408:. To minimize the number of wounds the pathogen can enter through, select trees that are well adapted to the local climate. In certain areas, trees must be able to resist damage due to environmental stresses such as cold temperatures. If cankers are present, it is important to prune out the damaged tissue in dry conditions. Dry conditions are unfavorable to the pathogen because it prohibits the development of fruiting structures and spore dispersal. It is essential to disinfect the equipment before and after
57:
44:
312:
447:, cankers are also controlled when applied at the correct time. Thiophanate-methyl is another fungicide that is highly effective because it protects trees against the pathogen and suppresses sporulation of already infected plants. However, the application of thiophanate-methyl is limited due to its harm on organisms such as mites.
442:
and a scab fungicide, such as dithianon, is the suggested treatment in areas with a severe canker problem. In areas with a reduced risk of canker, it is recommended that a scab fungicide be applied in the spring-summer and copper oxychloride applied at leaf-fall to avoid infection. Although scab
433:
often occurs through wounds in the autumn and spring-summer period, therefore, it's best to apply fungicides at those times. Fungicides prevent or decrease sporulation of existing cankers, which in turn decreases inoculum available to spread the pathogen. Fungicides may also protect trees from
380:
species. These tree species population are present in both
America and Europe. Phylogenetic studies have revealed genetic divergence among both populations, at specific loci (ß-tubulin, RPB2). However, due to high levels of within-population diversity of the American populations, it has been
412:
to prevent the spread of the pathogen to uninfected trees. Cankered prunings must be removed from the area and burned to eliminate the risk of continuing spore production. It is crucial to limit the use of high nitrogen, especially in manure, because it encourages and facilitates
560:
396:
is a difficult pathogen to eradicate—but there are many ways to limit its spread and infection rate. Effective control requires a combination of cultural and chemical treatments.
624:
Cooke, L.R.; Watters, B.S.; Brown, A.E. (1993). "The Effect of
Fungicide Sprays on the Incidence of Apple Canker (Nectria Galligena) in Bramley's Seedling".
513:"Variation in Host and Pathogen in the Neonectria/Malus Interaction; toward an Understanding of the Genetic Basis of Resistance to European Canker"
892:
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789:
969:
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17:
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8:
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through a fungitoxic deposit over favorable infection sites. A mixture of
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946:
763:
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729:
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311:
68:
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905:
838:
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409:
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host range encompass a variety of hardwood tree species such as,
338:
78:
510:
346:
342:
511:
Gomez-Cortecero, A.; Saville, R.; Scheper, R. (2016).
404:
Multiple cultural techniques can manage the spread of
341:
that can kill branches of trees by choking them off.
215:(Bres.) Petch ex E.W. Mason & Grainger (1937)
623:
167:(Tul. & C. Tul.) Samuels & Rossman (2006)
961:
600:Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board
504:
464:
462:
460:
468:
443:fungicides are commonly used for managing
42:
536:
457:
553:
310:
586:
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256:(Berk. & Broome) Wollenw. (1916)
248:(Berk. & Broome) Wollenw. (1916)
223:(Bres.) Rossman & Samuels (1999)
14:
962:
652:
651:
388:
199:(Tul. & C. Tul.) Kuntze (1898)
934:e03ec09b-71d3-42e0-8916-3f625c6ed7b8
805:e536283c-9c5c-434c-95b4-bcc3a68d8a75
617:
581:
420:
399:
349:trees are two susceptible species.
24:
970:Fungal tree pathogens and diseases
638:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1993.tb01522.x
592:"Nectria - Additional Information"
529:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1993.tb01522.x
25:
1006:
469:Castlebury; et al. (2006).
55:
471:"Phylogenetic relationships of
13:
1:
450:
381:hypothesized that America is
352:
284:(Allesch.) Wollenw. (1928)
276:(Allesch.) Ferraris (1910)
990:Taxa named by Edmond Tulasne
561:"Nectria Canker and Dieback"
240:Berk. & Broome (1865)
191:Tul. & C. Tul. (1865)
7:
300:(Lindau) Wollenw. (1928)
10:
1011:
517:Frontiers in Plant Science
479:on Fagus in North America"
429:are limited. Infection by
828:
660:
596:Apple Best Practice Guide
569:Missouri Botanical Garden
565:Missouri Botanical Garden
297:Cylindrocarpon willkommii
253:Cylindrocarpon heteronema
179:
172:
157:
150:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
425:Fungicides that control
985:Fungi described in 1865
319:
212:Dialonectria galligena
196:Cucurbitaria ditissima
314:
269:Fusarium sarcochroum
662:Neonectria ditissima
394:Neonectria ditissima
358:Neonectria ditissima
330:Neonectria galligena
324:Neonectria ditissima
245:Ramularia heteronema
237:Fusarium heteronemum
220:Neonectria galligena
161:Neonectria ditissima
36:Neonectria ditissima
18:Neonectria galligena
975:Apple tree diseases
289:Fusarium willkommii
281:Cylindrocarpon mali
389:Disease management
320:
264:Allesch. (1892)
957:
956:
830:Nectria ditissima
813:Open Tree of Life
654:Taxon identifiers
385:place of origin.
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204:Nectria galligena
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188:Nectria ditissima
143:N. ditissima
27:Species of fungus
16:(Redirected from
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924:NHMSYS0001490683
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602:. Archived from
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492:(9): 1417–1433.
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421:Chemical control
400:Cultural control
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292:Lindau (1909)
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626:Plant Pathology
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498:10.1139/b06-105
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318:canker on trunk
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207:Bres. (1901)
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99:Sordariomycetes
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632:(3): 432–442.
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477:Cylindrocarpon
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335:plant pathogen
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606:on 2016-03-06
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152:Binomial name
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608:. Retrieved
604:the original
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572:. Retrieved
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436:N. ditissima
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431:N. ditissima
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427:N. ditissima
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415:N. ditissima
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406:N. ditissima
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383:N. ditissima
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337:. It causes
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316:N. galligena
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980:Nectriaceae
764:NatureServe
738:iNaturalist
486:Can. J. Bot
440:carbendazim
119:Nectriaceae
109:Hypocreales
964:Categories
610:2015-10-19
574:2015-10-16
473:Neonectria
451:References
445:apple scab
353:Host range
182:teleomorph
130:Neonectria
89:Ascomycota
85:Division:
769:2.1072932
677:Q10597558
137:Species:
75:Kingdom:
69:Eukaryota
906:MycoBank
898:11276682
867:Fungorum
845:Q6985854
839:Wikidata
751:MycoBank
712:Fungorum
671:Wikidata
547:27695463
523:: 1365.
231:anamorph
174:Synonyms
115:Family:
65:Domain:
885:5251936
818:1028575
730:2563919
538:5023678
410:pruning
366:Populus
339:cankers
125:Genus:
105:Order:
95:Class:
931:NZOR:
911:243755
872:243755
802:NZOR:
756:500509
743:533972
717:500509
704:NECTGA
545:
535:
374:Betula
327:(syn.
947:27376
893:IRMNG
859:4637D
795:78410
691:46NMG
482:(pdf)
370:Salix
362:Fagus
347:beech
343:Apple
79:Fungi
880:GBIF
790:NCBI
725:GBIF
699:EPPO
543:PMID
378:Acer
376:and
345:and
273:mali
919:NBN
854:CoL
777:NBN
686:CoL
634:doi
533:PMC
525:doi
494:doi
966::
944::
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583:^
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490:84
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459:^
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372:,
368:,
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271:f.
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521:7
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475:/
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
