2201:
2771:
479:. Rising 14,000 feet (4,300 m) above sea level, this mountain range casts a large rain shadow over the desert. Weather coming in from the Pacific Ocean quickly loses its moisture as rain and snow as it is forced up and over the steep mountains. By the time it reaches the east side of the mountains, little moisture is left to bring to the desert. The rain shadow effect is more pronounced closer to the Sierra Nevada, with yearly precipitation in the Great Basin desert averaging 9 inches (230 mm) in the west and 12 inches (300 mm) inches in the east. Moisture that manages to reach the ecoregion tends to precipitate as rain and snow in higher elevations, primarily over the region's long, parallel mountains. Ultimately, any precipitation that falls within the desert fails to drain either to the
2666:
2544:
2880:
3079:
3015:
71:
456:, from the former "Northern Basin and Range" ecoregion and renamed it the "Great Basin Shrub Steppe". Although the EPA had refined the boundaries of the Central Basin and Range ecoregion by 2003, when USGS geographer Christopher Soulard wrote his reports on the region, his maps used the 1999 boundary for the "Central Basin and Range", which is essentially the same as the "Great Basin Shrub Steppe". He states that the Great Basin Desert is "encompassed within" that area.
2123:
393:
2176:) also characterize this zone, although native bunchgrasses once thrived amongst sagebrush. Historical fire suppression, adjusted fire frequency following the introduction of annual grasses and widespread livestock grazing have contributed to contraction of the sagebrush zone. According to Noss, 99 percent of the sagebrush-grass zone has been damaged by livestock, with major damage in 30 percent of the zone. Other shrubs commonly found in the sagebrush zone are
2419:
53:
2272:
2334:
2952:
2054:
4256:
3091:
vulnerable to the forces of extinction - generally small populations have less genetic diversity and therefore a lesser ability to adapt to changing conditions. Groundwater pumping, road and home construction, grazing, and mining are all activities that alter habitat; as more habitat is affected, the threat of extinction increases. The Great Basin desert is home to many threatened and endangered species:
499:
4144:
4001:
3893:
3565:
2649:, cover the lower basin slopes. These shrubs distinguish the Lahontan salt shrub basin and the Tonopah Basin from other Nevada salt shrub ecoregions. Sand dunes may occur where windblown sand accumulates against a barrier; dune complexes support a specialized plant community and diverse small mammal populations. The
2926:
grows only sparsely through the shrub layer due to combined effects of past fire, logging, and local climate factors, including lack of summer rain and the pattern of winter cold air inversions. Where extensive woodlands do exist, understory diversity tends to be very low, especially in closed canopy
2324:
The bristlecone pine is an important species that is indicative of the Great Basin desert. Bristlecones live a long time, some for thousands of years. The harsh areas they occupy are often devoid of other plant life, so there is little competition and reduced risk of fire. The trees grow very slowly,
2282:
Isolated from one mountain range to the next, montane communities in the region have long individual histories, each one affected differently by chance factors of migration over vast expanses of desert. Smaller communities are also vulnerable to adverse effects of climate change and to genetic drift.
2113:
is high. These shrubs and associated grasses typically produce abundant small seeds that are harvested by rodents and insects. The soil salinity and lack of moisture in this zone is not very conducive to most agriculture; however, livestock grazing and grain farming have historically contributed to a
318:
characterizes the desert: wide valleys bordered by parallel mountain ranges generally oriented north–south. There are more than 33 peaks within the desert with summits higher than 9,800 feet (3,000 m), but valleys in the region are also high, most with elevations above 3,900 feet (1,200 m).
517:
gained in elevation. This translates to as much as a 30 °F (17 °C) difference between mountaintops and valley floors on the same day at the same time. In the heat of summer this difference can be even more pronounced. With some exceptions wind generally increases with elevation or altitude
2252:
The trees are widely spaced and have an understory of a mixture of shrubs and herbaceous plants, often with nearly bare ground. These characteristics have led this zone to be named the "pygmy forest" by many scientists. The lower end of this zone is dominated by juniper; the middle is a combination
448:
can also indicate the boundaries of the Great Basin Desert. In 1987 J.M. Omernik defined a desert ecoregion between the Sierra Nevada and
Wasatch Range, naming it the "Northern Basin and Range" ecoregion. In 1999, the U.S. EPA renamed the "Northern Basin and Range" the "Central Basin and Range" and
3090:
The topography of the Great Basin desert ("island" mountain tops separated from one another by vast expanses of desert valleys) renders it vulnerable to extinctions. Populations that occupy the high peaks are isolated from one another; therefore, they cannot interbreed. Small populations are more
2242:
The elevational range of this zone varies, but it is usually found between 6,000 and 8,000 feet (1,800 and 2,400 m), with lower limits determined by lack of moisture and the upper limits determined by temperature. The pinyon-juniper community consists of short evergreen trees that rarely grow
2921:
The
Central Nevada mid-slope woodland and brushland ecoregion at 6,500 to 8,000 feet (2,000 to 2,400 m) of elevation is analogous in altitudinal range to other woodland areas in Nevada. However, continuous woodland is not as prevalent on the mountains of central Nevada as in other woodland
2430:
defines its
Central Basin and Range ecoregion as Level III: it is at the third level of a tree of ecoregions that cover North America. It further defines sub-ecoregions at Level IV, which describe differences in the ecoregion at different locations. The map shows the Level IV EPA ecoregions in
2044:
communities in the desert. Across the high desert there are numerous sub-climates correlating to the varied elevations. Heading from the valley bottoms to the mountain peaks one will encounter constantly changing combinations of plant and animal species making up some 200 distinct biological
2463:: they have a higher salt content than those of the Lahontan and Tonopah playas ecoregion, below. Water levels and salinity varies from year to year. During dry periods salt encrustation and wind erosion occur. Vegetation is mostly absent, although scattered salt-tolerant plants, such as
2377:
communities of the Great Basin desert cut across all elevations and life zones. In the Great Basin desert surface water is rapidly lost by evaporation or infiltration. However, areas around streams where plant life is abundant constitute a riparian area. Water-loving plants like
471:
The climate of the Great Basin desert is characterized by extremes: hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters; frigid alpine ridges and warm, windy valleys; days over 90 °F (32 °C) followed by nights near 40 °F (4 °C). This is the climate of the high desert.
2353:. Treeline is generally found above 10,000 feet (3,000 m) in the Great Basin desert, moving downslope with higher latitudes. The plants that grow above treeline are separated from other such areas by miles of foothills and valleys. This "island" phenomenon produces many
331:
forests. The significant variation between valleys and peaks has created a variety of habitat niches which has in turn led to many small, isolated populations of genetically unique plant and animal species throughout the region. According to
Grayson, more than 600 species of
2908:
and fewer associated shrubs surround these playas than in other, lower more arid ecoregions in the west, including the
Lahontan salt shrub ecoregion and the Tonopah Basin ecoregion. Valleys with permanent water support endemic fish populations, such as the
3753:] deserved recognition…and defined it…as the interior drainage lying between the Sierra Nevada and the Wasatch Mountains of Utah. For the purpose of this study I am defining the Great Basin Desert as the high elevation desert that lacks Creosote Bush.
2267:
The taller ranges of the Great Basin desert have a montane community. Due to the great distances created by basins between these small forest habitats, various rock substrates, and local climates, montane forests are tremendously varied across the desert.
2729:
The
Lahontan uplands are restricted to the highest elevations of the mountains ranges within the Lahontan salt shrub basin. Slopes vary in elevation from 6,400 to 8,800 feet (2,000 to 2,700 m) and are covered in sagebrush, grasses, and scattered
2862:
layer formed by carbonates leaching through the soil and accumulating. As a result, shrub cover is sparse in contrast to other sagebrush-covered ecoregions in Nevada. The grass understory grades from a dominance of cool season grasses, such as
2243:
over 20 feet in height. This zone of dense vegetation, made possible by thermal inversions and increased precipitation, is important to a wide variety of isolated animals that rely on this vegetation interface for survival (for example,
2076:
conditions. The amount of water and the soil type in any one area will determine exactly which plants will live there. Certain areas of the valley floors may harbor no life. These parched areas that flood periodically are called
336:
live in the floristic Great Basin, which has a similar areal footprint to the ecoregion. Sixty-three of these species have been identified as species of conservation concern due to contracting natural habitats (for example,
2846:. The combination of summer moisture and a limestone or dolomite substrate affects regional vegetation, particularly in terms of species dominance and elevational distribution. The substrate favors shrubs, such as
2899:
dominates on the volcanic hills and alluvial fans. This ecoregion tends to have lower species diversity than other sagebrush ecoregions, because of its aridity and isolation from more species-rich areas. Saline
376:. Different locations in the desert have different amounts of precipitation depending on the strength of these rain shadows. The environment is influenced by Pleistocene lakes that dried after the last ice age:
2613:. This ecoregion has limited grazing potential. Windblown salt dust from exposed playas may affect upland soils and vegetation. The Lahontan and Tonopah playas are important as wildlife habitat, as well as for
2515:, which dominates ecoregion 13c at somewhat higher elevation. The basins in Nevada, in contrast to those in Utah, are more constricted in area and are more influenced by nearby mountain ranges with extensive
3041:
and associated arid land shrubs cover broad rolling valleys, hills, and alluvial fans. However, unlike the
Lahontan salt shrub basin and Upper Lahontan basin, the shrubs often co-dominate in highly diverse
449:
the "(Snake River) High Desert" the "Northern Basin and Range". The World
Wildlife Fund adopted the Basin and Range ecoregions from Omernik, but excised a small region of high-altitude areas which contain
3006:) is high enough to have an alpine zone, but lacks a suitable substrate to retain snowmelt moisture. The isolation of these "sky islands" has led to the development of many rare and endemic plant species.
2398:
are found along these wet areas. The willow has a spreading root network that allows it to reach all around for water and it also helps streams by slowing erosion. These plants provide wood for
2138:) and grasses just above the shadscale zone. This expanse, called the sagebrush zone, constitutes the largest amount of land in the desert (38.7 percent) and is dominated by big sagebrush (
513:
On any given day, the weather across the Great Basin desert is variable. The region is extremely mountainous, and the temperatures vary depending on the elevation. In general, temperature
459:
This article describes the general ecology of the region, including the high-elevation areas, and does not rely on minor differences in the definitions of the ecoregion or desert. See
2982:. They contrast with the High-elevation Carbonate Mountains to the east, where the mountain brush zone is too narrow to be mapped as a separate ecoregion. Scattered groves of
364:
The ecology of the desert varies across geography also. The desert's high elevation and location between mountain ranges influences regional climate: the desert formed by the
2200:
403:
Scientists have different definitions of the Great Basin Desert, which are often defined by negatives. J. Robert Macey defines the "Great Basin scrub desert as lacking
2685:
sediments that are found in lower parts of the
Lahontan Basin. Because moisture increases and alkalinity decreases with elevation, the shrub community grades from the
3425:
Hoekstra, J. M.; Molnar, J. L.; Jennings, M.; Revenga, C.; Spalding, M. D.; Boucher, T. M.; Robertson, J. C.; Heibel, T. J.; Ellison, K. (2010). Molnar, J. L. (ed.).
2028:
The pattern of 'basin and range' with adjacent basins and ranges in this region results in incredible biological diversity. Climate, elevation, soil type, and many
2499:
The
Shadscale-dominated saline basins ecoregion is arid, internally drained and gently sloping to nearly flat. These basins are in, or are characteristic of, the
418:
2657:, originating in the Sierra Nevada, provide water for irrigated farming. Riparian corridors along these rivers support the only trees found in this ecoregion.
3797:
3364:
was extended further east, contracting the eastern portion of the Central Basin and Range to the south, separating it from the Snake River Plain ecoregion.
2487:
potential. The salt deserts provide wildlife habitat and serve some recreational, military, and industrial uses. A prime example of this ecoregion is the
2966:, they lack Sierra species due to the dry conditions. These barren-looking mountains are covered instead by dense mountain brush that is dominated by
2887:
The Central Nevada high valleys ecoregion contains sagebrush-covered rolling valleys that are generally over 5,000 feet (1,500 m) in elevation.
2678:
2503:: they are higher in elevation and colder in winter than the Lahontan salt shrub basin ecoregion to the west. Light-colored soils with high salt and
30:"Great Basin shrub steppe" and "Central Basin and Range ecoregion" redirect here. For desert ecology of northern Nevada and southeastern Oregon, see
2838:
The basins and semi-arid uplands of the Carbonate Sagebrush Valleys surround the carbonate ranges of eastern Nevada. These valleys are underlain by
3658:
3351:
illustrates the boundaries of the "(Snake River) High Desert", which had been split off earlier from Ormernik's "Snake River Basin/High Desert".
2943:, which straddles the transition between this mid-elevation brushland and the mountain brush zone of the higher Central Nevada Bald Mountains.
2637:, winters are cold enough in this ecoregion to discourage the northward dispersal of Mojavean species into the Lahontan Basin. In addition to
2770:
4010:
4070:
Eiswerth, M.E.; Shonkwiler, J.S. (2006). "Examining post-wildfire reseeding on arid rangeland: A multivariate tobit modelling approach".
5290:
2814:
that spans the Nevada-Oregon border. However, as in the warmer Lahontan Basin to the west, lightning fires are common and a post-fire
5295:
2743:
2810:. The ecoregion is wetter and cooler than other Nevada ecoregions in its elevation range. The ecoregion is transitional to the
2597:. Playas occur in the lowest elevation of the Lahontan Basin, and represent the terminus or sink of rivers running east of the
532:, located in a central part of the Great Basin desert, provides perhaps the best example of a typical climate for the region.
3833:
3442:
3312:
2962:
The Central Nevada Bald Mountains are dry and mostly treeless. Although they rise only 100 miles (160 km) east of the
2058:
281:
119:
5300:
4260:
3724:
3692:
3327:
2665:
2357:- species that have evolved while isolated on a particular mountain peak or range and are found only in that one place.
3361:
3317:
3029:. The basin shows varying characteristics of both deserts. The west side of the Tonopah Basin is a continuation of the
2811:
31:
4818:
5305:
4288:
2609:
may grow around the perimeter in the transition to the salt shrub community, where they often stabilize areas of low
131:
4148:
3569:
5058:
3233:
2633:
to the east, is lower in elevation and warmer in winter. Although there is a direct connection to the south to the
2511:
vegetation common to this ecoregion has a higher tolerance for extremes in temperature, aridity, and salinity than
2431:
Nevada. The low-elevation ecoregions lie in the Great Basin shrub steppe, while the high-elevation ones lie in the
1033:, due to the region's higher elevation and latitude. Winters in this section of the basin are still cold, however.
1025:, precipitation is rare, and summers are hot, though temperatures are more moderate than those in deserts like the
5138:
3805:
2717:. The low hills and mountains of the Lahontan Basin experience frequent summer lightning and fire. The introduced
4162:
3584:
3322:
2427:
2029:
1528:. Although still arid, it is worthy to note that this portion of the desert receives more precipitation than the
285:
76:
5280:
4238:
3434:
539:
Climate data for Great Basin National Park - Lehman Caves Visitor Center (elevation 6,840 feet (2,080 m))
4182:
2891:
spilling from the surrounding mountain ranges fill the valleys, often leaving little intervening flat ground.
2601:. The playas fill with seasonal runoff from the surrounding mountains, providing habitat for migratory birds.
2134:
The drop in soil salinity and increase in moisture as elevation increases leads to a transition to sagebrush (
5239:
453:
17:
2543:
521:
This dry climate and rugged topography proves too harsh for many plant and animal species; however, genetic
5270:
2625:
The Lahontan salt shrub basin is an expansive dry plain that was once below Pleistocene Lake Lahontan. The
2310:
2276:
106:
4204:
3306:
3286:
3244:
2432:
2338:
2262:
2212:
460:
434:
35:
4153:
2164:
dominate areas with steep rocky slopes and shallow soils. Introduced annual grasses such as cheatgrass (
5275:
3211:
3063:
2879:
2325:
producing very dense, disease-resistant wood. These factors contribute to the bristlecone's long life.
315:
288:. It is a temperate desert with hot, dry summers and snowy winters. The desert spans large portions of
2045:
communities. These communities can be generally grouped into six general communities or "life zones".
4630:
3664:
3227:
3222:
3205:
1021:
climate is typical of lower elevations in the western part of the Great Basin desert. Located in the
529:
339:
125:
5285:
5249:
4961:
4838:
3294:
3250:
3238:
3138:
2407:
2094:
2082:
514:
492:
300:. The desert is one of the four biologically defined deserts in North America, in addition to the
4329:
3399:
3300:
3274:
3268:
3256:
3113:
2106:
396:
Ecoregions as currently delineated by the Environmental Protection Agency and World Wildlife Fund
4023:
3902:
2746:
in the southeast portion of the Lahontan Basin, but it is otherwise absent from this ecoregion.
5168:
5120:
4921:
4911:
4866:
4848:
4587:
4509:
3199:
3067:
3025:
The Tonopah Basin lies in the transition between the Great Basin Desert and the more southerly
2983:
2967:
2940:
2936:
2706:
2235:
2216:
1521:
357:
218:
5210:
5098:
5043:
4991:
4951:
4412:
4281:
4019:
3911:
3429:
The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference
3193:
3158:
3123:
3083:
2932:
2892:
2694:
2488:
2383:
2098:
1543:
Climate data for Knolls, Great Salt Lake Desert, Utah. (Elevation 4,250 feet (1,300 m))
400:
The Great Basin Desert is defined by its animals and plants, yet the boundaries are unclear.
4099:
Endangered ecosystems of the United States; a preliminary assessment of loss and degradation
3484:
2064:
In the lower valley bottoms where mountain run off evaporates to create saline soils is the
1524:, located near the northeast corner of the Great Basin desert, is an excellent example of a
509:
as air descends and compresses, resulting in arid warming on the leeward side of a mountain.
5177:
5025:
4996:
4966:
4926:
4362:
3634:
Then and now: a photographic history of vegetation change in the central Great Basin desert
3280:
2963:
2864:
2799:
2755:
2714:
2598:
2422:
Map of ecoregions in Nevada. Some of the Level IV ecoregions are described in this article.
2245:
2172:
2140:
320:
2854:, that can tolerate shallow soil. Even in alluvial soils, root growth may be limited by a
2778:
The Upper Humboldt Plains ecoregion is an area of rolling plains punctuated by occasional
8:
5048:
5016:
4886:
4700:
4620:
4542:
3725:
The Biogeography of a Herpetofaunal Transition Between the Great Basin and Mojave Deserts
3348:
3262:
2798:
is common in extensive areas of shallow, stony soil, as are cool season grasses, such as
2758:, dominate the understory in the north, but are replaced by warm-season grasses, such as
2698:
2403:
2318:
2205:
1525:
438:
273:
210:
89:
5202:
4805:
4344:
5222:
5078:
5038:
4976:
4941:
4931:
4334:
3870:
3575:
3427:
2807:
2606:
2448:
2229:
2149:
2086:
2081:. On the shores of the playas, shadscale is the dominant plant, but is kept company by
525:
to these conditions have led to reasonably high species richness within the ecoregion.
476:
4467:
3599:
2677:, and low mountains comprise the Lahontan sagebrush slopes ecoregion. These areas are
5148:
5133:
5073:
4906:
4891:
4871:
4791:
4672:
4476:
4432:
4234:
4102:
4052:
3829:
3637:
3531:
3438:
3034:
2567:
2548:
2314:
2135:
2102:
1529:
1022:
409:
309:
4083:
3953:
3931:
3505:
70:
5244:
4936:
4901:
4695:
4514:
4274:
4079:
3614:
3173:
3047:
3043:
3018:
3003:
2995:
2759:
2739:
2682:
2602:
2500:
2476:
2472:
2460:
2306:
2127:
3852:
3463:
3078:
3037:
on the east side is more like the Mojave Desert. Similar to basins further north,
483:
or to the Pacific Ocean (thus the term "basin"). Instead, precipitation drains to
5053:
4896:
4876:
4861:
4833:
4823:
4813:
4773:
4730:
4602:
4577:
4572:
4484:
4402:
4352:
4324:
4314:
3823:
3618:
3600:"Greater sage-grouse as an umbrella species for sagebrush-associated vertebrates"
2928:
2896:
2847:
2843:
2754:
grow to the mountaintops above the woodland zone. Cool-season grasses, including
2751:
2630:
2575:
2354:
2166:
2161:
1533:
502:
426:
414:
381:
369:
351:
345:
2215:
is adjacent and above the sagebrush zone. The main plants in this community are
5158:
5153:
5128:
5106:
5068:
5063:
4986:
4981:
4783:
4763:
4705:
4677:
4567:
4562:
4552:
4547:
4499:
4494:
4457:
4397:
4387:
4377:
3703:
3059:
3030:
2827:
2626:
2516:
2294:
1030:
1018:
484:
480:
373:
305:
4452:
3731:
5264:
5088:
5083:
5033:
4971:
4956:
4946:
4881:
4856:
4828:
4768:
4758:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4710:
4655:
4645:
4519:
4422:
4407:
4382:
4372:
4357:
4005:
3897:
3767:
3535:
3051:
3026:
3014:
2999:
2979:
2956:
2910:
2795:
2747:
2669:
Lightning-sparked wildfires are common occurrences in the Great Basin desert.
2654:
2634:
2590:
2512:
2346:
2302:
2157:
2153:
2152:. Areas in this zone that have wetter and less saline soils are dominated by
2090:
2073:
2069:
1873:
1370:
1026:
869:
430:
404:
377:
301:
265:
261:
4106:
4056:
2721:
tends to replace the shrub community and provides fuel for recurrent fires.
368:
of the Sierra Nevada that blocks moisture from the Pacific Ocean, while the
5190:
5143:
4667:
4660:
4650:
4534:
4524:
4437:
4427:
4392:
4319:
3641:
3055:
2971:
2888:
2803:
2783:
2731:
2674:
2650:
2532:
2391:
2387:
2220:
2145:
422:
3407:
Status and Trends of Land Change in the Western United States—1973 to 2000
2527:
substrate to surface as valley springs. Isolated valley drainages support
2345:
Some mountain ranges in the Great Basin desert are high enough to have an
5006:
5001:
4753:
4720:
4715:
4635:
4625:
4557:
4367:
3217:
3148:
2991:
2815:
2735:
2710:
2614:
2587:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2520:
2480:
2456:
2298:
2290:
2227:
understory. Other species of junipers also occur in this zone, including
2224:
2181:
2177:
2122:
2110:
518:
and thus strong winds are often encountered on mountain tops and ridges.
506:
488:
392:
384:. Each of these lakes left different amounts of salinity and alkalinity.
365:
324:
257:
34:. For more details on the ecology of high elevation in this region, see
5185:
4687:
4640:
4582:
4447:
3698:. In Mac, M.J.; Opler, P.A.; Puckett Haeker, C.E.; et al. (eds.).
3405:. In Sleeter, Benjamin M.; Wilson, Tamara S.; Acevedo, William (eds.).
3098:
2868:
2819:
2718:
2702:
2686:
2646:
2610:
2468:
2464:
2418:
2189:
1040:
Climate data for Fallon, Nevada. (Elevation 3,960 feet (1,210 m))
522:
333:
297:
187:
52:
3871:"Level III Ecoregions of the Continental United States (revised 2003)"
3373:
Both areas correspond to Omernik's Northern Basin and Range ecoregion.
2554:
The nearly level and often barren Lahontan and Tonopah playas contain
2068:
zone. Plants in this community are adapted to living with very little
5215:
4612:
3038:
2975:
2905:
2851:
2839:
2690:
2638:
2594:
2524:
2286:
2271:
2185:
2144:) shrubland. The sagebrush zone occurs on the lower mountain slopes,
2065:
2037:
2033:
445:
323:: from low salty dry lakes, up through rolling sagebrush valleys, to
3747:
Banta & Tanner (1964) felt that the Great Basin Desert [
2333:
4489:
3702:. Vol. 2. Reno, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from
2901:
2787:
2583:
2508:
2452:
2444:
2374:
2350:
2078:
2041:
450:
94:
4051:. Vol. Series B. International Union of Biological Sciences.
3506:"Deserts - Great Basin National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
2990:
in moister microsites grow above the shrub layer. A few scattered
2916:
2317:
often dominates drier, warmer south-facing slopes. Pure stands of
2297:
are found in the middle elevations of some mountain ranges, while
4592:
4049:
Vegetational zonation in the Great Basin of western North America
2923:
2859:
2855:
2826:
is the major land use, though there is some agriculture near the
2823:
2555:
2528:
2484:
2313:
occupy the higher elevations, continuing to the upper tree line.
328:
4266:
3691:
Brussard, P.F.; Charlet, D.A.; Dobkin, D.S.; Ball, L.C. (1998).
3598:
Rowland, M.M.; Wisdom, M.J.; Suring, L.H.; Meinke, C.W. (2006).
2951:
2693:
community on the basin floor, to a shrub community dominated by
2053:
475:
The Great Basin desert climate begins with the Sierra Nevada in
407:." The Great Basin Desert includes several arid basins lacking
268:. The desert is a geographical region that largely overlaps the
4597:
4442:
4309:
4298:
4255:
2642:
2504:
2399:
2379:
289:
197:
177:
60:
3798:"Ecoregional Boundaries; Omernik Ecoregions Level 3, Metadata"
2032:
variables greatly influence the diversity and distribution of
4504:
4417:
3424:
3046:. The shrub understory includes warm-season grasses, such as
2987:
2779:
2579:
2395:
2362:
2358:
498:
495:. The desert is the coldest of the deserts in North America.
192:
101:
3660:
Level III and IV Ecoregions of the Continental United States
2895:
and associated grasses are common on the flatter areas, and
2365:, low perennial herbs, and wildflowers grow above treeline.
2998:
grow on ranges that exceed 10,000 feet (3,000 m). The
2791:
2253:
of both species, and the upper end is dominated by pinyon.
463:
for more specific details on the high-elevation ecoregion.
293:
182:
3577:
Land-Cover Trends of the Central Basin and Range Ecoregion
3528:
The desert's past; a natural prehistory of the Great Basin
421:
valleys," as well as all but the southeast portion of the
319:
The biological communities of the Great Basin Desert vary
4231:
The Sagebrush Ocean: A Natural History Of The Great Basin
3749:
3690:
3597:
372:
create a barrier effect that restricts moisture from the
2109:
is the dominant shrub in more saline areas or where the
2349:
community; a community of low growing plants above the
3700:
Status and trends of the nation's biological resources
2774:
Sagebrush in the Upper Humboldt Plains (13m) ecoregion
2443:
The Salt desert ecoregion is composed of nearly level
441:
which includes part of the Great Basin scrub desert.
3954:"Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Information"
3932:"Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Information"
3409:. U.S. Geological Survey. Professional Paper 1794–A.
2507:
content occur and are dry for extended periods. The
2494:
4138:
4136:
3530:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
2922:
ecoregions, such as ecoregions 13d and 13q. Pinyon-
4134:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4069:
3636:. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press.
3573:
3426:
75:The Great Basin Desert, as marked on a map by the
4097:Noss, R.F.; LaRoe, E.T. III; Scott, J.M. (1995).
3768:"Ecoregions: a framework for managing ecosystems"
5262:
4155:Level IV Ecoregions of Nevada--poster front side
2946:
2871:(an indicator of summer rainfall) in the south.
2867:, in the north, to warm season grasses, such as
2822:tends to replace the native grasses and shrubs.
4113:
2917:Central Nevada mid-slope woodland and brushland
1536:on the western edge of the Great Basin desert.
4096:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3828:. University of California Press. p. 32.
3817:
3815:
3393:
3391:
3389:
2874:
2833:
2538:
491:via streams, or disappears via evaporation or
4282:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
2782:and low mountains. It is mostly underlain by
2114:decline in the already scattered vegetation.
2660:
2620:
2016:Source: The Western Regional Climate Center
1513:Source: The Western Regional Climate Center
387:
4101:. National Biological Service. p. 58.
3880:
3812:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3386:
3118:Astragalas lentiginosus var. sesquimetralis
3070:are found in valleys with perennial water.
2459:. These features are characteristic of the
2195:
515:decreases 3.6 degrees F for every 1000 feet
4289:
4275:
4063:
4040:
3671:
3847:
3845:
3653:
3651:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
2105:. Trees are not found in this community.
2023:
4046:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3785:
3718:
3716:
3591:
3512:
3479:
3477:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3077:
3013:
2950:
2878:
2769:
2664:
2542:
2417:
2332:
2270:
2199:
2121:
2052:
497:
437:valleys" have creosote bush, unlike the
391:
4228:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3821:
3765:
3625:
3525:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3400:"20. Central Basin and Range Ecoregion"
3397:
3054:. Endemic fish species, including the
2765:
132:Wasatch and Uinta Mountains (ecoregion)
14:
5263:
4090:
3842:
3648:
3631:
3542:
2641:, other salt-tolerant shrubs, such as
4270:
3946:
3924:
3825:The Great Basin: A Natural Prehistory
3722:
3713:
3474:
3451:
3313:Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge
3073:
2368:
4233:. Reno: University of Nevada Press.
3968:
3413:
2256:
2059:Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge
282:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
120:Northern Basin and Range (ecoregion)
4215:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.
4193:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.
3328:Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge
2904:may occur on available flats. Less
2724:
2709:towards the northeast, outside the
2328:
2321:are also common in this community.
27:Desert in the western United States
24:
4222:
3693:"Great Basin-Mojave Desert Region"
3362:Northern Basin and Range ecoregion
3318:Ruby Lake National Wildlife Refuge
2812:Northern Basin and Range ecoregion
2519:exposures, which provide water by
57:Central Basin and Range from space
32:Northern Basin and Range ecoregion
25:
5317:
5291:Central Basin and Range ecoregion
4296:
4248:
4213:Nevada Fish & Wildlife Office
4191:Nevada Fish & Wildlife Office
3956:. Western Regional Climate Center
3934:. Western Regional Climate Center
3723:Macey, J. Robert (May 28, 1986).
2495:Shadscale-dominated saline basins
2117:
2048:
278:Central Basin and Range ecoregion
4254:
4147: This article incorporates
4142:
4004: This article incorporates
3999:
3896: This article incorporates
3891:
3568: This article incorporates
3563:
3398:Soulard, Christopher E. (2012).
3234:Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest
3009:
69:
51:
5296:Ecoregions of the United States
4197:
4175:
4163:United States Geological Survey
4084:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.07.003
3863:
3759:
3585:United States Geological Survey
3367:
3354:
3341:
3323:Fallon National Wildlife Refuge
2438:
2428:Environmental Protection Agency
286:United States Geological Survey
3498:
3435:University of California Press
2681:and their soils lack the fine
13:
1:
3853:"Great Basin montane forests"
3380:
3033:, while the lower and hotter
2947:Central Nevada Bald Mountains
2593:, which was once the size of
2413:
2277:Great Basin bristlecone pines
2223:, often with a sagebrush and
1946:Average snowfall inches (cm)
1443:Average snowfall inches (cm)
942:Average snowfall inches (cm)
3619:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.048
3143:Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi
3103:Sterna antillarum athalassos
3021:is part of the Tonopah Basin
2911:Monitor Valley speckled dace
444:The study and definition of
107:Deserts and xeric shrublands
7:
3904:Climate: Past & Present
3822:Grayson, Donald K. (2011).
3804:. EPA. 2003. Archived from
3307:South Egan Range Wilderness
3287:White Pine Range Wilderness
3245:Currant Mountain Wilderness
3186:
2875:Central Nevada high valleys
2834:Carbonate Sagebrush Valleys
2539:Lahontan and Tonopah playas
2433:Great Basin montane forests
2406:often provides shelter for
2263:Great Basin montane forests
2204:Pinyon-Juniper woodland in
1732:Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
1662:Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
1229:Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
1159:Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
728:Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
658:Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
461:Great Basin montane forests
296:, and extends into eastern
36:Great Basin montane forests
10:
5322:
5301:Ecology of the Great Basin
4012:Ecology of the Great Basin
3802:NV Geospatial Data Browser
3766:Omernik, James M. (1995).
3485:"What is the Great Basin?"
3464:"Great Basin shrub steppe"
3212:Government Peak Wilderness
3064:Railroad Valley springfish
2984:curlleaf mountain-mahogany
2941:curlleaf mountain-mahogany
2738:grows with juniper on the
2483:and there is very limited
2260:
2015:
1542:
1512:
1039:
1011:
538:
466:
316:Basin and range topography
29:
5235:
5201:
5176:
5167:
5119:
5097:
5024:
5015:
4847:
4804:
4782:
4729:
4686:
4611:
4533:
4475:
4466:
4343:
4305:
4229:Trimble, Stephen (1999).
3228:Highland Ridge Wilderness
3223:Great Basin National Park
3206:Goshute Canyon Wilderness
3060:Pahranagat roundtail chub
2661:Lahontan sagebrush slopes
2621:Lahontan salt shrub basin
2435:(as defined by the WWF).
2408:North American porcupines
1945:
1871:
1801:
1731:
1661:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1442:
1368:
1298:
1228:
1158:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
941:
867:
797:
727:
657:
587:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
530:Great Basin National Park
413:(chaparral) such as the "
388:Definition and boundaries
340:Centrocercus urophasianus
242:
234:
229:
206:
170:
162:
157:
149:
141:
126:Sierra Nevada (ecoregion)
112:
100:
88:
83:
68:
50:
43:
5306:Basin and Range Province
4183:"White River Spinedace (
3730:(Report). Archived from
3574:Christopher E. Soulard.
3334:
3295:Mount Grafton Wilderness
3251:East Humboldt Wilderness
3239:Bald Mountain Wilderness
3139:Lahontan cutthroat trout
3056:Railroad Valley tui chub
2213:pinyon–juniper community
2196:Pinyon-Juniper community
493:absorption into the soil
270:Great Basin shrub steppe
46:Great Basin shrub steppe
4330:List of deserts by area
4109:. Biological Report 28.
4047:Billings, W.D. (1951).
3775:The George Wright Forum
3607:Biological Conservation
3487:. National Park Service
3301:Mount Moriah Wilderness
3275:Red Mountain Wilderness
3269:Quinn Canyon Wilderness
3257:High Schells Wilderness
2643:Shockley's desert-thorn
2586:are all that remain of
63:region, view due-south)
44:Central Basin and Range
4912:Gran Desierto de Altar
4149:public domain material
4006:public domain material
3898:public domain material
3859:. World Wildlife Fund.
3857:Terrestrial Ecoregions
3570:public domain material
3526:Grayson, D.K. (1993).
3470:. World Wildlife Fund.
3468:Terrestrial Ecoregions
3200:Bristlecone Wilderness
3087:
3068:White River springfish
3022:
2968:mountain big sagebrush
2959:
2937:mountain big sagebrush
2884:
2883:Ralston Valley, Nevada
2775:
2701:at higher elevations.
2670:
2551:
2533:Newark Valley tui chub
2423:
2342:
2279:
2236:Juniperus occidentalis
2217:singleleaf pinyon pine
2208:
2131:
2061:
2024:Biological communities
1522:Great Salt Lake Desert
510:
417:, Hammil, Benton, and
397:
358:Phrynosoma platyrhinos
5281:Deserts of California
5211:North American Arctic
4952:North American Arctic
4185:Lepidomeda albivallis
4020:National Park Service
3912:National Park Service
3663:, EPA, archived from
3632:Rogers, G.F. (1982).
3194:Becky Peak Wilderness
3163:Lepidomeda albivallis
3159:White River spinedace
3128:Spiranthes diluvialis
3084:Spiranthes diluvialis
3081:
3017:
2954:
2933:Wyoming big sagebrush
2893:Wyoming big sagebrush
2882:
2773:
2705:grasses increase the
2695:Wyoming big sagebrush
2668:
2546:
2489:Bonneville Salt Flats
2479:occur. Soils are not
2421:
2402:. In this community,
2384:narrowleaf cottonwood
2336:
2274:
2203:
2125:
2099:four-winged saltbrush
2056:
501:
395:
321:according to altitude
4263:at Wikimedia Commons
4072:Ecological Modelling
3281:Shellback Wilderness
2865:bluebunch wheatgrass
2800:bluebunch wheatgrass
2766:Upper Humboldt Plain
2756:bluebunch wheatgrass
2607:four-winged saltbush
2582:, remnant lakes and
2173:Halogeton glomeratus
2141:Artemisia tridentata
1592:Record high °F (°C)
1089:Record high °F (°C)
588:Record high °F (°C)
425:. Conversely, the "
5271:Great Basin deserts
5139:Los Médanos de Coro
4887:Channeled scablands
4510:Ramlat al-Sab'atayn
4205:"Utah prairie dog (
3303:(Humboldt NF / BLM)
3263:Jarbidge Wilderness
3114:Sodaville milkvetch
2617:and military uses.
2562:, and intermittent
2404:silver buffaloberry
2206:Elko County, Nevada
1802:Record low °F (°C)
1526:cold desert climate
1299:Record low °F (°C)
798:Record low °F (°C)
439:Deep Springs Valley
274:World Wildlife Fund
4932:Jornada del Muerto
4335:Desert exploration
4261:Great Basin Desert
3124:Ute lady's tresses
3088:
3074:Endangered species
3023:
2960:
2935:grade upward into
2885:
2808:Sandberg bluegrass
2776:
2699:Lahontan sagebrush
2671:
2629:, compared to the
2552:
2531:fish, such as the
2424:
2369:Riparian community
2343:
2280:
2230:Juniperus communis
2209:
2132:
2062:
511:
477:eastern California
398:
310:Chihuahuan Deserts
254:Great Basin Desert
5276:Deserts of Nevada
5258:
5257:
5231:
5230:
5115:
5114:
4800:
4799:
4477:Arabian Peninsula
4433:Plaine des Sables
4259:Media related to
4207:Cynomys parvidens
3835:978-0-520-26747-3
3444:978-0-520-26256-0
3178:Cynomys parvidens
3153:Eremichthys acros
3035:Pahranagat Valley
2996:bristlecone pines
2713:influence of the
2647:Bailey greasewood
2568:Black Rock Desert
2549:Black Rock Desert
2337:Alpine tundra at
2315:Mountain mahogany
2311:bristlecone pines
2257:Montane community
2170:) and halogeton (
2126:Sagebrush in the
2103:green rabbitbrush
2072:, high heat, and
2057:Valley bottom at
2020:
2019:
1517:
1516:
1023:Forty Mile Desert
1015:
1014:
503:Orographic uplift
410:Larrea tridentata
250:
249:
16:(Redirected from
5313:
5174:
5173:
5022:
5021:
4473:
4472:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4268:
4267:
4258:
4244:
4217:
4216:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4160:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4111:
4110:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4078:(1–2): 286–298.
4067:
4061:
4060:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4028:
4022:. Archived from
4017:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3909:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3849:
3840:
3839:
3819:
3810:
3809:
3794:
3783:
3782:
3772:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3743:
3742:
3736:
3729:
3720:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3697:
3688:
3669:
3668:
3655:
3646:
3645:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3604:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3582:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3540:
3539:
3523:
3510:
3509:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3481:
3472:
3471:
3460:
3449:
3448:
3432:
3422:
3411:
3410:
3404:
3395:
3374:
3371:
3365:
3358:
3352:
3345:
3174:Utah prairie dog
3048:Indian ricegrass
3019:Big Smoky Valley
3004:Big Smoky Valley
2927:areas. Areas of
2792:tuffaceous rocks
2762:, in the south.
2760:Indian ricegrass
2740:Stillwater Range
2725:Lahontan uplands
2697:and the endemic
2631:Bonneville Basin
2603:Black greasewood
2501:Bonneville Basin
2477:inland saltgrass
2473:black greasewood
2461:Bonneville Basin
2329:Alpine community
2307:Engelmann spruce
2246:Eutamias palmeri
2128:Virgin Mountains
1540:
1539:
1037:
1036:
536:
535:
73:
55:
41:
40:
21:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5286:Deserts of Utah
5261:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5227:
5197:
5163:
5111:
5093:
5054:Nullarbor Plain
5011:
4922:Great Salt Lake
4867:Baja California
4843:
4814:Bardenas Reales
4796:
4778:
4731:Iranian Plateau
4725:
4682:
4607:
4588:Saryesik-Atyrau
4529:
4462:
4398:Farafra (White)
4339:
4325:List of deserts
4315:Desertification
4301:
4295:
4251:
4241:
4225:
4223:Further reading
4220:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4167:
4165:
4158:
4152:
4143:
4141:
4114:
4095:
4091:
4068:
4064:
4045:
4041:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4015:
4009:
4000:
3998:
3969:
3959:
3957:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3937:
3935:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3916:
3914:
3907:
3901:
3892:
3890:
3881:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3851:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3820:
3813:
3796:
3795:
3786:
3770:
3764:
3760:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3721:
3714:
3706:
3695:
3689:
3672:
3657:
3656:
3649:
3630:
3626:
3602:
3596:
3592:
3580:
3564:
3562:
3543:
3524:
3513:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3490:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3475:
3462:
3461:
3452:
3445:
3423:
3414:
3402:
3396:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3359:
3355:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3189:
3076:
3012:
2949:
2919:
2897:black sagebrush
2877:
2848:black sagebrush
2836:
2768:
2752:black sagebrush
2727:
2679:rock controlled
2663:
2623:
2576:Sarcobatus Flat
2547:A playa in the
2541:
2497:
2441:
2416:
2371:
2355:endemic species
2331:
2295:ponderosa pines
2265:
2259:
2198:
2167:Bromus tectorum
2162:black sagebrush
2120:
2051:
2026:
2021:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1518:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1016:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
505:resulting in a
469:
390:
382:Lake Bonneville
370:Rocky Mountains
352:Dipodomys ordii
346:Vulpes macrotis
280:defined by the
272:defined by the
256:is part of the
202:
137:
79:
64:
58:
45:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5319:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5223:Russian Arctic
5220:
5219:
5218:
5207:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5182:
5180:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5125:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5103:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5044:Great Victoria
5041:
5036:
5030:
5028:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4992:Tule (Arizona)
4989:
4987:Tonopah Desert
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4962:Painted Desert
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4853:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4810:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4784:Southeast Asia
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4735:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4692:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4563:Dasht-e Naomid
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4539:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4481:
4479:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4294:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4250:
4249:External links
4247:
4246:
4245:
4239:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4196:
4174:
4112:
4089:
4062:
4039:
3967:
3945:
3923:
3879:
3862:
3841:
3834:
3811:
3808:on 2014-01-12.
3784:
3758:
3712:
3709:on 2007-07-14.
3670:
3647:
3624:
3613:(3): 323–335.
3590:
3541:
3511:
3497:
3473:
3450:
3443:
3412:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3366:
3353:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3231:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3156:
3146:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3121:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3075:
3072:
3031:Lahontan Basin
3011:
3008:
2948:
2945:
2918:
2915:
2876:
2873:
2835:
2832:
2828:Humboldt River
2767:
2764:
2726:
2723:
2662:
2659:
2655:Truckee Rivers
2627:Lahontan Basin
2622:
2619:
2566:, such as the
2540:
2537:
2517:carbonate rock
2496:
2493:
2440:
2437:
2415:
2412:
2370:
2367:
2339:White Mountain
2330:
2327:
2261:Main article:
2258:
2255:
2197:
2194:
2119:
2118:Sagebrush zone
2116:
2107:Big greasewood
2050:
2049:Shadscale zone
2047:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1530:similar playas
1515:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
939:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
865:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
795:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
725:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
655:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
585:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
541:
540:
534:
481:Atlantic Ocean
468:
465:
389:
386:
374:Gulf of Mexico
248:
247:
244:
240:
239:
236:
232:
231:
227:
226:
219:cold semi-arid
208:
204:
203:
201:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
174:
172:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
155:
154:
151:
150:Mammal species
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
136:
135:
129:
123:
116:
114:
110:
109:
104:
98:
97:
92:
86:
85:
81:
80:
74:
66:
65:
59:(central-west
56:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5318:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5224:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5169:Polar regions
5166:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5121:South America
5118:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4997:Tule (Nevada)
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4849:North America
4846:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4631:Gurbantünggüt
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4515:Rub' al Khali
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4292:
4287:
4285:
4280:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4242:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4200:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4178:
4164:
4157:
4156:
4150:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4093:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4043:
4029:on 2015-07-15
4025:
4021:
4014:
4013:
4007:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3955:
3949:
3933:
3927:
3913:
3906:
3905:
3899:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3872:
3866:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3837:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3818:
3816:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3737:on 2015-07-14
3733:
3726:
3719:
3717:
3705:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3667:on 2016-01-23
3666:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3652:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3586:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3507:
3501:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3446:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3370:
3363:
3357:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3289:(Humboldt NF)
3288:
3285:
3283:(Humboldt NF)
3282:
3279:
3277:(Humboldt NF)
3276:
3273:
3271:(Humboldt NF)
3270:
3267:
3265:(Humboldt NF)
3264:
3261:
3259:(Humboldt NF)
3258:
3255:
3253:(Humboldt NF)
3252:
3249:
3247:(Humboldt NF)
3246:
3243:
3241:(Humboldt NF)
3240:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3052:galleta grass
3049:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3027:Mojave Desert
3020:
3016:
3010:Tonopah Basin
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:Toiyabe Range
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2980:low sagebrush
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2964:Sierra Nevada
2958:
2957:Toiyabe Range
2953:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2889:Alluvial fans
2881:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2796:Low sagebrush
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2772:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2748:Low sagebrush
2745:
2744:Fairview Peak
2741:
2737:
2733:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2715:Sierra Nevada
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2675:alluvial fans
2667:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2635:Mojave Desert
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2599:Sierra Nevada
2596:
2592:
2591:Lake Lahontan
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2545:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2513:big sagebrush
2510:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:in California
2340:
2335:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2303:subalpine fir
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2202:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2158:Low sagebrush
2155:
2154:big sagebrush
2151:
2147:
2146:alluvial fans
2143:
2142:
2137:
2129:
2124:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:spiny hopsage
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2070:precipitation
2067:
2060:
2055:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:anthropogenic
2014:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1874:precipitation
1870:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1371:precipitation
1367:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
940:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
871:
870:precipitation
866:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
796:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
726:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
656:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
586:
542:
537:
533:
531:
526:
524:
519:
516:
508:
504:
500:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
464:
462:
457:
455:
452:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:
406:
405:creosote bush
401:
394:
385:
383:
379:
378:Lake Lahontan
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
359:
354:
353:
348:
347:
342:
341:
335:
330:
326:
322:
317:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:Wasatch Range
263:
262:Sierra Nevada
259:
255:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:
205:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
173:
169:
166:United States
165:
161:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
96:
93:
91:
87:
82:
78:
72:
67:
62:
54:
49:
42:
37:
33:
19:
18:Nevada desert
5191:Meyer Desert
5049:Little Sandy
4916:
4819:Cabo de Gata
4701:Indus Valley
4621:Badain Jaran
4543:Aral Karakum
4535:Central Asia
4525:Wahiba Sands
4438:Richtersveld
4363:Black Desert
4320:Polar desert
4230:
4212:
4206:
4199:
4190:
4184:
4177:
4166:. Retrieved
4154:
4098:
4092:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4048:
4042:
4031:. Retrieved
4024:the original
4011:
3958:. Retrieved
3948:
3936:. Retrieved
3926:
3915:. Retrieved
3903:
3865:
3856:
3824:
3806:the original
3801:
3778:
3774:
3761:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3739:. Retrieved
3732:the original
3704:the original
3699:
3665:the original
3659:
3633:
3627:
3610:
3606:
3593:
3576:
3527:
3500:
3489:. Retrieved
3467:
3428:
3406:
3369:
3356:
3349:this website
3343:
3177:
3162:
3152:
3142:
3127:
3117:
3102:
3089:
3082:
3024:
2972:serviceberry
2961:
2920:
2886:
2837:
2804:Idaho fescue
2784:volcanic ash
2777:
2732:Utah juniper
2728:
2707:productivity
2672:
2624:
2615:recreational
2564:saline lakes
2560:alkali flats
2553:
2523:through the
2498:
2457:saline lakes
2442:
2439:Salt deserts
2425:
2388:choke cherry
2372:
2344:
2323:
2285:
2281:
2266:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2234:
2228:
2221:Utah juniper
2210:
2171:
2165:
2139:
2133:
2063:
2027:
1876:inches (mm)
1519:
1373:inches (mm)
1017:
872:inches (mm)
527:
520:
512:
489:saline lakes
474:
470:
458:
443:
423:Owens Valley
408:
402:
399:
363:
356:
350:
344:
338:
314:
277:
269:
260:between the
253:
251:
235:Habitat loss
230:Conservation
222:
214:
207:Climate type
142:Bird species
5099:New Zealand
5079:Sturt Stony
5039:Great Sandy
4977:Smoke Creek
4942:Lechuguilla
4927:Great Sandy
4917:Great Basin
4558:Betpak-Dala
3781:(1): 35–51.
3347:The map on
3218:Great Basin
3149:Desert dace
2816:monoculture
2711:rain shadow
2588:Pleistocene
2572:Carson Sink
2521:percolation
2299:limber pine
2291:Douglas fir
2275:A grove of
2225:bitterbrush
2192:(ephedra).
2182:bitterbrush
2178:rabbitbrush
2111:water table
2083:iodine bush
523:adaptations
507:rain shadow
366:rain shadow
334:vertebrates
258:Great Basin
211:Cold desert
5265:Categories
5186:Antarctica
5149:Patagonian
5134:La Guajira
5074:Strzelecki
4967:Red Desert
4907:Forty Mile
4892:Chihuahuan
4872:Black Rock
4688:South Asia
4673:Taklamakan
4448:Tanezrouft
4240:0874173434
4168:2015-07-18
4033:2015-07-13
3960:August 28,
3917:2015-07-20
3741:2011-11-22
3491:2015-07-14
3381:References
3099:Least tern
3066:, and the
2869:blue grama
2820:cheatgrass
2719:cheatgrass
2703:Understory
2687:greasewood
2683:lacustrine
2611:sand dunes
2469:iodinebush
2465:pickleweed
2449:salt flats
2414:Subregions
2190:Mormon tea
446:ecoregions
298:California
276:, and the
188:California
5216:Greenland
5178:Antarctic
5026:Australia
4902:Escalante
4839:Deliblato
4696:Cholistan
4613:East Asia
4413:Moçâmedes
3536:668191550
3039:shadscale
3002:(west of
2976:snowberry
2906:shadscale
2852:winterfat
2840:limestone
2691:shadscale
2639:shadscale
2595:Lake Erie
2525:limestone
2453:mud flats
2426:The U.S.
2392:wild rose
2287:White fir
2186:snowberry
2136:Artemisia
2095:winterfat
2087:saltgrass
2066:shadscale
2038:grassland
2034:shrubland
1534:salt pans
485:ephemeral
243:Protected
158:Geography
5245:Category
4897:Colorado
4877:Carcross
4862:Amargosa
4834:Tabernas
4824:Monegros
4774:Registan
4578:Moiynkum
4573:Kyzylkum
4485:Ad-Dahna
4403:Kalahari
4353:Algerian
4107:32333902
4057:43401391
3938:April 1,
3187:See also
3170:Mammals
2844:dolomite
2788:rhyolite
2556:mudflats
2509:saltbush
2375:riparian
2351:treeline
2130:, Nevada
2042:woodland
1872:Average
1369:Average
1019:Fallon's
868:Average
451:Holocene
427:Panamint
415:Chalfant
264:and the
95:Nearctic
5250:Commons
5240:Project
5159:Tatacoa
5154:Sechura
5129:Atacama
5107:Rangipo
5069:Simpson
5064:Pedirka
5059:Painted
5017:Oceania
4982:Sonoran
4829:Oleshky
4706:Katpana
4678:Tengger
4603:Ustyurt
4593:Sarykum
4568:Karakum
4553:Barsuki
4548:Aralkum
4500:Judaean
4495:Arabian
4458:Western
4388:Eastern
4378:Danakil
4299:deserts
3642:8388381
3110:Plants
3044:mosaics
2924:juniper
2860:caliche
2856:hardpan
2824:Grazing
2742:and on
2673:Hills,
2580:Marshes
2529:endemic
2485:grazing
2400:beavers
2359:Grasses
2150:bajadas
2006:(0.25)
1956:(0.25)
1951:(0.76)
1792:(−9.7)
1787:(−4.8)
1772:(15.3)
1767:(16.7)
1762:(12.6)
1747:(−1.6)
1742:(−7.1)
1737:(−8.4)
1727:(17.4)
1712:(17.9)
1707:(26.7)
1702:(32.7)
1697:(33.8)
1692:(28.6)
1687:(22.4)
1682:(16.8)
1677:(12.4)
1493:(0.25)
1468:(0.25)
1463:(0.51)
1289:(−7.3)
1284:(−4.0)
1269:(10.8)
1264:(12.2)
1244:(−2.3)
1239:(−4.9)
1234:(−7.7)
1224:(19.8)
1214:(13.0)
1209:(20.7)
1204:(27.3)
1199:(32.3)
1194:(33.4)
1189:(28.4)
1184:(23.3)
1179:(18.8)
1174:(14.9)
1169:(10.7)
1031:Sonoran
987:(0.51)
972:(0.51)
788:(−6.9)
783:(−3.4)
768:(13.2)
763:(14.1)
748:(−0.3)
743:(−3.6)
738:(−6.0)
733:(−7.3)
723:(15.9)
708:(16.5)
703:(23.6)
698:(28.5)
693:(29.8)
688:(25.2)
683:(19.2)
678:(13.7)
467:Climate
454:refugia
329:juniper
306:Sonoran
163:Country
113:Borders
84:Ecology
5203:Arctic
5089:Tirari
5084:Tanami
5034:Gibson
4972:Sevier
4957:Owyhee
4947:Mojave
4882:Carson
4857:Alvord
4806:Europe
4792:La Paz
4769:Polond
4764:Naomid
4711:Kharan
4668:Qaidam
4656:Kubuqi
4646:Kumtag
4598:Taukum
4520:Syrian
4453:Ténéré
4443:Sahara
4423:Nubian
4408:Libyan
4383:Djurab
4373:Chalbi
4358:Bayuda
4345:Africa
4310:Desert
4297:World
4237:
4105:
4055:
3832:
3640:
3534:
3441:
3095:Birds
2992:limber
2978:, and
2902:playas
2806:, and
2790:, and
2780:buttes
2736:Pinyon
2651:Carson
2584:playas
2574:, and
2505:alkali
2481:arable
2475:, and
2455:, and
2445:playas
2394:, and
2380:willow
2363:sedges
2347:alpine
2309:, and
2293:, and
2188:, and
2148:, and
2101:, and
2079:playas
2074:saline
2040:, and
2011:(1.3)
1941:(200)
1936:(9.7)
1916:(7.9)
1911:(9.1)
1867:(−32)
1862:(−32)
1857:(−19)
1852:(−13)
1822:(−10)
1817:(−18)
1812:(−27)
1807:(−27)
1797:(2.8)
1782:(1.3)
1777:(8.9)
1757:(7.2)
1752:(2.6)
1722:(2.5)
1717:(8.1)
1672:(5.2)
1667:(2.5)
1548:Month
1503:(3.3)
1498:(1.3)
1458:(2.0)
1453:(2.3)
1448:(4.6)
1438:(126)
1428:(9.7)
1418:(7.1)
1413:(5.6)
1408:(4.1)
1364:(−33)
1359:(−29)
1354:(−18)
1349:(−11)
1319:(−11)
1314:(−17)
1309:(−33)
1304:(−32)
1294:(1.6)
1279:(1.0)
1274:(6.2)
1259:(8.8)
1254:(5.2)
1249:(1.1)
1219:(7.4)
1164:(6.8)
1045:Month
1027:Mojave
1007:(184)
992:(9.4)
967:(5.3)
937:(339)
863:(−29)
858:(−28)
853:(−24)
848:(−14)
843:(−12)
828:(−10)
823:(−14)
818:(−18)
813:(−19)
808:(−26)
803:(−29)
793:(2.1)
778:(2.8)
773:(8.3)
758:(9.4)
753:(4.4)
718:(5.1)
713:(9.1)
673:(9.3)
668:(6.0)
663:(4.7)
544:Month
435:Eureka
433:, and
431:Saline
355:, and
325:pinyon
308:, and
302:Mojave
290:Nevada
246:76.62%
217:) and
198:Oregon
178:Nevada
171:States
61:Nevada
5144:Monte
4759:Margo
4749:Leili
4744:Khash
4739:Kavir
4661:Mu Us
4651:Ordos
4505:Negev
4490:Nefud
4428:Nyiri
4418:Namib
4393:Ferlo
4159:(PDF)
4151:from
4027:(PDF)
4016:(PDF)
4008:from
3908:(PDF)
3900:from
3874:(PDF)
3771:(PDF)
3735:(PDF)
3728:(PDF)
3707:(PDF)
3696:(PDF)
3603:(PDF)
3581:(PDF)
3572:from
3403:(PDF)
3335:Notes
3309:(BLM)
3297:(BLM)
3230:(BLM)
3214:(BLM)
3208:(BLM)
3202:(BLM)
3196:(BLM)
3135:Fish
2988:aspen
2929:black
2396:aspen
2319:aspen
1931:(15)
1926:(20)
1921:(14)
1906:(17)
1901:(31)
1896:(26)
1891:(23)
1886:(12)
1881:(15)
1847:(−4)
1827:(−4)
1657:(41)
1652:(19)
1647:(22)
1642:(32)
1637:(37)
1632:(39)
1627:(41)
1622:(40)
1617:(37)
1612:(31)
1607:(26)
1602:(17)
1597:(17)
1587:Year
1508:(14)
1433:(12)
1423:(10)
1403:(11)
1398:(15)
1393:(13)
1388:(12)
1383:(14)
1378:(14)
1344:(−6)
1329:(−3)
1324:(−7)
1154:(42)
1149:(22)
1144:(27)
1139:(33)
1134:(38)
1129:(41)
1124:(42)
1119:(41)
1114:(39)
1109:(32)
1104:(29)
1099:(26)
1094:(22)
1084:Year
1002:(27)
997:(22)
962:(18)
957:(34)
952:(35)
947:(33)
935:13.33
932:(24)
927:(25)
922:(31)
917:(27)
912:(30)
907:(25)
902:(22)
897:(31)
892:(31)
887:(35)
882:(30)
877:(27)
653:(38)
648:(19)
643:(25)
638:(28)
633:(34)
628:(36)
623:(38)
618:(36)
613:(33)
608:(27)
603:(23)
598:(19)
593:(19)
583:Year
419:Queen
193:Idaho
102:Biome
90:Realm
5007:Yuma
5002:Yuha
4937:Kaʻū
4721:Thar
4716:Thal
4636:Hami
4626:Gobi
4468:Asia
4368:Blue
4235:ISBN
4103:OCLC
4053:OCLC
3962:2013
3940:2013
3830:ISBN
3638:OCLC
3532:OCLC
3439:ISBN
3360:The
3050:and
2986:and
2955:The
2939:and
2931:and
2850:and
2750:and
2653:and
2645:and
2373:The
2233:and
2219:and
2211:The
2001:(0)
1996:(0)
1991:(0)
1986:(0)
1981:(0)
1976:(0)
1971:(0)
1966:(0)
1961:(0)
1939:7.88
1934:0.38
1929:0.61
1924:0.77
1919:0.56
1914:0.31
1909:0.36
1904:0.68
1899:1.23
1894:1.01
1889:0.91
1884:0.46
1879:0.61
1842:(4)
1837:(6)
1832:(2)
1795:37.0
1790:14.5
1785:23.3
1780:34.4
1775:48.0
1770:59.5
1765:62.1
1760:54.7
1755:44.9
1750:36.6
1745:29.1
1740:19.3
1735:16.9
1725:63.4
1720:36.5
1715:46.5
1710:64.3
1705:80.0
1700:90.9
1695:92.8
1690:83.5
1685:72.3
1680:62.3
1675:54.4
1670:41.4
1665:36.5
1584:Dec
1581:Nov
1578:Oct
1575:Sep
1572:Aug
1569:Jul
1566:Jun
1563:May
1560:Apr
1557:Mar
1554:Feb
1551:Jan
1532:and
1520:The
1488:(0)
1483:(0)
1478:(0)
1473:(0)
1436:4.98
1431:0.48
1426:0.38
1421:0.41
1416:0.28
1411:0.22
1406:0.16
1401:0.43
1396:0.60
1391:0.51
1386:0.46
1381:0.54
1376:0.54
1339:(1)
1334:(2)
1292:34.9
1287:18.9
1282:24.8
1277:33.8
1272:43.2
1267:51.4
1262:54.0
1257:47.9
1252:41.4
1247:33.9
1242:27.8
1237:23.2
1232:18.1
1222:67.6
1217:45.4
1212:55.4
1207:69.2
1202:81.1
1197:90.1
1192:92.2
1187:83.1
1182:73.9
1177:65.9
1172:58.9
1167:51.3
1162:44.3
1081:Dec
1078:Nov
1075:Oct
1072:Sep
1069:Aug
1066:Jul
1063:Jun
1060:May
1057:Apr
1054:Mar
1051:Feb
1048:Jan
1029:and
1005:72.6
1000:10.7
982:(0)
977:(0)
955:13.2
950:13.8
945:12.8
930:0.96
925:0.97
920:1.24
915:1.08
910:1.18
905:0.97
900:0.87
895:1.24
890:1.21
885:1.37
880:1.18
875:1.05
838:(0)
833:(0)
791:35.7
786:19.6
781:25.9
776:37.1
771:47.0
766:55.8
761:57.4
756:49.0
751:40.0
746:31.5
741:25.5
736:21.2
731:18.9
721:60.6
716:41.1
711:48.4
706:61.7
701:74.5
696:83.3
691:85.7
686:77.4
681:66.5
676:56.7
671:48.7
666:42.8
661:40.5
580:Dec
577:Nov
574:Oct
571:Sep
568:Aug
565:Jul
562:Jun
559:May
556:Apr
553:Mar
550:Feb
547:Jan
528:The
380:and
294:Utah
292:and
284:and
252:The
183:Utah
134:(19)
122:(80)
77:USGS
4754:Lut
4641:Lop
4583:Ryn
4080:doi
4076:192
3750:sic
3615:doi
3611:129
2994:or
2858:or
2842:or
2818:of
2605:or
2249:).
2160:or
2009:0.5
2004:0.1
1954:0.1
1949:0.3
1865:−25
1860:−25
1810:−17
1805:−16
1655:106
1630:103
1625:106
1620:104
1506:5.7
1501:1.3
1496:0.5
1491:0.1
1466:0.1
1461:0.2
1456:0.8
1451:0.9
1446:1.8
1362:−27
1357:−21
1307:−27
1302:−25
1152:108
1132:100
1127:105
1122:108
1117:106
1112:102
995:8.7
990:3.7
985:0.2
970:0.2
965:2.1
960:7.1
861:−20
856:−19
851:−12
806:−15
801:−20
651:100
621:100
487:or
361:).
238:90%
223:BSk
215:BWk
153:105
145:204
128:(5)
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1855:−3
1845:25
1840:39
1835:43
1830:35
1825:24
1820:14
1815:−1
1650:66
1645:71
1640:89
1635:99
1615:98
1610:87
1605:79
1600:63
1595:63
1347:12
1342:21
1337:33
1332:35
1327:27
1322:20
1317:13
1147:72
1142:81
1137:92
1107:90
1102:84
1097:78
1092:71
841:10
836:32
831:32
826:14
811:−2
646:67
641:77
636:83
631:93
626:96
616:97
611:91
606:81
601:74
596:66
591:67
429:,
349:,
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1999:0
1994:0
1989:0
1984:0
1979:0
1974:0
1969:0
1964:0
1959:0
1850:8
1486:0
1481:0
1476:0
1471:0
1352:0
1312:1
980:0
975:0
846:6
821:6
816:0
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225:)
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