667:(CCT) in both renal medicine and general (internal) medicine. In those five years, they usually rotate yearly between hospitals in a region (known as a deanery). They are then accepted on to the Specialist Register of the General Medical Council (GMC). Specialty trainees often interrupt their clinical training to obtain research degrees (MD/PhD). After achieving CCT, the registrar (ST) may apply for a permanent post as Consultant in Renal Medicine. Subsequently, some Consultants practice nephrology alone. Others work in this area, and in Intensive Care (ICU), or General (Internal) or Acute Medicine.
361:
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36:
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705:(AOBIM) nephrology examination. Nephrologists must be approved by one of these boards. To be approved, the physician must fulfill the requirements for education and training in nephrology in order to qualify to take the board's examination. If a physician passes the examination, then he or she can become a nephrology specialist. Typically, nephrologists also need two to three years of training in an
1161:). The first day (1.9.60) was in Geneva and the next three (2â4.9.60) were in Evian, France. The early history of the ISN is described by Robinson and Richet in 2005 and the later history by Barsoum in 2011. The ISN is the largest global society representing medical professionals engaged in advancing kidney care worldwide. It has an international office in Brussels, Belgium.
647:) in a nephrology research interest (3â4 years) is optional but increasingly common. Finally, many Australian and New Zealand nephrologists participate in career-long professional and personal development through bodies such as the Australian and New Zealand Society of Nephrology and the Transplant Society of Australia and New Zealand.
696:
in nephrology. Complementary to an adult nephrologist, a pediatric nephrologist will complete a three-year pediatric residency after medical school or a four-year
Combined Internal Medicine and Pediatrics residency. This is followed by a three-year fellowship in Pediatric Nephrology. Once training
1144:
The world's first society of nephrology was the French 'Societe de
Pathologie Renale'. Its first president was Jean Hamburger, and its first meeting was in Paris in February 1949. In 1959, Hamburger also founded the 'Société de Néphrologie', as a continuation of the older society. It is now called
456:
patients. The word 'dialysis' is from the mid-19th century: via Latin from the Greek word 'dialusis'; from 'dialuein' (split, separate), from 'dia' (apart) and 'luein' (set free). In other words, dialysis replaces the primary (excretory) function of the kidney, which separates (and removes) excess
1226:
Kalantar-Zadeh, Kamyar; McCullough, Peter A.; Agarwal, Sanjay Kumar; Beddhu, Srinivasan; Boaz, Mona; Bruchfeld, Annette; Chauveau, Philippe; Chen, Jing; De
Sequera, Patricia; Gedney, Nieltje; Golper, Thomas A.; Gupta, Malini; Harris, Tess; Hartwell, Lori; Liakopoulos, Vassilios; Kopple, Joel D.;
1192:
directly provides financial support to patients in need, as well as participating in health education and prevention efforts. ASDIN (American
Society of Diagnostic and Interventional Nephrology) is the main organization of interventional nephrologists. Other organizations include CIDA, VASA etc.
736:
are central to the diagnostic workup in nephrology. The history typically includes the present illness, family history, general medical history, diet, medication use, drug use and occupation. The physical examination typically includes an assessment of volume state, blood pressure, heart, lungs,
642:
written and clinical examinations, and
Advanced Physician Training in Nephrology (3 years). The training pathway is overseen and accredited by the Royal Australasian College of Physicians, though the application process varies across states. Completion of a post-graduate degree (usually a
806:
It is a good idea for patients with longterm kidney disease to know an up-to-date list of medications, and their latest blood tests, especially the blood creatinine level. In the United
Kingdom, blood tests can monitored online by the patient, through a website called RenalPatientView.
1128:
is the most effective treatment for end-stage kidney failure although its worldwide availability is limited by lack of availability of donor organs. Generally speaking, kidneys from living donors are 'better' than those from deceased donors, as they last longer.
675:
Nephrology training can be accomplished through one of two routes. The first path way is through an internal medicine pathway leading to an
Internal Medicine/Nephrology specialty, and sometimes known as "adult nephrology". The second pathway is through
301:" is an adjective meaning "relating to the kidneys", and its roots are French or late Latin. Whereas according to some opinions, "renal" and "nephro" should be replaced with "kidney" in scientific writings such as "kidney medicine" (instead of
1204:
and Kidney Care UK (previously known as
British Kidney Patient Association, BKPA) represent patients, and the UK Kidney Association used to represent renal physicians and worked closely with a previous NHS policy directive called a
900:
needle into the kidney to obtain a small sample of kidney tissue. The kidney tissue is then examined under a microscope, allowing direct visualization of the changes occurring within the kidney. Additionally, the pathology may also
1156:
The word 'nephrology' appeared for the first time in a conference, on 1â4 September 1960 at the "Premier CongrĂšs
International de NĂ©phrologie" in Evian and Geneva, the first meeting of the International Society of Nephrology (ISN,
1227:
Kovesdy, Csaba P.; MacDougall, Iain C.; Mann, Johannes F. E.; Molony, Donald; Norris, Keith C.; Perlmutter, Jeffrey; Rhee, Connie M.; Riella, Leonardo V.; Weisbord, Steven D.; Zoccali, Carmine; Goldsmith, David (Mar 13, 2021).
460:
Many diseases affecting the kidney are systemic disorders not limited to the organ itself, and may require special treatment. Examples include acquired conditions such as systemic vasculitides (e.g. ANCA vasculitis) and
1279:
1173:
795:(PTH) in the blood. All of these may be affected by kidney problems. The serum creatinine concentration is the most important blood test as it is used to estimate the function of the kidney, called the
1185:
1177:
663:(MRCP) exam before competing for a National Training Number (NTN) in renal medicine. The typical Specialty Training (when they are called a registrar, or an ST) is five years and leads to a
1136:
and so long term followup with a nephrologist is usually necessary. In the United
Kingdom, care may be shared with the patient's primary care physician, called a General Practitioner (GP).
655:
In the United Kingdom, nephrology (often called renal medicine) is a subspecialty of general medicine. A nephrologist has completed medical school, foundation year posts (FY1 and FY2) and
957:. Kidney problems can have significant impact on quality and length of life, and so psychological support, health education and advanced care planning play key roles in nephrology.
1153:, on 30 March 1950. The SocietĂ di Nefrologia Italiana was founded in 1957 and was the first national society to incorporate the phrase nephrologia (or nephrology) into its name.
721:. Only pediatric trained physicians are able to train in pediatric nephrology, and internal medicine (adult) trained physicians may enter general (adult) nephrology fellowships.
1011:
may need correction. Diuretics (such as furosemide) may be used to correct fluid overload, and alkalis (such as sodium bicarbonate) can be used to treat metabolic acidosis.
2244:
1402:
1319:
1276:
1377:
1176:(ANNA), founded in 1969, promotes excellence in and appreciation of nephrology nursing to make a positive difference for patients with kidney disease. The
1197:(RSN) is a nonprofit, patient-focused, patient-run organization that provides non-medical services to those affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD).
2237:
702:
339:
The term "nephrology" was first used in about 1960, according to the French "néphrologie" proposed by Pr. Jean Hamburger in 1953, from the Greek
2047:
2484:
2186:
1188:(NRAA), founded in 1977, is a national organization that represents and supports the independent and community-based dialysis providers. The
660:
1978:
1895:
1512:
586:
2164:
1149:(UKKA) was founded in 1950, originally named the Renal Association. Its first president was Arthur Osman and met for the first time, in
3129:
2230:
2125:
2042:
2103:
3470:
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209:
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When the kidneys are no longer able to sustain the demands of the body, end-stage kidney failure is said to have occurred. Without
639:
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2137:
2094:
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In certain circumstances, less invasive testing may not provide a certain diagnosis. Where definitive diagnosis is required, a
976:
664:
285:(renal pathophysiology), the preservation of kidney health, and the treatment of kidney disease, from diet and medication to
3369:
810:
More specialized tests can be ordered to discover or link certain systemic diseases to kidney failure such as infections (
1158:
698:
100:
1398:
1315:
563:), structural kidney diseases (uro-nephrology), procedural nephrology or other non-nephrology areas as described above.
3505:
2847:
2019:
748:) allows a direct assessment for possible kidney problems, which may be suggested by appearance of blood in the urine (
574:
access insertion (temporary vascular access lines, tunnelled vascular access lines, peritoneal dialysis access lines),
72:
2477:
119:
2805:
2176:
1971:
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is a national organization representing patients and professionals who treat kidney diseases. Founded in 1966, the
710:
1369:
1145:
Francophone Society of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation (SFNDT). The second society of nephrologists, the
520:
who specializes in the care and treatment of kidney disease. Nephrology requires additional training to become an
79:
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2147:
1716:
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1905:
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760:) or cancer cells in the urine. A 24-hour urine collection used to be used to quantify daily protein loss (see
197:
57:
1547:
1423:
2024:
1721:
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1201:
909:. In some circumstances, kidney biopsy will also be used to monitor response to treatment and identify early
470:
86:
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2663:
2522:
2470:
2391:
1658:
827:
17:
1229:"Nomenclature in nephrology: preserving 'renal' and 'nephro' in the glossary of kidney health and disease"
3119:
2668:
1964:
1692:
615:
53:
2006:
1465:"Performance of procedures by nephrologists and nephrology fellows at U.S. nephrology training programs"
1180:(AAKP) is a non-profit, patient-centric group focused on improving the health and well-being of CKD and
3099:
2755:
2073:
1781:
1206:
1165:
1086:
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with advanced skills. Nephrologists may provide care to people without kidney problems and may work in
68:
1301:
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2129:
2034:
1816:
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942:
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332:. A physician who has undertaken additional training and become certified in nephrology is called a
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2222:
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1622:
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Nephrology training in Australia and New Zealand typically includes completion of a medical degree (
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3157:
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2698:
2515:
2181:
2107:
1917:
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and nephro as appropriate including in "nephrology" and "renal replacement therapy", respectively.
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2783:
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1821:
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1008:
858:
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Patients are referred to nephrology specialists after a urinalysis, for various reasons, such as
437:
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2413:
2014:
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1172:(ASN) is the world's largest professional society devoted to the study of kidney disease. The
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2342:
1880:
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857:
Structural abnormalities of the kidneys are identified with imaging tests. These may include
819:
693:
656:
635:
541:
345:/ nephrĂłs (kidney). Before then, the specialty was usually referred to as "kidney medicine".
1536:
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8:
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1399:"5 Reasons Why You May be Referred to a Nephrologist - Durham Nephrology Associates, PA"
913:. A transplant kidney biopsy may also be performed to look for rejection of the kidney.
93:
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1997:
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1370:"Kidney failure (ESRD) - Symptoms, causes and treatment options | American Kidney Fund"
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321:
191:
305:) or "kidney replacement therapy", other experts have advocated preserving the use of
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1000:
980:
893:
772:. It is now more common to measure protein loss from a small random sample of urine.
533:
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2312:
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638:(1 year), Basic Physician Training (3 years minimum), successful completion of the
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313:
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992:
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823:
738:
590:
571:
552:
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290:
741:. A rash may be relevant too, especially as an indicator of autoimmune disease.
713:
accredited fellowship in nephrology. Nearly all programs train nephrologists in
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3419:
3232:
3162:
2981:
2494:
2257:
1987:
1933:
1806:
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replaces kidney function by inserting into the body a healthier kidney from an
1101:
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714:
685:
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274:
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Nephrology concerns the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases, including
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3332:
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3134:
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2723:
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1912:
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1038:
988:
769:
681:
393:
3553:
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2597:
2592:
2577:
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2168:
1938:
1928:
1890:
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is an artificial method of replacing some kidney function to prolong life.
1018:
889:
866:
567:
566:
Procedures a nephrologist may perform include native kidney and transplant
501:
497:
441:
406:
389:
329:
324:; and systemic diseases that occur as a result of kidney disease, such as
3412:
3357:
3254:
3109:
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2902:
2793:
2745:
2648:
2643:
2549:
2537:
2510:
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1703:
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1113:
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1046:
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922:
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835:
815:
811:
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360:
3500:
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3352:
3124:
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2765:
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2615:
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2527:
1082:
1054:
1050:
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996:
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788:
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745:
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410:
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3315:
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3027:
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2703:
2532:
2492:
2252:
1842:
1837:
1595:
1225:
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is typically managed with treatment of causative conditions (such as
906:
780:
749:
622:/DNB (3 years) course in either nephrology or paediatric nephrology.
579:
517:
489:
266:
35:
3079:
2856:
2396:
2375:
2365:
2307:
964:
847:
791:, albumin, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase and
697:
is satisfactorily completed, the physician is eligible to take the
317:
226:
172:
559:, home therapies (home dialysis), cancer-related kidney diseases (
3558:
3018:
2986:
2879:
2635:
2271:
1643:
930:
910:
892:) may be performed. This typically involves the insertion, under
729:
717:; fewer than half in the United States train in the provision of
575:
987:. Impaired kidney function has systemic effects on the body. An
2569:
2502:
2418:
2370:
1862:
1150:
1003:
may be required to counteract the effects of kidney failure on
885:
757:
521:
270:
250:
230:
706:
306:
298:
775:
Basic blood tests can be used to check the concentration of
457:
toxins and water from the blood, placing them in the urine.
2825:
784:
618:(3 years) either in medicine or paediatrics, followed by a
607:
606:
To become a nephrologist in India, one has to complete an
1631:
680:
leading to a speciality in Pediatric Nephrology. In the
644:
1619:
905:
a problem affecting the kidney, allowing some degree of
692:
in internal medicine followed by a two-year (or longer)
1513:"Kidney International - A Forty Year History 1960-2000"
991:(ESA) may be required to ensure adequate production of
1462:
1986:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
967:), avoidance of substances toxic to the kidneys (
3656:
1073:, are also used in these conditions and include
983:, diet and weight modification and planning for
365:A human kidney (click on image for description).
1318:. American College of Physicians. 15 May 2020.
1277:Professor Priscilla Kincaid-Smith, nephrologist
1193:which deal with dialysis vascular access. The
703:American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine
659:(CMT), specialist training (ST) and passed the
2841:
2478:
2238:
2187:Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
1972:
1659:
661:Membership of the Royal College of Physicians
783:, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate,
625:
551:Nephrologists may further sub-specialise in
316:conditions that affect the kidneys, such as
340:
3130:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
2848:
2834:
2485:
2471:
2245:
2231:
1979:
1965:
1666:
1652:
688:adult nephrologists complete a three-year
3471:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
1620:International Society of Nephrology (ISN)
1563:
1488:
1439:
1252:
1186:National Renal Administrators Association
737:peripheral arteries, joints, abdomen and
632:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
610:(5 and 1/2 years) degree, followed by an
582:or surgical fistulogram and plasty), and
210:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
204:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
640:Royal Australasian College of Physicians
269:medicine that concerns the study of the
27:Medical study concerned with the kidneys
2053:Membranoproliferative/mesangiocapillary
1178:American Association of Kidney Patients
1174:American Nephrology Nurses' Association
14:
3657:
1565:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.t01-7-00001.x
1441:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.t01-7-00001.x
2829:
2466:
2226:
1960:
1647:
1548:"International Society of Nephrology"
1424:"International Society of Nephrology"
1291:, Interview by Dr Max Blythe in 1998.
977:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
921:Treatments in nephrology can include
665:Certificate of Completion of Training
3609:
3370:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
1896:AbderhaldenâKaufmannâLignac syndrome
896:and ultrasound or CT guidance, of a
715:continuous renal replacement therapy
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
3619:
2493:Tests and procedures involving the
1159:International Society of Nephrology
699:American Board of Internal Medicine
24:
3506:Medical Scientist Training Program
1673:
1302:"Nephrology Specialty Description"
859:Medical ultrasonography/ultrasound
444:, and the care of those requiring
25:
3676:
1613:
650:
593:. Bone biopsies are now unusual.
3638:
3628:
3618:
3608:
3599:
3598:
2806:Extracorporeal shockwave therapy
2177:Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
1988:Disease of the kidney glomerules
1164:In the US, founded in 1964, the
1139:
879:magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
670:
504:, and disorders of acid/base or
359:
34:
3639:
2282:Costovertebral angle tenderness
1580:
1540:
1530:
1505:
1405:from the original on 2022-09-14
1380:from the original on 2022-09-14
1351:from the original on 2022-09-14
1322:from the original on 2020-10-24
1304:. American Medical Association.
989:erythropoetin stimulating agent
768:or electrolyte handling by the
511:
45:needs additional citations for
3496:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
2930:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1456:
1416:
1391:
1362:
1333:
1308:
1294:
1269:
1219:
1170:American Society of Nephrology
863:computed axial tomography (CT)
473:or genetic conditions such as
198:Doctor of Osteopathic medicine
13:
1:
1463:Berns JS; O'Neill WC (2008).
1289:Australian Academy of Science
1212:
1202:UK National Kidney Federation
3476:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
3243:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
2855:
2664:Artificial urinary sphincter
2523:Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
2392:Lower urinary tract symptoms
916:
824:systemic lupus erythematosus
724:
534:immunosuppression management
7:
2669:Urethral bulking injections
2048:Endocapillary proliferative
1693:Template:Glomerular disease
1132:Most kidney conditions are
1085:. Blood products including
1033:. Commonly used agents are
756:), pus cells in the urine (
596:
548:, or pediatric nephrology.
257: 'the study of') is a
10:
3681:
2756:Voiding cystourethrography
1782:Balkan endemic nephropathy
1558:(1): 387â389. 2003-07-01.
1434:(1): 387â389. 2003-07-01.
1245:10.1007/s40620-021-01011-3
1207:National Service Framework
1166:National Kidney Foundation
1087:intravenous immunoglobulin
929:, surgical interventions (
801:glomerular filtration rate
744:Examination of the urine (
3594:
3516:
3454:
3215:
3143:
3098:
3007:
2878:
2863:
2776:
2689:
2682:
2634:
2606:
2568:
2501:
2427:
2384:
2358:
2295:
2264:
2199:
2163:
2130:Type III hypersensitivity
2124:
2102:
2086:
2061:
2033:
2005:
1994:
1873:
1830:
1817:Renovascular hypertension
1792:
1762:
1702:
1681:
1098:renal replacement therapy
943:renal replacement therapy
752:), protein in the urine (
626:Australia and New Zealand
526:general/internal medicine
475:polycystic kidney disease
446:renal replacement therapy
424:
416:
399:
382:
370:
358:
341:
287:renal replacement therapy
218:
183:
178:
166:
154:
142:
137:
3430:Transplantation medicine
3321:Clinical neurophysiology
3238:Obstetric anesthesiology
3158:Interventional radiology
2918:Digestive system surgery
2699:Urinary tract ultrasound
2182:Microscopic polyangiitis
2108:Type II hypersensitivity
1918:Renal papillary necrosis
1812:Hypertensive nephropathy
1104:will eventually result.
1021:kidney disease, such as
985:end-stage kidney failure
438:electrolyte disturbances
348:
312:Nephrology also studies
3301:Intensive care medicine
3275:Mass gathering medicine
3120:Maternalâfetal medicine
2784:Urinary catheterization
2741:Radioisotope renography
2043:Mesangial proliferative
1822:Renal cortical necrosis
1200:In the United Kingdom,
1089:and a process known as
1009:electrolyte disturbance
1007:, and blood volume and
538:intensive care medicine
2893:Cardiothoracic surgery
2751:Retrograde urethrogram
2555:Kidney transplantation
2414:Extravasation of urine
1858:Chronic kidney disease
1772:Interstitial nephritis
1729:Acute tubular necrosis
1712:Renal tubular acidosis
1093:can also be employed.
1029:, may be treated with
961:Chronic kidney disease
951:kidney transplantation
557:kidney transplantation
546:perioperative medicine
486:chronic kidney disease
295:kidney transplantation
273:, specifically normal
3544:Personalized medicine
3403:Reproductive medicine
3328:Occupational medicine
3282:Evolutionary medicine
2621:Suprapubic cystostomy
2148:diffuse proliferative
1881:Analgesic nephropathy
1802:Renal artery stenosis
1469:Clin J Am Soc Nephrol
1195:Renal Support Network
1147:UK Kidney Association
1126:renal transplantation
1118:immunologic tolerance
1110:Renal transplantation
1071:monoclonal antibodies
820:autoimmune conditions
657:core medical training
542:clinical pharmacology
3564:Traditional medicine
3524:Alternative medicine
3391:Addiction psychiatry
3205:Transfusion medicine
3200:Medical microbiology
3115:Gynecologic oncology
2967:Reproductive surgery
2588:Ureterosigmoidostomy
2303:Urinary incontinence
2116:Goodpasture syndrome
1886:Renal osteodystrophy
1552:Kidney International
1481:10.2215/CJN.00490108
1428:Kidney International
1209:for kidney disease.
1190:American Kidney Fund
1065:. Newer, so-called "
1027:transplant rejection
797:creatinine clearance
766:creatinine clearance
734:physical examination
516:A nephrologist is a
429:Glossary of medicine
326:renal osteodystrophy
54:improve this article
3586:History of medicine
3569:Veterinary medicine
3376:Preventive medicine
3228:Adolescent medicine
3070:Infectious diseases
2328:Post-void dribbling
1853:Acute renal failure
1120:of that organ with
997:activated vitamin D
973:radiologic contrast
793:parathyroid hormone
530:transplant medicine
482:acute kidney injury
463:autoimmune diseases
355:
134:
3534:Molecular oncology
3491:Doctor of Medicine
3481:Master of Medicine
3398:Radiation oncology
3270:Emergency medicine
3223:Addiction medicine
3190:Clinical chemistry
3185:Clinical pathology
2977:Transplant surgery
2935:Orthopedic surgery
2913:Colorectal surgery
2761:Urodynamic testing
2674:Cystourethrography
2323:Nocturnal enuresis
2254:Signs and symptoms
2212:glomerulonephrosis
2207:glomerulonephritis
2138:Post-streptococcal
1944:Reflux nephropathy
1901:Diabetes insipidus
1683:Glomerular disease
1637:2022-08-14 at the
1625:2012-07-24 at the
1374:www.kidneyfund.org
1282:2016-10-03 at the
1134:chronic conditions
844:metabolic diseases
589:2016-04-22 at the
353:
322:autoimmune disease
192:Doctor of Medicine
185:Education required
132:
3652:
3651:
3486:Master of Surgery
3450:
3449:
3435:Tropical medicine
3381:Prison healthcare
3296:Hospital medicine
3260:Disaster medicine
3250:Aviation medicine
3065:Hospital medicine
2972:Surgical oncology
2957:Pediatric surgery
2951:
2898:Endocrine surgery
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2799:Laser lithotripsy
2654:Urethral sounding
2583:Urinary diversion
2460:
2459:
2350:Urinary retention
2220:
2219:
2195:
2194:
2082:
2081:
2007:Non-proliferative
1954:
1953:
1831:General syndromes
1752:Liddle's syndrome
1747:Gitelman syndrome
1122:immunosuppression
1031:immunosuppression
1001:phosphate binders
981:antihypertensives
894:local anaesthetic
764:), urine output,
434:
433:
263:internal medicine
236:
235:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3672:
3642:
3641:
3632:
3622:
3621:
3612:
3611:
3602:
3601:
3306:Medical genetics
3291:General practice
3168:Nuclear medicine
3043:Gastroenterology
2999:Vascular surgery
2949:
2876:
2875:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2687:
2686:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2464:
2463:
2313:Diurnal enuresis
2287:Vesical tenesmus
2256:relating to the
2247:
2240:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2100:
2099:
2003:
2002:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1742:Bartter syndrome
1737:Fanconi syndrome
1668:
1661:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1594:. Archived from
1584:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1515:. Archived from
1509:
1503:
1502:
1492:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1443:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1395:
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1366:
1360:
1359:
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1356:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1223:
1043:cyclophosphamide
999:supplements and
871:nuclear medicine
840:multiple myeloma
832:paraproteinemias
454:renal transplant
403:
386:
363:
356:
352:
344:
343:
279:renal physiology
168:Activity sectors
135:
131:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3590:
3579:Chief physician
3512:
3457:
3446:
3440:Travel medicine
3425:Sports medicine
3408:Sexual medicine
3348:Palliative care
3343:Pain management
3287:Family medicine
3265:Diving medicine
3211:
3139:
3101:
3094:
3010:
3003:
2962:Plastic surgery
2908:General surgery
2888:Cardiac surgery
2869:
2867:
2859:
2854:
2824:
2815:
2789:Kidney dialysis
2772:
2736:Abdominal x-ray
2678:
2630:
2602:
2564:
2497:
2491:
2461:
2456:
2442:Brewer infarcts
2423:
2380:
2354:
2291:
2260:
2251:
2221:
2216:
2191:
2159:
2120:
2093:
2088:
2078:
2057:
2029:
2020:Focal segmental
1996:
1990:
1985:
1955:
1950:
1869:
1826:
1788:
1758:
1698:
1677:
1672:
1639:Wayback Machine
1627:Wayback Machine
1616:
1611:
1610:
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1599:
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1581:
1546:
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1511:
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1461:
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1397:
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1363:
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1339:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1284:Wayback Machine
1274:
1270:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1142:
1091:plasma exchange
1005:bone metabolism
993:red blood cells
955:plasma exchange
919:
907:prognostication
888:of the kidney (
828:ANCA vasculitis
779:, white count,
727:
673:
653:
628:
599:
591:Wayback Machine
561:onco-nephrology
514:
401:
384:
366:
351:
275:kidney function
261:for both adult
223:
221:
186:
169:
157:
156:Occupation type
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3678:
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3649:
3647:
3646:
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3626:
3616:
3606:
3595:
3592:
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3588:
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3582:
3581:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3517:Related topics
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3466:Medical school
3462:
3460:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3420:Sleep medicine
3417:
3416:
3415:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3313:
3308:
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3298:
3293:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3233:Anesthesiology
3230:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3163:Neuroradiology
3160:
3149:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3100:Obstetrics and
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3051:
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3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2982:Trauma surgery
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2945:Otolaryngology
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2873:
2871:subspecialties
2861:
2860:
2853:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
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2791:
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2728:
2727:
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2666:
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2640:
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2612:
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2603:
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2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2495:urinary system
2490:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2431:
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2399:
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2368:
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2320:
2315:
2310:
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2297:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2258:urinary system
2250:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2097:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2015:Minimal change
2011:
2009:
2000:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1934:Hydronephrosis
1922:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1868:
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1855:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1807:Renal ischemia
1804:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1777:Pyelonephritis
1768:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1675:Kidney disease
1671:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1629:
1615:
1614:External links
1612:
1609:
1608:
1592:Kidney Care UK
1579:
1539:
1529:
1504:
1455:
1415:
1401:. 2021-09-15.
1390:
1376:. 2021-11-17.
1361:
1347:. 2017-10-19.
1332:
1307:
1293:
1268:
1239:(3): 639â648.
1217:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1184:patients. The
1141:
1138:
1124:. At present,
1102:kidney failure
1067:biologic drugs
927:blood products
918:
915:
726:
723:
719:plasmapheresis
686:medical school
672:
669:
652:
651:United Kingdom
649:
634:: 4â6 years),
627:
624:
598:
595:
513:
510:
469:), as well as
432:
431:
426:
422:
421:
418:
414:
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396:
387:
380:
379:
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368:
367:
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347:
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283:kidney disease
253:' and
234:
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216:
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33:
26:
9:
6:
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3:
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3575:
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3565:
3562:
3560:
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3552:
3550:
3549:Public health
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3529:Allied health
3527:
3525:
3522:
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3507:
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3503:
3502:
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3497:
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3363:
3359:
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3355:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3338:Oral medicine
3336:
3334:
3333:Ophthalmology
3331:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
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3292:
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3263:
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3226:
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3221:
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3214:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3195:Cytopathology
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3135:Urogynecology
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:Endocrinology
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
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2938:
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2928:
2926:
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2919:
2916:
2914:
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2910:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
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2891:
2889:
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2885:
2883:
2881:
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2874:
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2839:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2800:
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2790:
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2722:
2720:
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2692:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2659:Urethroplasty
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
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2614:
2613:
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2605:
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2575:
2573:
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2548:
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2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
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2469:
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2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2408:
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2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
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2351:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
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2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
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2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
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2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
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2241:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2035:Proliferative
2032:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1913:Renal papilla
1911:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1848:Renal failure
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
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1734:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1723:
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1718:
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1709:
1707:
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1676:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1598:on 2017-06-11
1597:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1519:on 2011-08-10
1518:
1514:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
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1447:
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1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1350:
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1321:
1317:
1311:
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1297:
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1281:
1278:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1250:
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1242:
1238:
1234:
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1198:
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1191:
1187:
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1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1140:Organizations
1137:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1116:and inducing
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:, death from
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:thymoglobulin
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:mycophenolate
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
941:procedures),
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
914:
912:
908:
904:
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
804:
802:
799:or estimated
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
770:renal tubules
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
735:
731:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:United States
679:
671:United States
668:
666:
662:
658:
648:
646:
641:
637:
633:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
603:
594:
592:
588:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
568:kidney biopsy
564:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
509:
507:
503:
499:
498:kidney stones
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
458:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
430:
427:
423:
419:
415:
412:
408:
407:Kidney biopsy
405:
398:
395:
394:Kidney cancer
391:
388:
381:
378:
377:
373:
369:
362:
357:
346:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:Ancient Greek
240:
232:
228:
225:
217:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
188:
182:
177:
174:
171:
165:
162:
159:
153:
147:
146:
145:
141:
136:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: â
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3554:Rural health
3539:Nanomedicine
3090:Rheumatology
3074:
3021: /
2940:Hand surgery
2925:Neurosurgery
2598:Ureteroscopy
2593:Ureterolysis
2578:Ureterostomy
2545:Renal biopsy
2516:percutaneous
2452:Mathe's sign
2447:Lloyd's sign
2169:Pauci-immune
2165:Type III RPG
2062:By condition
1939:Pyonephrosis
1891:Nephroptosis
1764:Interstitium
1690:
1600:. Retrieved
1596:the original
1591:
1582:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1532:
1521:. Retrieved
1517:the original
1507:
1475:(4): 941â7.
1472:
1468:
1458:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1407:. Retrieved
1393:
1382:. Retrieved
1373:
1364:
1353:. Retrieved
1344:
1335:
1324:. Retrieved
1316:"Nephrology"
1310:
1296:
1275:
1271:
1236:
1232:
1221:
1199:
1163:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1095:
1019:inflammatory
1013:
969:nephrotoxins
959:
920:
890:renal biopsy
883:
867:scintigraphy
856:
809:
805:
774:
743:
728:
674:
654:
629:
605:
601:
600:
580:angiographic
578:management (
565:
550:
515:
512:Nephrologist
506:electrolytes
502:hypertension
479:
459:
448:, including
442:hypertension
435:
420:Nephrologist
400:Significant
390:Hypertension
383:Significant
374:
338:
334:nephrologist
333:
330:hypertension
311:
302:
254:
246:
238:
237:
133:Nephrologist
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
69:"Nephrology"
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
18:Nephrologist
3624:Wikiproject
3413:Venereology
3358:Neonatology
3255:Dermatology
3110:Gynaecology
3102:gynaecology
3085:Pulmonology
2903:Eye surgery
2865:Specialties
2794:Lithotripsy
2746:Cystography
2709:Intravenous
2649:Urethrotomy
2644:Urethropexy
2550:Nephrectomy
2538:Nephroscopy
2511:Nephrostomy
2437:Addis count
2277:Renal colic
2126:Type II RPG
2074:Amyloidosis
1925:Major calyx
1906:Nephrogenic
1114:organ donor
1079:basiliximab
1047:ciclosporin
1015:Auto-immune
923:medications
898:core biopsy
875:angiography
836:amyloidosis
816:hepatitis C
812:hepatitis B
762:proteinuria
754:proteinuria
584:bone biopsy
494:proteinuria
179:Description
3665:Nephrology
3386:Psychiatry
3372:(PM&R)
3365:Phlebology
3353:Pediatrics
3180:Anatomical
3145:Diagnostic
3125:Obstetrics
3075:Nephrology
3060:Hematology
3055:Geriatrics
3048:Hepatology
3033:Cardiology
3023:Immunology
2811:Urinalysis
2766:Cystometry
2731:CT urogram
2714:Retrograde
2626:Cystoscopy
2616:Cystectomy
2560:Nephropexy
2528:Nephrotomy
2104:Type I RPG
2025:Membranous
1602:2017-12-12
1588:"Homepage"
1523:2015-05-05
1409:2022-09-13
1384:2022-09-14
1355:2022-09-14
1341:"Dialysis"
1326:2020-11-01
1233:J. Nephrol
1213:References
1083:eculizumab
1055:everolimus
1051:tacrolimus
1035:prednisone
1023:vasculitis
852:cystinosis
789:creatinine
777:hemoglobin
746:urinalysis
701:(ABIM) or
694:fellowship
678:Pediatrics
636:internship
471:congenital
417:Specialist
411:Urinalysis
354:Nephrology
303:nephrology
241:(from
239:Nephrology
222:employment
206:(M.B.B.S.)
138:Occupation
80:newspapers
3574:Physician
3458:education
3316:Neurology
3311:Narcology
3175:Pathology
3153:Radiology
3028:Angiology
2992:Andrology
2719:Antegrade
2704:Pyelogram
2533:Endoscopy
2429:Eponymous
2407:frequency
2090:nephritic
2087:Primarily
1998:nephrotic
1995:Primarily
1843:Nephrosis
1838:Nephritis
1632:Nephromap
1574:0085-2538
1450:0085-2538
1075:rituximab
1063:sirolimus
917:Treatment
781:platelets
750:hematuria
725:Diagnosis
690:residency
518:physician
490:hematuria
267:pediatric
259:specialty
227:Hospitals
220:Fields of
161:Specialty
148:Physician
110:June 2022
3659:Category
3604:Category
3080:Oncology
3011:medicine
3009:Internal
2857:Medicine
2397:Nocturia
2376:Polyuria
2366:Oliguria
2343:Overflow
2318:Giggling
2308:Enuresis
2069:Diabetic
1794:Vascular
1733:Genetic
1717:proximal
1635:Archived
1623:Archived
1499:18417748
1403:Archived
1378:Archived
1349:Archived
1320:Archived
1280:Archived
1263:33713333
1182:dialysis
1106:Dialysis
965:diabetes
947:dialysis
939:surgical
935:vascular
848:diabetes
684:, after
597:Training
587:Archived
572:dialysis
553:dialysis
450:dialysis
425:Glossary
385:diseases
318:diabetes
314:systemic
291:dialysis
173:Medicine
3644:Outline
3614:Commons
3559:Therapy
3456:Medical
3019:Allergy
2987:Urology
2880:Surgery
2691:Imaging
2683:General
2636:Urethra
2608:Bladder
2402:urgency
2296:Control
2272:Dysuria
2200:General
1704:Tubules
1490:2440278
1254:8192439
931:urology
911:relapse
803:(GFR).
730:History
576:fistula
376:Urinary
271:kidneys
249: '
247:nephros
231:Clinics
212:(MBChB)
94:scholar
3634:Portal
3501:MDâPhD
2570:Ureter
2503:Kidney
2419:Uremia
2371:Anuria
2359:Volume
2333:Stress
1929:pelvis
1863:Uremia
1722:distal
1572:
1497:
1487:
1448:
1345:nhs.uk
1261:
1251:
1151:London
953:) and
886:biopsy
842:) and
758:pyuria
522:expert
465:(e.g.
371:System
342:ΜΔÏÏÏÏ
281:) and
251:kidney
200:(D.O.)
194:(M.D.)
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3216:Other
2777:Other
2385:Other
2143:Lupus
1874:Other
1069:" or
971:like
903:stage
739:flank
707:ACGME
602:India
467:lupus
402:tests
349:Scope
307:renal
299:renal
255:-logy
245:
143:Names
101:JSTOR
87:books
2338:Urge
2265:Pain
1691:See
1570:ISSN
1495:PMID
1446:ISSN
1259:PMID
1081:and
1061:and
1017:and
975:and
785:urea
732:and
608:MBBS
452:and
440:and
328:and
320:and
293:and
265:and
73:news
2950:ENT
2868:and
2724:Gas
2155:IgA
2095:RPG
1560:doi
1485:PMC
1477:doi
1436:doi
1249:PMC
1241:doi
1025:or
979:),
949:or
937:or
877:or
873:),
854:).
830:),
818:),
711:AOA
709:or
645:PhD
616:DNB
56:by
3661::
3289:/
1590:.
1568:.
1556:64
1554:.
1550:.
1493:.
1483:.
1471:.
1467:.
1444:.
1432:64
1430:.
1426:.
1372:.
1343:.
1287:,
1257:.
1247:.
1237:34
1235:.
1231:.
1077:,
1057:,
1053:,
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1041:,
1037:,
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933:,
925:,
881:.
865:,
861:,
850:,
838:,
826:,
814:,
787:,
620:DM
612:MD
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555:,
544:,
540:,
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532:,
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508:.
500:,
496:,
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477:.
409:,
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229:,
2849:e
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2246:e
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2167:/
2128:/
2106:/
2092:,
1980:e
1973:t
1966:v
1927:/
1667:e
1660:t
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1605:.
1576:.
1562::
1526:.
1501:.
1479::
1473:3
1452:.
1438::
1412:.
1387:.
1358:.
1329:.
1265:.
1243::
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614:/
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117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
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20:)
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