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Neurofilament

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1003:). Thus mammalian neurofilaments are heteropolymers of up to five different proteins: NF-L, NF-M, NF-H, α-internexin and peripherin. The five neurofilament proteins can co-assemble in different combinations in different nerve cell types and at different stages of development. The precise composition of neurofilaments in any given nerve cell depends on the relative expression levels of the neurofilament proteins in the cell at that time. For example, NF-H expression is low in developing neurons and increases postnatally in neurons with myelinated axons. In the adult nervous system neurofilaments in small unmyelinated axons contain more peripherin and less NF-H whereas neurofilaments in large myelinated axons contain more NF-H and less peripherin. The type III intermediate filament subunit, 1213:. Two dimers associate in a staggered antiparallel manner to form a tetramer. This tetramer is believed to be the basic subunit (i.e. building block) of the neurofilament. Tetramer subunits associate side-to-side to form unit-length filaments, which then anneal end-to-end to form the mature neurofilament polymer, but the precise organization of these subunits within the polymer is not known, largely because of the heterogeneous protein composition and the inability to crystallize neurofilaments or neurofilament proteins. Structural models generally assume eight tetramers (32 neurofilament polypeptides) in a filament cross-section, but measurements of linear mass density suggest that this can vary. 1340:. The filaments move bidirectionally, i.e. both towards the axon tip (anterograde) and towards the cell body (retrograde), but the net direction is anterograde. The filaments move at velocities of up to 8 μm/s on short time scales (seconds or minutes), with average velocities of approximately 1 μm/s. However, the average velocity on longer time scales (hours or days) is slow because the movements are very infrequent, consisting of brief sprints interrupted by long pauses. Thus on long time scales neurofilaments move in the slow component of axonal transport. 1178: 1277: 1312:
determined by the number of neurofilaments in the axon and their packing density. The number of neurofilaments in the axon is thought to be determined by neurofilament gene expression and axonal transport. The packing density of the filaments is determined by their side-arms which define the spacing between neighboring filaments. Phosphorylation of the sidearms is thought to increase their extensibility, increasing the spacing between neighboring filaments by the binding of divalent cations between the sidearms of adjacent filaments
1230: 1162: 1320:, the diameter of the axon may increase as much as fivefold. This is caused by an increase in the number of neurofilaments exported from the nerve cell body as well as a slowing of their rate of transport. In mature myelinated axons, neurofilaments can be the single most abundant cytoplasmic structure and can occupy most of the axonal cross-sectional area. For example, a large myelinated axon may contain thousands of neurofilaments in one cross-section 1217:
sizes of the neurofilament proteins are largely due to differences in the length of the carboxy terminal domains. These domains are rich in acidic and basic amino acid residues. The carboxy terminal domains of NF-M and NF-H are the longest and are modified extensively by post-translational modifications such as
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The amino terminal domains of the neurofilament proteins contain numerous phosphorylation sites and appear to be important for subunit interactions during filament assembly. The carboxy terminal domains appear to be intrinsically disordered domains that lack alpha helix or beta sheet. The different
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neurons in especially high concentrations in axons, where they are all aligned in parallel along the long axis of the axon forming a continuously overlapping array. They have been proposed to function as space-filling structures that increase axonal diameter. Their contribution to axon diameter is
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of axonal damage in diseases affecting the central nervous system. When neurons or axons degenerate, neurofilament proteins are released into the blood or cerebrospinal fluid. Immunoassays of neurofilament proteins in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma can thus serve as indicators of axonal damage in
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in vivo. They project radially from the filament backbone to form a dense brush border of highly charged and unstructured domains analogous to the bristles on a bottle brush. These entropically flailing domains have been proposed to define a zone of exclusion around each filament, effectively
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is greater than the mass predicted from the amino sequence. This is due to the anomalous electrophoretic migration of these proteins and is particularly extreme for neurofilament proteins NF-M and NF-H due to their high content of charged amino acids and extensive phosphorylation. All three
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The protein composition of neurofilaments varies widely across different animal phyla. Most is known about mammalian neurofilaments. Historically, mammalian neurofilaments were originally thought to be composed of just three proteins called neurofilament protein NF-L (low molecular weight;
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stained with an antibody to neurofilament light, NF-L revealed with a brown dye, cell nuclei are revealed with a blue dye. Nuclear rich region at left is granular layer, region at right is molecular layer. The antibody binds processes of basket cells, parallel fiber axons, the perikarya of
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spacing the filaments apart from their neighbors. In this way, the carboxy terminal projections maximize the space-filling properties of the neurofilament polymers. By electron microscopy, these domains appear as projections called sidearms that appear to contact neighboring filaments.
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and are often referred to as the "neurofilament triplet". However, it is now clear that neurofilaments also contain the protein α-internexin and that neurofilaments in the peripheral nervous system can also contain the protein peripherin. (this is different from
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Early in development, axons are narrow processes that contain relatively few neurofilaments. Those axons that become myelinated accumulate more neurofilaments, which drives the expansion of their caliber. After an axon has grown and connected with its
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phosphorylation sites. These sites almost all contain the peptide lysine-serine-proline (KSP), and phosphorylation is normally found on axonal and not dendritic neurofilaments. Human NF-M has 13 of these KSP sites, while human NF-H is expressed from two
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and stained, in green, with an antibody to neurofilament subunit NF-L, which reveals a large neuron. The culture was stained in red for α-internexin, which in this culture is found in neuronal stem cells surrounding the large neuron. Image courtesy of
1332:. Most of the neurofilament proteins in axons are synthesized in the nerve cell body, where they rapidly assemble into neurofilament polymers within about 30 minutes. These assembled neurofilament polymers are transported along the axon on 2290:
Rosengren LE, Karlsson JE, Karlsson JO, Persson LI, Wikkelsø C (November 1996). "Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases have increased levels of neurofilament protein in CSF".
918:. The proteins that form neurofilaments are members of the intermediate filament protein family, which is divided into six types based on their gene organization and protein structure. Types I and II are the 1374:. The type VI intermediate filament protein Nestin is expressed in developing neurons and glia. Nestin is considered a marker of neuronal stem cells, and the presence of this protein is widely used to define 2247:
Jonsson M, Zetterberg H, van Straaten E, Lind K, Syversen S, Edman A, et al. (March 2010). "Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of white matter lesions - cross-sectional results from the LADIS study".
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Kushkuley J, Chan WK, Lee S, Eyer J, Leterrier JF, Letournel F, Shea TB (October 2009). "Neurofilament cross-bridging competes with kinesin-dependent association of neurofilaments with microtubules".
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Teunissen CE, Iacobaeus E, Khademi M, Brundin L, Norgren N, Koel-Simmelink MJ, et al. (April 2009). "Combination of CSF N-acetylaspartate and neurofilaments in multiple sclerosis".
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Kushkuley J, Metkar S, Chan WK, Lee S, Shea TB (March 2010). "Aluminum induces neurofilament aggregation by stabilizing cross-bridging of phosphorylated c-terminal sidearms".
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to neurofilament proteins have been developed and are commercially available. These antibodies can be used to detect neurofilament proteins in cells and tissues using
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showed that the NF-L antibodies employed in the most widely used NF-L assays are specific for cleaved forms of NF-L generated by proteolysis induced by cell death. .
1638:"Peripherin is a subunit of peripheral nerve neurofilaments: implications for differential vulnerability of CNS and peripheral nervous system axons" 1540:"The slow component of axonal transport. Identification of major structural polypeptides of the axon and their generality among mammalian neurons" 763: 626: 481: 333: 193: 45: 3434: 5243: 5263: 5195: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5155: 5076: 4785: 4765: 4735: 4730: 2603: 1007:, is expressed in developing neurons and a few very unusual neurons in the adult in association with type IV proteins, such as the 954:
not found in other intermediate filament gene sequences, suggesting a common evolutionary origin from one primitive type IV gene.
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Wang L, Ho CL, Sun D, Liem RK, Brown A (March 2000). "Rapid movement of axonal neurofilaments interrupted by prolonged pauses".
3797: 768: 2440:"Serum Neurofilament Light Chain as a Predictive Biomarker for Ischemic Stroke Outcome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 631: 486: 338: 198: 50: 5764: 5759: 5754: 1738: 5769: 5749: 4062: 1756:"Influence of the phosphorylation state of neurofilament proteins on the interactions between purified filaments in vitro" 3427: 787: 650: 505: 357: 217: 69: 1209:
domains that are largely unstructured. The rod domains of two neurofilament proteins dimerize to form an alpha-helical
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Shaw, Gerry; Madorsky, Irina; Li, Ying; Wang, YongSheng; Jorgensen, Marda; Rana, Sabhya; Fuller, David D (2023-03-02).
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Lalonde R, Strazielle C (2003). "Neurobehavioral characteristics of mice with modified intermediate filament genes".
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neurological disorders. NF-L levels in blood and CSF are therefore useful markers for disease monitoring in
1409:. It has also been evaluated as a prognostic marker for functional outcome following acute ischemic stroke. 898:. They are protein polymers measuring 10 nm in diameter and many micrometers in length. Together with 2837: 2825: 2596: 2008:"Kymograph analysis with high temporal resolution reveals new features of neurofilament transport kinetics" 1288: 3990: 2877: 2815: 780: 643: 498: 350: 210: 62: 5461: 2872: 2530:"Uman-type neurofilament light antibodies are effective reagents for the imaging of neurodegeneration" 3382: 3232: 3167: 2795: 1385:. Staining with these antibodies can distinguish neurons (positive for neurofilament proteins) from 966: 915: 887: 5694: 3162: 2888: 1422: 1191: 1171: 2861: 2589: 2439: 1406: 1197:
Like other intermediate filament proteins, the neurofilament proteins all share a common central
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The triplet proteins are named based upon their relative size (low, medium, high). The apparent
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Khalil M, Teunissen CE, Otto M, Piehl F, Sormani MP, Gattringer T, et al. (October 2018).
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Liu, Daoshen; Chen, Jing; Wang, Xuanying; Xin, Jialun; Cao, Ruili; Liu, Zhirong (June 2020).
1426: 1296: 700: 696: 551: 403: 407: 4382: 3312: 3209: 3139: 2965: 2820: 2391: 2380:"Tau or neurofilament light-Which is the more suitable biomarker for Huntington's disease?" 1367: 1363: 1177: 837: 833: 263: 115: 1916:"Interval between the synthesis and assembly of cytoskeletal proteins in cultured neurons" 957:
Any proteinaceous filament that extends in the cytoplasm of a nerve cell is also termed a
857: 720: 575: 555: 427: 287: 139: 8: 5689: 4322: 3352: 3197: 3192: 2727: 2660: 2100:"Stochastic simulation of neurofilament transport in axons: the "stop-and-go" hypothesis" 1510: 1252: 267: 119: 2562: 2529: 2395: 2304: 2149:"Neurofilament phosphoforms: surrogate markers for axonal injury, degeneration and loss" 1276: 4142: 3772: 3387: 3357: 3288: 3257: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3182: 2958: 2868: 2722: 2510: 2467: 2414: 2379: 2359: 2316: 2272: 2229: 2179: 2124: 2099: 2080: 2032: 2007: 1988: 1940: 1931: 1915: 1871: 1828: 1780: 1755: 1662: 1637: 1613: 1588: 1564: 1539: 1487: 1462: 1441: 1402: 1359: 1260: 1201:
region, known as the rod domain because of its rod-like tertiary structure, flanked by
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neurofilament triplet proteins contain long stretches of polypeptide sequence rich in
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There is also considerable clinical interest in the use of neurofilament proteins as
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Brown A (November 2000). "Slow axonal transport: stop and go traffic in the axon".
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Yuan A, Sasaki T, Kumar A, Peterhoff CM, Rao MV, Liem RK, et al. (June 2012).
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Yuan A, Rao MV, Sasaki T, Chen Y, Kumar A, Liem RK, et al. (September 2006).
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In addition to their structural role in axons, neurofilaments are also cargoes of
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residues, and NF-M and especially NF-H also contain multiple tandemly repeated
1128: 2217: 2167: 1366:. Such antibodies are widely used to identify neurons and their processes in 5743: 5657: 5652: 4487: 4436: 4386: 4326: 4248: 4216: 4157: 3943: 3462: 3031: 2712: 2553: 1337: 1248: 1222: 1187: 1137: 903: 2115: 1229: 938:(GFAP). Type IV consists of the neurofilament proteins NF-L, NF-M, NF-H and 910:. They are believed to function primarily to provide structural support for 5501: 4556: 4311: 3855: 3447: 3292: 3214: 3127: 3008: 2938: 2717: 2640: 2571: 2506: 2463: 2423: 2355: 2268: 2225: 2175: 2133: 2076: 2041: 1984: 1867: 1824: 1671: 1622: 1496: 1375: 1292: 1284: 1161: 996: 907: 5473: 5451: 2312: 1949: 1789: 1712: 1687:"Dynamics of neuronal intermediate filaments: a developmental perspective" 5647: 5598: 5468: 5358: 4688: 4132: 4087: 4006: 3928: 3476: 3307: 3122: 3026: 2984: 2916: 2911: 2732: 2670: 2665: 2635: 1703: 1686: 1555: 1333: 1317: 1264: 1256: 1210: 1198: 899: 816: 679: 534: 386: 246: 98: 1573: 5699: 5618: 5608: 5496: 4607: 4586: 4352: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4259: 4234: 4222: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4030: 3912: 3901: 3887: 3503: 3377: 3066: 2943: 2906: 1816: 1478: 1414: 1355: 1308: 1280: 1206: 1202: 1182: 939: 931: 811: 674: 529: 452: 381: 241: 93: 1771: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5478: 5316: 5311: 5306: 4664: 4644: 4299: 4294: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4254: 4163: 4067: 4001: 3392: 2926: 2777: 2750: 2742: 2068: 2023: 1976: 1393: 891: 5642: 5603: 5535: 5508: 5375: 5363: 5238: 5233: 4674: 4669: 4591: 4025: 4020: 3882: 3056: 3041: 3036: 2760: 2755: 2682: 2677: 2378:
Niemelä V, Landtblom AM, Blennow K, Sundblom J (27 February 2017).
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which are expressed in epithelia. Type III contains the proteins
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Type IV intermediate filaments found in the cytoplasm of neurons
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Neurofilament antibodies are also commonly used in diagnostic
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Fenn JD, Johnson CM, Peng J, Jung P, Brown A (January 2018).
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A formalin fixed and paraffin embedded section of human
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one of which produces 44 and the other 45 KSP repeats.
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Nestin neuronal stem cell intermediate filament protein
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Yuan, A; Rao, MV; Veeranna; Nixon, RA (15 July 2012).
1343: 1802: 1460: 2005: 1421:. Recent work performed as a collaboration between 990:). These proteins were discovered from studies of 2527: 1726: 2484: 1586: 1251:. The cells expressing neurofilaments are in the 600:Peripherin neuronal intermediate filament protein 5741: 3442: 1913: 1378:. This protein is lost as development proceeds. 1190:cells and various othe axons. Image courtesy of 914:and to regulate axon diameter, which influences 2444:Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 2437: 3428: 2597: 2097: 1962: 1753: 167:medium molecular weight neurofilament protein 2478: 1537: 1413:mice with neurofilament abnormalities have 315:high molecular weight neurofilament protein 3435: 3421: 2604: 2590: 2521: 2456:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104813 2098:Brown A, Wang L, Jung P (September 2005). 1914:Black MM, Keyser P, Sobel E (April 1986). 1323: 25:low molecular weight neurofilament protein 2561: 2413: 2403: 2123: 2031: 1939: 1779: 1702: 1684: 1661: 1612: 1563: 1486: 1271: 972: 1275: 1228: 1176: 1160: 2146: 1888: 1733:(4th ed.). Garland Science. 2002. 1389:(negative for neurofilament proteins). 5742: 2057:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology 946:, and type VI consists of the protein 455:neuronal intermediate filament protein 3416: 2585: 2054: 1019:Human neurofilament subunit proteins 2156:Journal of the Neurological Sciences 1538:Hoffman PN, Lasek RJ (August 1975). 1533: 1531: 1157:Neurofilament assembly and structure 906:(7 nm), they form the neuronal 2305:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67052013.x 1882: 1454: 1036:Apparent molecular mass (SDS-PAGE) 986:) and NF-H (high molecular weight; 13: 2611: 1932:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.06-04-01004.1986 1754:Eyer J, Leterrier JF (June 1988). 1691:Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1344:Clinical and research applications 1239:against neurofilament (green) and 982:), NF-M (medium molecular weight; 14: 5786: 1528: 1503: 4063:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein 2261:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02808.x 1289:anterior horn of the spinal cord 5284:Microtubule organising proteins 2768:Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell 2431: 2371: 2327: 2283: 2240: 2190: 2140: 2091: 2048: 1999: 1956: 1907: 1893:(Sixth ed.). p. 947. 1839: 936:glial fibrillary acidic protein 2499:10.1515/REVNEURO.2003.14.4.369 1860:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.075 1796: 1747: 1719: 1678: 1654:10.1523/jneurosci.1081-12.2012 1629: 1605:10.1523/jneurosci.2580-06.2006 1580: 1336:tracks powered by microtubule 1131:of each protein determined by 888:type IV intermediate filaments 1: 5331:Microtubule severing proteins 2249:European Journal of Neurology 2104:Molecular Biology of the Cell 1891:Molecular biology of the cell 1729:Molecular biology of the cell 1447: 1419:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1399:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 5765:Genes on human chromosome 12 5760:Genes on human chromosome 10 5755:Genes on human chromosome 22 3991:actin depolymerizing factors 2487:Reviews in the Neurosciences 2405:10.1371/journal.pone.0172762 2348:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181a0fe3f 1463:"Neurofilaments at a glance" 1307:Neurofilaments are found in 7: 5770:Genes on human chromosome 1 5750:Genes on human chromosome 8 5469:Plakoglobin (gamma catenin) 2878:Postganglionic nerve fibers 1920:The Journal of Neuroscience 1642:The Journal of Neuroscience 1593:The Journal of Neuroscience 1544:The Journal of Cell Biology 1511:"Definition of Neurofibril" 1435: 961:. This name is used in the 10: 5791: 2873:Preganglionic nerve fibers 2546:10.1093/braincomms/fcad067 1685:Nixon RA, Shea TB (1992). 1347: 1287:(bottom of image) and the 967:neurodegenerative diseases 5725: 5682: 5581: 5487: 5442: 5351: 5330: 5282: 5105: 4897: 4849: 4701: 4687: 4653: 4600: 4569: 4549: 4428: 4310: 4141: 4123: 4112: 4055: 3848: 3527: 3484: 3475: 3461: 3454: 3383:Olfactory receptor neuron 3338: 3279: 3272: 3208: 3138: 3095: 3055: 3047:Neurofibril/neurofilament 3017: 2999: 2992: 2978: 2925: 2897: 2803: 2794: 2741: 2698: 2691: 2628: 2619: 2293:Journal of Neurochemistry 2218:10.1038/s41582-018-0058-z 2206:Nature Reviews. Neurology 2168:10.1016/j.jns.2005.03.015 1165:Rat brain cells grown in 1033:Predicted molecular mass 999:that is expressed in the 942:. Type V consists of the 916:nerve conduction velocity 863: 853: 848: 844: 827: 822: 810: 798: 786: 774: 762: 754: 749: 744: 726: 716: 711: 707: 690: 685: 673: 661: 649: 637: 625: 617: 609: 604: 599: 581: 571: 566: 562: 545: 540: 528: 516: 504: 492: 480: 472: 464: 459: 451: 433: 423: 418: 414: 397: 392: 380: 368: 356: 344: 332: 324: 319: 311: 293: 283: 278: 274: 257: 252: 240: 228: 216: 204: 192: 184: 176: 171: 163: 145: 135: 130: 126: 109: 104: 92: 80: 68: 56: 44: 34: 29: 21: 5695:Prokaryotic cytoskeleton 1423:EnCor Biotechnology Inc. 1192:EnCor Biotechnology Inc. 1172:EnCor Biotechnology Inc. 1109:Neurofilament protein H 1092:Neurofilament protein M 1075:Neurofilament protein L 2147:Petzold A (June 2005). 2116:10.1091/mbc.E05-02-0141 1805:Journal of Cell Science 1760:The Biochemical Journal 1515:www.merriam-webster.com 1467:Journal of Cell Science 1324:Neurofilament transport 963:neurofibrillary tangles 3330:Neuromuscular junction 3193:III or Aδ or fast pain 1350:Neurofibrillary tangle 1304: 1272:Neurofilament function 1268: 1194: 1174: 973:Neurofilament proteins 4315:(hard alpha-keratins) 4146:(soft alpha-keratins) 1427:University of Florida 1368:histological sections 1348:Further information: 1297:central chromatolysis 1279: 1255:shown in green while 1232: 1180: 1164: 5730:cytoskeletal defects 5690:Major sperm proteins 3348:Meissner's corpuscle 3313:Postsynaptic density 3210:Efferent nerve fiber 3198:IV or C or slow pain 3140:Afferent nerve fiber 2966:Satellite glial cell 2534:Brain Communications 1704:10.1002/cm.970220202 1556:10.1083/jcb.66.2.351 1407:Huntington's disease 1405:, and more recently 1364:immunohistochemistry 4143:Epithelial keratins 3353:Merkel nerve ending 2396:2017PLoSO..1272762N 1965:Nature Cell Biology 1889:Alberts, D (2015). 1257:proliferating cells 1253:dorsal root ganglia 1020: 3388:Photoreceptor cell 3358:Pacinian corpuscle 3289:Electrical synapse 3243:Lower motor neuron 3238:Upper motor neuron 2959:Internodal segment 2899:Connective tissues 2869:Autonomic ganglion 1817:10.1242/jcs.051318 1811:(Pt 19): 3579–86. 1479:10.1242/jcs.104729 1473:(Pt 14): 3257–63. 1442:Bielschowsky stain 1403:multiple sclerosis 1360:immunofluorescence 1354:Numerous specific 1305: 1269: 1195: 1175: 1018: 1009:horizontal neurons 902:(~25 nm) and 5737: 5736: 5678: 5677: 5438: 5437: 4683: 4682: 4565: 4564: 4108: 4107: 4051: 4050: 3410: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3373:Free nerve ending 3340:Sensory receptors 3268: 3267: 3183:Ib or Golgi or Aα 3091: 3090: 2974: 2973: 2851:Ramus communicans 2790: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2656:Commissural fiber 2651:Association fiber 2646:Projection fibers 1772:10.1042/bj2520655 1740:978-0-8153-3218-3 1243:(red) in a mouse 1125: 1124: 886:) are classed as 877: 876: 873: 872: 740: 739: 736: 735: 595: 594: 591: 590: 447: 446: 443: 442: 307: 306: 303: 302: 159: 158: 155: 154: 5782: 4699: 4698: 4139: 4138: 4121: 4120: 3482: 3481: 3473: 3472: 3459: 3458: 3437: 3430: 3423: 3414: 3413: 3303:Synaptic vesicle 3298:Chemical synapse 3277: 3276: 2997: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2801: 2800: 2696: 2695: 2626: 2625: 2606: 2599: 2592: 2583: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2565: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2435: 2429: 2427: 2417: 2407: 2375: 2369: 2367: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2203: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2153: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2127: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2069:10.1038/35040102 2052: 2046: 2045: 2035: 2024:10.1002/cm.21411 2003: 1997: 1996: 1977:10.1038/35004008 1960: 1954: 1953: 1943: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1783: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1732: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1706: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1665: 1633: 1627: 1626: 1616: 1599:(39): 10006–19. 1584: 1578: 1577: 1567: 1535: 1526: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1490: 1458: 1330:axonal transport 1267:and colored red. 1261:ventricular zone 1247:12.5 days after 1207:carboxy terminal 1021: 1017: 992:axonal transport 846: 845: 742: 741: 709: 708: 597: 596: 564: 563: 453:Alpha-internexin 449: 448: 416: 415: 309: 308: 276: 275: 161: 160: 128: 127: 19: 18: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5721: 5674: 5577: 5483: 5434: 5347: 5326: 5278: 5101: 4893: 4845: 4691: 4679: 4649: 4596: 4561: 4545: 4429:Ungrouped alpha 4424: 4314: 4306: 4145: 4131: 4125: 4115: 4104: 4047: 3844: 3523: 3465: 3450: 3441: 3411: 3402: 3334: 3264: 3213: 3204: 3188:II or Aβ and Aγ 3143: 3134: 3087: 3077:Apical dendrite 3072:Dendritic spine 3051: 3013: 2983: 2970: 2954:Node of Ranvier 2949:Myelin incisure 2921: 2893: 2782: 2773:Oligodendrocyte 2756:Ependymal cells 2737: 2687: 2615: 2610: 2580: 2579: 2526: 2522: 2483: 2479: 2436: 2432: 2390:(2): e0172762. 2376: 2372: 2332: 2328: 2288: 2284: 2245: 2241: 2212:(10): 577–589. 2201: 2195: 2191: 2162:(1–2): 183–98. 2151: 2145: 2141: 2096: 2092: 2053: 2049: 2004: 2000: 1961: 1957: 1912: 1908: 1901: 1887: 1883: 1844: 1840: 1801: 1797: 1752: 1748: 1741: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1683: 1679: 1634: 1630: 1585: 1581: 1536: 1529: 1519: 1517: 1509: 1508: 1504: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1438: 1432: 1352: 1346: 1326: 1299:.Neurofilament 1274: 1219:phosphorylation 1159: 975: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5788: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5735: 5734: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5692: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5645: 5640: 5639: 5638: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5594:Corneodesmosin 5585: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5511: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5493: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5454: 5448: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5378: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5361: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5288: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5111: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4903: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4855: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4707: 4705: 4696: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4661:Nuclear lamins 4657: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4615: 4610: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4432: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4318: 4316: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4240: 4239: 4238: 4237: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4149: 4147: 4136: 4118: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4070: 4065: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4023: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4010: 4009: 4004: 3987: 3985:Arp2/3 complex 3982: 3981: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3910: 3899: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3842: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3735: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3720: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3675: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3580: 3579: 3578: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3533: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3490: 3488: 3479: 3470: 3463:Microfilaments 3456: 3452: 3451: 3440: 3439: 3432: 3425: 3417: 3408: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3400: 3398:Taste receptor 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3368:Muscle spindle 3365: 3363:Ruffini ending 3360: 3355: 3350: 3344: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3325:Ribbon synapse 3322: 3317: 3316: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3295: 3285: 3283: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3262: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3219: 3217: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3149: 3147: 3145:Sensory neuron 3136: 3135: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3130: 3120: 3115: 3113:Pseudounipolar 3110: 3105: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3085: 3084: 3083: 3081:Basal dendrite 3074: 3069: 3061: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3032:Axon terminals 3029: 3023: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3011: 3005: 3003: 2994: 2987: 2976: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2931: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2903: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2891: 2886: 2884:Nerve fascicle 2881: 2875: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2830: 2829: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2807: 2805: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2753: 2747: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2704: 2702: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2638: 2632: 2630: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2613:Nervous tissue 2609: 2608: 2601: 2594: 2586: 2578: 2577: 2520: 2477: 2430: 2370: 2342:(15): 1322–9. 2326: 2282: 2239: 2189: 2139: 2110:(9): 4243–55. 2090: 2047: 1998: 1955: 1926:(4): 1004–12. 1906: 1899: 1881: 1848:Brain Research 1838: 1795: 1746: 1739: 1718: 1677: 1648:(25): 8501–8. 1628: 1579: 1527: 1502: 1452: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1437: 1434: 1383:neuropathology 1372:tissue culture 1362:microscopy or 1345: 1342: 1338:motor proteins 1325: 1322: 1273: 1270: 1203:amino terminal 1167:tissue culture 1158: 1155: 1129:molecular mass 1123: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 974: 971: 944:nuclear lamins 904:microfilaments 880:Neurofilaments 875: 874: 871: 870: 865: 861: 860: 855: 851: 850: 842: 841: 831: 825: 824: 820: 819: 814: 808: 807: 802: 796: 795: 790: 784: 783: 778: 772: 771: 766: 760: 759: 756: 752: 751: 747: 746: 738: 737: 734: 733: 728: 724: 723: 718: 714: 713: 705: 704: 694: 688: 687: 683: 682: 677: 671: 670: 665: 659: 658: 653: 647: 646: 641: 635: 634: 629: 623: 622: 619: 615: 614: 611: 607: 606: 602: 601: 593: 592: 589: 588: 583: 579: 578: 573: 569: 568: 560: 559: 549: 543: 542: 538: 537: 532: 526: 525: 520: 514: 513: 508: 502: 501: 496: 490: 489: 484: 478: 477: 474: 470: 469: 466: 462: 461: 457: 456: 445: 444: 441: 440: 435: 431: 430: 425: 421: 420: 412: 411: 401: 395: 394: 390: 389: 384: 378: 377: 372: 366: 365: 360: 354: 353: 348: 342: 341: 336: 330: 329: 326: 322: 321: 317: 316: 305: 304: 301: 300: 295: 291: 290: 285: 281: 280: 272: 271: 261: 255: 254: 250: 249: 244: 238: 237: 232: 226: 225: 220: 214: 213: 208: 202: 201: 196: 190: 189: 186: 182: 181: 178: 174: 173: 169: 168: 157: 156: 153: 152: 147: 143: 142: 137: 133: 132: 124: 123: 113: 107: 106: 102: 101: 96: 90: 89: 84: 78: 77: 72: 66: 65: 60: 54: 53: 48: 42: 41: 36: 32: 31: 27: 26: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5787: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5732: 5731: 5724: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5474:Delta catenin 5472: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5452:Alpha catenin 5450: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5281: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212:cytoplasmic: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4618:Neurofilament 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4488:chromosome 12 4485: 4484: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4437:chromosome 17 4434: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4387:chromosome 12 4384: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4327:chromosome 17 4324: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4312:Hair keratins 4309: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4249:chromosome 12 4246: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4217:chromosome 12 4214: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4158:chromosome 17 4155: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4129: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114:Intermediate 4111: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4012: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3433: 3431: 3426: 3424: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3259: 3258:γ motorneuron 3256: 3254: 3253:β motorneuron 3251: 3249: 3248:α motorneuron 3246: 3245: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2595: 2593: 2588: 2587: 2584: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2493:(4): 369–85. 2492: 2488: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2450:(6): 104813. 2449: 2445: 2441: 2434: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2299:(5): 2013–8. 2298: 2294: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2255:(3): 377–82. 2254: 2250: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2193: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2150: 2143: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2094: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2051: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2002: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1971:(3): 137–41. 1970: 1966: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1910: 1902: 1900:9780815344643 1896: 1892: 1885: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1842: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1799: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1766:(3): 655–60. 1765: 1761: 1757: 1750: 1742: 1736: 1731: 1730: 1722: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1681: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1632: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1583: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1550:(2): 351–66. 1549: 1545: 1541: 1534: 1532: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1457: 1453: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1351: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1321: 1319: 1313: 1310: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1293:motor neurons 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249:fertilization 1246: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1223:glycosylation 1220: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1199:alpha helical 1193: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1154: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1138:glutamic acid 1134: 1130: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1058:α-Internexin 1057: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1030:NCBI Ref Seq 1029: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 993: 989: 985: 981: 970: 968: 964: 960: 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 890:found in the 889: 885: 881: 869: 866: 862: 859: 856: 852: 847: 843: 840: 839: 835: 832: 830: 826: 821: 818: 815: 813: 809: 806: 803: 801: 797: 794: 791: 789: 785: 782: 779: 777: 773: 770: 767: 765: 761: 757: 753: 748: 743: 732: 729: 725: 722: 719: 715: 710: 706: 703: 702: 698: 695: 693: 689: 684: 681: 678: 676: 672: 669: 666: 664: 660: 657: 654: 652: 648: 645: 642: 640: 636: 633: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 603: 598: 587: 584: 580: 577: 574: 570: 565: 561: 558: 557: 553: 550: 548: 544: 539: 536: 533: 531: 527: 524: 521: 519: 515: 512: 509: 507: 503: 500: 497: 495: 491: 488: 485: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 458: 454: 450: 439: 436: 432: 429: 426: 422: 417: 413: 410: 409: 405: 402: 400: 396: 391: 388: 385: 383: 379: 376: 373: 371: 367: 364: 361: 359: 355: 352: 349: 347: 343: 340: 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 318: 314: 310: 299: 296: 292: 289: 286: 282: 277: 273: 270: 269: 265: 262: 260: 256: 251: 248: 245: 243: 239: 236: 233: 231: 227: 224: 221: 219: 215: 212: 209: 207: 203: 200: 197: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 170: 166: 162: 151: 148: 144: 141: 138: 134: 129: 125: 122: 121: 117: 114: 112: 108: 103: 100: 97: 95: 91: 88: 85: 83: 79: 76: 73: 71: 67: 64: 61: 59: 55: 52: 49: 47: 43: 40: 37: 33: 28: 24: 20: 5775:Cytoskeleton 5727: 5502:Dystroglycan 5457:Beta catenin 4689:Microtubules 4617: 4557:Beta-keratin 4486: 4435: 4381: 4321: 4243: 4229: 4215: 4152: 3989: 3856:Tropomodulin 3448:cytoskeleton 3293:Gap junction 3215:Motor neuron 3046: 3009:Axon hillock 2985:nerve fibers 2939:Schwann cell 2849: 2832: 2810: 2728:Medium spiny 2641:White matter 2629:Tissue Types 2537: 2533: 2523: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2447: 2443: 2433: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2209: 2205: 2192: 2159: 2155: 2142: 2107: 2103: 2093: 2063:(2): 153–6. 2060: 2056: 2050: 2018:(1): 22–41. 2015: 2012:Cytoskeleton 2011: 2001: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1923: 1919: 1909: 1890: 1884: 1851: 1847: 1841: 1808: 1804: 1798: 1763: 1759: 1749: 1728: 1721: 1697:(2): 81–91. 1694: 1690: 1680: 1645: 1641: 1631: 1596: 1592: 1582: 1547: 1543: 1518:. Retrieved 1514: 1505: 1470: 1466: 1456: 1431: 1391: 1380: 1376:neurogenesis 1353: 1327: 1314: 1306: 1285:white matter 1215: 1196: 1126: 1115:NP_066554.2 1098:NP_005373.2 1081:NP_006149.2 1064:NP_116116.1 1047:NP_006253.2 1027:Amino acids 997:peripherin 2 976: 958: 956: 940:α-internexin 908:cytoskeleton 900:microtubules 883: 879: 878: 836: 699: 618:Alt. symbols 554: 473:Alt. symbols 406: 266: 185:Alt. symbols 118: 5648:Plakophilin 5599:Desmoplakin 5359:Tau protein 4133:Cytokeratin 3929:Tropomyosin 3477:Myofilament 3308:Active zone 3273:Termination 3123:Interneuron 3027:Telodendron 2935:Myelination 2917:Endoneurium 2912:Perineurium 2733:Interneuron 2723:Von Economo 2671:Decussation 2666:Nerve tract 2636:Grey matter 1417:resembling 1334:microtubule 1318:target cell 1301:immunostain 1265:neural tube 1259:are in the 1211:coiled coil 1041:Peripherin 959:neurofibril 858:Swiss-model 750:Identifiers 721:Swiss-model 668:NM_006262.3 605:Identifiers 576:Swiss-model 460:Identifiers 428:Swiss-model 320:Identifiers 288:Swiss-model 172:Identifiers 140:Swiss-model 30:Identifiers 5744:Categories 5728:See also: 5700:Crescentin 5619:Periplakin 5609:Envoplakin 5497:Dystrophin 5114:axonemal: 4608:Internexin 4587:Peripherin 3378:Nociceptor 3118:Multipolar 3067:Nissl body 2944:Neurilemma 2907:Epineurium 2692:Cell Types 1854:: 118–23. 1520:6 December 1448:References 1415:phenotypes 1394:biomarkers 1356:antibodies 1309:vertebrate 1281:Micrograph 1183:cerebellum 1118:111.9 kDA 1101:102.5 kDa 932:peripherin 854:Structures 849:Search for 823:Other data 717:Structures 712:Search for 686:Other data 572:Structures 567:Search for 541:Other data 424:Structures 419:Search for 408:q12.1-13.1 393:Other data 284:Structures 279:Search for 253:Other data 136:Structures 131:Search for 105:Other data 5317:Centrin 3 5312:Centrin 2 5307:Centrin 1 4645:Syncoilin 4550:Not alpha 4116:filaments 4068:Fibrillin 3393:Hair cell 2927:Neuroglia 2889:Funiculus 2778:Microglia 2751:Astrocyte 2708:Pyramidal 2661:Lemniscus 2554:2632-1297 2472:216029229 2336:Neurology 2085:205010517 1121:~200 kDa 1104:~160 kDa 1084:61.5 kDa 1067:55.4 kDa 1050:53.7 kDa 892:cytoplasm 805:NP_006608 764:NCBI gene 627:NCBI gene 523:NM_032727 482:NCBI gene 375:NM_021076 334:NCBI gene 235:NM_005382 194:NCBI gene 87:NM_006158 46:NCBI gene 5683:Nonhuman 5643:Vinculin 5604:Dystonin 5536:Spectrin 5509:Utrophin 5489:Membrane 5444:Catenins 5376:Stathmin 5364:Dynactin 5244:DYNC2LI1 5239:DYNC1LI2 5234:DYNC1LI1 4899:Kinesins 4703:Tubulins 4592:Vimentin 4124:Type 1/2 4026:Profilin 4021:Gelsolin 3883:Troponin 3444:Proteins 3178:Ia or Aα 3108:Unipolar 3057:Dendrite 3042:Axolemma 3037:Axoplasm 2821:Ganglion 2761:Tanycyte 2713:Purkinje 2700:Neuronal 2683:Meninges 2678:Neuropil 2572:37091583 2563:10120172 2515:23675224 2507:14640321 2464:32305278 2424:28241046 2384:PLOS ONE 2364:22681349 2356:19365053 2321:36897027 2277:31052853 2269:19845747 2234:52140127 2226:30171200 2184:18311152 2176:15896809 2134:16000374 2077:11253369 2042:28926211 1993:41152820 1985:10707083 1868:20132798 1825:19737816 1672:22723690 1623:17005864 1497:22956720 1436:See also 1425:and the 1291:showing 1234:Antibody 1188:Purkinje 1133:SDS-PAGE 1087:~70 kDa 1070:~66 kDa 1053:~56 kDa 1024:Protein 1005:vimentin 965:of some 924:vimentin 920:keratins 868:InterPro 731:InterPro 586:InterPro 438:InterPro 298:InterPro 150:InterPro 5670:PLEKHA7 5624:Plectin 5589:Plakins 5514:Ankyrin 5413:Dynamin 5343:Spastin 5338:Katanin 5302:CAMSAP3 5297:CAMSAP2 5292:CAMSAP1 5264:DYNLRB2 5259:DYNLRB1 5229:DYNC1I2 5224:DYNC1I1 5219:DYNC2H1 5214:DYNC1H1 5107:Dyneins 4831:TUBGCP6 4826:TUBGCP5 4821:TUBGCP4 4816:TUBGCP3 4811:TUBGCP2 4640:Synemin 4383:type II 4245:type II 4128:Keratin 4073:Filamin 4014:Destrin 3997:Cofilin 3958:Actinin 3529:Myosins 3446:of the 3320:Autapse 3281:Synapse 3128:Renshaw 3103:Bipolar 2980:Neurons 2833:Ventral 2804:General 2718:Granule 2415:5328385 2392:Bibcode 2313:8863508 2125:1196334 2033:6005378 1950:3084715 1941:6568432 1876:9615612 1833:5883157 1790:2844152 1781:1149198 1713:1633625 1663:3405552 1614:6674481 1565:2109569 1488:3516374 1370:and in 1263:in the 1151:alleles 1011:of the 952:introns 896:neurons 864:Domains 812:UniProt 727:Domains 697:Chr. 12 675:UniProt 582:Domains 552:Chr. 10 530:UniProt 434:Domains 404:Chr. 22 382:UniProt 294:Domains 242:UniProt 146:Domains 94:UniProt 5571:SPTBN5 5566:SPTBN4 5561:SPTBN2 5556:SPTBN1 5546:SPTAN1 5381:Tektin 5274:DYNLT3 5269:DYNLT1 5254:DYNLL2 5249:DYNLL1 5196:DNALI1 5181:DNAH17 5176:DNAH14 5171:DNAH13 5166:DNAH12 5161:DNAH11 5156:DNAH10 5077:KIF26B 5072:KIF26A 5047:KIF21B 5042:KIF21A 5037:KIF20B 5032:KIF20A 5022:KIF18B 5017:KIF18A 5007:KIF16B 4992:KIF13B 4987:KIF13A 4786:TUBB4Q 4771:TUBB2C 4766:TUBB2B 4761:TUBB2A 4741:TUBA4A 4736:TUBA3E 4731:TUBA3D 4726:TUBA3C 4721:TUBA1C 4716:TUBA1B 4711:TUBA1A 4654:Type 5 4613:Nestin 4601:Type 4 4577:Desmin 4570:Type 3 4323:type I 4154:type I 4100:TRIOBP 3766:MYO18B 3761:MYO18A 3757:XVIII 3751:MYO15A 3486:Actins 3173:fibers 2811:Dorsal 2570:  2560:  2552:  2513:  2505:  2470:  2462:  2422:  2412:  2362:  2354:  2319:  2311:  2275:  2267:  2232:  2224:  2182:  2174:  2132:  2122:  2083:  2075:  2040:  2030:  1991:  1983:  1948:  1938:  1897:  1874:  1866:  1831:  1823:  1788:  1778:  1737:  1711:  1670:  1660:  1621:  1611:  1572:  1562:  1495:  1485:  1411:Mutant 1245:embryo 1146:serine 1142:lysine 1013:retina 1001:retina 948:nestin 928:desmin 834:Chr. 1 817:P48681 800:RefSeq 793:600915 755:Symbol 701:q13.12 680:P41219 663:RefSeq 656:170710 610:Symbol 535:Q5SYD2 518:RefSeq 511:605338 465:Symbol 387:P12036 370:RefSeq 363:162230 325:Symbol 264:Chr. 8 247:P07197 230:RefSeq 223:162250 177:Symbol 116:Chr. 8 99:P07196 82:RefSeq 75:162280 35:Symbol 5631:Talin 5614:MACF1 5582:Other 5541:SPTA1 5406:TEKT5 5401:TEKT4 5396:TEKT3 5391:TEKT2 5386:TEKT1 5369:DCTN1 5352:Other 5206:DNAL4 5201:DNAL1 5191:DNAI2 5186:DNAI1 5151:DNAH9 5146:DNAH8 5141:DNAH7 5136:DNAH6 5131:DNAH5 5126:DNAH3 5121:DNAH2 5116:DNAH1 5097:KIFC3 5092:KIFC2 5087:KIFC1 5082:KIF27 5067:KIF25 5062:KIF24 5057:KIF23 5052:KIF22 5027:KIF19 5012:KIF17 5002:KIF15 4997:KIF14 4982:KIF12 4977:KIF11 4957:KIF5C 4952:KIF5B 4947:KIF5A 4942:KIF4B 4937:KIF4A 4932:KIF3C 4927:KIF3B 4922:KIF2C 4917:KIF2A 4912:KIF1B 4907:KIF1A 4879:MAP1B 4874:MAP1A 4841:TUBE1 4836:TUBD1 4806:TUBG2 4801:TUBG1 4796:TUBB8 4791:TUBB6 4781:TUBB4 4776:TUBB3 4756:TUBB1 4746:TUBA8 4095:Espin 4056:Other 4043:Titin 3849:Other 3838:MYLL1 3833:MYLK2 3823:MYLIP 3808:MYL6B 3741:MYO10 3731:MYO9B 3726:MYO9A 3716:MYO7B 3711:MYO7A 3691:MYO5C 3686:MYO5B 3681:MYO5A 3671:MYO3B 3666:MYO3A 3656:MYH16 3651:MYH15 3646:MYH14 3641:MYH13 3636:MYH11 3631:MYH10 3616:MYH7B 3575:MYO1H 3570:MYO1G 3565:MYO1F 3560:MYO1E 3555:MYO1D 3550:MYO1C 3545:MYO1B 3540:MYO1A 3455:Human 3096:Types 2993:Parts 2862:White 2843:Ramus 2826:Ramus 2743:Glial 2540:(2). 2511:S2CID 2468:S2CID 2360:S2CID 2317:S2CID 2273:S2CID 2230:S2CID 2202:(PDF) 2180:S2CID 2152:(PDF) 2081:S2CID 1989:S2CID 1872:S2CID 1829:S2CID 1574:49355 1295:with 1241:Ki 67 1237:stain 1112:1020 912:axons 838:q23.1 829:Locus 769:10763 692:Locus 547:Locus 399:Locus 259:Locus 111:Locus 5715:ParM 5710:MreB 5705:FtsZ 5665:ACF7 5658:PKP2 5653:PKP1 5636:TLN1 5551:SPTB 5529:ANK3 5524:ANK2 5519:ANK1 5428:DNM3 5423:DNM2 5418:DNM1 5322:PCM1 4972:KIF9 4967:KIF7 4962:KIF6 4889:MAP4 4884:MAP2 4851:MAPs 4751:TUBB 4694:MAPs 4692:and 4633:NEFH 4628:NEFM 4623:NEFL 4582:GFAP 4230:none 4088:FLNC 4083:FLNB 4078:FLNA 3828:MYLK 3818:MYL9 3813:MYL7 3803:MYL6 3798:MYL5 3793:MYL4 3788:MYL3 3783:MYL2 3778:MYL1 3707:VII 3701:MYO6 3662:III 3626:MYH9 3621:MYH8 3611:MYH7 3606:MYH6 3601:MYH4 3596:MYH3 3591:MYH2 3586:MYH1 3468:ABPs 3466:and 3019:Axon 3001:Soma 2857:Gray 2838:Root 2816:Root 2568:PMID 2550:ISSN 2503:PMID 2460:PMID 2420:PMID 2352:PMID 2309:PMID 2265:PMID 2222:PMID 2172:PMID 2130:PMID 2073:PMID 2038:PMID 1981:PMID 1946:PMID 1895:ISBN 1864:PMID 1852:1322 1821:PMID 1786:PMID 1735:ISBN 1709:PMID 1668:PMID 1619:PMID 1570:PMID 1522:2019 1493:PMID 1387:glia 1221:and 1205:and 1140:and 1095:916 1078:543 1061:499 1044:470 988:NF-H 984:NF-M 980:NF-L 934:and 788:OMIM 781:7756 776:HGNC 651:OMIM 644:9461 639:HGNC 632:5630 621:NEF4 613:PRPH 506:OMIM 499:6057 494:HGNC 487:9118 476:NEF5 358:OMIM 351:7737 346:HGNC 339:4744 328:NEFH 313:NF-H 218:OMIM 211:7734 206:HGNC 199:4741 188:NEF3 180:NEFM 165:NF-M 70:OMIM 63:7739 58:HGNC 51:4747 39:NEFL 23:NF-L 5479:GAN 5462:APC 4869:EB3 4864:EB2 4859:EB1 4665:A/C 4348:33B 4343:33A 3747:XV 3722:IX 3697:VI 3582:II 3233:SVE 3228:GVE 3223:GSE 3168:SVA 3163:SSA 3158:GVA 3153:GSA 2796:PNS 2621:CNS 2558:PMC 2542:doi 2495:doi 2452:doi 2410:PMC 2400:doi 2344:doi 2301:doi 2257:doi 2214:doi 2164:doi 2160:233 2120:PMC 2112:doi 2065:doi 2028:PMC 2020:doi 1973:doi 1936:PMC 1928:doi 1856:doi 1813:doi 1809:122 1776:PMC 1768:doi 1764:252 1699:doi 1658:PMC 1650:doi 1609:PMC 1601:doi 1560:PMC 1552:doi 1483:PMC 1475:doi 1471:125 1283:of 894:of 758:NES 556:q24 468:INA 268:p21 120:p21 5746:: 4675:B2 4670:B1 4663:: 4539:80 4534:79 4529:78 4524:77 4519:76 4514:75 4509:74 4504:73 4499:72 4494:71 4478:40 4473:39 4468:28 4463:27 4458:26 4453:25 4448:24 4443:23 4418:86 4413:85 4408:84 4403:83 4398:82 4393:81 4373:38 4368:37 4363:36 4358:35 4353:34 4338:32 4333:31 4290:6C 4285:6B 4280:6A 4260:2A 4235:21 4223:18 4209:20 4204:19 4199:17 4194:16 4189:15 4184:14 4179:13 4174:12 4169:10 3773:LC 3737:X 3677:V 3536:I 3519:G2 3514:G1 3509:C1 3499:A2 3494:A1 2937:: 2566:. 2556:. 2548:. 2536:. 2532:. 2509:. 2501:. 2491:14 2489:. 2466:. 2458:. 2448:29 2446:. 2442:. 2418:. 2408:. 2398:. 2388:12 2386:. 2382:. 2358:. 2350:. 2340:72 2338:. 2315:. 2307:. 2297:67 2295:. 2271:. 2263:. 2253:17 2251:. 2228:. 2220:. 2210:14 2208:. 2204:. 2178:. 2170:. 2158:. 2154:. 2128:. 2118:. 2108:16 2106:. 2102:. 2079:. 2071:. 2059:. 2036:. 2026:. 2016:75 2014:. 2010:. 1987:. 1979:. 1967:. 1944:. 1934:. 1922:. 1918:. 1870:. 1862:. 1850:. 1827:. 1819:. 1807:. 1784:. 1774:. 1762:. 1758:. 1707:. 1695:22 1693:. 1689:. 1666:. 1656:. 1646:32 1644:. 1640:. 1617:. 1607:. 1597:26 1595:. 1591:. 1568:. 1558:. 1548:66 1546:. 1542:. 1530:^ 1513:. 1491:. 1481:. 1469:. 1465:. 1401:, 1015:. 969:. 930:, 926:, 884:NF 4385:/ 4325:/ 4300:8 4295:7 4275:5 4270:4 4265:3 4255:1 4247:/ 4164:9 4156:/ 4135:) 4130:, 4126:( 4036:2 4031:1 4007:2 4002:1 3978:4 3973:3 3968:2 3963:1 3949:4 3944:3 3939:2 3934:1 3922:3 3919:2 3916:1 3913:I 3908:2 3905:1 3902:C 3897:3 3894:2 3891:1 3888:T 3876:4 3871:3 3866:2 3861:1 3577:) 3504:B 3436:e 3429:t 3422:v 3291:/ 3212:/ 3142:/ 3079:/ 2982:/ 2880:) 2871:( 2605:e 2598:t 2591:v 2574:. 2544:: 2538:5 2517:. 2497:: 2474:. 2454:: 2428:, 2426:. 2402:: 2394:: 2368:, 2366:. 2346:: 2323:. 2303:: 2279:. 2259:: 2236:. 2216:: 2186:. 2166:: 2136:. 2114:: 2087:. 2067:: 2061:1 2044:. 2022:: 1995:. 1975:: 1969:2 1952:. 1930:: 1924:6 1903:. 1878:. 1858:: 1835:. 1815:: 1792:. 1770:: 1743:. 1715:. 1701:: 1674:. 1652:: 1625:. 1603:: 1576:. 1554:: 1524:. 1499:. 1477:: 1303:. 882:(

Index

NF-L
NEFL
NCBI gene
4747
HGNC
7739
OMIM
162280
RefSeq
NM_006158
UniProt
P07196
Locus
Chr. 8
p21
Swiss-model
InterPro
NF-M
NCBI gene
4741
HGNC
7734
OMIM
162250
RefSeq
NM_005382
UniProt
P07197
Locus
Chr. 8

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