminea 2007:including 1940:James Cook 1931:media help 1790:C. robusta 1777:ribbonwood 1753:supplejack 1745:red matipo 1618:tree ferns 1581:monogamous 1573:honey bush 1543:) and the 1522:Tawharanui 1473:eucalyptus 1465:pōhutukawa 1460:Nothofagus 1443:tawheowheo 1411:scrublands 1190:iridescent 1090:subspecies 1084:Subspecies 883:New Guinea 828:subspecies 697:kōparapara 489:monogamous 474:scrublands 442:James Cook 420:since the 405:honeyeater 6340:pokotiwha 6227:Pitt shag 6082:tūturuatu 6046:tarāpunga 5993:kawau tūī 5927:Blue duck 5908:tarapiroe 5736:pōpokotea 5731:Whitehead 5654:Silvereye 5233:Bellbird" 4944:0110-6465 4901:2688-8319 4801:2624-277X 4760:1442-9985 4713:0301-4223 4618:0006-3207 4375:1439-5444 3987:0067-0464 3956:0301-4223 3913:0301-4223 3582:0301-4223 3357:Anthornis 3283:1446-5698 3236:1055-7903 3181:0301-4223 3079:24 August 3069:Te Karaka 3065:"He manu" 3052:Best 1977 2461:kaikōmako 2358:oratories 2166:bush wren 2164:spp.) or 2158:parakeets 2139:ship rats 2115:honey bee 2005:mustelids 1963:"yeng". 1870:mistletoe 1858:whitehead 1831:true bugs 1811:kahikatea 1761:broadleaf 1533:predators 1427:tree line 1423:subalpine 1365:Northland 1305:Mokohinau 891:cladogram 863:molecular 856:monotypic 812:Anthornis 803:Anthornis 796:In 1840, 417:Anthornis 160:Species: 153:Anthornis 98:Kingdom: 92:Eukaryota 6965:Wikidata 6882:bellbird 6859:22704447 6833:10460049 6745:22704447 6740:BirdLife 6684:Wikidata 6450:Bushwren 6352:tutukiwi 5981:tara-iti 5939:Fernbird 5896:(flying) 5695:miromiro 5635:pīwauwau 5618:Rifleman 5560:pīhoihoi 5507:riroriro 5483:kārearea 5471:pohowera 5454:Dabchick 5411:tarāpuka 5399:korimako 5394:Bellbird 5297:(2003). 5260:(1782). 5197:(1873). 5182:(1977). 5156:cite web 5091:cite web 5014:(1855). 4824:. 2017. 4640:Notornis 4511:Notornis 4442:: 65–99. 4398:Archived 4299:Archived 4217:Notornis 4187:(1): 45. 4181:Notornis 4094:Notornis 4071:Notornis 3995:42906071 3867:Notornis 3783:Notornis 3698:Notornis 3536:Notornis 3511:cite web 3375:42048001 3340:28017855 3244:16527495 3121:(1840). 3073:Archived 2998:"kōmako" 2932:: 66–94. 2903:Notornis 2835:(1786). 2765:Notornis 2680:Archived 2651:(1890). 2551:Bellbird 2526:rangiora 2447:korimako 2354:proverbs 2269:melanura 2104:ship rat 2068:extinct. 2061:Hokianga 2045:ship rat 1961:staccato 1795:makomako 1721:horopito 1654:honeydew 1629:incubate 1593:honeydew 1563:Breeding 1489:orchards 1431:podocarp 1369:Auckland 1333:Vagrants 1325:Aldermen 1281:melanura 885:. 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