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policy were enormous, with many regions of the empire experiencing significant improvements in terms of both irrigation and prosperity. Because of the inherent value of the resettled people to the
Assyrian state, the resettlements were carefully planned out and organized. The travel of the deportees was typically arranged to be as comfortable and safe as possible. Resettled people were allowed to bring their possessions with them, settle and live together with their families, and were free to live their lives in their new home. They were also no longer counted as foreigners, but as Assyrians, which over time contributed to a sense of loyalty to the Assyrian state. This recognition as Assyrians was not in name only, as documentary evidence attests to the new settlers not being treated any differently by the Assyrian state than the old populations who had lived in the same locations for generations. The Assyrians appear to have viewed resettlement as an attractive opportunity rather than a punishment given that the people to be resettled were carefully selected through a complex selection process, were transported in relative comfort, and continued to live with their families. It is possible that their original homes had in many cases been devastated or destroyed in war with Assyria.
2818:. This genre of texts are believed to have been created to support the king's legitimacy through recording events of their reign, particularly their military exploits. The annals were copied by scribes and then disseminated throughout the empire for propagandistic purposes, adding to the perception of the king's power. In many cases, historical information was also inscribed on temples and other buildings. Kings also made use of genealogical legitimacy. Real (and in some cases perhaps fabricated) connections to past royalty established both uniqueness and authenticity since it established the monarch as a descendant of great ancestors who on Ashur's behalf were responsible for creating and expanding civilization. Nearly all Neo-Assyrian kings highlighted their royal lineage in their inscriptions. Genealogical qualification presented a problem for usurpers who did not belong to the direct genealogical lineage. The two Neo-Assyrian kings generally believed to have been usurpers, Tiglath-Pileser III and Sargon II, did for the most part not mention genealogical connections in their inscriptions but instead relied on direct divine appointment. Both of these kings claimed in several of their inscriptions that Ashur had "called my name" or "placed me on the throne".
3534:. Though both were written with cuneiform script, the signs look quite different and can be distinguished relatively easily. The Neo-Assyrian Empire was the last ever state to sponsor writing traditional Akkadian cuneiform in all levels of its administration. As a result, ancient Mesopotamian textual tradition and writing practices flourished to an unprecedented degree in the Neo-Assyrian period. Texts written in cuneiform were made not just in the traditionally Akkadian-speaking Assyrian heartland and Babylonia, but by officials and scribes all over the empire. At the height of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, cuneiform documents were written in lands today part of countries like Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, Syria, Jordan and Iran, which had not produced any cuneiform writings for centuries, and in cases never before. Three distinct versions, or dialects, of Akkadian were used in the Neo-Assyrian Empire: Standard Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian. Standard Babylonian was a highly codified version of ancient Babylonian, used around 1500 BC, and was used as a language of high culture, for nearly all scholarly documents, literature and poetry. The culture of the Neo-Assyrian elite was strongly influenced by Babylonia in the south; in a vein similar to how
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built is relatively well-known. The level of sophistication in
Assyrian engineering is evident from solutions to technical problems like lighting throughout large buildings and canalizations of toilets, roofs and courts. All portions of monumental buildings, such as their foundations, walls and terraces, needed to be exactly planned before construction began due to the manpower and materials that had to be gathered. A frequent challenge was to construct the roofs of large rooms since the Assyrians had to support them using only wooden beams. As a result, large representative rooms were often much longer than they were wide. There was a general tendency of kings wanting to outperform their predecessors: Sennacherib's palace at Nineveh was significantly larger than that of Sargon II, which in turn was significantly larger than that of Shalmaneser III. All of the Neo-Assyrian capitals were outfitted with great parks, a new innovation of the Neo-Assyrian period. Parks were complex engineering works since they not only exhibited exotic plants from far-away lands but also involved modifying the landscape through adding artificial hills and ponds, as well as pavilions and other small buildings.
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random, instead applied to intimidate and dissuade foreigners and vassal from fighting against
Assyrian dominion. The vast majority of brutal acts were directed against the soldiers and nobility of Assyria's enemies, with civilians only rarely being brutalized. Out of the Neo-Assyrian kings, the vast majority of known described brutal acts are attested only in the reigns of Ashurnasirpal II and Ashurbanipal. Of the four types of brutal acts against civilians mentioned in royal inscriptions (execution and dismemberment, burning of male and female children, impalement, and live flaying), one (burning children) is known only from Ashurnasirpal II's time and two (impalement and live flaying) are known only from Ashurbanipal. The only other kings who wrote that they had done anything to civilians were Tiglath-Pileser III and Esarhaddon, who mention execution and dismemberment. If Assyrians had enacted cruelties against civilians more often, they would not have failed to mention this in their inscriptions. There is not a single mention of
1537:, perhaps the first large zoo ever constructed. Ashurnasirpal's inscriptions offer no motive for changing the capital. Various explanations have been proposed by modern scholars, including that he might have gotten disenchanted with Assur since there was little room left in the ancient capital to leave a mark, the important position of Nimrud in regard to local trade networks, that Nimrud was more centrally located in the empire, or that Ashurnasirpal hoped for greater independence from the influential great families of Assur. To celebrate the completion of his work in Nimrud in 864 BC, Ashurnasirpal hosted a grand celebration, which some scholars have described as perhaps the greatest party in world history; the event hosted 69,574 guests, including 16,000 citizens of the new capital and 5,000 foreign dignitaries, and lasted for ten days. Among the food and beverage used, Ashurnasirpal's inscriptions record 10,000 pigeons, 10,000 jugs of beer, and 10,000 skins of wine, among countless other items.
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The Neo-Assyrian Empire was at its height the largest empire yet to be formed in history, and had ideologically achieved world domination in the sense of ruling most of the entire known world as known to the
Assyrians themselves. To the Assyrians, the world was made up of Mesopotamia, the mountains to the northeast, the deserts to the southwest and a global all-encircling ocean surrounding all of it, which they encounted in the west as the Mediterranean (the "Upper Sea") and in the east as the Persian Gulf (the "Lower Sea"). The conquest of a vast empire covering the lands between the two seas was seen by the Assyrians themselves, and many of their contemporaries, as rendering their empire "universal" given that the lands that remained outside their dominions, such as the Arabian desert and the highlands of the Zagros Mountains, could simply be discarded as "empty" lands, inhabited by uncivilized peoples that perhaps belonged on the fringes of the world rather than within civilization.
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sources give conflicting information in regards to
Tiglath-Pileser's lineage, and that Tiglath-Pileser in his inscriptions attributes his rise to the throne solely to divine selection rather than both divine selection and his royal ancestry (typically done by Assyrian kings), have typically been interpreted as indicating that he usurped the throne from Ashur-nirari. His accession, which is marked by a once more abundant number of sources, ushered in an entirely new era of Neo-Assyrian history. While the conquests of earlier kings were impressive, they contributed little to Assyria's full rise as a consolidated empire. Through campaigns aimed at conquest and not just extraction of seasonal tribute, as well as reforms meant to efficiently organize the army and centralize the realm, Tiglath-Pileser is by some regarded as the first true initiator of Assyria's "imperial" phase. Tiglath-Pileser is the earliest Assyrian king mentioned in the
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history, it is now considered more probable, due to evidence from royal inscriptions and the nature and extent of the campaigns undertaken, that the early Neo-Assyrian kings chiefly sought to re-establish the position of
Assyria at the height of the Middle Assyrian Empire. Any notion of the two empires being distinct entities can also be dispelled through the line of kings being part of the same continuous family line. Another justification for expansion was casting the campaigns as wars of liberation, meant to liberate those Assyrians who no longer lived within Assyrian territory from their new foreign rulers; material evidence from numerous sites reconquered under the early Neo-Assyrian Empire demonstrate an endurance of Assyrian culture outside of the Assyrian borders during the decline of the Middle Assyrian Empire. The early Neo-Assyrian efforts at reconquest were mostly focused on the region up to the
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2744:. Despite the privileges the Assyrians saw themselves as extending to the Babylonians, Babylon refused to be passive in political matters, likely because the Babylonians might have seen the Assyrian kings, who only sometimes visited the city, as failing to undertake the traditional religious duties of the Babylonian kings. The strong appreciation of Babylonian culture in Assyria sometimes turned to hatred, which led to Babylon suffering several brutal acts of retribution from Assyrian kings after revolts. Nabopolassar's revolt was the last in a long line of Babylonian uprisings against the Assyrians and Sinsharishkun's failure to stop it, despite trying for years, doomed his empire. Despite all of these simultaneous factors, it is possible that the empire could have survived if the unexpected alliance between the Babylonians and Medes had not been sealed.
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2552:. Egyptian independence was achieved only slowly and relations remained peaceful; Psamtik was originally granted Egypt as a vassal by Ashurbanipal and with the Assyrian army occupied elsewhere, the region slowly receded from Ashurbanipal's grasp. Ashurbanipal went on numerous campaigns against various Arab tribes which failed to consolidate rule over their lands and wasted Assyrian resources. Perhaps most importantly, his devastation of Babylon after defeating Shamash-shum-ukin fanned anti-Assyrian sentiments in southern Mesopotamia, which soon after his death would have disastrous consequences. Ashurbanipal's reign also appears to have seen a growing disconnect between the king and the traditional elite of the empire; eunuchs grew unprecedently powerful in his time, being granted large tracts of lands and numerous tax exemptions.
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deity Ashur had no significant temples outside of northern
Mesopotamia and the Neo-Assyrian language, though it served as an official language in the sense that it was spoken by provincial governors, was not forced upon conquered peoples. This lack of suppression against foreign languages, and the growing movement of Aramaic-speaking people into the empire during the Middle Assyrian and early Neo-Assyrian periods facilitated the spread of the Aramaic language. As the most widely spoken and mutually understandable of the Semitic languages (the language group containing many of the languages spoken through the empire), Aramaic grew in importance throughout the Neo-Assyrian period and increasingly replaced the Neo-Assyrian language even within the Assyrian heartland itself. From the 9th century BC onwards, Aramaic became the
1560:(commander in chief). Shalmaneser also placed other powerful officials, so-called "magnates", in charge of other vulnerable provinces and regions of the empire. The most powerful and threatening enemy of Assyria at this point was Urartu in the north; following in the footsteps of the Assyrians, the Urartian administration, culture, writing system and religion closely followed those of Assyria. The Urartian kings were also autocrats highly similar to the Assyrian kings. The Assyrians also took some inspiration from Urartu. For instance, Assyrian irrigation technology and cavalry units, introduced by Shalmaneser, may have been derived from encounters with Urartu. The imperialist expansionism undertaken by the kings of both Urartu and Assyria led to frequent military clashes between the two, despite being separated by the
4259:(1826–1910), to continue to maintain excavation projects in the region. Both Rassam and Place conducted excavations at the site of Assur, though they did not know this was the site of the ancient capital and were unable to deal with the complexity of the site, thus making no major discoveries there. Despite agreements as to who should excavate where, Rassam and Place developed an intense rivalry. One night during excavations at Nineveh, Rassam sent out a team of excavators to under the cover of darkness dig in the French portion of the site. These excavators eventually found the ancient palace of Ashurbanipal, where Rassam made several spectacular discoveries. Place's efforts ended in disaster as rafts built to transport some of his most spectacular finds, including reliefs and statues, sank in the marshes south of
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eventually cover the whole world was cast as a moral, humane and necessary duty rather than exploitative imperialism. Though their power was nearly limitless, the kings were not free from tradition and their obligations. The kings were obliged to campaign once a year to bring Ashur's rule and civilization to the "four corners of the world", if a king did not set out to campaign, their legitimacy was severely undermined. Campaigns were usually justified through an enemy having made some sort of (real or fabricated) affront against Ashur. The overwhelming force of the
Assyrian army was used to instill the idea that it was invincible, thus further legitimizing the Assyrian king's rule. The king was also responsible for performing various rituals in support of the cult of Ashur and the Assyrian priesthood.
3749:, an ambitious project for which Ashurbanipal gathered tablets from both Assyrian and Babylonian libraries. The texts in this library were gathered both through amassing existing tablets from throughout the empire and through commissioning (i.e. paying) scribes to copy existing works in their own libraries and send them to the king. In total, the Library of Ashurbanipal included more than 30,000 documents. Perhaps a contributing reason for the creation of great royal libraries under the Neo-Assyrian kings was that they no longer regarded divination performed by their diviners as enough, but instead wished to have access to the relevant reference documents themselves and thus collected cuneiform tablets the relevant texts (though the majority of the contents of the libraries were not divinatory texts).
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prominent generals and officials, being the dominant political actors, with the kings wielding significantly less power and influence. Though the consequences of this shift in power remain debated, the age of the magnates has often been characterized as a period of decline. Assyria endured through this period largely unscathed but there was little to no territorial expansion and central power grew unusually weak. Some developments were good for the longevity of the empire, since many magnates took the opportunity to develop stronger military and economic structures and institutions in their own lands throughout the empire. Shamshi-Adad's earliest campaigns were against a series of
Urartian fortresses and western Iran and quite limited in scope. One of the campaigns was led by the chief
2599:. An Assyrian official by the name of Nabu-rihtu-usur appears to have attempted to usurp the throne but his conspiracy was swiftly crushed by Sin-shumu-lishir. Since excavated ruins at Nineveh from around the time of Ashurbanipal's death show evidence of fire damage, the plot might have resulted in violence and unrest within the capital itself. In comparison to his predecessors, Ashur-etil-ilani appears to have been a relatively idle ruler; no records of any military campaigns are known and his palace at Nimrud was much smaller than that of previous kings. It is possible that the government was more or less entirely run by Sin-shumu-lishir throughout his reign. After a reign of only four years, Ashur-etil-ilani died in unclear circumstances in 627 and was succeeded by his brother
3396:. In many cases, Assyrian family groups, or "clans", formed large population groups within the empire referred to as tribes. It was possible through steady service to the Assyrian state bureaucracy for a family to move up the social ladder; in some cases stellar work conducted by a single individual enhanced the status of their family for generations to come. It is clear that foreigners could reach very high positions in the Neo-Assyrian Empire since individuals with Aramean names are attested in high positions by the end by the late 8th century BC. Though most of the preserved sources only give insight into the higher classes of Neo-Assyrian society, the vast majority of the population of the empire would have been farmers who worked land owned by their families.
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Assyria and could do little else than defend themselves in times of war; whereas
Assyrian troops routinely plundered and campaigned in the heartlands of these kingdoms, the Assyrian heartland was not invaded until the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Nevertheless, the existence of other organized kingdoms undermined the notion of the Assyrians as universal rulers. It is partly because of this that large military campaigns were conducted with the express goal of conquering these kingdoms and fulfilling the ideological mission of ruling the world. At the height of the Neo-Assyrian Empire under Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal, only Urartu remained since Egypt had been conquered and Elam left destroyed and desolate.
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because the inscriptions and art do not include all the gruesome details whereas others believe that they were significantly less brutal and that the Assyrian kings used exaggerated descriptions of brutal acts as intimidating tools for propaganda and psychological warfare. Regardless of opinion, modern scholars generally do not believe in "Assyrian brutality" as a distinct phenomenon; sources from other civilizations demonstrate that the Neo-Assyrian Empire was no more brutal than other states and peoples of the ancient Near East, nor particularly brutal in the context of human history as a whole. War was carried out in roughly the same fashion by all powers in the ancient Near East; standards from
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2699:("king"). Due to the loss of Assur, Ashur-uballit could not undergo the traditional Assyrian coronation ritual and as such formally ruled under the title of "crown prince", though Babylonian documents considered him to be the new Assyrian king. Ashur-uballit's rule at Harran lasted until late 610 or early 609 BC, when the city was captured by the Babylonians and the Medes. Three months later, an attempt by Ashur-uballit and the Egyptians to retake the city failed disastrously and Ashur-uballit disappears from the sources, his ultimate fate unknown. The remnants of the Assyrian army continued to fight alongside the Egyptian forces against the Babylonians until a crushing defeat at
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2323:, who in later times became increasingly prominent and powerful. Disappointed, Arda-Mulissu and his supporters pressured Sennacherib to reinstate him as heir. Though they succeeded in forcing Esarhaddon into exile in the west for his own protection, Sennacherib never accepted Arda-Mulissu as heir again. In late 681 BC, Arda-Mulissu killed his father in a temple in Nineveh. Because of the regicide, Arda-Mulissu lost some of his previous support and was unable to undergo a coronation before Esarhaddon returned with an army. A mere two months after Sennacherib was murdered, Esarhaddon captured Nineveh and became king, Arda-Mulissu and his supporters fleeing from the empire.
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rising status of scholarship might be connected to the kings beginning to regard amassing knowledge as a way to strengthen their power. There was a marked change in royal attitude towards scholarship in the Neo-Assyrian period; while the kings had previously seen preserving knowledge as a responsibility of the temples and of private individuals, it was increasingly also seen as a responsibility of the king himself. The history of Neo-Assyrian scholarship appears to have begun already under Tukulti-Ninurta II in the 9th century BC, since he is the first Assyrian king under which the office of chief scholar is attested. In Tukulti-Ninurta's time the office was occupied by
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3280:). The infantry were divided into three types: light, medium and heavy. The light infantry might have in addition to serving in battles also carried out policing tasks and served in garrisons and was likely mainly composed of Aramean tribesmen, often barefoot and without helmets, wielding bows or spears. Also included in that group were probably expert archers hired from Elam. The medium infantry were also primarily archers or spearmen but were armed with characteristic pointed helmets and a shield, though no body armor before the time of Ashurbanipal. The heavy infantry included spearmen, archers and slingers and wore boots, pointed helmets, round shields and
3858:(protective stone colossi with the head of a human, wings and the body of a bull) for their palaces. Because the stones had to be transported from sources several kilometers away from the capitals and were typically transported on boats, it was a difficult process and several boats sank on the way. It was first under Sennacherib that a new quarry was opened on the left bank of the Tigris river, which led to the stones being able to be transported fully over land, a more secure but still very labor-intensive project. When transported over land, the great stones were moved by four teams of workers, overseen by supervisors, using wooden planks or rollers.
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the part of the world overseen and administered by Ashur, through his human agents. In their ideology, the outer realm outside of Assyria was characterized by chaos and the people there were uncivilized, with unfamiliar cultural practices and strange languages. The terrain was also unfamiliar and included environments not found in Assyria itself, such as seas, vast mountain ranges and giant deserts. The mere existence of the "outer realm" was regarded as a threat to the cosmic order within Assyria and as such, it was the king's duty to expand the realm of Ashur and incorporate these strange lands, converting chaos to civilization.
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alienating local peoples. As such, people outside of the Assyrian heartland may have had little reason to remain loyal when the empire came under attack. Further explanations may lie in the actions and policies of the late Assyrian kings themselves. Under Esarhaddon's reign, many experienced and capable officials and generals had been killed as the result of the king's paranoia and under Ashurbanipal, many had lost their positions to eunuchs. Some historians have further deemed Ashurbanipal to have been an "irresponsible and self-indulgent king" since he at one point appointed his chief musician the
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for Sinsharishkun's closest ally, Psamtik I of Egypt to enter the conflict on Assyria's side. Psamtik was probably primarily interested in Assyria remaining as a buffer between his own growing empire and the Babylonians and other powers in the east. In May 615 BC, Nabopolassar assaulted Assur, still the religious and ceremonial center of Assyria and by now the empire's southernmost remaining city. Sinsharishkun succeeded in defeating Nabopolassar's assault and, for a time, saving the old city. It is doubtful that Nabopolassar would ever have achieved a lasting victory without the entrance of the
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2169:, the stronghold of his Chaldean tribe, the citizens of Babylon willingly opened the gates of Babylon to Sargon. The situation was somewhat uncertain until Sargon made peace with Marduk-apla-iddina after prolonged negotiations, which resulted in Marduk-apla-iddina and his family being given the right to escape to Elam in exchange for Sargon being allowed to dismantle the walls of Dur-Yakin. Between 710 and 707 BC, Sargon resided in Babylon, receiving foreign delegations there and participating in local traditions, such as the Akitu festival. Some later Assyrian kings, such as Sargon's son
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would reduce the risk that local peoples rose up against Assyria, and to make the most of the empire's resources, through settling people in a specific underdeveloped region to cultivate its resources better. Though it could likely be emotionally devastating for the resettled populations, and economically devastating for the regions they were drawn from, the policy did not include killing any of the resettled people and was only meant to safeguard the empire and make its upkeep more efficient. The total number of relocated individuals has been estimated at 1.5–4.5 million people.
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2133:("Fort Sargon") after himself. Unlike Ashurnasirpal's project at Nimrud more than a century earlier, Sargon was not simply expanding an already existing city, but building a new one from scratch. Perhaps the motivating factor was that Sargon did not feel safe at Nimrud after the early conspiracies against him. As construction work progressed, Sargon continued to go on military campaigns, which ensured that Assyria's geopolitical dominance and influence expanded significantly in his reign. Just between 716 and 713 BC, Sargon fought against Urartu, the
2005:. Control over Babylonia was secured through campaigns against the remaining Chaldean strongholds in the south. By the time of his death in 727 BC, Tiglath-Pileser had more than doubled the territory of the empire. Tiglath-Pileser's policy of direct rule rather than rule through vassal states brought important changes to the Assyrian state and its economy; rather than tribute, the empire grew more reliant on taxes collected by provincial governors, a development which increased administrative costs but also reduced the need for military intervention.
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war between Babylonia and Assyria had disrupted the economy of the Medes and inspired a direct intervention. In July or August of 614 BC, the Medes mounted attacks on both Nimrud and Nineveh and captured Assur, leading to the ancient city being brutally plundered and its inhabitants being massacred. Nabopolassar arrived at Assur after the sack and upon his arrival met and allied with Cyaxares. The fall of Assur must have been devastating for Assyrian morale. Just two years later in 612 BC, after a siege lasting two months, the Medes and Babylonians
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conflict could have caused a crisis of legitimacy, and the members of the Assyrian elite may have felt increasingly disconnected from the Assyrian king. However, there is as mentioned no evidence that Ashur-etil-ilani and Sinsharishkun warred with each other, and other uprisings of Assyrian officials—the unrest upon Ashur-etil-ilani's accession, the rebellion of Sin-shumu-lishir, and the capture of Nineveh by a usurper in 622 BC—were dealt with relatively quickly. Protracted civil war is thus unlikely to have been the reason for the empire's fall.
2732:. Though it would be easy to place the blame on Sinsharishkun, there is no evidence to suggest that he was an incompetent ruler. No defensive plan existed for the Assyrian heartland since it had not been invaded for centuries and Sinsharishkun was a capable military leader using well-established Mesopotamian military tactics. In a normal war, Sinsharishkun could have been victorious but he was wholly unprepared to go on the defensive against an enemy that was both numerically superior and that aimed to destroy his country rather than conquer it.
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4199:(1817–1894). Layard was amazed by the ancient Assyrian sites, writing of "mighty ruins in the midst of deserts, defying, by their very desolation and lack of definite form, the description of the traveller". The main inspiration for Layard was, just like it was for Mohl, the work of Claudius Rich. Layard began his activities in November 1845 at Nimrud (though he believed this to be the site of Nineveh), working as a private individual without any permission to excavate from the Ottoman authorities; he initially tried to fool the local
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supported a longer sequence, with imperial power being transferred from the Assyrians to the Babylonians, then to the Achaemenids and finally to the Macedonians, with the Seleucid Empire being viewed as the same empire as Alexander's empire. Later traditions were somewhat confused in the set of empires, with some conflating Assyria with Babylonia as a single empire, though still counting the Macedonians/Seleucids as the fourth due to counting both Babylonia and the Medes (despite them being contemporaries). The Biblical
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3072:, are also recorded to have served as governors of important provinces and thus as controllers of local tax revenues and administration. All of the magnates were deeply involved with the Assyrian military, each controlling significant numbers of forces, and they often owned large and tax-free estates. Such estates were scattered across the empire, likely to defuse the power of local provincial authorities and to tie the personal interest of the inner elite to the well-being of the entire empire. The "scholars", called
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1529:, located on the eastern bank of the Tigris in the Assyrian heartland. In 879 BC, Ashurnasirpal made Nimrud the new capital of the empire and employed thousands of workers to construct new fortifications, palaces and temples in the city. The construction of the new capital left Assur, still the empire's religious center, as a purely ceremonial city. In addition to enormous city walls 7.5 kilometers (4.6 miles) long, palaces, temples, royal offices and various residential buildings, Ashurnasirpal also established
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4528:. In biblical texts, the Assyrians are described as if they are a physical manifestation of God's divine retribution, destroying the Kingdom of Israel due to its heretical behavior. In the description of the destruction of the Kingdom of Judah, God is described as "raising the King of Assyria and all his army". The Biblical descriptions of Assyrian brutality were reinforced by the 19th-century discoveries of ancient art and inscriptions, as well as by unflattering comparisons drawn between Assyria and the
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marching on Nineveh and seizing the capital. Though this usurper was defeated by Sinsharishkun after just 100 days, the absence of the Assyrian army allowed Nabopolassar's forces to capture all of Babylonia in 622–620 BC. Despite this loss, there was little reason for the Assyrians to suspect that Nabopolassar's consolidation of Babylonia was a significant event and not simply a temporary inconvenience; in previous Babylonian uprisings the Babylonians had at times gained the upper hand temporarily.
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one of the most brutal kings in Assyrian history, but he also cared about the people, working to increase the prosperity and comfort of his subjects and being recorded as establishing extensive water reserves and food depots in times of crisis. As a result of the successful campaigns of his predecessors, Ashurnasirpal inherited an impressive amount of resources with which he could work to re-establish Assyrian dominance. Ashurnasirpal's first campaign, in 883 BC, was against the revolting cities of
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2964:), in charge of one or more villages or other settlements with the primary duty to collect taxes in the form of labor and goods. Provincial governors were directly responsible for various aspects of provincial administration, including construction, taxation and security. Security concerns were often mostly relevant only in the frontier provinces, whose governors were also responsible for gathering intelligence about enemies across the border. To this end, a vast network of informants or spies (
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Ashurbanipal. Though some positive associations of Assyria are included, the Bible generally paints the Neo-Assyrian Empire as an imperialist aggressor. Although apparently originally based on historical sources, the Biblical narratives of Assyria were altered somewhat and can thus for the most part not be regarded as reliable historical accounts. The most prominent alteration is that Sennacherib is described as being defeated by an angel outside Jerusalem, rather than simply returning home.
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strong Urartu in the north and the ever unsubmissive cities of northern Syria. Campaigns against both targets proved to be resoundingly successful; in 743 BC, Sarduri II of Urartu was defeated and nearly killed in battle and in 740 BC, the strategically placed city of Arpad in Syria was conquered after a three-year long siege. With the nearest threats dealt with, Tiglath-Pileser began to focus on lands that had never been under solid Assyrian rule. In 738 BC, the Neo-Hittite states of
3177:, that would be used in later warfare for millennia. Due to detailed royal records and detailed depictions of soldiers and battle scenes on reliefs, the equipment and organization of the Neo-Assyrian army is relatively well understood. Communication within the army and between units was fast and efficient; using the empire's efficient methods of state communication, messages could be sent across vast distances very quickly. Messages could be passed within an army through the use of
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a building material. Per surviving documentation, wood was typically gathered from distant forests, transported to rivers and then brought back to Assyria on rafts or ships. The most challenging type of transportation was the transport of large blocks of stone, necessary for various building projects. Several Assyrian kings in particular note in their royal inscriptions the difficulties involved in the transportation of the single massive blocks of stone needed to create the great
3542:, the Assyrians had much respect for Babylon and its ancient culture. Though the political relationship between Babylonia and the Assyrian central government was variable and volatile, cultural appreciation of the south was constant throughout the Neo-Assyrian period. Many of the documents written in Standard Babylonian were written by scribes who originally came from southern Mesopotamia but were employed in the north. The Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian forms of Akkadian were
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3822:, several Neo-Assyrian kings also undertook great irrigation projects, often digging new canals. The most ambitious hydraulic engineering project of the Neo-Assyrian period was undertaken by Sennacherib during his renovation of Nineveh. As part of his building project, four large canal systems, together covering more than 150 kilometers (93.2 miles), were connected to the city from four different directions. These systems included not only canals but also tunnels,
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4457:'s massive expansion of Babylon, followed Assyrian traditions; as the Neo-Assyrian kings had done in their new capitals, Nebuchadnezzar placed his palace on a raised terrace across the city wall and followed a rectangular plan for the inner city. The sophisticated Assyrian road system, first created during the Middle Assyrian period, also continued to be in use and served as a model for sophisticated road systems of the Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid empires.
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produce an heir to the throne, they also had several other duties and responsibilities, often in very high levels of the government. The queens were involved in the arrangement of religious activities, dedicated gifts to the gods, and supported temples financially. They were in charge of their own often considerable financial resources, evidenced not only by surviving texts concerning their household and activities but also the treasures uncovered in the
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4170:, 20 kilometers to the northeast, where he through excavations quickly discovered the ruins of an ancient palace. Botta had uncovered the ancient city of Dur-Sharrukin, Sargon II's capital, though he did not know it yet. In his early writings he simply referred to the site as a "monument". The cuneiform writing system would not be deciphered until ten years later. The great works of art found under Botta's supervision included great reliefs and stone
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Babylon itself since numerous other Babylonian cities apparently ignored him and considered Ashurbanipal to be their king. Over time, it seems that Shamash-shum-ukin grew to resent his brother's overbearing control and in 652 BC, with the aid of several Elamite kings, he revolted. The war ended disastrously for Shamash-shum-ukin; in 648 BC, Ashurbanipal captured Babylon after a long siege and devastated the city. Shamash-shum-ukin might have died by
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2223:, likely due to worries concerning his father's fate. It was not only Sennacherib and the elites of Assyria who were unsettled by Sargon's death; the theological implications led some of the conquered regions around the imperial periphery to once more assert their independence. Most prominently, several of the vassal states in the Levant stopped paying tribute and Marduk-apla-iddina, deposed by Sargon, retook Babylon with the aid of the Elamites.
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3078:, included a number of different people specialized in various disciplines, including scribal arts, medicine, exorcism, divination and astrology. Their role was chiefly to protect, advise and guide the kings through interpreting omens, which maintained the ritual purity of the king and protected him from evil. How exactly they were trained is not known but they must have been extremely well versed in Mesopotamian scholarship, science and wisdom.
904:, wherein some portions of the populations from conquered lands were resettled in the Assyrian heartland and in underdeveloped provinces. This policy served to both disintegrate local identities and to introduce Assyrian-developed agricultural techniques to all parts of the empire. A consequence was the dilution of the cultural diversity of the Near East, forever changing the ethnolinguistic composition of the region and facilitating the rise of
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surviving documents written in cuneiform grow considerably fewer in the late reign of Ashurbanipal, which suggests that the language was declining since it is probably attributable to an increased use of Aramaic, often written on perishable materials like leather scrolls or papyrus. The Neo-Assyrian Akkadian language did not disappear completely until around the end of the 6th century BC however, well into the subsequent post-imperial period.
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2998:) kept tallies on the labor performed by forced laborers and the remaining time owed and village managers kept provincial administrators informed of the conditions of the settlements in their provinces. As the Neo-Assyrian Empire grew and time went on, a number of its foreign subject peoples became incorporated into the Assyrian administration, with more and more high officials in the later times of the empire being of non-Assyrian origin.
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1783:. Despite his limited sole authority, Adad-nirari's reign saw some military successes and Assyrian armies campaigned in western Iran at least thirteen times. The western territories, now more or less autonomous, were only attacked four times, though Adad-nirari managed to defeat Aram-Damascus. In 790 BC, Adad-nirari conducted the first Assyrian campaign against the Aramaic tribes now living in the Assyro-Babylonian border regions. In
1845:, who founded a city, Dur-Bel-harran-beli-usur (named after himself), and claimed in a stele that it was he, and not the king, who had established tax exemptions for the city. Though little information survives concerning Ashur-dan III's reign, it is clear that it was particularly difficult. Much of his reign was spent putting down revolts. These revolts were perhaps the result of the plague epidemics sweeping Assyria and the
3144:, was invented by the Assyrians and allowed for significantly faster speeds in times of need, with each rider only covering a segment of the travel route, ending at a relay station at which the next rider, with a fresh pair of mules, was passed the letter. To facilitate transport and long-distance travel, the Neo-Assyrian Empire constructed and maintained a vast road system which connected all parts of the empire. Called the
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1680:, indicating not only that Shalmaneser might have been very old and no longer properly capable of being a strong leader but also that Dayyan-Assur had grown unprecedently powerful for an Assyrian official, otherwise rarely mentioned by name in documents. In later years, Dayyan-Assur led further campaigns on behalf of the kings. Shalmaneser's final years became preoccupied by an internal crisis when one of his sons,
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4166:(1802–1870) in 1841. Botta conducted, using funds secured by Mohl, extensive excavations at Nineveh, particularly on the huge Kuyunjik mound. Because the ancient ruins of Nineveh were hidden so deep under layers of later settlement and agricultural activities, Botta's excavation never reached them. Upon hearing reports by locals that they had uncovered Assyrian ruins, Botta turned his attention to the site of
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due to the scant surviving sources, and it is thus unclear to what degree the old provincial divisions and administration of the Neo-Assyrian Empire continued to be in use, the organization of the central palace bureaucracy under the Neo-Babylonian kings was based on that of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, not any established earlier Babylonian models. Additionally, Neo-Babylonian construction projects, such as
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different ways; Sennacherib's destruction of Babylon and Esarhaddon's restoration of it, rebellions and insurrections remained common. This is despite Babylon for the most part being treated more leniently than other conquered regions. Babylonia was for instance not annexed directly into Assyria but preserved as a full kingdom, either ruled by an appointed client king or by the Assyrian king in a
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1707:), a position created under Shamshi-Adad, and not the king himself. Most of Shamshi-Adad's early reign was relatively unsuccessful; the king's third campaign, against the small states in the Zagros Mountains region, might have been an Assyrian defeat and many of the small kingdoms in northern Syria ceased to pay tribute to Assyria. In 817 or 816, there was a rebellion against the king at
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2885:. The difference in terminology does not necessarily mean that foreign queens, who often governed significantly smaller territories than the Neo-Assyrian Empire, were seen as having a higher status than the Assyrian queens. A frequently used symbol, apparently the royal symbol of the queens themselves, that was used in documents and on objects to designate the queens was a scorpion.
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4184:(1809–1889). The report, published in 1849, showcased the majesty of Assyrian art and architecture and garnered exceptional interest. Some 19th-century historians, perhaps partly due to the gruesome depiction of Assyria in the Bible, viewed the Assyrians as lacking artistic talent, perceiving Assyrian statues as monstrous and lacking abstraction compared to Ancient Greek statues.
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fire and many I took as living captives. From some I cut off their noses, their ears, and their fingers, of many I put out their eyes. I made one pillar of the living and another of heads and I bound their heads to tree trunks round about the city. Their young men and maidens I consumed with fire. The rest of their warriors I consumed with thirst in the desert of the Euphrates.
1276:, were placed under pro-Assyrian puppet-kings. After his successful wars in the region, Adad-nirari was able to go on a long march along the Khabur river and the Euphrates, collecting tribute from all the local rulers without being met with any military opposition. In addition to his wars, he also conducted important building projects; the city of Apku, located between
2603:. It has historically frequently been assumed, without any supporting evidence, that Sinsharishkun fought with Ashur-etil-ilani for the throne. Although the exact circumstances of Ashur-etil-ilani's death are unknown, there is no evidence to suggest Sinsharishkun gaining the throne through any other means than legitimate inheritance after his brother's sudden death.
3322:), both of whom in addition to their own weapons were also equipped with swords. The army also incorporated foreign cavalry from Urartu, despite Assyria and Urartu often being at war. The role of cavalry changed through the Neo-Assyrian period; early on, cavalrymen worked in pairs, one shooting arrows and the other protecting the bowman with his shield. Later on,
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to the successors and respect the arrangement. When Esarhaddon died of an illness while on his way to campaign in Egypt once again in 669 BC, his mother Naqi'a also forced similar oaths of allegiance to Ashurbanipal, who became king without incident. One year later, Ashurbanipal oversaw Shamash-shum-ukin's inauguration as (largely ceremonial) king of Babylon.
2084:, led to considerable internal unrest. In his own inscriptions, Sargon claims to have deported 6,300 "guilty Assyrians", probably Assyrians from the heartland who opposed his accession. Several peripheral regions of the empire also revolted and regained their independence. The most significant of the revolts was the successful uprising of the Chaldean warlord
2595:. Though some historians have forwarded the idea that Ashur-etil-ilani was a minor upon his accession, this is unlikely given that he is attested to have had children during his brief reign. Ashur-etil-ilani, despite being his father's legitimate successor, appears to only have been installed against considerable opposition with the aid of the chief eunuch
2620:, as its leader. Some months after Sin-shumu-lishir's defeat, Nabopolassar and his allies captured both Nippur and Babylon, though the Assyrian response was swift and Nippur was recaptured in October 626. Sinsharishkun's attempts to retake Babylon and Uruk were unsuccessful, however, and in the aftermath Nabopolassar was formally invested as
2271:, on the throne of Babylon. For a few years, internal peace was restored and Sennacherib kept the army busy with a few minor campaigns. During this time, Sennacherib focused his attention mainly on building projects; between 699 and 695 BC he ambitiously rebuilt and renovated Nineveh, constructing among other works a new gigantic palace, the
4255:(1818–1875), instructed to procure "the largest possible" amount of Assyrian artefacts. Rivalry between the Louvre and the British Museum played a significant role in the intensity of early exploration and excavation of Assyrian sites. Though Layard left Mesopotamia in 1851, the British Museum appointed his close assistant, the Assyrian
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than someone who passed judgement) and represented the settlement within the state bureaucracy. It is possible that the mayors were responsible of forwarding local concerns to the state; no revolts by the common people (only by local governors and high officials) are known to have happened in the Neo-Assyrian period. Though all
2244:, the king of Judah (who ruled Jerusalem), paid a heavy tribute to Sennacherib after the campaign, modern scholars consider it more likely that the Biblical account, motivated by theological concerns, is highly distorted and that Sennacherib succeeded in his goals of the campaign and re-imposed Assyrian authority in the region.
951:, was profoundly affected by the period of Neo-Assyrian rule; numerous Biblical stories appear to draw on earlier Assyrian mythology and history and the Assyrian impact on early Jewish theology was immense. Although the Neo-Assyrian Empire is prominently remembered today for the supposed excessive brutality of the
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that the language held a lower status, since royal inscriptions were almost always written in a highly codified and established manner. Some Aramaic-language inscriptions in stone are known and there are even a handful of examples of bilingual inscriptions, with the same text written in both Akkadian and Aramaic.
3516:, spoken in southern Mesopotamia. Both Assyrian and Babylonian are generally regarded by modern scholars to be distinct dialects of the Akkadian language. This is a modern convention as contemporary ancient authors considered Assyrian and Babylonian to be two separate languages; only Babylonian was referred to as
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of imposing order by creating well-organized hierarchies of power was part of the justifications used by Neo-Assyrian kings for their expansionism: in one of his inscriptions, Sargon II explicitly pointed out that some of the Arab tribes he had defeated had previously "known no overseer or commander".
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by the historians and archaeologists who found them. Still today, despite the diversity of ancient Assyrian culture, the scenes that dominate museum exhibitions on Assyria are military and brutal scenes. This projected image stands in sharp contrast to exhibitions on other Mesopotamian civilizations,
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period. Figures like Sargon II, Sennacherib, Esarhaddon, Ashurbanipal and Shamash-shum-ukin long figured in local folklore and literary tradition. In large part, tales from the Sasanian period and later times were invented narratives, based on ancient Assyrian history but applied to local and current
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Another engineering challenge was the transportation of goods and material, sometimes involving very heavy loads, from far-away locations. Wood was for instance relatively scarce in the Assyrian heartland and as such had to be gathered from distant lands and transported back home for its vital use as
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Among the most impressive engineering and construction projects of the Neo-Assyrian period were the repeated constructions and renovations of new capital cities (Nimrud, Dur-Sharrukin and Nineveh). Due to royal inscriptions commemorating the building works at these sites, the process of how they were
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Libraries were built to maintain scribal culture and scholarship and to preserve the knowledge of the past. Such libraries were not limited to the temples and royal palaces; there were also private libraries built and kept by individual scholars. Texts found in Neo-Assyrian libraries fall into a wide
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Families and tribes lived together in villages and other settlements near or adjacent to their agricultural lands. It is not clear how local settlements were organized internally beyond each being headed by a local mayor who acted as a local judge (more in the sense of a counselor to involved parties
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of the ancient Near East". This sense of order manifested in various parts of Neo-Assyrian society, including the more square and regular shape of the characters in Neo-Assyrian writing and in the organized administration of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, which was divided into a set of provinces. The idea
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Perhaps the most powerful of the Neo-Assyrian queens was Shammuramat, queen of Shamshi-Adad V, who might have ruled as regent in the early reign of her son Adad-nirari III and participated in military campaigns. Also powerful was Esarhaddon's mother Naqi'a, though whether she held the status of queen
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The position of the king above all others was regarded as natural in ancient Assyria since he, though not divine himself, was seen as the divinely appointed representative of the god Ashur on earth. His power thus derived from his unique position among humanity and his obligation to extend Assyria to
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In documents describing coronations of Assyrian kings from both the Middle and Neo-Assyrian periods, it is specifically recorded that the king was commanded by Ashur, the Assyrian national deity, to "broaden the land of Ashur" and "extend the land at his feet". The Assyrians saw their empire as being
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One of the growing problems in Ashurbanipal's early reign were disagreements between Ashurbanipal and his older brother Shamash-shum-ukin. While Esarhaddon's documents suggest that Shamash-shum-ukin was intended to inherit all of Babylonia, it appears that he only controlled the immediate vicinity of
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proclaimed that Esarhaddon and his lineage would be "destroyed" and that a usurper named Sasî would become king, and in Assur, the local governor instigated a plot after receiving a prophetic dream in which a child rose from a tomb and handed him a staff. Through a well-developed network of spies and
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Though he was among the most successful kings in Assyrian history, Esarhaddon faced numerous conspiracies against his rule, perhaps because the king suffering from illness could be seen as the gods withdrawing their divine support for his rule. Around the time of the Egyptian campaigns, there were at
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Sennacherib was thus faced with numerous enemies almost immediately upon his accession and it took years to defeat them all. In 704 BC, he sent the Assyrian army, led by officials rather than the king himself, to Anatolia to avenge Sargon's death and towards the end of the same year, he began warring
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755–745 BC). Their reigns collectively form what appears to be the low point of Assyrian royal power since a remarkably small number of royal inscriptions are known from them. In Shalmaneser IV's reign, Shamshi-ilu eventually grew bold enough to stop crediting the king at all in his inscriptions
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From 815 BC onward, Shamshi-Adad's luck changed. During the last few years of his reign he directed his efforts mainly against Marduk-balassu-iqbi in Babylonia. In 813 BC, he defeated Marduk-balassu-iqbi and brought him to Assyria as a captive. A year later he defeated Marduk-balassu-iqbi's successor
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had been designated as heir instead of himself. When Shalmaneser died in 824, Ashur-danin-pal was still in revolt, supported by a significant portion of the country, most notably including the former capital of Assur. Shamshi-Adad acceded to the throne as Shamshi-Adad V, perhaps initially a minor and
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883–859 BC). Under his rule, Assyria rose to become the dominant political power in the Near East, though it would not yet achieve power comparable to that under its complete dominion in later centuries. In terms of personality, Ashurnasirpal was a complex figure; he was a relentless warrior and
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and then collecting tribute while he travelled north. Some of the southern cities that sent tribute to Tukulti-Ninurta during this march were historically more closely aligned with Babylon. In terms of military matters, Tukulti-Ninurta also fought against small states in the east, aimed to strengthen
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The political structures established by the Neo-Assyrian Empire became the model for the later empires that succeeded it. A number of key components of the Neo-Babylonian Empire were based on the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Though the exact administrative structure of the Neo-Babylonian Empire is not known
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The Neo-Assyrian state valued deportees highly for their labor and abilities. One of the most important reasons for resettlement was to develop the empire's agricultural infrastructure through introducing Assyrian-developed agricultural techniques to all of the provinces. The economic effects of the
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Below the higher classes were the Assyrian "citizens", semi-free laborers (usually mostly made up of deportees) and then slaves. There were never a significantly large number of slaves and the group was made up of both prisoners of war and of Assyrians who had been unable to pay their debts and were
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was introduced. Under Ashurbanipal, horses were equipped with leather armor and a bronze plaque on the head, and riders wore scale armor. Though chariots continued to be used ceremonially, and were often used by kings while on campaign, they were largely replaced by cavalry as a prominent element of
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Provincial governors were also responsible for supplying offerings to temples, in particular to the temple of Ashur in Assur. This channeling of revenues from across the empire was not only meant as a method to collect profit but also as a way to connect the elites across the empire to the religious
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The legitimacy of the Assyrian king hinged on acceptance among the imperial elite, and to a lesser extent the wider populace, of the idea that the king was both divinely chosen by Ashur and uniquely qualified for his position. There were various methods of legitimization employed by the Neo-Assyrian
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A large reason for Assyrian collapse was the failure to resolve the "Babylonian problem" which had plagued Assyrian kings since Assyria first conquered southern Mesopotamia. Despite the many attempts of the kings of the Sargonid dynasty to resolve the constant rebellions in the south in a variety of
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The fall of Assyria was swift, dramatic and unexpected; still today modern scholars continue to grapple with what factors caused the empire's quick and violent downfall. One commonly cited possible explanation is the unrest and the civil wars that immediately preceded Nabopolassar's rise. Such civil
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Esarhaddon was a deeply troubled man. As a result of his tumultuous rise to the throne he was deeply distrustful of his officials and family members; something which also had the side effect of an increased prominence of women in his reign, whom he trusted more. Esarhaddon's mother Naqi'a, his queen
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Shocked and frightened by the manner of his father's death and its theological implications, Sargon's son Sennacherib distanced himself from him. Sennacherib never mentioned Sargon in his inscriptions and abandoned Dur-Sharrukin, instead moving the capital to Nineveh, previously the residence of the
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745–727 BC), probably another son of Adad-nirari III. The nature of Tiglath-Pileser's rise to throne is not clear and the surviving evidence is too scant to come to a certain conclusion. Several pieces of evidence, including that there was a revolt in Nimrud in 746/745 BC, that ancient Assyrian
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In the latter years of Shalmaneser's reign, Urartu rose again as a powerful adversary. Though the Assyrians campaigned against them in 830 BC, they failed to fully neutralize the threat the restored kingdom posed. Unlike the vast majority of Assyrian campaigns, the 830 BC campaign against Urartu was
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conquered Persia, his Macedonian Empire began to be regarded as the fourth empire. Texts from the Neo-Babylonian period regard the Neo-Babylonian Empire as the successor of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Babylonian texts from the time Mesopotamia came under the rule of the Seleucid Empire centuries later
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in history. Although the Neo-Assyrian Empire covered between 1.4 and 1.7 million square kilometers (0.54–0.66 million square miles; just a little over one percent of the land area of the planet), the terms "world empire" or "universal empire" should not be taken as denoting actual world domination.
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Perhaps the greatest influence of the Neo-Assyrian Empire on later Abrahamic religious tradition was that the emergence of a new religious and "national" identity among the Hebrews might have been a direct response to the political and intellectual challenges posed by Assyrian imperialism. The most
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To supply new and renovated cities with water, the Assyrians constructed advanced hydraulic works to divert and transport water from far-away mountain regions in the east and north. In Babylonia, water was typically simply drawn from the Tigris river, but it was difficult to do so in Assyria due to
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The imperialism of the Neo-Assyrian Empire was in some ways different from that of later empires. The perhaps biggest difference was that the Neo-Assyrian kings at no point imposed their religion or language on the foreign peoples they conquered outside the Assyrian heartland; the Assyrian national
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for long-distance state messengers due to their strength, hardiness and low maintenance. Assyria was the first civilization to use mules for this purpose. It was common for messengers to ride with two mules, which meant that it was possible to alternate between them to keep them fresh and to ensure
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in 1865, nearly two and a half thousand years after the Neo-Assyrian Empire's fall. The quick communications between the imperial court and officials in the provinces was an important contributing factor to the cohesion of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and an important innovation which paved the way for
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The unprecedented success of the Neo-Assyrian Empire was not only due to the ability of Assyria to expand but also, and perhaps more importantly, its ability to efficiently incorporate conquered lands into its administrative system. It is clear that there was a strong sense of order in the Assyrian
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in preparation for a campaign against Sinsharishkun. Although there are plenty of earlier sources discussing Assyro-Median relations, none are preserved from the period leading up to Cyaxares's invasion and as such, the political context and reasons for the sudden attack are not known. Perhaps, the
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More alarming was Nabopolassar's first forays into the Assyrian heartland in 616 BC, which amounted to capturing some border cities and defeating local Assyrian garrisons. The Assyrian heartland had not been invaded for five hundred years and the event illustrated that the situation was dire enough
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would rule Babylon. To ensure that the succession to the throne after his own death would go more smoothly than his own accession, Esarhaddon forced everyone in the empire, not only the prominent officials but also far-away vassal rulers and members of the royal family, to swear oaths of allegiance
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in the far south of Mesopotamia. As Babylonian culture was greatly appreciated in Assyria, Shalmaneser was proud of his alliance to the Babylonian king; a famous surviving piece of artwork shows the two rulers shaking hands. In the 840s and 830s, Shalmaneser again campaigned in Syria and succeeding
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859–824 BC), whose reign saw a considerable expansion of Assyrian territory. In Shalmaneser's reign, the lands along the Khabur and Euphrates rivers in the west were consolidated under Assyrian control. Ahuni of Bit Adini resisted for several years, but he eventually surrendered to Shalmaneser
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Numerous imperialist states rose and fell in Mesopotamia and the rest of the Near East after the time of the Akkadian Empire. Most early empires and kingdoms were limited to some core territories, with most of their subjects only nominally recognizing the authority of the central government. Still,
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I built a pillar over against the city gate and I flayed all the chiefs who had revolted and I covered the pillar with their skins. Some I impaled upon the pillar on stakes and others I bound to stakes round the pillar. I cut the limbs off the officers who had rebelled. Many captives I burned with
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Despite its growth, surviving examples of Aramaic from Neo-Assyrian times are significantly fewer in number than Akkadian writings, mostly because Aramaic scribes for the most part used perishable materials for their writings. The somewhat lacking record of Aramaic in inscriptions does not reflect
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to the Assyrian heartland, a distance of 700 kilometers (430 miles) over a stretch of lands featuring many rivers without any bridges, could take less than five days to arrive. Such communication speed was unprecedented before the rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and was not surpassed in the Middle
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as king of Babylon. Though Senacherib just a few months later defeated and captured Nergal-ushezib in battle, the war dragged on as the Chaldean warlord Mushezib-Marduk took control of Babylon late in 693 and assembled a large coalition of Chaldeans, Arameans, Arabs and Elamites to resist Assyrian
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Late in his reign, Tiglath-Pileser turned his eyes towards Babylon. For a long time, the political situation in the south had been highly volatile, with conflict between the traditional urban elites of the cities, Aramean tribes in the countryside and Chaldean warlords in the south. In 732 BC, the
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Shamshi-Adad V's accession marked the beginning of a new age of Neo-Assyrian history, sometimes dubbed the "age of the magnates". This time was marked by the number of royal inscriptions being much smaller than in preceding and succeeding times and Assyrian magnates, such as Dayyan-Assur and other
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Through decades of military conquests, the early Neo-Assyrian kings worked to reverse the long age of decline and retake the former lands of their empire. Though the Neo-Assyrian Empire has sometimes in the past been considered a completely new phenomenon only loosely connected to earlier Assyrian
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Viewing the Neo-Assyrian Empire as a particularly brutal civilization also fails to take into account the context of brutal acts and that not all atrocities were committed by every king. Brutal punishments after conquests and surrenders were not done after every victorious campaign and were never
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Though the local population of northern Mesopotamia never forgot the Neo-Assyrian Empire and the locations of its great capital cities, knowledge of Assyria in the west survived through the centuries chiefly through the gruesome accounts of the Bible and the works describing the ancient empire by
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Despite the Neo-Assyrian Empire's promotion of Akkadian, Aramaic also grew to become a widespread vernacular language and it also began to be used in official state-related capacities as early as the reign of Shalmaneser III, given that some examples of Aramaic writings are known from a palace he
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at the beginning of the Neo-Assyrian period onwards, the Assyrians made extensive use of an increasingly complex system of deportations and resettlements. Large-scale resettlement projects were carried out in recently defeated enemy lands and cities in an effort to destroy local identities, which
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were owned by the state, there was also a vibrant private economic sector within the empire, with property rights of individuals ensured by the government. All monumental construction projects were undertaken by the state through levying materials and people from local governors, though sometimes
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At the undisputed top of Neo-Assyrian society was the king. Belonging to the higher portions of Neo-Assyrian society but below the king were (in descending order of prestige and power) the crown prince, the rest of the royal family, the royal court, administrators and army officers. From the time
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Because the rule and actions of the Assyrian king were seen as divinely sanctioned, resistance to Assyrian sovereignty in times of war was regarded to be resistance against divine will, which deserved punishment. Peoples and polities who revolted against Assyria were seen as criminals against the
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seized Babylon and became king, a development Tiglath-Pileser used as an excuse to invade Babylonia. In 729 BC, he succeeded in capturing Babylon and defeating Nabu-mukin-zeri and thus assumed the title "king of Babylon", alongside "king of Assyria". To increase the willingness of the Babyloninan
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and conquered territories on the eastern side of the Tigris river. In the year after that, Tiglath-Pileser conducted a successful campaign in the region around the Zagros Mountains, where he created two new Assyrian provinces. From 743 to 739 BC, Tiglath-Pileser focused his attention on the still
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Though Neo-Assyrian inscriptions and artwork are more explicit in descriptions and depictions of various atrocities than those of many other civilizations, often describing them with "terrifying realism", the idea of a particular "Assyrian brutality" chiefly comes from Assyria's portrayal in the
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The Neo-Assyrian Empire is perhaps most prominently remembered for the ferocity and brutality of the Neo-Assyrian army. Though various atrocities were enacted against enemy states and peoples by certain Middle Assyrian kings as well, it is chiefly from the Neo-Assyrian period that Assyrian royal
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mentions Assyria about 150 times; multiple significant events which involved the Hebrews are mentioned, most prominently Sennacherib's war against Hezekiah, and several Neo-Assyrian kings are mentioned, including Tiglath-Pileser III, Shalmaneser V, Sargon II, Sennacherib, Esarhaddon and possibly
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The beginnings of Assyrian scholarship is conventionally placed near the beginning of the Middle Assyrian Empire in the 14th century BC, when Assyrians began to take a lively interest in Babylonian scholarship, which they themselves adapted and developed into their own scholarship tradition. The
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Neo-Assyrian was used in some surviving tablets containing poetry and also more prominently in surviving letters of royal correspondence. Because of the multilingual nature of the empire, many loan words are attested as entering the Assyrian language during the Neo-Assyrian period. The number of
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Another proposed explanation was that Assyrian rule suffered from serious structural vulnerabilities; most importantly, Assyria appears to have had little to offer the regions it conquered other than order and freedom from strife; conquered lands were mostly kept in line through fear and terror,
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Esarhaddon sought to establish a new and lasting balance of power between the northern and southern parts of his empire. Thus, he rebuilt Babylon in the south, viewing Sennacherib's destruction of the city as excessively brutal, but also made sure not to neglect the temples and cults of Assyria.
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681–669 BC), found the extent of Sargon's pro-Babylonian leanings to be somewhat questionable. In 707 BC, Sargon returned to Nimrud and in 706 BC, Dur-Sharrukin was inaugurated as the empire's new capital. Sargon did not get to enjoy his new city for long; in 705 BC he embarked on his final
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and supported by Simirra, Damascus, Samaria and Arpad, also sought to regain independence and threatened to destroy the sophisticated provincial system imposed on the region under Tiglath-Pileser. While Sargon was campaigning in the east in 720 BC, his generals defeated Yau-bi'di and the others.
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Early on, Tiglath-Pileser reduced the influence of the previously powerful magnates, dividing their territories into smaller provinces under the rule of royally appointed provincial governors and withdrawing their right to commission official building inscriptions in their own names. Shamshi-ilu
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as one of many methods of torture and execution. The sole factor for the higher frequency and more vivid descriptions from the Neo-Assyrian Empire is that the Assyrians were more successful than their contemporaries and thus had more opportunities. According to the Assyriologist Ariel Bagg, the
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Though there is no modern scholarly denial that the Assyrians of the Neo-Assyrian period were brutal, the extent to which Neo-Assyrian inscriptions and artwork reflect actual atrocities is debated among modern scholars. Some believe that the Assyrians were more brutal than what was written down
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A "world empire" can also be interpreted as an imperial state without any competitors. Though there were other reasonably large kingdoms in the ancient Near East during the Neo-Assyrian period, notably Urartu in the north, Egypt in the west and Elam in the east, none were existential threats to
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held a very high position in Neo-Assyrian society. The highest offices both in the civil administration and the army were typically occupied by eunuchs with deliberately obscure and lowly origins, since this ensured that they would be loyal to the king. The members of the royal court were often
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To solve the challenges of governing an empire of unprecedented size, the Neo-Assyrian Empire, probably first under Shalmaneser III, developed a sophisticated state communication system. Use of this system was restricted to messages sent by high officials; their messages were stamped with their
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Though the queens, like all other female and male members of the royal court, ultimately derived their power and influence from their association with the king, they were not pawns without political power. The queens had their own say in financial affairs and while they ideally were supposed to
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Yet another possible factor was environmental issues. The massive rise in population in the Assyrian heartland during the height of the Neo-Assyrian Empire might have led to a period of severe drought that affected Assyria to a much larger extent than nearby territories such as Babylonia. It is
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Sinsharishkun's accession did not go unchallenged. Immediately upon his rise to the throne, Sin-shumu-lishir rebelled and attempted to claim the throne for himself, despite the lack of any genealogical claim and as the only eunuch to ever do so in Assyrian history. Sin-shumu-lishir successfully
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that Sargon was a son of Tiglath-Pileser and thus Shalmaneser's brother, he is not believed to have been the legitimate heir to the throne as next-in-line. It is also possible that he was wholly unconnected to the previous royal lineage, in which case Shalmaneser V would be the last king of the
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727–722 BC). Though little to no royal inscriptions and other sources survive from Shalmaneser's brief reign, the empire appears to have been largely stable under his rule. Shalmaneser managed to secure some lasting achievements; he was probably the Assyrian king responsible for conquering
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of Urartu, though Urartu was not decisively beaten. There was however some significant successes in the west since Shamshi-ilu captured Damascus in 773 BC and secured tribute from the city to the king. Another official who acted with usually royal privileges in Shalmaneser's time was the palace
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inscribed with text in both Akkadian and Aramaic. That the question of using Aramaic in royal correspondence was even raised in Sargon II's time in the first place was a significant development. In reliefs from palaces built by kings from Tiglath-Pileser III to Ashurbanipal, scribes writing in
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was retaken and Nabopolassar failed to take Nippur, in 623 BC the Assyrians recaptured Nabopolassar's ancestral home city Uruk. Sinsharishkun might ultimately have been victorious had it not been for a usurper, whose name is not known, from the empire's western territories rebelling in 622 BC,
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and Babylon itself, but was defeated by Sinsharishkun after three months. This victory did little to alleviate Sinsharishkun's problems. The long-reigning Babylonian vassal king Kandalanu also died in 627 BC. The swift regime changes and internal unrest bolstered Babylonian hopes to shake off
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on 15 June 763 BC; both the epidemics and the eclipse could have been interpreted by the Assyrian populace as the gods withdrawing their divine support for Ashur-dan's rule. Though Assyria stabilized again under Ashur-dan's brother Ashur-nirari V, he appears to have been relatively idle.
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rulers of the various city-states in the region often fought with each other in order to establish small hegemonic empires and to gain a superior position relative to the other city-states. Eventually, these small conflicts evolved into a general ambition to achieve universal rule. Reaching a
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inscriptions describe in detail the atrocities carried out by the Assyrian kings. This is probably attributable to the Neo-Assyrian kings using fear to keep their conquered territories in-line; under the less brutal rulers of the Middle Assyrian Empire, Assyrian power declined several times.
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included not only information on the discoveries themselves, but also an account of the excavations as well as Layard's own experiences travelling in the Middle East and interacting with the locals. The book was translated into numerous languages and made Layard into a celebrity; the British
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classical authors. Unlike other ancient civilizations, Assyria and other Mesopotamian civilizations left no magnificent ruins above ground; all that remained to see were huge grass-covered mounds in the plains which travellers at times believed to simply be natural features of the landscape.
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was divided into two and it seems that specific regiments of the army, including their respective land-holdings, were transferred from the king's direct command to the command of the crown prince and the queen. The Neo-Assyrian army was an evolution of the preceding Middle Assyrian army, and
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859–824 BC), though it entered a period of stagnation after his death, referred to as the "age of the magnates". During this time, the chief wielders of political power were prominent generals and officials and central control was unusually weak. This age came to an end with the rule of
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The wealth generated through private investments was dwarfed by the wealth of the state, which was by far the largest employer in the empire and had an obvious monopoly on agriculture, manufacturing and exploitation of minerals. The imperial economy advantaged mainly the elite, since it was
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s such as Dayyan-Assur and Shamshi-ilu). The army was chiefly raised through provincial governors levying troops. Provincial governors could also sometimes lead campaigns on their own and negotiate with foreign rulers. Under the Sargonid dynasty, some reforms appear to have been made to the
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At the height of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the Assyrian army was the strongest army yet assembled in world history. The number of soldiers in the Neo-Assyrian army was likely several hundred thousand. The Assyrians pioneered innovative uses and strategies, particularly concerning cavalry and
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In the years that followed Nabopolassar's coronation, Babylonia became a brutal battleground between Assyrian and Babylonian armies. Though cities often repeatedly changed hands, the Babylonians slowly but surely pushed Sinsharishkun's armies out of the south. Under Sinsharishkun's personal
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Though Ashurbanipal's inscriptions present Assyria as an uncontested and divinely supported hegemon over all the world, cracks were starting to form in the empire during his reign. At some point after 656 BC, the empire lost control of Egypt, which instead fell into the hands of the Pharaoh
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and Esarhaddon allowed most of the local governors to remain in place, though he left some of his representatives to oversee them. The conquest of Egypt not only placed a land of great cultural prestige under Esarhaddon's rule but also brought the Neo-Assyrian Empire to its greatest extent.
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took revenge on Sennacherib by marching on Babylonia while the Assyrians were busy in his lands. During this campaign, Ashur-nadin-shumi was captured through some means and taken to Elam, where he was probably executed. In his place, the Elamites and Babylonians crowned the Babylonian noble
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The unprecedented success of the Neo-Assyrian Empire was not only due to its ability to expand but also, and perhaps more importantly, its ability to efficiently incorporate conquered lands into its administrative system. As the first of its scale, the empire saw various military, civic and
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to force the states there to pay tribute again. This conflict is the first Assyrian war to be recorded in great detail not only in Assyrian inscriptions but also in classical sources and in the Hebrew Bible. The Assyrian account diverges somewhat from the Biblical one; whereas the Assyrian
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built in Nimrud. The relationship between Akkadian and Aramaic was somewhat complex, however. Though Sargon II explicitly rejected Aramaic as being unfit for royal correspondence, Aramaic was clearly an officially recognized language under his predecessor Shalmaneser V, who owned a set of
1643:), one of the westernmost places ever reached by Assyrian forces. Though Shalmaneser's conquests were wide-ranging and inspired fear among the other kings of the Near East, he lacked the means to stabilize and consolidate his new lands and imperial control in many places remained shaky.
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Ashurbanipal is often regarded to have been the last great king of Assyria. His reign saw the last time Assyrian troops marched in all directions of the Near East. In 667 and 664 BC, Ashurbanipal invaded Egypt in the wake of anti-Assyrian uprisings; both Pharaoh Taharqa and his nephew
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being hoisted to the left and right of the commander. The commander was typically the king, but other officials could also be assigned to lead the Assyrian army into war. Such officials included family members (for instance Adad-nirari III's mother Shammuramat and Sargon II's brother
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in the winter of 857/856 BC. When Shalmaneser visited the city in the summer of the next year, he renamed it Kar-Salmanu‐ašared ("fortress of Shalmaneser"), settled a substantial number of Assyrians there, and made it the administrative center of a new province, placed under the
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In 694, Sennacherib invaded Elam, with the explicit goal to root out Marduk-apla-iddina and his supporters. Sennacherib sailed across the Persian Gulf with a fleet built by Phoenician and Greek shipwrights and captured and sacked countless Elamite cities. He never got his revenge on
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Radner, K. 2010: "The Stele of Sargon II of Assyria at Kition: A focus for an emerging Cypriot identity?", in R. Rollinger, B. Gufler, M. Lang, I. Madreiter (eds), Interkulturalität in der Alten Welt: Vorderasien, Hellas, Ägypten und die vielfältigen Ebenen des Kontakts, Wiesbaden,
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Radner, K. 2010: "The Stele of Sargon II of Assyria at Kition: A focus for an emerging Cypriot identity?", in R. Rollinger, B. Gufler, M. Lang, I. Madreiter (eds), Interkulturalität in der Alten Welt: Vorderasien, Hellas, Ägypten und die vielfältigen Ebenen des Kontakts, Wiesbaden,
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A consequence of the resettlements, and according to Karen Radner "the most lasting legacy of the Assyrian Empire", was a dilution of the cultural diversity of the Near East, forever changing the region's ethnolinguistic composition and facilitating the rise of Aramaic as the local
2279:. Sennacherib's choice of making Nineveh capital probably resulted not only from him having long lived in the city as crown prince, but also because of its ideal location, being an important point in the established road and trade systems and also located close to an important
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array of genres, including divinatory texts, divination reports, treatments for the sick (either medical or magical), ritual texts, incantations, prayers and hymns, school texts and literary texts. The largest and most important royal library in Mesopotamian history was the
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in western Iran. In 717 BC, Sargon retook the city of Carchemish and secured the city's substantial silver treasury. Perhaps it was the acquisition of these funds which inspired Sargon to in the same year begin the construction of another new capital of the empire, named
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Ashur-nirari campaigned in only three of the ten years of his reign and is not recorded to have conducted any construction projects. The influential Shamshi-ilu died at some point in Ashur-nirari's reign. Though the Assyrian army under Ashur-nirari was successful against
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river in the west. One of the first conquests of Ashur-dan II had been Katmuḫu in this region, which he made a vassal kingdom rather than annexed outright; this suggests that the resources available to the early Neo-Assyrian kings were very limited and that the imperial
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The Neo-Assyrian Empire was highly multilingual. Through its expansionism, the empire came to rule a vast stretch of land incorporating regions throughout the Near East, where various languages were spoken. These languages included various Semitic languages (including
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was captured and devastated and large numbers of Elamite prisoners were brought to Nineveh, tortured and humiliated. Ashurbanipal chose to not annex and integrate Elam into the Neo-Assyrian Empire, instead leaving it open and undefended. In the following decades, the
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Ashurnasirpal II is one of only four Assyrian kings who claimed to have slaughtered civilians in his inscriptions and the only one to claim to have killed and burnt young children. In terms of the variety and severity of brutal acts, he is rivalled only by the later
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The Neo-Assyrian Empire left a cultural legacy of great consequence. The population of northern Mesopotamia continued to keep the memory of their ancient civilization alive and positively connected with the Assyrian Empire in local histories written as late as the
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inscriptions describes the campaign as a resounding success, in which tribute was regained, some states were annexed outright and Sennacherib even managed to stop Egyptian ambitions in the region, the Bible describes Sennacherib suffering a crushing defeat outside
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called it "the greatest achievement of our time". Entrusted with greater funds, Layard conducted a second expedition in which he turned his attention to the Kuyunjik mound. There he made significant discoveries, including finding the palace built by Sennacherib.
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The Neo-Assyrian Empire accomplished several complex technical projects, which indicates sophisticated technical knowledge. Various professionals who performed engineering tasks are attested in Neo-Assyrian sources, such as individuals holding positions like
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kingdoms in the west. The Arameans and Neo-Hittites had by the time of Ashurnasirpal's rise to the throne evolved into well-organized kingdoms, possibly in response to pressure from Assyria. One of Ashurnasirpal's most persistent enemies was the Aramean king
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Though he reigned only briefly, Adad-nirari's son Tukulti-Ninurta continued the policies of his father. In 885 BC, Tukulti-Ninurta repeated his father's march along the Euphrates and Khabur, though he went in the opposite direction, beginning in the south at
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883–859 BC), Assyria once more became the dominant power of the Near East, ruling the north undisputed. Ashurnasirpal's campaigns reached as far as the Mediterranean and he also oversaw the transfer of the imperial capital from the traditional city of
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Though Sargon tried early on to dislodge Marduk-apla-iddina, attacking Aramean tribes who supported Marduk-apla-iddina and marching out to fight the Elamites, his efforts were initially unsuccessful and in 720 BC the Elamites defeated Sargon's forces at
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in any inscription, which indicates that although Assyrian soldiers likely did rape civilians after sieges (as did soldiers of every other ancient civilization and up to the present day), this was regarded as a shameful act, prohibited by the kings.
4394:, placing Nebuchadnezzar's empire (the Neo-Babylonian Empire; gold) as the first empire, the Median Empire (silver) as the second, the Achaemenid Empire (bronze) as the third and the Macedonian Empire of Alexander the Great (iron) as the fourth.
3150:("king's road"), the roads might originally have grown from routes used by the military during campaigns and were continually expanded. The largest phase of road expansion transpired between the reigns of Shalmaneser III and Tiglath-Pileser III.
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1073–1056 BC), two centuries prior, that Assyrian forces had the opportunity to campaign further west than the Euphrates. Ashurnasirpal made use of this opportunity. In his ninth campaign, he marched to Lebanon and then to the coast of the
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conquered the last remnants of the Seleucid Empire in 63 BC, literary traditions began to regard the Roman Empire as the fifth world empire. The Roman Empire spawned its own sequences of successor claimants; in the east it was followed by the
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Although Shalmaneser's impressive campaign against Urartu compelled many of the small states in northern Syria to pay tribute to him, he was unable to fully utilize the situation. In 853 BC, a massive coalition of western states assembled at
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1114–1076 BC), who once more expanded Assyrian power, his conquests overstretched Assyria and could not be maintained by his successors. The trend of decline was only substantially reversed in the reign of the last Middle Assyrian king,
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Late in his reign, Sargon again turned his attention to Babylon. The alliance between Babylon and Elam had at this point evaporated away. When Sargon marched south in 710 BC he encountered little resistance. After Marduk-apla-iddina fled to
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However, the biblical account does include the fact the Hezekiah paid a very large tribute to Sennacherib; it was only the siege and the attempt to entirely absorb Judah that was reported as ending in failure, according to 2 Chronicles 32.
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in the south. After Tukulti-Ninurta's assassination, the Middle Assyrian Empire went into a long period of decline, becoming increasingly restricted to just the Assyrian heartland itself. Though this period of decline was broken up by
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In 709 BC, Sargon won against seven kings in the land of Ia', in the district of Iadnana or Atnana. The land of Ia' is assumed to be the Assyrian name for Cyprus, and some scholars suggest that the latter may mean 'the islands of the
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and instead claimed to act completely on his own, more openly flaunting his power. Probably under Shamshi-ilu's leadership, the Assyrian army began to mainly focus on Urartu. In 774 BC, Shamshi-ilu scored an important victory against
1774:. Shammuramat was one of the most powerful women in Assyrian history and perhaps for a time served as co-regent; she is recorded to have partaken in a military campaign, the only ancient Assyriain woman known to have done so, against
4073:. It has been suggested that this development only followed experiences either with the near-monotheism of the Assyrians in regards to the god Ashur, or the monocratic and universal nature of the imperial rule of the Assyrian kings.
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and annexed several territories in northern Babylonia. Southern Mesopotamia was left in disarray after Shamshi-Adad's victories. Though Babylonia nominally came under Assyrian control, Shamshi-Adad took the ancient Babylonian title
2376:, which was renamed Kar-Aššur‐aḫu‐iddina ("fortress of Esarhaddon"). After fighting the Medes in the Zagros Mountains, Esarhaddon campaigned further to the east than any king before him, reaching as far into modern-day Iran as
1778:
in Syria and is credited in inscriptions alongside her son for expanding Assyrian territory, usually only a royal privilege. After Shammuramat's death, Adad-nirari continued to be dominated by other figures, such as the eunuch
1564:. In 856, Shalmaneser conducted one of the most ambitious military campaigns in Assyrian history, marching through mountainous territory to the source of the Euphrates and then attacking Urartu from the west. The Urartian king
3342:), both probably being drawn from foreigners resettled in Assyra. The innovative techniques and siege engines in siege warfare used by Neo-Assyrian armies included tunneling, diverting rivers, blockading to ensure starvation,
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Marduk-apla-iddina, who died of natural causes before the Assyrian army landed, and the campaign instead significantly escalated the conflict with the anti-Assyrian faction in Babylonia and with the Elamites. The Elamite king
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900–887 BC), sealed through both kings marrying a daughter of the other. Adad-nirari also continued Ashur-dan's efforts in the west; in his wars, he defeated numerous small western kingdoms. Several small states, such as
1256:). Arrapha in later times served as the launching point of innumerable Assyrian campaigns toward lands in the east. A testament to Adad-nirari's power was that he managed to secure a border agreement with the Babylonian king
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is not certain. Naqi'a is the best documented woman of the Neo-Assyrian period, and was perhaps the most influential woman in Assyrian history, influencing politics in the reigns of Sennacherib, Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal.
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The inner elite of the Neo-Assyrian Empire included two main groups, the "magnates" and the "scholars". The "magnates" are a grouping by modern historians for the seven highest-ranking officials in the administration; the
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inherited the warrior ethic, experience with chariots and levy system of its predecessor. The two most important new developments in the Neo-Assyrian period was the large-scale introduction of cavalry and the adoption of
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Ideologically, the Neo-Assyrian Empire formed an important part in the imperial ideologies of succeeding empires in the Middle East. The idea of continuity between successive empires (a phenomenon in later times dubbed
2267:, who hoped to seize power for themselves. In 700 BC, Sennacherib invaded Babylonia again and drove Marduk-apla-iddina and Mushezib-Marduk away. Needing a vassal ruler with stronger authority, he placed his eldest son,
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itself but were not successful. Shalmaneser's failed attempts to properly impose Assyrian rule in Syria was a result of his energetic campaigns overextending the empire too quickly. In the 830s, his armies reached into
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a puppet of Dayyan-Assur. Though Dayyan-Assur died during the early stages of the civil war, Shamshi-Adad was eventually victorious, apparently due to help from the Babylonian king Marduk-zakir-shumi or his successor
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it is more likely that the battle was indecisive since no substantial political or territorial gains were achieved. After Qarqar, Shalmaneser focused much on the south and in 851–850 BC aided the Babylonian king
878:
681–669 BC) the empire reached its largest extent through the conquest of Egypt. Despite being at the peak of its power, the empire experienced a swift and violent fall in the late 7th century BC, destroyed by
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in Babylonia who wished to write to the king in Aramaic, reads "Why would you not write and send me messages in Akkadian? Really, the message which you write must be drawn up in this very manner – this is a fixed
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institutions in the Assyrian heartland. The royal administration kept close watch of institutions and individual officials across the empire through a system of officials responsible directly to the king, called
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Gansell, Amy Rebecca (2018). "In Pursuit of Neo-Assyrian Queens: An Interdisciplinary Methodology for Researching Ancient Women and Engendering Ancient History". In Svärd, Saana; Garcia-Ventura, Agnès (eds.).
2067:. Like Tiglath-Pileser before him, Sargon in his inscriptions made no references to prior kings and instead ascribed his accession purely to divine selection. Though most scholars accept the claim made by the
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kings and their royal courts. One of the common methods, which appears to be a new innovation of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, was the manipulation and codifying of the king's own personal history in the form of
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After the fall of Nineveh, an Assyrian general and prince, possibly Sinsharishkun's son, led the remnants of the Assyrian army and established himself at Harran in the west. The prince chose the regnal name
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which connected succeeding and sometimes rival dynasties and kingdoms together as predecessors and successors. In the past, the idea of succession between empires had resulted in claims such as that of the
1042:". This desire was also manifested in the kings of Assyria, who ruled in what had once been the northern part of the Akkadian Empire. Assyria experienced its first period of ascendancy with the rise of the
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position of world domination was not seen as a wholly impossible task in this time since Mesopotamia was believed to correspond to the entire world. One of the earliest Mesopotamian "world conquerors" was
1747:" but not the conventional "king of Babylon". Due to Assyria's perhaps somewhat weakened state he was unable to fully exploit the victory and the Babylonian throne remained unoccupied for several years.
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In the early 19th century, European explorers and archaeologists first began to investigate the ancient mounds. One of the important early figures in Assyrian archaeology was the British business agent
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techniques. Techniques first adopted by the Neo-Assyrian army would be used in later warfare for millennia. To solve the issue of communicating over vast distances, the empire developed a sophisticated
900:, using relay stations and well-maintained roads. The communication speed of official messages in the empire was not surpassed in the Middle East until the 19th century. The empire also made use of a
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against Marduk-apla-iddina in the south. After fighting against Babylonia for nearly two years, Sennacherib succeeded in recapturing Babylonia, though Marduk-apla-iddina fled to Elam once again, and
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supposes that there is only one "true" empire at any given time, and that imperial power and right to rule is inherited from one empire to the next, with Assyria typically seen as the first empire.
2879:, but this term was only applied to goddesses and queens of foreign nations who ruled in their own right. Since the Assyrian consorts did not rule themselves, the Assyrians did not refer to them as
2275:, and a great 12 kilometer (7.5-mile) long and 25 meter (82 feet) tall wall. It is possible that a large park constructed near the Southwest Palace served as the inspiration for the later legendary
915:
The Neo-Assyrian Empire left a legacy of great cultural significance. The political structures established by the empire became the model for the later empires that succeeded it and the ideology of
3350:. Another innovation were the camps established by the army while on campaign, which were carefully designed with collapsible furniture and tents so that they could be swifty built and dismantled.
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Despite his physical and mental health, Esarhaddon led many successful military campaigns, several of them farther away from the Assyrian heartland than those of any previous king. He defeated the
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project had to begin nearly from scratch. In this context, the successful expansion conducted under the early Neo-Assyrian kings was an extraordinary achievement. The initial phase of the Assyrian
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the general desire for universal rule dominated the royal ideologies of Mesopotamian kings for thousands of years, bolstered by the memory of the Akkadian Empire and exemplified in titles such as "
4028:
Though the Neo-Assyrian Empire never imposed forced religious conversions, its mere existence as a large imperialist state reshaped the religious views of the people around it, prominently in the
9240:
2319:, had replaced Ashur-nadin-shumi as heir after the latter's death, around 684 BC the younger son Esarhaddon was proclaimed heir instead. Perhaps Sennacherib was influenced by Esarhaddon's mother
1521:
Through the tribute and booty collected through the campaigns of his predecessors and his own wars, Ashurnasirpal financed several large-scale building projects at cities like Assur, Nineveh and
4444:
hold little weight in modern research, scholars today still recognize a basic sequence of imperial succession from the Neo-Assyrian Empire to the Neo-Babylonian Empire to the Achaemenid Empire.
3761:
Relief depicting the gardens of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh (left) with a color reconstruction (right). As can be seen on the right side of the relief, the garden featured sophisticated irrigation
2988:(usually translated as "royal delegates"). Control was maintained locally through regularly deploying low-ranking officials to the smaller settlements, i.e. villages and towns, of the empire.
2418:. He had tried to conquer Egypt already in 674 BC but had then been driven back. Through logistic support from various Arab tribes, the 671 BC invasion took a difficult route through central
789:
The early Neo-Assyrian kings were chiefly concerned with restoring Assyrian control over much of northern Mesopotamia, East Anatolia and Levant, since significant portions of the preceding
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24944:
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Radner, Karen (2016). "Revolts in the Assyrian Empire: Succession Wars, Rebellions Against a False King and Independence Movements". In Collins, John J.; Manning, Joseph Gilbert (eds.).
4146:(1787–1821), who visited the site of Nineveh in 1820, traded antiquities with the locals and made precise measurements of the mounds. Rich's collection, which eventually ended up in the
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The ancient idea of succession of empires did not end with the fall of the Seleucid Empire; traditions were instead adjusted to include later empires in the sequence. Shortly after the
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12378:
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in the 3rd century AD. The only ancient Assyrian city to be continually inhabited as an urban center from the time of the Neo-Assyrian Empire to the present is Arbela, today known as
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informants, Esarhaddon uncovered all of these coup attempts and in 670 had a large number of high-ranking officials put to death. In 672 BC, Esarhaddon decreed that his younger son
12394:
8768:
3989:, fighting against Esarhaddon's invasion of Egypt as well as a tale recounting the civil war between Ashurbanipal and Shamash-shum-ukin. Some Egyptian tales feature a queen of the
3985:. This story proved popular and was translated into a number of languages. Other tales from Egypt include stories of the Egyptian hero Inarus, a fictionalized version of the rebel
3876:
2772:; favorite of the great gods; the wise and crafty one; strong hero, first among all princes; the flame that consumes the insubmissive, who strikes the wicked with the thunderbolt.
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Garfinkle, Steven J. (2007). "The Assyrians: A New Look at an Ancient Power". In Rubio, Gonzalo; Garfinkle, Steven J.; Beckman, Gary; Snell, Daniel C.; Chavalas, Mark W. (eds.).
3924:, as their royal father. After Behnam converts to Christianity, Sinharib orders his execution, but is later struck by a dangerous disease that is cured through being baptized by
4418:
empires considered themselves to be the heirs of Rome. Later scholars have sometimes posited a sequence of world empires more focused on the Middle East. In the British scholar
9255:
Kalimi, Isaac; Richardson, Seth (2014). "Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography: An Introduction". In Kalimi, Isaac; Richardson, Seth (eds.).
4816:, which developed around this time, followed experiences with the near-monotheism of the Assyrians in regard to Ashur or the monocratic imperial rule of the Neo-Assyrian kings.
2893:. Under the Sargonid dynasty, military units subservient to the queen were created. Such units were not just an honor guard for the queen, but included commanders, cohorts of
2315:
The last years of Sennacherib's reign were relatively peaceful in the empire, but problems began to arise within the royal court itself. Though Sennacherib's next eldest son,
1210:
890–884 BC), saw the slow beginning of this project. Ashur-dan's efforts mostly worked to pave the way for the more sustained work under Adad-nirari and Tukulti-Ninurta.
844:
745–727 BC), who re-asserted Assyrian royal power once again and more than doubled the size of the empire through wide-ranging conquests. His most notable conquests were
4110:
were dispersed and the great cities were for a long time left largely abandoned. Though Assyria experienced a resurgence in the later post-imperial period, chiefly under the
2231:, a Babylonian noble who had been raised at the Assyrian court, was installed as vassal king of Babylon. In 701, Sennacherib undertook the most famous campaign of his reign,
10081:
Radner, Karen (2021). "Diglossia and the Neo-Assyrian Empire's Akkadian and Aramaic Text Production". In Jonker, Louis C.; Berlejung, Angelika & Cornelius, Izak (eds.).
3048:(commander-in-chief). There is some evidence that some these offices were, at least at times, occupied by members of the royal family. Occupants of four of the offices, the
2670:, Sinsharishkun dying in the city's defense. The capture of the city was followed by extensive looting and destruction and effectively meant the end of the Assyrian Empire.
2503:
river. Teumman's head was brought back to Nineveh and displayed for the public. Elam itself however remained undefeated and continued to work against Assyria for some time.
24042:
13903:
1436:. Though few of them became formally incorporated into the empire at this point, many kingdoms on the way paid tribute to Ashurnasirpal to avoid being attacked, including
9638:
4569:
3997:. Several legends of Assyria are known from Greco-Roman texts, including a fictional narrative of the founding of the Assyrian Empire and Nineveh by the legendary figure
4045:
bears a strong resemblance to the loyalty oaths in Assyrian vassal treaties, though with the absolute loyalty to the Assyrian king replaced with absolute loyalty to the
12399:
12392:
12413:
9881:
Payne, Richard (2012). "Avoiding Ethnicity: Uses of the Ancient Past in Late Sasanian Northern Mesopotamia". In Pohl, Walter; Gantner, Clemens; Payne, Richard (eds.).
597:
583:
558:
544:
2689:, likely a highly conscious choice since its etymology ("Ashur has kept alive") suggested that Assyria would ultimately be victorious and since it evoked the name of
2089:
1626:
in receiving tribute from numerous western states after the coalition against him collapsed with Hadadezer's death in 841 BC. Assyrian forces thrice tried to capture
18510:
4180:. After returning to Europe in the late 1840s, Botta compiled an elaborate report on the findings, complete with numerous drawings of the reliefs made by the artist
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were all more powerful and prominent than most women in earlier Assyrian history. The king was also frequently ill and sickly and also appears to have suffered from
12400:
1579:
4545:
dating to the third millennium BC depict soldiers carrying severed heads, the Bible mentions many atrocities committed by Hebrews and other non-Assyrians, and the
3625:
Akkadian and Aramaic are often depicted side by side, confirming Aramaic having risen to the position of an official language used by the imperial administration.
15721:
4930:"The country of Assyria, which in the Assyro-Babylonian literature is known as mat Aššur (ki), "land of Assur," took its name from the ancient city of Aššur" in
2247:
12439:
1596:
in Syria to work together against Assyrian expansion. The coalition, included numerous kings of various peoples, including the earliest historically verifiable
19957:
10377:"Now It Happened in Those Days": Studies in Biblical, Assyrian, and Other Ancient Near Eastern Historiography Presented to Mordechai Cogan on His 75th Birthday
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The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 3 Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC
9495:
4208:
2299:
1842:
1761:
811–783 BC) was probably very young at the time of his father's death in 811, and real political power during his early reign was probably wielded by the
1719:
2707:
of Assyrian history and beyond, Ashur-uballit's final defeat at Harran in 609 marked the end of the ancient line of Assyrian kings and of Assyria as a state.
1931:
During his 18-year reign, Tiglath-Pileser campaigned in all directions. Already in his first year as king, Tiglath-Pileser warred against the Babylonian king
1416:. Ahuni's forces broke through across the Khabur and Euphrates several times and it was only after years of war that he at last accepted Ashurnasirpal as his
13379:
4787:
Adad-nirari II's accession is the conventional starting date for the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Some historians alternatively include the reign of his predecessor
4005:, another fictionalized version of Shammuramat. Also written were legendary accounts of the empire's fall, erroneously linked to the reign of the effeminate
1767:
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s. The discovery was swiftly communicated in scholarly circles by Mohl in Paris. In 1847, the first ever exhibition on Assyrian sculptures was held in the
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When the Medes and Babylonians conquered the Assyrian heartland, they put the great monuments, palaces, temples and cities of Assyria to the torch; the
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structured in a way that ensured that surplus wealth flowed to the government and was then used for the maintenance of the state throughout the empire.
1621:. After defeating the rebel, Shalmaneser spent some time visiting cities in Babylon and further helping Marduk-zakir-shumi through fighting against the
1608:. Shalmaneser engaged the coalition in the same year that it was formed. Though Assyrian records claim that he scored a great victory at the subsequent
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The Construction of the Assyrian Empire: A Historical Study of the Inscriptions of Shalmanesar III (859–824 B.C.) Relating to His Campaigns to the West
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river. At Tela he brutally repressed the citizens, among other punishments cutting off noses, ears, fingers and limbs, gouging out eyes and overseeing
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which features a statue with a golden head, silver chest, bronze belly, iron legs and iron/clay feet. This statue is interpreted as an expression of
3949:
3244:
While the Middle Assyrian army had been composed entirely of levies, a central standing army was established in the Neo-Assyrian Empire, dubbed the
2922:
In Neo-Assyrian royal inscriptions, the creation of new provinces was usually expressed by writing "I annexed the land (into) the Assyrian border" (
23955:
20379:
13816:
12487:
12397:
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Bagg, Ariel (2016). "Where is the Public? A New Look at the Brutality Scenes in Neo-Assyrian Royal Inscriptions and Art". In Battini, Laura (ed.).
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The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 3, Part 1: The Prehistory of the Balkans, the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC
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in 1853, archaeology in Assyria remained dead for a long time, though excavations began again in the early 20th century and have continued since.
3284:. In battle, they fought in close formation. Foreign levy troops drafted into the army are often distinguishable in reliefs by distinct headgear.
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into the conflict. Long fragmented into several tribes and often targets of Assyrian military campaigns, the Medes had been united under the king
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lingua franca of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, with Neo-Assyrian and other forms of Akkadian becoming relegated to a language of the political elite.
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1464:. Ashurnasirpal's royal inscriptions proudly proclaim that he and his army symbolically cleaned their weapons in the water of the Mediterranean.
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897:
468:
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Bel-ibni's tenure as Babylonian vassal ruler did not last long and he continually opposed by Marduk-apla-iddina and another Chaldean warlord,
2112:
1977:
1799:. Shamshi-ilu would occupy this position for about 40 years and was for most of that time likely the most powerful political actor in Assyria.
1780:
1248:. Though Adad-nirari did not manage to incorporate territories so far away from the Assyrian heartland into the empire, he secured the city of
901:
17361:
9956:
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Frahm, Eckart (2014). "Family Matters: Psychohistorical Reflections on Sennacherib and His Times". In Kalimi, Isaac; Richardson, Seth (eds.).
20757:
20478:
20389:
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19735:
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15384:
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11799:
11789:
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important innovation in Hebrew theology during the period roughly corresponding to the time of the Neo-Assyrian Empire was the elevation of
3164:
2958:(translated as "deputy" by modern historians, the title literally means "second") and at the bottom of the hierarchy were village managers (
1651:
935:. The Neo-Assyrian Empire became an important part of later folklore and literary traditions in northern Mesopotamia through the subsequent
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16920:
15547:
14926:
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who plagued the northwestern part of the empire, conquered the cities of Kundu and Sissû in Anatolia, and conquered the Phoenician city of
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2491:, from which enormous amounts of plundered booty was sent back to Assyria. In 664 BC, after a prolonged period of peace, the Elamite king
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in Anatolia. To the shock of the Assyrians, Sargon was in this campaign killed in battle with the army being unable to recover his body.
2166:
952:
12376:
12375:
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4947:
23088:
19647:
19491:
19356:
19352:
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16591:
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14921:
12389:
11729:
11704:
11699:
11614:
11599:
10182:
10150:
4990:"The name Anshar, softened into Aushar, and subsequently into Ashshur, was first applied to the town and then to the whole country" in
3912:) by and large characterize Sennacherib as an archetypical pagan king assassinated as part of a family feud, whose children convert to
3818:
the river's level vis-à-vis the surrounding lands and changes in the water level. Because periods of drought often threatened Assyrian
1188:, beginning under Ashur-dan II near the end of the Middle Assyrian period and covering the reigns of the first two Neo-Assyrian kings,
1708:
24849:
23959:
20375:
20371:
20285:
20082:
18839:
13820:
13271:
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11839:
11834:
11784:
11739:
11734:
11669:
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1320:
1309:
1301:
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1243–1207 BC), the empire reached its greatest extent and became the dominant force in Mesopotamia, for a time even subjugating
4049:. Additionally, some stories in the Bible appear to be at least partly drawn from events in Assyrian history; the Biblical story of
1980:; he settled tens, if not hundreds, of thousand foreigners in both the Assyrian heartland and in far-away underdeveloped provinces.
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Among the conquests of Adad-nirari, the most strategically important campaigns were the wars directed to the southeast, beyond the
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supported a sequence of three world empires and a successive transfer of world domination from the Assyrians to the Medes to the
2232:
1976:. Tiglath-Pileser's conquests are, in addition to their extent, also noteworthy because of the large scale in which he undertook
1409:
12421:
12371:
3374:
3304:) used small horses bred in the northern parts of the Assyrian heartland. The cavalry was commanded by a general with the title
2495:
launched a surprise invasion of Babylonia which renewed hostilities. After indecisive campaigns for ten years, the Elamite king
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19623:
15915:
15810:
14952:
14899:
13019:
13013:
11719:
9997:"Royal pen pals: the kings of Assyria in correspondence with officials, clients and total strangers (8th and 7th centuries BC)"
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pirates in the eastern Mediterranean. A significant victory was the 714 BC campaign against Urartu, in which the Urartian king
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of Ashurnasirpal II, with numerous walls covered in reliefs. Layard's illustrated two-volume book presenting his discoveries,
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18314:
17696:
16681:
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13508:
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10090:
10043:
10022:
9985:
9892:
9800:
9735:
9714:
9667:
9539:
9450:
9429:
9408:
9270:
9207:
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9165:
9144:
9123:
9093:
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9051:
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9010:
8989:
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8906:
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1039:
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4432:(erroneous since no such empire existed), Assyria, Babylonia, Media and Persia. Rawlinson expanded the sequence in his 1876
152:
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seals, which demonstrated their authority. Messages without such seals could not be sent through the communication system.
2308:
retribution. After a series of battles, Sennacherib finally recaptured Babylon in 689 BC. Mushezib-Marduk was captured and
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in history. It influenced other empires of the ancient world culturally, administratively, and militarily, including the
51:
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9398:
6156:
Na'aman, N., 'Sargon II and the rebellion of the Cypriote kings against Shilta of Tyre', Orientalia 67 (1998), 239–247 .
2934:). When lands were added to an existing province, this was usually expressed as "I added (the land) to the province X" (
24919:
24336:
24252:
23975:
23940:
22515:
20194:
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16676:
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16578:
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2157:. Cyprus was thus absorbed into the Assyrian Empire, with the victory commemorated with a stele found near present-day
8602:
3702:). Though it was no longer spoken, some scholarly texts from the Neo-Assyrian period were also written in the ancient
3427:
Line-drawing of a Neo-Assyrian relief depicting a family of deportees leaving a captured Babylonian city in an ox-cart
24380:
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least three major insurgencies against Esarhaddon within the Assyrian heartland itself; in Nineveh, the chief eunuch
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3138:. Messages were sent either through a trusted envoy or through a series of relay riders. The relay system, called
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administrative innovations. In the military, important innovations included a large-scale use of cavalry and new
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16759:
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Fincke, Jeanette C. (2017). "Assyrian Scholarship and Scribal Culture in Kalḫu and Nineveh". In E. Frahm (ed.).
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crown prince. One of the first building projects he undertook was restoring a temple dedicated to the death-god
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3712:). Translators are only mentioned in cases when Assyrians communicated with speakers of non-Semitic languages.
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languages, i.e. the primary spoken languages of the people of northern and southern Mesopotamia, respectively.
47:
12432:
12103:
9673:
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For a lack of a better term; there was no corresponding ancient Assyrian term or clearly defined legal status.
2661:. In late 615 or in 614 BC, Cyaxares and his army entered Assyria and conquered the region around the city of
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8788:"The Burning of Captives in the Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, and Early Neo-Assyrian Conceptions of the Other"
5046:
Quentin, A. (1895). "Inscription Inédite du Roi Assurbanipal: Copiée Au Musée Britannique le 24 Avril 1886".
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and efficiently drain the yards, roofs and toilets of not only palaces and temples, but also private homes.
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Jakob, Stefan (2017). "Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Middle Assyrian Period". In E. Frahm (ed.).
8643:
9528:
Luukko, Mikko; Van Buylaere, Greta (2017). "Languages and Writing Systems in Assyria". In E. Frahm (ed.).
3970:
follows a legendary royal advisor, named Ahikar, of Sennacherib and Esarhaddon and is first attested on a
3706:. Though they must have been necessary, Neo-Assyrian texts rarely mentioned translators and interpreters (
1572:, devastated the Urartian heartland, and then marched into what today is western Iran before returning to
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Line-drawing of a relief depicting Neo-Assyrian scribes recording the number of enemies slain by soldiers
2346:
2025:
1497:
17:
12428:
12414:
10083:
Multilingualism in Ancient Contexts: Perspectives from Ancient Near Eastern and Early Christian Contexts
10032:
Radner, Karen (2017). "Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Neo-Assyrian Period". In E. Frahm (ed.).
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Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia Volume 2: Historical Records of Assyria From Sargon to the End
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2408:
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852:, which ruled from 722 BC to the fall of the empire, Assyria reached its apex. Under the Sargonid king
494:
455:
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13073:
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12382:
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9863:
9810:
Parker, Bradley J. (2011). "The Construction and Performance of Kingship in the Neo-Assyrian Empire".
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leadership, the Assyrian campaigns against Nabopolassar initially looked to be successful: in 625 BC,
1064:
1305–1274 BC) onwards, Assyria became one of the great powers of the ancient Near East and under
24859:
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1968:, to pay tribute and become Assyrian vassals. In 732 BC, the Assyrians captured Damascus and much of
955:, the Assyrians were not excessively brutal when compared to other civilizations throughout history.
887:. The causes behind how Assyria could be destroyed so quickly continue to be debated among scholars.
9849:"National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times"
9439:
Liverani, Mario (2017). "Thoughts on the Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Kingship". In E. Frahm (ed.).
5215:
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13349:
12887:
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2199:
2088:, who took control of Babylon, restoring Babylonian independence, and allied with the Elamite king
1018:
in the 24th century BC. The first great Mesopotamian empire is generally regarded to have been the
700:
563:
99:
21254:
12546:
10375:. In Baruchi-Unna, Amitai; Forti, Tova; Aḥituv, Shmuel; Ephʿal, Israel; Tigay, Jeffrey H. (eds.).
9175:
Jakob, Stefan (2017). "The Middle Assyrian Period (14th to 11th Century BCE)". In E. Frahm (ed.).
4902:
3928:
in Assur. Thankful, Sinharib then converts to Christianity and founds an important monastery near
24874:
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22995:
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20206:
19514:
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17840:
17793:
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16186:
15857:
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15117:
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15057:
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14018:
13751:
13438:
12972:
12960:
12833:
12732:
12052:
11480:
11413:
11307:
11160:
11078:
11073:
10190:
10055:"Last Emperor or Crown Prince Forever? Aššur-uballiṭ II of Assyria according to Archival Sources"
10014:
Revolt and Resistance in the Ancient Classical World and the Near East: In the Crucible of Empire
9977:
9931:
9884:
Visions of Community in the Post-Roman World: The West, Byzantium and the Islamic World, 300–1100
4849:
4316:, i.e. supposed transfer of the right to universal rule, from the Neo-Assyrian Empire to (rival)
3827:
3762:
3746:
3730:
3659:
3490:
2524:
1905:, and thus the earliest king for which there exists important outside perspectives on his reign.
1744:
739:
91:
16520:
14904:
12396:
12379:
9154:
Heeßel, Nils P. (2017). "Assyrian Scholarship and Scribal Culture in Ashur". In E. Frahm (ed.).
3725:
2422:
and took the Egyptian armies by surprise. After a series of three large battles against Pharaoh
1525:. The most impressive and important project conducted was the restoration of the ruined town of
762:. At its height, the empire was the strongest military power in the world and ruled over all of
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24448:
24307:
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24022:
23774:
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23220:
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22645:
22259:
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21094:
20549:
20408:
19973:
19754:
19294:
19268:
19228:
18871:
18644:
18440:
18341:
18336:
18024:
17972:
17892:
17825:
17729:
17714:
17607:
17374:
17328:
17169:
17056:
16373:
16368:
16282:
16037:
15953:
15652:
15592:
15580:
15473:
15330:
14823:
14746:
14693:
14309:
14168:
14038:
14013:
13883:
13635:
13193:
12805:
12607:
12601:
12509:
with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans
12431:
11511:
11363:
11122:
4597:
4155:
3231:
2758:
1043:
968:
790:
656:
549:
75:
23541:
19847:
18876:
15647:
12709:
10261:
Trolle Larsen, Mogens (2017). "The Archaeological Exploration of Assyria". In E. Frahm (ed.).
8622:
Bedford, Peter R. (2009). "The Neo-Assyrian Empire". In Morris, Ian; Scheidel, Walter (eds.).
5020:
3485:
2153:', or Greece. There are other inscriptions referring to the land of Ia' in Sargon's palace at
24813:
24552:
24420:
24032:
23905:
23884:
23804:
23764:
23655:
23590:
Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History
23511:
23474:
23396:
23273:
22933:
22909:
22865:
22853:
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22844:
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22793:
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21916:
19993:
18371:
18331:
18144:
18019:
17083:
17073:
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17003:
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16554:
16537:
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16342:
16240:
16082:
15901:
15800:
15585:
15575:
15542:
15282:
15105:
14674:
14413:
14281:
13893:
13766:
13745:
13665:
13625:
13516:
12817:
12793:
12219:
11180:
10450:
5111:
4993:
4932:
3683:
3621:
3589:
3458:. Aramaic remained the lingua franca of the region until suppression of Christians under the
3423:
2704:
2646:
2085:
1997:
populace to accept him as ruler, Tiglath-Pileser twice partook in the traditional Babylonian
1920:
1898:
1046:
in the 14th century BC, previously only having been a city-state centered around the city of
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880:
751:
679:
630:
576:
23588:
23440:
19253:
18259:
14715:
10122:
4937:
2540:
would migrate into the region and rebuild the ruined Elamite strongholds for their own use.
2286:
1472:
24647:
24529:
24463:
24425:
24321:
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19508:
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17122:
16905:
16707:
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15662:
15607:
15491:
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15335:
15183:
15100:
14914:
14508:
14390:
14324:
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14182:
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13876:
13494:
13400:
13386:
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13289:
13284:
13279:
13043:
12737:
12377:
11398:
11358:
10837:
7407:
4592:
4211:(1786–1880). At Nimrud, Layard discovered ruins of numerous palaces, including the ancient
3933:
3184:
While on campaign, the army was symbolically led by two gods; with standards of Nergal and
2765:
2729:
2700:
2678:
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1969:
1837:
1614:
1584:
1035:
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4203:
through claiming that he was on a hunting trip. The expedition was funded entirely by the
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1213:
8:
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24547:
24473:
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23754:
23346:
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21977:
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16925:
16915:
16807:
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16072:
15612:
15563:
15496:
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15255:
15203:
15016:
14997:
14783:
14450:
14408:
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14209:
14131:
13630:
13615:
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13359:
13329:
13324:
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11999:
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4537:
and Babylon, generally made out to be more inclined towards culture, wisdom and science.
4376:
4347:
4317:
4196:
4042:
3635:
3513:
3445:
Relief from the time of Ashurbanipal, depicting Babylonian prisoners under Assyrian guard
3401:
2867:, both terms meaning "Woman of the Palace". The feminine version of the word for "king" (
1886:
1871:
1690:
1404:
932:
834:
742:
in history up to that point. Because of its geopolitical dominance and ideology based in
643:
301:
87:
17872:
17862:
4554:
Assyrians, taking brutality by later civilizations into account (examples including the
4504:
4375:, alludes to their empire being the successor of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Shortly after
4163:
3920:, set in the 4th century but written long thereafter, casts Sennacherib, under the name
2970:) were employed to keep officials informed of events and developments in foreign lands.
2111:. Sargon's early reign was more successful in the west. There, another movement, led by
24720:
24715:
24700:
24662:
24637:
24574:
24435:
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24005:
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17408:
17306:
17174:
17149:
16867:
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16776:
16636:
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16549:
16510:
16474:
16337:
16311:
15969:
15783:
15726:
15706:
15619:
15508:
15451:
15247:
15169:
14835:
14756:
14751:
14581:
14576:
14561:
14523:
14498:
14435:
14296:
14231:
13866:
13675:
13590:
13374:
13294:
13215:
13188:
12905:
12531:
11963:
11475:
11444:
11343:
11190:
11107:
10712:
10564:
10426:
10329:
Watanabe, Kazuko (1999). "Seals of Neo-Assyrian Officials". In Watanabe, Kazuko (ed.).
10142:
10109:
9835:
9827:
9766:
9374:
9366:
9297:
8999:
Frahm, Eckart (2017). "The Neo-Assyrian Period (ca. 1000–609 BCE)". In E. Frahm (ed.).
8945:
8809:
8714:
8668:
8660:
5203:
5063:
4649:
4573:
Relief from Tiglath-Pileser's palace in Nimrud depicting the Assyrians besieging a town
4411:
4336:
4328:
4311:
3954:
2070:
2063:
722–705 BC), who in all likelihood was a usurper who deposed his predecessor in a
1987:
The Neo-Assyrian Empire at the start (purple) and end (blue) of Tiglath-Pileser's reign
1218:
1200:
1172:
1156:
979:
922:
916:
755:
735:
95:
81:
24562:
22042:
14423:
9705:
Melville, Sarah C. (2014). "Women in Neo-Assyrian texts". In Chavalas, Mark W. (ed.).
8580:
Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2017). "Assyria in Late Babylonian Sources". In E. Frahm (ed.).
8533:
Making Pictures of War: Realia et Imaginaria in the Iconology of the Ancient Near East
4251:
In 1852, the French continued excavations at Khorsabad, with the new consul at Mosul,
3262:, composed of perhaps 1,000 soldiers, most of whom would have been infantry soldiers (
2901:
and are sometimes known to have partaken alongside other units in military campaigns.
2736:
impossible to determine the severity of such demographic and climate-related effects.
2443:
was prophesied by a Babylonian hostage to replace Esarhaddon as king, a prophetess in
2399:
1952:
all the way to the Egyptian border, forcing several of the states on the way, such as
1854:
in northwestern Syria in 754 BC, they were also beaten at an important battle against
1240:
rule. One of Adad-nirari's wars brought the Assyrian army as far south as the city of
24789:
24740:
24705:
24542:
24483:
24385:
24295:
24265:
24260:
24127:
24122:
24106:
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23850:
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23594:
23547:
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22784:
22760:
22742:
22542:
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22371:
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22027:
21995:
21986:
21928:
21925:
21922:
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19996:
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19798:
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15753:
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11112:
10832:
10827:
10430:
10380:
10357:
10336:
10303:
10268:
10207:
10203:
10146:
10123:"Finding Hama: On the Identification of a Forgotten Queen Buried in the Nimrud Tombs"
10086:
10039:
10018:
9981:
9888:
9839:
9796:
9770:
9731:
9710:
9693:
9663:
9535:
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9425:
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9378:
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9066:
9047:
9027:
9006:
8985:
8964:
8949:
8935:
8902:
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8608:
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5172:
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5055:
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4999:
4546:
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4022:
3703:
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3675:
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3501:
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3135:
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983:
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723:
210:
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in Mosul, and to start excavations at Nineveh. The first consul to be appointed was
4096:
4053:
and the whale might draw on earlier stories concerning Shammuramat and the story of
2041:
821:
to the Medieval Arabs) The empire grew even more under Ashurnasirpal II's successor
24632:
24567:
24557:
24231:
24212:
24207:
24202:
24142:
24117:
23470:
23382:
23328:
23259:
23246:
23225:
23190:
23039:
22827:
22796:
22651:
22627:
22395:
22392:
22386:
22341:
22234:
22215:
22209:
22165:
22148:
21992:
21983:
21980:
21904:
21901:
21739:
21624:
21211:
20301:
20235:
20223:
19916:
19463:
18753:
18227:
18014:
18009:
17965:
17952:
17882:
17850:
17845:
17709:
17704:
17686:
17647:
17580:
17563:
17504:
17494:
17489:
17430:
17386:
17356:
17316:
17299:
17282:
17245:
16996:
16961:
16942:
16877:
16695:
16659:
16429:
16288:
16181:
16161:
16156:
16102:
15974:
15936:
15711:
15679:
15501:
15456:
15399:
15052:
14975:
14790:
14493:
14428:
14418:
14092:
14073:
14068:
14063:
14003:
13978:
13314:
12899:
12752:
12724:
12630:
12593:
12296:
11542:
11378:
11373:
11277:
11272:
11267:
11257:
11252:
11242:
11058:
10915:
10900:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10852:
10657:
10651:
10640:
10569:
10418:
10199:
10134:
9819:
9758:
9358:
9334:
9289:
9262:
9230:
8927:
8799:
8761:
Situation and Organisation: The Empire Building of Tiglath-Pileser III (745-728 BC)
8652:
8537:
5168:
Atlas of the Ancient Near East: From Prehistoric Times to the Roman Imperial Period
5081:
4566:), "would probably not even be among the top-ten in a ranking of human brutality".
4419:
4403:
4054:
3835:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3671:
3655:
3651:
2914:
mindset, so much so that the Neo-Assyrians have sometimes been referred to as the "
2686:
2596:
2592:
2577:
2309:
2291:
2081:
2046:
1965:
1846:
1609:
1561:
1530:
1479:
1388:
1349:
1328:
928:
849:
794:
743:
362:
277:
245:
215:
41:
18488:
13252:
9084:. In Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E. (eds.).
9065:. Publications of the Association of Ancient Historians. Claremont: Regina Books.
7359:
3256:, or royal bodyguards, some drawn from the infantry. The army was subdivided into
2527:
in his palace. Ashurbanipal replaced him as king of Babylon with the puppet ruler
1640:
24854:
24730:
24695:
24584:
24579:
24498:
24409:
24147:
24000:
23912:
23900:
23824:
23819:
23809:
23744:
23719:
23704:
23691:
23679:
23391:
23377:
23352:
23305:
23268:
23254:
23078:
22927:
22880:
22787:
22752:
22624:
22619:
22547:
22521:
22377:
22252:
22246:
22231:
22224:
22178:
22168:
22001:
21946:
21940:
21937:
21883:
21831:
21667:
21601:
21589:
21577:
21565:
21550:
21529:
21448:
21352:
21349:
21323:
21238:
21217:
21205:
21172:
21166:
21136:
21058:
20868:
20220:
20175:
20129:
20123:
20113:
19903:
19003:
18981:
18748:
18445:
18413:
18286:
18254:
18237:
18193:
18188:
18166:
18161:
18119:
18112:
18087:
17947:
17942:
17783:
17664:
17558:
17553:
17521:
17346:
17336:
17230:
17223:
17218:
17203:
17159:
17041:
17027:
16862:
16837:
16827:
16822:
16584:
16176:
16141:
16107:
16022:
15845:
15778:
15758:
15689:
15684:
15629:
15602:
15513:
15486:
15164:
15129:
14591:
14556:
14445:
14440:
14359:
14270:
14008:
13861:
13773:
13761:
13685:
13680:
13670:
13605:
13580:
13565:
13552:
13540:
13242:
13067:
12857:
12851:
12714:
12689:
12669:
12496:
12313:
12282:
12277:
12267:
11977:
11312:
11287:
11282:
11262:
11210:
11200:
11195:
11185:
11165:
11135:
11087:
11083:
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10722:
10590:
10574:
10351:
10262:
10033:
10012:
9882:
9823:
9762:
9725:
9601:
9529:
9440:
9325:
Levin, Yigal (2002). "Nimrod the Mighty, King of Kish, King of Sumer and Akkad".
9256:
9197:
9176:
9155:
9134:
9021:
9000:
8979:
8958:
8921:
8896:
8875:
8833:
8738:
8681:
8581:
8560:
8489:
5166:
5139:
4885:
4657:
4438:
to also include the Parthian and Sasanian empires. Though expansive sequences of
4372:
4343:
4287:
1550–1290 BC), many researchers consider the Neo-Assyrian Empire to be the first
4151:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
3965:
3909:
3904:
3894:
3667:
3663:
3639:
3505:
3219:
2690:
2621:
2419:
2280:
2264:
2080:. It is clear that Sargon's seizure of power, which marked the foundation of the
2077:
1993:
1751:
1739:
1681:
1565:
1541:
1533:, filled with foreign plants brought back from his wide-ranging campaigns, and a
1504:
1027:
1019:
822:
759:
746:, the Neo-Assyrian Empire is by many researchers regarded to have been the first
289:
23430:
18668:
17867:
8923:
The Routledge Companion to Women and Monarchy in the Ancient Mediterranean World
2977:
Glazed tile from Nimrud depicting a Neo-Assyrian king, accompanied by attendants
24710:
24685:
23965:
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23289:
22833:
22726:
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20706:
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20014:
19781:
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18627:
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17773:
17763:
17753:
17568:
17447:
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17208:
17090:
16977:
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14571:
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13826:
13756:
13463:
13122:
13049:
13025:
12913:
12684:
12679:
12251:
11292:
10605:
10595:
10579:
10559:
10483:
10178:
9903:
9338:
8641:
Brinkman, J. A. (1973). "Sennacherib's Babylonian Problem: An Interpretation".
4529:
4407:
4381:
4256:
4241:
4147:
3535:
3463:
3310:. The cavalry was at some point divided into two distinct groups; the archers (
3122:
2841:
2741:
2693:, the 14th-century BC Assyrian ruler who had been the first to adopt the title
2427:
2404:
2365:, which intensified after the deaths of his queen and several of his children.
2354:
2304:
1945:
1825:
1803:
1723:
1685:
1684:, rebelled in an attempt to seize the throne, possibly because the younger son
1656:
1421:
1189:
1145:
719:
507:
391:
264:
10234:
8787:
2121:
2120:
Sargon continued to focus on both east and west, successfully warring against
24828:
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24690:
24642:
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24594:
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19398:
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12551:
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10940:
10847:
10732:
10645:
10615:
10600:
10307:
10282:
10211:
9697:
9574:
9509:
9221:[The Sons of Kudurru and the Origins of the New Babylonian Dynasty].
8931:
5059:
4942:
4563:
4159:
4143:
4100:
3925:
3593:
3455:
3383:
Ashurnasirpal II designated Nimrud as the new capital of the empire onwards,
3347:
3330:
While on campaign, the army made heavy use of both interpreters/translators (
3323:
3174:
2793:
2654:
2600:
2488:
2377:
2193:
2130:
2100:
2009:
1814:
1605:
1457:
1296:
1051:
1011:
909:
892:
590:
481:
181:
20446:
17897:
17877:
13232:
10760:
9311:""Royal Roads" and other questions of the Neo-Assyrian communication system"
2940:). At the top of the provincial administration was the provincial governor (
1583:
Depiction of Shalmaneser III (right) shaking hands with the Babylonian king
24609:
24375:
24172:
23880:
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23865:
23699:
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12990:
12292:
11097:
10910:
10842:
10635:
10451:"The Revolt of 746 B.C and the Coming of Tiglath-pileser III to the Throne"
10100:
Reade, J. E. (1998). "Assyrian eponyms, kings and pretenders, 648–605 BC".
9656:"The Last Campaign: the Assyrian Way of War and the Collapse of the Empire"
8541:
4889:
4827:
4788:
4695:
4398:
4288:
4252:
4091:
4006:
3913:
3539:
3393:
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3190:
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3168:
Relief from Sennacherib's palace at Nineveh depicting two Assyrian spearmen
3109:
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2837:
2673:
2613:
2612:
Assyrian rule and regain independence, a movement which swiftly proclaimed
2449:
2358:
2316:
2312:
nearly completely in an effort to eradicate Babylonian political identity.
2008:
Tiglath-Pileser was succeeded by his son Ululayu, who took the regnal name
1902:
1851:
1677:
1383:
Ashurnasirpal's later campaigns included three wars against the kingdom of
1377:
1134:
1096:
944:
747:
731:
349:
12079:
11889:
9475:
9293:
9235:
4995:
History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria, Volume 6 (of 12)
4236:
3962:
Some Aramaic-language stories spread far beyond northern Mesopotamia. The
3757:
2591:
After Ashurbanipal's death in 631 BC, the throne was inherited by his son
2001:(New Year's) celebrations, held in honor of the Babylonian national deity
1568:
was forced to flee as Shalmaneser's forces sacked the Urartian capital of
1540:
Ashurnasirpal's aggressive military politics were continued under his son
24793:
24755:
24604:
24440:
24365:
24162:
23724:
23349:
23340:
23195:
23149:
23134:
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22891:
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20441:
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19562:
19487:
19482:
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19431:
19394:
19244:
19153:
19068:
19038:
19024:
18793:
18779:
18724:
18659:
18589:
18559:
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17627:
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17526:
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11297:
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11102:
10990:
10804:
10625:
10584:
8804:
8531:
4691:
4653:
4628:
4555:
4469:
Relief of Sennacherib, depicting an Assyrian soldier beheading a prisoner
4264:
4086:
3994:
3975:
3831:
3819:
3500:
The ancient Assyrians primarily spoke and wrote the Assyrian language, a
3359:
3343:
2778:
2624:
on November 22/23 626 BC, restoring Babylonia as an independent kingdom.
2487:
were defeated and Ashurbanipal captured the southern Egyptian capital of
2204:
2170:
2108:
2064:
2028:
and he also appears to have annexed lands in northern Syria and Cilicia.
1802:
After Adad-nirari's death in 783, three of his sons ruled in succession:
1796:
1771:
1593:
1241:
991:
975:
853:
763:
325:
20515:
10113:
9831:
9258:
Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography
9020:
Frahm, Eckart (2017). "Assyria in the Hebrew Bible". In E. Frahm (ed.).
8981:
Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography
8718:
8702:
6092:
5067:
4012:
1420:. Ahuni's defeat was highly important as it marked the first time since
23870:
23358:
23355:
23337:
23314:
23299:
23293:
23173:
23170:
23128:
23116:
23110:
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22954:
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22102:
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22058:
21804:
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21640:
21634:
21538:
21277:
21109:
21007:
20966:
20956:
20950:
20912:
20909:
20906:
20900:
20888:
20876:
20873:
20843:
20789:
20786:
20599:
20578:
20554:
20530:
20359:
20250:
20247:
20238:
20229:
20148:
20039:
19925:
19880:
19868:
19712:
19550:
19546:
19495:
19316:
19224:
19150:
19146:
18890:
18763:
18713:
18707:
18107:
17924:
17798:
17758:
17691:
16032:
15994:
13731:
13203:
13198:
12996:
11844:
11048:
11043:
10630:
10422:
9370:
9347:
8664:
8536:. Archaeopress Ancient Near Eastern Archaeology. Oxford: Archaeopress.
7371:
4951:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 788.
4813:
4550:
4350:, or Babylonia being the successor of the Akkadian Empire. The idea of
4066:
3843:
3584:
3543:
2369:
2335:
2181:
1932:
1866:
1855:
1597:
1437:
1373:
1233:
919:
promulgated by the Neo-Assyrian kings inspired, through the concept of
868:
337:
21509:
10773:
9133:
Hauser, Stefan R. (2017). "Post-Imperial Assyria". In E. Frahm (ed.).
8624:
The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium
7913:
5251:
5249:
2715:
1983:
963:
793:(1365 - 1050 BC) had been lost during the late 11th century BC. Under
24680:
24652:
24599:
24137:
23829:
23789:
23367:
23310:
23167:
23137:
23131:
23122:
23107:
23101:
23083:
23058:
22936:
22918:
22705:
22702:
22562:
22489:
22475:
22446:
22434:
22356:
22327:
22067:
22061:
21826:
21756:
21713:
21710:
21659:
21442:
21359:
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21342:
21298:
21292:
21274:
21196:
21187:
21157:
21154:
21145:
21127:
21124:
20962:
20959:
20823:
20819:
20795:
20743:
20730:
20700:
20595:
20591:
20469:
20329:
20066:
20061:
20057:
20026:
19943:
19920:
19884:
19769:
19692:
19615:
19607:
19574:
19471:
19455:
19427:
19390:
19259:
19217:
19034:
18913:
18799:
17997:
17768:
17652:
17622:
17403:
17277:
17068:
16378:
16087:
14541:
14513:
14460:
13998:
13690:
13650:
13423:
13257:
13137:
12978:
12919:
12171:
12141:
11353:
11038:
10925:
10862:
10620:
7891:
7889:
7887:
7850:
7848:
7846:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7816:
7814:
7812:
7729:
7727:
7714:
7712:
4632:
4360:
4333:) was a long established tradition in Mesopotamia, going back to the
4304:
4167:
4002:
3741:, an ancestor of a later influential family of advisors and scribes.
3459:
3118:
3017:
2545:
2528:
2484:
2459:
669–631 BC) would succeed him in Assyria and that the older son
2320:
2237:
2154:
2053:
1941:
1601:
1569:
1445:
1413:
1305:
1300:
Assyrian control in this direction. Among the lands he defeated were
1237:
1079:
845:
428:
313:
10406:
10372:
10330:
10054:
9746:
9362:
8656:
8221:
8219:
7467:
6872:
6654:
4791:
as well, placing the beginning of the Neo-Assyrian period in 934 BC.
2989:
1948:
were conquered and in 734 BC, the Assyrian army marched through the
24197:
24027:
24010:
23784:
23779:
23317:
23143:
23104:
23098:
22975:
22556:
22553:
22498:
22495:
22437:
22368:
22318:
22281:
22134:
21676:
21535:
21517:
21500:
21438:
21365:
21339:
21286:
21268:
21178:
21053:
20944:
20935:
20923:
20891:
20855:
20831:
20781:
20749:
20725:
20697:
20667:
20655:
20648:
20634:
20628:
20563:
20473:
20455:
20367:
20345:
20341:
20226:
20152:
19981:
19935:
19912:
19907:
19838:
19833:
19802:
19619:
19543:
19539:
19532:
19410:
19331:
19176:
19008:
18998:
18993:
18984:
18920:
18903:
18674:
18621:
17398:
17181:
17139:
17078:
16027:
16017:
15525:
14852:
14058:
13888:
13871:
13645:
13640:
13208:
13181:
13154:
13142:
13127:
12881:
12828:
12165:
12150:
12146:
12130:
12096:
12084:
12072:
12047:
11774:
11689:
11490:
11145:
11068:
11063:
10970:
10955:
10950:
10905:
10138:
9747:"Chronology and History in the Late Assyrian Empire (631—619 B.C.)"
9655:
9629:"The Greatest Party Ever Thrown: Ashurnasirpal II's Kalhu Festival"
9550:
9219:"Die Söhne Kudurrus und die Herkunft der neubabylonischen Dynastie"
7347:
5246:
5193:
4936:
4118:, the region was later devastated once more during the rise of the
4057:
was likely at least partly inspired by Esarhaddon's rise to power.
3986:
3921:
3839:
3647:
3576:
2894:
2658:
2537:
2241:
2228:
1925:
1917:, as his name and tiles were erased from some of his inscriptions.
1627:
1417:
1400:
1399:
in the north, and, most prominently, near continuous conflict with
1273:
771:
727:
378:
238:
23546:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables).
22535:
15535:
12465:
7884:
7843:
7826:
7809:
7797:
7724:
7709:
4371:. Inscriptions from several of the Achaemenid kings, most notably
4263:
and the archaeological finds were lost. After the outbreak of the
4191:
1852 illustration by Austen Henry Layard of excavations at Nineveh
4137:
1849 illustration of a relief from Dur-Sharrukin by Eugène Flandin
2797:
Line-drawing of a relief from Nimrud depicting a Neo-Assyrian king
2636:
1348:
was initiated in the reign of Tukulti-Ninurta's son and successor
738:
throughout much of the 9th to 7th centuries BC, becoming the
24657:
24614:
23794:
23739:
23370:
23198:
23179:
23164:
23158:
23152:
22486:
22431:
22324:
22321:
22269:
22120:
21862:
21801:
21722:
21716:
21457:
21451:
21223:
21193:
21048:
20938:
20903:
20694:
20637:
20538:
20507:
20211:
19760:
19703:
19632:
19527:
19519:
19384:
19319:
19126:
19123:
19108:
19104:
18916:
18910:
18894:
18772:
17311:
17240:
17196:
17051:
16832:
15893:
14518:
14475:
13655:
13600:
13470:
12863:
12785:
12665:
12224:
12189:
12183:
12177:
12067:
12035:
12014:
11814:
11794:
11779:
11759:
11594:
11584:
11247:
10975:
10965:
10930:
10920:
9116:
Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC: II (858–745 BC)
8737:
Dalley, Stephanie (2017). "Assyrian Warfare". In E. Frahm (ed.).
8255:
8243:
8231:
8216:
8077:
8075:
5383:
5381:
4860:
One of Sargon's letters, written in response to an official from
4513:
4429:
4364:
4260:
4187:
4158:, to persuade the French authorities to create the position of a
4041:
theology was influenced by the Neo-Assyrian Empire: the Biblical
4038:
3990:
3971:
3881:
3853:
3808:
3801:
3679:
3608:
3567:
3494:
3292:
3291:
Line-drawing of a Neo-Assyrian relief showing soldiers forming a
3043:
2915:
2898:
2662:
2574:
2499:
was defeated in 653 BC, captured and executed in a battle by the
2496:
2423:
2393:
2252:
2158:
2150:
2138:
2021:
1973:
1632:
1622:
1555:
1522:
1277:
1249:
940:
905:
864:
783:
715:
618:
441:
187:
20623:
17112:
11769:
8267:
3113:
1106:
934–912 BC) who campaigned in the northeast and northwest.
24537:
24192:
23161:
23155:
23113:
23024:
22492:
22443:
22018:
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")
21816:
21719:
21704:
21688:
21433:
21418:
21283:
21190:
21181:
21115:
21072:
20941:
20932:
20929:
20926:
20827:
20799:
20740:
20631:
20526:
20353:
20232:
20144:
20132:
19763:
19720:
19685:
19666:
19638:
19535:
19467:
19405:
19348:
19300:
19209:
19180:
19136:
19133:
19083:
19013:
18931:
18884:
18834:
18809:
18804:
18783:
18600:
18574:
18549:
17144:
17019:
16434:
16388:
16062:
16047:
15530:
14723:
14718:
14398:
14053:
13443:
13247:
13176:
13149:
13132:
11714:
11684:
11654:
11619:
11604:
10995:
10945:
10867:
9320:. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. pp. 129–136.
9280:
Kertai, David (2013). "The Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire".
4177:
4062:
3643:
3509:
3384:
3097:
2815:
2703:
in 605. Though Assyrian culture endured through the subsequent
2629:
2608:
2571:
2444:
2220:
2145:
was defeated and much of the Urartian heartland was plundered.
2142:
2116:
2002:
1949:
1937:
1775:
1698:
1526:
1453:
1396:
1369:
1281:
1269:
1253:
818:
767:
404:
193:
175:
20618:
20170:
19842:
19440:
19435:
19263:
19248:
12368:
9908:
ISIMU: Revista sobre Oriente Próximo y Egipto en la antigüedad
9724:
Merrill, Eugene; Rooker, Mark F.; Grisanti, Michael A (2011).
9551:"Mobilisation and Militarisation in the Neo-Babylonian Empire"
8963:. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press.
8559:
Bagg, Ariel (2017). "Assyrian Technology". In E. Frahm (ed.).
8072:
6988:
6986:
5378:
4801:
1924:
20th-century illustration of Tiglath-Pileser III's capture of
1312:. In later times, Gilzanu often supplied Assyria with horses.
24750:
23734:
23361:
23343:
21858:
21464:
21445:
20511:
20422:
20393:
20320:
20052:
19716:
19603:
19522:
19450:
19327:
19323:
19205:
19143:
19139:
19100:
18887:
18829:
18824:
18814:
18787:
18569:
17778:
16302:
16052:
15924:
14611:
13595:
13171:
13159:
13055:
12030:
11809:
11609:
11348:
10985:
10980:
10960:
8204:
7313:
7311:
4534:
4525:
4200:
4123:
4070:
4050:
4033:
3998:
3929:
3603:
727–722 BC). The inscriptions on the weight are in both
3250:("king's unit"). Closely accompanying the king were also the
2431:
2373:
2134:
1998:
1953:
1573:
1461:
1449:
1392:
1384:
1324:
1291:, was rebuilt and became an important administrative center.
1047:
1006:
948:
884:
814:
810:
806:
169:
24930:
States and territories disestablished in the 10th century BC
20735:
19697:
9727:
The World and the Word: An Introduction to the Old Testament
7170:
4447:
4270:
4195:
Another early explorer to oversee extensive excavations was
24945:
States and territories established in the 2nd millennium BC
24935:
States and territories disestablished in the 7th century BC
23945:
23922:
23665:
23659:
22315:
22079:
22006:
21850:
21606:
20717:
20572:
20494:
20335:
20263:
20092:
19978:
19809:
19784:
19672:
19653:
19422:
19380:
19335:
19275:
19213:
19160:
19129:
19058:
18958:
18900:
18897:
18844:
18688:
18680:
18650:
18610:
18594:
18584:
18554:
16042:
13806:
13783:
13526:
13520:
12026:
10935:
9400:
The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah under Babylonian Rule
8323:
8321:
8319:
8317:
8315:
8313:
8300:
8298:
8296:
8294:
7515:
7491:
7455:
6983:
6947:
6787:
6785:
6770:
6716:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6618:
6606:
6196:
6194:
5882:
5508:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5413:
4698:
4661:
4579:
4542:
4509:
4478:
3842:
systems for buildings which made it possible to dispose of
3823:
3208:
3185:
3130:
2617:
2566:
2532:
2500:
1961:
1957:
1671:
not led by the king, but by the long-serving and prominent
1245:
912:, a position the language retained until the 14th century.
779:
126:
16988:
10165:
Svärd, Saana (2015). "Changes in Neo-Assyrian Queenship".
8835:
The Imperialisation of Assyria: An Archaeological Approach
8180:
7961:
7949:
7656:
7503:
7308:
7143:
7083:
7071:
7059:
6860:
6802:
6800:
6748:
6746:
6733:
6731:
6302:
6013:
6011:
5984:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5195:
The Assyrian Heritage. Threads of Continuity and Influence
5192:
A. Cetrez, Onver; G. Donabed, Sargon; Makko, Aryo (2012).
4481:
chiefs having their tongues removed and being flayed alive
3378:
Neo-Assyrian relief from Nimrud depicting a tribute-bearer
2414:
Esarhaddon's greatest military achievement was his 671 BC
24940:
States and territories established in the 10th century BC
20312:
10407:"Going Native: Šamaš-šuma-ukīn, Assyrian King of Babylon"
8357:
8345:
8279:
8050:
8048:
8033:
7787:
7785:
7783:
7781:
7779:
7777:
7752:
7750:
7748:
7746:
7744:
7742:
7646:
7644:
7631:
7629:
7592:
7590:
7577:
7575:
7573:
7536:
7534:
7532:
7530:
7298:
7296:
7233:
7160:
7158:
6546:
6465:
5945:
5943:
5688:
5082:"Sumerian dictionary entry: Aššur [ASSYRIA] (GN)"
4410:
and Ottoman empires claimed succession. In the west, the
4299:
1534:
23481:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.
9789:
Oates, Joan (1992). "The fall of Assyria (635–609 BC)".
9082:"Assyria: Ashur-dan II to Ashur-Nirari V (934–745 B.C.)"
8333:
8310:
8291:
8122:
8120:
8118:
8116:
8114:
8021:
7997:
7697:
7211:
7209:
7013:
7011:
7009:
7007:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6937:
6935:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6927:
6888:
6824:
6782:
6758:
6699:
6689:
6687:
6685:
6683:
6681:
6666:
6642:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6509:
6499:
6497:
6388:
6319:
6317:
6290:
6237:
6191:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6107:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5632:
5630:
5474:
5472:
5410:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5234:
5191:
4069:
that would later characterize Judaism, Christianity and
3369:
2607:
seized several prominent cities in Babylonia, including
722:
in 911 BC, the Neo-Assyrian Empire grew to dominate the
19949:
18605:
9088:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8920:. In Carney, Elizabeth D. & Müller, Sabine (eds.).
7675:
7673:
7671:
7419:
7395:
7194:
7182:
7023:
6971:
6812:
6797:
6743:
6728:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6140:
6138:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6057:
6055:
6042:
6040:
6038:
6008:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5909:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5820:
5818:
5805:
5803:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5552:
5550:
5496:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5438:
5436:
5340:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5320:
4861:
4508:
Relief of Ashurbanipal, depicting the beheading of the
4435:
The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World
3834:. Vital, though smaller, hydraulic works also included
2616:, probably a member of a prominent political family in
2388:
where he conquered a large number of cities, including
982:
was a long-established aspect of royal ideology in the
23460:
Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.
9932:"The King's Road – the imperial communication network"
8419:
8417:
8415:
8413:
8411:
8398:
8396:
8369:
8168:
8156:
8144:
8132:
8045:
7973:
7937:
7925:
7901:
7872:
7860:
7774:
7762:
7739:
7641:
7626:
7614:
7602:
7587:
7570:
7558:
7546:
7527:
7479:
7443:
7431:
7383:
7335:
7323:
7293:
7281:
7245:
7155:
7131:
7119:
7107:
7095:
6912:
6900:
6848:
5996:
5940:
5849:
5484:
4884:
Name used in Neo-Babylonian inscriptions, such as the
4747:
4726:
4705:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4668:
4643:
4622:
4428:, the five Oriental empires are regarded to have been
4425:
The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World
4171:
3851:
3806:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3707:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3337:
3331:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3201:
3194:
3193:) or influential generals and courtiers (for instance
3145:
3139:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2993:
2983:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2694:
1791:
1762:
1702:
1672:
1553:
1183:
848:
in the south and large parts of the Levant. Under the
136:
20981:
Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu
12356:
9723:
9063:
Current Issues and the Study of the Ancient Near East
8192:
8111:
8087:
8060:
7685:
7269:
7257:
7221:
7206:
7035:
6998:
6959:
6924:
6678:
6630:
6594:
6582:
6570:
6558:
6521:
6494:
6352:
6314:
6278:
6104:
5736:
5726:
5724:
5654:
5642:
5627:
5537:
5535:
5469:
5393:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5296:
5273:
5255:
5222:
4433:
4423:
4334:
4222:
4216:
4016:
3963:
3943:
3892:
3432:
2640:
2510:
2403:
20th-century illustration of the Assyrians capturing
2099:
20th-century reconstruction of Sargon II's palace at
2068:
1343:
1244:, close to the border of the southwestern kingdom of
1177:
1121:
986:
prior to the rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. In the
20049:
Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter
11572:
10004:
Official Epistolography and the Language(s) of Power
9904:"The Trials of Esarhaddon: The Conspiracy of 670 BC"
8441:
8429:
8099:
8009:
7985:
7668:
7047:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6453:
6441:
6412:
6400:
6364:
6329:
6266:
6249:
6225:
6206:
6179:
6135:
6123:
6067:
6052:
6035:
6023:
5967:
5955:
5921:
5861:
5830:
5815:
5800:
5777:
5700:
5671:
5610:
5598:
5586:
5574:
5562:
5547:
5520:
5448:
5433:
5317:
5261:
3871:
3225:
Relief of a Neo-Assyrian soldier, 900–600 BC, Nimrud
18518:
10183:"Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size"
9421:
The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy
8491:
Major Turning Points in Jewish Intellectual History
8465:
8453:
8408:
8393:
6836:
6376:
5899:
5897:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5025:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 110.
4439:
4389:
4351:
4326:
4309:
4221:, was published in 1849 and was hugely successful.
3574:
3388:handpicked from among the urban elites by eunuchs.
1910:
920:
19852:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
10379:. Vol. 2. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
9730:. Nashville, Tennessee: B&H Publishing Group.
9527:
7919:
7895:
7854:
7837:
7820:
7803:
7733:
7718:
6429:
5721:
5532:
5361:
3908:landscapes. Medieval tales written in Aramaic (or
3134:that the messengers were not stranded if one mule
3112:, a message sent from the western border province
2855:The queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire were titled
2710:
2555:
10235:"Agency and the Neo-Assyrian Women of the Palace"
10002:. In S. Prochazka; L. Reinfandt; S. Tost (eds.).
9555:Studies on War in the Ancient Near East, AOAT 372
8381:
6477:
5164:
3658:) as well as many non-Semitic languages, such as
2531:and then marched on Elam. The Elamite capital of
1228:890–884 BC), recounting one of his campaigns
863:705–681 BC), the capital was transferred to
24826:
10513:
10281:
9254:
8512:Southern Mesopotamia in the time of Ashurbanipal
8273:
8081:
5894:
5748:
5018:
3866:
2719:20th-century illustration of the Fall of Nineveh
714:was the fourth and penultimate stage of ancient
9223:Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
8683:Study on the Synchronistic King List from Ashur
5136:The Times Atlas of World History, p.57 (1989):
4812:It has for instance been suggested that Hebrew
4694:"; also phonetically in another inscription of
4076:
3088:State communications in the Neo-Assyrian Empire
2570:Impression of a seal possibly belonging to the
2562:Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire
2478:669–631 BC) in a chariot, armed with a bow
1635:in Anatolia and in 836 BC, Shalmaneser reached
1114:
469:Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire
10332:Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East
10285:; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (2006).
9688:Melville, Sarah C. (2012). "Zakutu (Naqi'a)".
9046:. University Park, Pennsylvania: Eisenbrauns.
4740:
4732:
4719:
4711:
4636:
3715:
3419:Resettlement policy of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
2764:Sennacherib, the great king, the mighty king,
2752:
2430:, the Egyptian capital. Taharqa fled south to
2326:
1315:
157:The Neo-Assyrian Empire at its maximum extent.
23641:
18504:
17004:
15909:
14701:
13502:
12481:
12342:
11905:
11558:
10789:
10765:
10499:
10287:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"
10260:
9949:"Royal marriage alliances and noble hostages"
8261:
8249:
8237:
8225:
8210:
8186:
4384:describes a dream of the Neo-Babylonian king
1272:, were made into vassals and others, such as
1236:river. These lands had previously been under
98:. Please discuss this issue on the article's
23495:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.
23469:
20973:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk
19566:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
18461:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
12505:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the
10370:
9707:Women in the Ancient Near East: A Sourcebook
9348:"Sennacherib's Southern Front: 704-689 B.C."
6098:
5165:Bryce, Trevor; Birkett-Rees, Jessie (2016).
4001:, as well as tales of Ninus's powerful wife
3237:Neo-Assyrian iron helmet, Nimrud, 800–700 BC
2036:
23505:
22722:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
11919:
11384:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
9744:
7416:, The original hybrid transport technology.
6992:
6953:
6722:
6624:
6612:
5137:
5109:
4009:, a fictionalized version of Ashurbanipal.
3405:also with the help of private contractors.
3160:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
2908:
2290:20th-century illustration of Sennacherib's
2045:Relief depicting Sargon II, founder of the
23648:
23634:
18511:
18497:
17011:
16997:
15916:
15902:
14708:
14694:
13509:
13495:
12488:
12474:
12349:
12335:
11956:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3
11912:
11898:
11565:
11551:
10796:
10782:
10506:
10492:
9974:Ancient Assyria: A Very Short Introduction
9493:
9459:
7065:
6243:
4460:
4275:Though some point to the Akkadian Empire (
1861:
151:
23956:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
23422:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
20018:"King of the four quarters of the world"
13817:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
10177:
9548:
9396:
9234:
9060:
8838:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8803:
8757:
8363:
8285:
7703:
6894:
6882:
6830:
6791:
6764:
6710:
6672:
6648:
6017:
5240:
4802:the Neo-Assyrian Empire as a world empire
4448:Administrative influence on later empires
4271:The Neo-Assyrian Empire as a world empire
4065:as the only god and the beginning of the
3327:the army during the Neo-Assyrian period.
3129:The Assyrian government exclusively used
2214:705–681 BC) on campaign in a chariot
1885:In 745 BC, Ashur-nirari was succeeded by
718:history. Beginning with the accession of
24890:Archaeological cultures of the Near East
23780:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
23593:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5.
13641:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
10448:
10328:
10120:
9704:
9687:
9653:
9438:
9417:
9118:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
9044:Studying Gender in the Ancient Near East
8640:
8600:
8579:
8487:
8339:
8327:
8304:
7176:
7029:
6977:
6818:
6806:
6776:
6752:
6737:
6515:
6406:
6002:
5915:
5888:
5514:
5502:
5355:
5290:
4568:
4503:
4472:
4464:
4303:
4235:
4205:British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire
4186:
4132:
4090:
4011:
3938:
3875:
3813:from Sargon II's palace at Dur-Sharrukin
3800:
3756:
3724:
3583:
3548:
3484:
3440:
3422:
3373:
3286:
3163:
3091:
2972:
2831:
2792:
2714:
2672:
2635:
2565:
2505:
2466:
2398:
2330:
2285:
2246:
2198:
2094:
2040:
2024:and thus bringing an end to the ancient
1982:
1919:
1865:
1722:, a palace herald, made in the reign of
1713:
1650:
1578:
1319:
1212:
1128:
962:
23567:
23565:
23563:
23438:
18285:
16612:Popular Front for Change and Liberation
10803:
9994:
9846:
9662:. New York: New York University Press.
9308:
9113:
9079:
9040:
8926:. London: Routledge. pp. 137–148.
8621:
7620:
7564:
7540:
7425:
7401:
7389:
7200:
7188:
7137:
7125:
5990:
5949:
5855:
5404:
5116:. Oxford University Press. p. 39.
5045:
4240:Portrait of the Assyrian archaeologist
3489:Neo-Assyrian cuneiform tablet from the
3081:
52:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
24827:
23303:
22533:
22331:
20111:
20102:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
20006:
18930:
15638:
10373:"Shalmaneser V and His Era, Revisited"
10371:Yamada, Keiko; Yamada, Shiego (2017).
10349:
10080:
10052:
10031:
10010:
9971:
9959:from the original on 22 September 2022
9946:
9929:
9901:
9809:
9587:from the original on 23 September 2022
9345:
9279:
9195:
9153:
9132:
9019:
8956:
8894:
8831:
8736:
8375:
8198:
8174:
8162:
8150:
8138:
8105:
8054:
7979:
7967:
7955:
7943:
7931:
7907:
7878:
7866:
7791:
7768:
7756:
7691:
7679:
7662:
7650:
7635:
7608:
7596:
7581:
7552:
7521:
7509:
7497:
7485:
7473:
7461:
7449:
7437:
7413:
7377:
7365:
7353:
7341:
7329:
7317:
7302:
7287:
7251:
7164:
7149:
7113:
7101:
7089:
7077:
6918:
6906:
6866:
6854:
6842:
6358:
6323:
6308:
6284:
6231:
6117:
6029:
5961:
5665:
5648:
5636:
5592:
5568:
5556:
5478:
5442:
5387:
5311:
5228:
4998:. Library of Alexandria. p. 223.
4690:, meaning "The country of the city of
4300:Ideological influence on later empires
3412:
2952:). Second-in-command was probably the
2821:
2384:. Esarhaddon also invaded the eastern
1646:
1119:
24515:
24407:
24229:
24104:
23677:
23629:
23583:
23428:
23395:
23390:
23381:
23333:
23272:
23267:
23258:
23253:
23244:
23234:
23229:
23224:
23219:
23210:
23076:
23048:
23043:
23038:
23028:
23019:
23009:
23004:
22993:
22984:
22878:
22613:
22520:
22418:
22408:
22294:
22142:
22051:
21873:
21866:
21824:
21748:
21726:
21694:
21680:
21649:
21633:
21507:
21479:
21455:
21410:
21371:
21316:
21252:
21085:
21070:
21047:
21034:
20997:
20847:
20804:
20678:
20654:
20646:
20609:
20547:
20536:
20506:
20490:
20459:
20426:
20406:
20384:
20351:
20260:
20192:
20180:
20139:
20051:
20043:
19971:
19752:
19506:
19499:
19461:
19388:
19370:
19339:
19292:
19258:
19243:
19235:
19222:
19203:
19191:
19174:
19158:
19121:
19074:
19048:
18970:
18935:
18863:
18687:
18656:
18649:
18638:
18619:
18492:
16992:
16620:Political status of the Golan Heights
15897:
14689:
14376:
14268:
14090:
13965:
13538:
13490:
12469:
12330:
12312:
12291:
12281:
12199:
12170:
12102:
12078:
11893:
11546:
10777:
10764:
10552:
10487:
10232:
10164:
10099:
10006:. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
9880:
9788:
9324:
9216:
9174:
8998:
8977:
8918:"Invisible Mesopotamian royal women?"
8873:
8852:
8785:
8700:
8604:A History of Babylon, 2200 BC – AD 75
8508:
8447:
8435:
8402:
8351:
8126:
8093:
8066:
7275:
7263:
7239:
7227:
7215:
7041:
7017:
6965:
6941:
6878:
6693:
6660:
6636:
6600:
6588:
6576:
6564:
6552:
6540:
6503:
6471:
6459:
6447:
6435:
6423:
6394:
6382:
6370:
6346:
6296:
6272:
6260:
6219:
6200:
6185:
6144:
6129:
6086:
6061:
6046:
5978:
5934:
5876:
5843:
5824:
5809:
5794:
5715:
5694:
5682:
5621:
5604:
5580:
5541:
5526:
5463:
5427:
5372:
5334:
5267:
4991:
4931:
4560:European colonization of the Americas
4154:(1800–1876), secretary of the French
4083:Assyrian sculpture § Excavations
3522:, with Assyrian being referred to as
3370:Social classes, hierarchy and economy
2770:king of the Four Corners of the World
2345:681–669 BC), as depicted in his
1503:Assyrian borders and campaigns under
1478:Assyrian borders and campaigns under
1133:Assyrian borders and campaigns under
1050:. From the time of the Assyrian king
1040:king of the Four Corners of the World
1014:, king of Uruk, who conquered all of
24809:
24751:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)
23560:
23536:
15864:
15852:
14670:
14612:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)
10404:
9856:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
9660:Warfare and Culture in World History
9626:
9599:
9572:
9316:. In S. Parpola; R. Whiting (eds.).
8915:
8767:(PhD thesis). University of Sydney.
8679:
8558:
8529:
8471:
8459:
8423:
8387:
8039:
8027:
8015:
8003:
7991:
7053:
6488:
5903:
5771:
5742:
5730:
5490:
3200:leadership of armies; the office of
1909:appears to have been subjected to a
971:at its height in the 13th century BC
58:
24799:
14660:
12495:
10085:. Stellenbosch: African Sun Media.
9812:Journal of Anthropological Research
9690:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History
8626:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5256:Merrill, Rooker & Grisanti 2011
5198:. Uppsala Universitet. p. 132.
4030:Hebrew kingdoms of Israel and Judah
3752:
2407:, the Egyptian capital, during the
2203:Line-drawing of a relief depicting
978:and the ambition of establishing a
24:
23516:. Getty Publications. p. 14.
23435:Chronology of the Neolithic period
23087:
22717:
22534:
22516:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt
22301:
22192:
21508:
21480:
21423:
21253:
20860:
20514:
18875:
15923:
10458:State Archives of Assyria Bulletin
10267:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
10167:State Archives of Assyria Bulletin
10038:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
9641:from the original on 23 April 2022
9614:from the original on 22 April 2022
9534:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
9445:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
9202:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
9181:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
9160:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
9139:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
9026:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
9005:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
8901:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
8743:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
8586:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
8565:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
7368:, Road stations across the empire.
4477:Relief of Ashurbanipal, depicting
3628:
3538:was respected in, and influenced,
2031:
1617:to defeat a revolt by his brother
1368:along the northern portion of the
980:universal, all-encompassing empire
25:
24956:
23092:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
21428:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos
19239:("made the land of Elam submit")
10295:Journal of World-Systems Research
10059:State Archives of Assyria Studies
9494:Luckenbill, Daniel David (1927).
9460:Luckenbill, Daniel David (1924).
4900:Rassam cylinder transcription in
4492:Inscription by Ashurnasirpal II (
4359:Ancient Greek historians such as
3945:Great Semiramis, Queen of Assyria
3872:Literary and religious traditions
2828:Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
2777:Excerpt from the royal titles of
2677:20th-century illustration of the
2512:The Diversion of an Assyrian King
1711:, within the Assyrian heartland.
1342:The second phase of the Assyrian
967:Approximate map of the preceding
54: instead of cuneiform script.
27:Fourth period of Assyrian history
24850:2nd-millennium BC establishments
24808:
24798:
24788:
24779:
24778:
24084:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis
23658:
23577:
23530:
23513:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins
23499:
23485:
23463:
23454:
23439:
23429:
20734:
20622:
20617:
20445:
20174:
20169:
20000:
19846:
19841:
19696:
19595:
19526:
19439:
19434:
19304:
19267:
19262:
19252:
19247:
19042:
18692:
18679:
18667:
18632:
16301:
15875:
15863:
15851:
15840:
15839:
15827:
15231:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
14717:
14669:
14659:
14649:
14640:
14639:
13945:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis
13519:
13469:
13457:
13414:Assyrian Democratic Organisation
12567:
12556:
12545:
12450:
12449:
11878:
11574:Provinces of the Assyrian Empire
11522:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
11013:
10728:Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III
10335:. Universitätsverlag C. Winter.
8494:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
5141:The Times Atlas of World History
5022:Religion and Ideology in Assyria
5019:Pongratz-Leisten, Beate (2015).
4854:
4842:
4833:
4627:, literally meaning "Country of
4308:Chart depicting the ideological
3993:named Serpot, possibly based on
3230:
3218:
2861:, which could be abbreviated to
2255:, made capital under Sennacherib
1790:, Adad-nirari appointed the new
1600:and Arab rulers, and was led by
1496:
1471:
931:in later empires as late as the
595:
581:
556:
542:
78:to read and navigate comfortably
63:
32:
24563:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
23986:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
23976:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
23715:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
22510:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
15876:
14424:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
13847:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
13837:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
13576:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
10471:from the original on 2020-07-12
10437:from the original on 2022-01-22
10393:from the original on 2022-02-09
10317:from the original on 2020-07-07
10249:from the original on 2022-04-19
10221:from the original on 2020-07-07
10153:from the original on 2022-06-17
10127:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
10069:from the original on 2022-09-21
9918:from the original on 2020-08-13
9887:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.
9777:from the original on 2022-09-20
9676:from the original on 2022-09-20
9561:from the original on 2022-01-17
9516:from the original on 2016-06-03
9482:from the original on 2019-05-02
9385:from the original on 2021-12-08
9243:from the original on 2022-09-22
9102:from the original on 2021-12-11
8820:from the original on 2022-09-22
8774:from the original on 2021-06-06
8725:from the original on 2022-04-02
8480:
6169:
6159:
6150:
5185:
5158:
5130:
5103:
5092:from the original on 2020-07-25
4973:from the original on 2020-08-05
4913:from the original on 2020-06-13
4848:Not to be confused with modern
4819:
4806:
4794:
4781:
4765:
4742:
4721:
4700:
4663:
4621:Sign-by-sign transliterated as
4494:
4099:of excavations of the ruins of
3598:
2846:
2783:
2711:Reasons for the fall of Assyria
2582:
2556:Collapse and fall of the empire
2473:
2471:Relief depicting Ashurbanipal (
2454:
2340:
2251:19th-century reconstruction of
2209:
2186:
2175:
2058:
2014:
1891:
1876:
1830:
1819:
1808:
1756:
1728:
1661:
1546:
1509:
1484:
1426:
1412:, who ruled the city or region
1354:
1333:
1262:
1223:
1205:
1194:
1161:
1150:
1139:
1101:
1089:
1070:
1056:
873:
858:
839:
827:
799:
770:and Egypt, as well as parts of
128:
80:. When this tag was added, its
23846:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
23445:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia
22583:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt
22130:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt
22054:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
20616:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"
13707:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
13080:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
12943:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
11079:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
11074:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
9795:. Cambridge University Press.
8274:Turchin, Adams & Hall 2006
7920:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017
7896:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017
7855:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017
7838:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017
7821:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017
7804:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017
7734:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017
7719:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017
6663:, pp. 127, 129, 130, 133.
5138:Barraclough, Geoffrey (1997).
5110:O'Brien, Patrick Karl (2002).
5074:
5039:
5012:
4984:
4955:
4924:
4894:
4878:
4615:
4603:List of Mesopotamian dynasties
4320:states claiming the same right
3431:From the time of the Assyrian
3096:Neo-Assyrian relief depicting
2180:705–681 BC) and grandson
809:to the more centrally located
13:
1:
24910:Former countries in West Asia
24105:
23415:Muslim conquest of the Levant
22661:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
22604:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
22589:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt
22427:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
22297:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
22098:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt
21797:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt
13966:
12824:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
11461:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
10858:Tigris–Euphrates river system
10239:Studia Orientalia Electronica
8792:Studia Orientalia Electronica
8601:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2018).
8515:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
7476:, pp. 523, 525, 529–531.
4872:
4757:
4284:
4276:
4244:
3979:
3885:
3867:Cultural influence and legacy
3720:
3364:
2747:
2052:Shalmaneser was succeeded by
1944:, and the Phoenician city of
1784:
1391:, repeated campaigns against
1285:
1075:
1061:
1023:
995:
958:
927:, similar ideas of rights to
685:
661:
648:
635:
229:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
24845:1st millennium BC in Assyria
24342:in ISIL-controlled territory
24230:
21964:Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("
18698:(Uruk influence or control)
16760:Energy and mineral resources
16560:Supreme Constitutional Court
15722:Intangible cultural heritage
15068:Southeastern Anatolia Region
14900:Proclamation of the republic
14203:in ISIL-controlled territory
14091:
13434:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)
13409:Assyrian Democratic Movement
10204:10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8
9824:10.3998/jar.0521004.0067.303
9763:10.1515/zava.1991.81.1-2.243
9751:Zeitschrift für Assyriologie
9403:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
9351:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
9282:Altorientalische Forschungen
8877:Sennacherib, King of Assyria
8644:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
8082:Kalimi & Richardson 2014
7356:, pp. 368–370, 377–378.
6101:, pp. 408–409, 410–416.
4748:
4727:
4706:
4686:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4644:
4623:
4172:
4077:Archaeological rediscoveries
3852:
3807:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3708:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3469:
3338:
3332:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3202:
3195:
3146:
3140:
3126:its geopolitical dominance.
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2994:
2984:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2695:
1792:
1770:and by Adad-nirari's mother
1763:
1703:
1673:
1554:
1184:
1115:Resurgence of Assyrian power
137:
7:
24905:Countries in ancient Africa
24516:
24408:
24253:Council of Representatives
23991:Weapons of mass destruction
23678:
22658:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
21697:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
21496:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
21043:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
21037:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
20297:(Vassals of the Akkadians)
19284:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
18685:(Anonymous "King-priests")
18640:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
17018:
16782:Water supply and sanitation
16682:Weapons of mass destruction
16585:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
14993:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
14377:
14269:
14114:Council of Representatives
13852:Weapons of mass destruction
13539:
13419:Assyrian Universal Alliance
12645:Assyrian Church of the East
12620:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
12614:Assyrian Evangelical Church
12537:Terms for Syriac Christians
11527:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
11409:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
11404:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
10121:Spurrier, Tracy L. (2017).
9692:. London: Wiley-Blackwell.
9654:Melville, Sarah C. (2011).
9502:University of Chicago Press
9468:University of Chicago Press
9309:Kessler, Karlheinz (1997).
4586:
4440:
4434:
4424:
4390:
4352:
4346:being the successor of the
4335:
4327:
4310:
4281:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
4223:
4217:
4017:
3964:
3944:
3893:
3716:Scholarship and engineering
3592:once belonging to the king
3575:
3474:
3433:
3153:
2753:Kingship and royal ideology
2641:
2511:
2327:Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal
2192:campaign, directed against
2069:
1911:
1344:
1316:Dominion over the Near East
1178:
1122:
921:
417:• Age of the magnates
90:content into sub-articles,
10:
24961:
23981:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
23450:
23285:Sasanian conquest of Egypt
22712:
22595:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
22479:
22453:
22405:Assyrian conquest of Egypt
21751:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
21516:Third Babylonian dynasty (
21413:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
21375:Second Intermediate Period
20185:(vassal of the Akkadians)
19573:
18718:Early or legendary kings:
16677:Chief of the General Staff
16605:National Progressive Front
16277:independent First Republic
14824:Conquest of Constantinople
13842:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
13429:Syriac Union Party (Syria)
12651:Ancient Church of the East
11532:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
9658:. In Lee, Wayne E. (ed.).
9634:World History Encyclopedia
9607:World History Encyclopedia
9580:World History Encyclopedia
9339:10.1163/156853302760197494
9114:Grayson, A. Kirk (2002) .
8856:Sargon II, King of Assyria
8707:Israel Exploration Journal
5171:. Routledge. p. 167.
5048:Revue Biblique (1892–1940)
4741:
4733:
4720:
4712:
4699:
4662:
4637:
4080:
3565:
3561:
3478:
3416:
3357:
3353:
3298:The Neo-Assyrian cavalry (
3157:
3085:
2925:ana miṣir māt Aššur utirra
2825:
2756:
2559:
2409:Assyrian conquest of Egypt
2277:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
2076:nearly thousand-year long
1109:
898:state communication system
127:
24920:Ancient Upper Mesopotamia
24774:
24673:
24528:
24524:
24511:
24416:
24403:
24238:
24225:
24113:
24100:
23921:
23838:
23690:
23686:
23673:
23419:
23412:
23405:
23376:
23326:
23323:
23282:
23241:
23207:
23188:
23030:Parthamaspates of Parthia
23016:
22981:
22840:
22808:
22601:
22580:
22507:
22504:
22410:Assyrian conquest of Elam
22403:
22291:
22257:
22191:
22152:
22016:
22005:
21962:
21790:Third Intermediate Period
21605:
21476:
21320:Second Babylonian dynasty
21265:("Old Babylonian Period")
21031:
20983:
20747:
20715:
20687:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
20659:
20643:
20590:
20587:
20570:
20492:
20477:
20436:
20403:
20349:
20333:
20307:
20299:
20270:
20195:First Intermediate Period
20189:
20165:
20121:
20106:
20090:
20065:
20056:
20030:
20025:
19837:
19816:
19797:
19788:
19749:
19724:
19707:
19683:
19670:
19665:
19651:
19636:
19627:
19579:
19555:
19480:
19420:
19403:
19368:
19347:
19341:Early Dynastic Period III
19289:
19273:
19201:
19199:
19188:
19115:
19066:
19056:
18967:
18944:
18860:
18791:
18722:
18705:
18702:
18643:
18616:
18543:
18527:
18454:
18406:
17923:
17327:
17026:
16955:
16876:
16803:
16794:
16752:
16703:
16694:
16645:
16460:
16451:
16412:
16361:
16323:
16319:
16310:
16299:
16231:
16214:
16116:
16008:
15962:
15944:
15935:
15823:
15556:
15472:
15365:
15331:The constitutional system
15291:
15246:
15191:
15182:
15076:
15024:
15015:
14968:
14935:
14885:
14863:Second Constitutional Era
14848:Decline and modernization
14804:
14765:
14739:
14730:
14635:
14534:
14389:
14385:
14372:
14277:
14264:
14099:
14086:
13974:
13961:
13782:
13699:
13551:
13547:
13534:
13452:
13399:
13270:
13102:
13093:
13006:
12935:
12842:
12783:
12766:
12723:
12664:
12629:
12592:
12581:
12543:
12514:
12503:
12445:
12365:
12309:
12288:
12276:
12273:
12266:
12263:
12245:
12235:
12218:
12211:
12209:
12175:
12163:
12154:
12145:
12140:
12112:
12095:
12066:
12051:
12046:
12025:
12020:
12008:
11998:
11986:
11976:
11958:
11955:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11928:
11876:
11580:
11499:
11453:
11427:
11331:
11228:
11121:
11029:
11022:
11011:
10893:
10820:
10811:
10771:
10766:Links to related articles
10745:
10718:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal
10708:
10701:
10681:
10674:
10529:
10522:
10449:Zawadzki, Stefan (1994).
9940:University College London
9862:(2): 5–22. Archived from
9463:The Annals of Sennacherib
9346:Levine, Louis D. (1982).
9080:Grayson, A. Kirk (1982).
8957:Filoni, Fernando (2017).
8832:Düring, Bleda S. (2020).
8758:Davenport, T. L. (2016).
8701:Cogan, Mordechai (2017).
8509:Ahmed, Sami Said (2018).
4673:, pronounced in Assyrian
4631:". Equivalent in archaic
4018:The Defeat of Sennacherib
3861:
3794:("inspector of canals").
3100:carrying booty from a war
2517:Frederick Arthur Bridgman
2382:Assyrian conquest of Elam
2283:across the Tigris river.
2037:Sargon II and Sennacherib
1870:Partial relief depicting
617:Periodization of ancient
521:
517:
504:
491:
478:
465:
452:
438:
425:
415:
401:
388:
384:
374:
370:
355:
343:
331:
319:
307:
295:
283:
271:
258:
254:
244:
234:
224:
203:
162:
150:
145:
121:
24332:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
24243:Administrative divisions
23408:Muslim conquest of Egypt
22872:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
22703:Cleopatra VII Philopator
22200:Eight Babylonian Dynasty
21262:First Babylonian dynasty
21000:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
20504:(vassal of the Gutians)
20201:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt
19193:Early Dynastic Period II
15314:Ministry of the Interior
15299:Administrative divisions
14858:First Constitutional Era
14193:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
14104:Administrative divisions
12949:Muslim conquest of Syria
12639:Chaldean Catholic Church
11937:Northwestern Mesopotamia
10102:Orientalia (NOVA Series)
9953:Assyrian empire builders
9936:Assyrian empire builders
9627:Mark, Joshua A. (2020).
9600:Mark, Joshua A. (2014).
9573:Mark, Joshua J. (2009).
9549:MacGinnis, John (2010).
9418:Liverani, Mario (2013).
9397:Lipschits, Oled (2005).
8932:10.4324/9780429434105-15
8916:Fink, Sebastian (2020).
8488:Aberbach, David (2003).
6099:Yamada & Yamada 2017
4608:
4150:, and writings inspired
3504:(i.e. related to modern
3466:in the 14th century AD.
3028:(chief officer/eunuch),
2937:ina muhhi pīhat X uraddi
2909:Elite and administration
1847:Bur-Sagale solar eclipse
943:, and thus in turn also
701:History of the Assyrians
564:Middle Babylonian period
24885:Ancient history of Iran
23891:Mandate for Mesopotamia
23765:First Babylonian Empire
23493:"Rulers of Mesopotamia"
23236:Province of Mesopotamia
23045:Province of Mesopotamia
23021:Province of Mesopotamia
22996:Roman conquest of Egypt
22837:Antigonus II Mattathias
22631:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
22204:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
20681:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
20207:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
19515:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
19050:Early Dynastic Period I
18973:Second Dynasty of Egypt
16187:Principality of Antioch
15261:Parliamentary elections
15063:Eastern Anatolia Region
15058:Central Anatolia Region
14740:Ancient and Middle Ages
13752:Mandate for Mesopotamia
13626:First Babylonian Empire
13476:Christianity portal
13439:Syriac Military Council
13038:Massacres of Diyarbekir
12973:Principality of Antioch
12926:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
12733:Assyrian folk/pop music
10350:Yamada, Shiego (2000).
10191:Social Science Research
9978:Oxford University Press
9745:Na'aman, Nadav (1991).
9217:Jursa, Michael (2007).
8874:Elayi, Josette (2018).
8853:Elayi, Josette (2017).
7380:, Authorisation needed.
4948:Encyclopædia Britannica
4461:Reputation of brutality
4224:Nineveh and its Remains
4218:Nineveh and its Remains
3918:Saints Behnam and Sarah
3747:Library of Ashurbanipal
3731:Library of Ashurbanipal
3660:Indo-European languages
3491:Library of Ashurbanipal
3211:for armor and weapons.
2928:) or "I re-organized" (
2891:Queens' tombs at Nimrud
2525:setting himself on fire
1862:Revitalization and rise
1745:king of Sumer and Akkad
883:and an invasion by the
204:Official languages
24915:Former empires in Asia
24050:Insurgency (2011–2013)
23971:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
23775:Middle Assyrian Empire
23093:
22875:Philip II Philoromaeus
22869:Antiochus XII Dionysus
22863:Demetrius III Eucaerus
22860:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
22851:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
22723:
22691:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
22646:Arsinoe III Philopator
22539:
22307:
22197:
22034:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I
21966:Second Dynasty of Isin
21513:
21486:
21429:
21258:
21141:(Non-dynastic usurpers
20865:
20550:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt
20519:
20409:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt
19974:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
19755:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
19582:Second kingdom of Mari
19295:Third Dynasty of Egypt
19229:Dumuzid, the Fisherman
18881:
18872:First Dynasty of Egypt
16728:International rankings
16374:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
16038:Middle Assyrian Empire
15432:Science and technology
15266:Presidential elections
14747:Prehistory of Anatolia
13911:Insurgency (2011–2013)
13832:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
13636:Middle Assyrian Empire
13194:Al-Hasakah Governorate
13032:Massacres of Badr Khan
12806:Middle Assyrian Empire
12608:Syriac Catholic Church
12602:Syriac Orthodox Church
12097:Middle Hittite Kingdom
11364:Babylonian mathematics
10264:A Companion to Assyria
10053:Radner, Karen (2019).
10035:A Companion to Assyria
9995:Radner, Karen (2015).
9972:Radner, Karen (2015).
9947:Radner, Karen (2013).
9930:Radner, Karen (2012).
9902:Radner, Karen (2003).
9847:Parpola, Simo (2004).
9531:A Companion to Assyria
9442:A Companion to Assyria
9199:A Companion to Assyria
9178:A Companion to Assyria
9157:A Companion to Assyria
9136:A Companion to Assyria
9023:A Companion to Assyria
9002:A Companion to Assyria
8898:A Companion to Assyria
8880:. Atlanta: SBL Press.
8740:A Companion to Assyria
8703:"Restoring the Empire"
8607:. Pondicherry: Wiley.
8583:A Companion to Assyria
8562:A Companion to Assyria
8542:10.2307/j.ctvxrq18w.12
5113:Atlas of World History
4967:oracc.museum.upenn.edu
4933:Sayce, Archibald Henry
4598:History of Mesopotamia
4574:
4549:is known to have used
4516:
4502:
4482:
4470:
4406:, from which both the
4321:
4248:
4228:politician and writer
4192:
4138:
4103:
4025:
3959:
3899:
3814:
3788:("house builder") and
3766:
3733:
3729:Reconstruction of the
3612:
3554:
3497:
3446:
3428:
3379:
3360:Assyria § Society
3295:
3169:
3121:was introduced by the
3101:
2978:
2852:
2798:
2791:
2759:List of Assyrian kings
2720:
2681:
2649:
2588:
2519:
2479:
2426:, Esarhaddon captured
2411:
2349:
2294:
2292:destruction of Babylon
2256:
2215:
2103:
2049:
1988:
1928:
1882:
1734:
1667:
1588:
1339:
1229:
1167:
1044:Middle Assyrian Empire
972:
969:Middle Assyrian Empire
791:Middle Assyrian Empire
657:Middle Assyrian period
550:Middle Assyrian Empire
40:This article contains
24337:in post-invasion Iraq
24043:U.S. troop withdrawal
23805:Neo-Babylonian Empire
23479:The Ancient Near East
23397:Byzantine Mesopotamia
23311:Province of Asoristan
23274:Byzantine Mesopotamia
23091:
23084:Province of Asoristan
22866:Philip I Philadelphus
22854:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
22848:Antiochus VIII Grypus
22845:Seleucus V Philometor
22800:Antiochus VII Sidetes
22794:Antiochus VI Dionysus
22721:
22694:Berenice IV Epiphanea
22655:Ptolemy VI Philometor
22643:Ptolemy IV Philopator
22640:Berenice II Euergetis
22637:Ptolemy III Euergetes
22538:
22456:Neo-Babylonian Empire
22366:Marduk-apla-iddina II
22363:Marduk-zakir-shumi II
22354:Marduk-apla-iddina II
22305:
22260:Humban-Tahrid dynasty
22196:
21917:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur
21607:Middle Elamite period
21512:
21484:
21427:
21257:
20864:
20518:
20273:Third kingdom of Mari
19994:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
19069:First kingdom of Mari
18879:
18866:Early Dynastic Period
18708:Proto-Dynastic period
18431:Medieval great powers
16533:Government ministries
16083:Neo-Babylonian Empire
15427:Free trade agreements
15309:Intelligence Services
15106:North Anatolian Fault
14198:in post-invasion Iraq
13904:U.S. troop withdrawal
13666:Neo-Babylonian Empire
13062:Independence movement
12818:Post-imperial Assyria
12794:Early Assyrian period
12220:Neo-Babylonian Empire
12053:Old Babylonian Empire
11968:Early Dynastic period
10233:Teppo, Saana (2007).
9709:. London: Routledge.
9294:10.1524/aof.2013.0006
9236:10.3917/assy.101.0125
4992:Sayce, A. H. (2005).
4572:
4507:
4484:
4476:
4468:
4307:
4279:2334–2154 BC) or the
4239:
4190:
4136:
4095:1861 illustration by
4094:
4015:
3942:
3879:
3804:
3760:
3728:
3684:Afroasiatic languages
3587:
3552:
3512:) closely related to
3488:
3444:
3426:
3377:
3346:, ladders, ramps and
3307:rab muggi ša pētḫalli
3290:
3167:
3095:
2976:
2835:
2796:
2762:
2718:
2676:
2639:
2569:
2548:, founder of Egypt's
2509:
2470:
2402:
2334:
2310:Babylon was destroyed
2289:
2250:
2202:
2098:
2086:Marduk-apla-iddina II
2044:
1986:
1978:resettlement policies
1923:
1899:Babylonian Chronicles
1869:
1824:773–755 BC) and
1717:
1654:
1582:
1323:
1216:
1199:911–891 BC) and
1155:911–891 BC) and
1132:
988:Early Dynastic Period
966:
881:a Babylonian uprising
631:Early Assyrian period
577:Neo-Babylonian Empire
24286:Council of Ministers
24168:Mesopotamian Marshes
22842:Alexander II Zabinas
22706:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
22682:Ptolemy XI Alexander
22664:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
22219:Marduk-zakir-shumi I
22207:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina
22031:Eulmash-shakin-shumi
21972:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
21596:Marduk-apla-iddina I
21490:New Kingdom of Egypt
21313:Early Kassite rulers
20607:(Vassals of Ur III)
20588:(Vassals of UR III)
19988:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
19958:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II
19509:Old Kingdom of Egypt
18441:European colonialism
18426:Ancient great powers
16845:(2011–present)
16741:Securities Exchange
16492:Council of Ministers
16247:Haj Fadel Government
15811:World heritage sites
15336:Turkish Armed Forces
15221:Constitutional Court
15135:Flora and vegetation
15113:Environmental issues
15101:East Anatolian Fault
15048:Mediterranean Region
14147:Council of Ministers
14029:Mesopotamian Marshes
12738:Music of Mesopotamia
12685:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
12680:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
11947:Southern Mesopotamia
11942:Northern Mesopotamia
11359:Babylonian astronomy
10838:Mesopotamian Marshes
10689:State communications
10405:Zaia, Shana (2019).
8805:10.23993/store.88852
8042:, pp. 518, 520.
7524:, pp. 528, 531.
7500:, pp. 526, 528.
7464:, pp. 523, 526.
6311:, pp. 166, 168.
5697:, pp. 167, 169.
5086:oracc.iaas.upenn.edu
4938:"Assur (city)"
4903:"CDLI-Archival View"
4773:Late Assyrian Empire
4593:Assyrian nationalism
3916:. The legend of the
3590:Assyrian lion weight
3082:State communications
2810:divine world order.
2766:king of the Universe
2705:post-imperial period
2701:Battle of Carchemish
2679:Battle of Carchemish
2550:twenty-sixth dynasty
2300:Hallushu-Inshushinak
1843:Bel-harran-beli-usur
1720:Bel-harran-beli-usur
1615:Marduk-zakir-shumi I
1585:Marduk-zakir-shumi I
1036:king of the Universe
937:post-imperial period
680:Post-imperial period
390:• Accession of
24895:Archaeology of Iraq
24880:Ancient Mesopotamia
24835:Neo-Assyrian Empire
24548:Mesopotamian Arabic
24354:Freedom of religion
23800:Neo-Assyrian Empire
23770:Old Assyrian Period
23755:Neo-Sumerian Empire
23347:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
22857:Antiochus X Eusebes
22685:Ptolemy XII Auletes
22676:Ptolemy X Alexander
22670:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
22649:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
22334:Neo-Assyrian Empire
22222:Marduk-balassu-iqbi
22155:Neo-Assyrian Empire
21978:Ninurta-nadin-shumi
21869:Syro-Hittite states
21575:Shagarakti-Shuriash
21248:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
20242:Neferkare Pepiseneb
20141:Akkadian Governors:
18645:Pre-Dynastic period
18436:Modern great powers
16521:Golan Heights claim
16078:Neo-Assyrian Empire
16073:Syro-Hittite states
15963:Prehistorical Syria
15380:Banking and Finance
14998:History of Anatolia
14895:War of Independence
14887:Republic of Türkiye
14784:Battle of Manzikert
14409:Mesopotamian Arabic
14215:Freedom of religion
13661:Neo-Assyrian Empire
13631:Old Assyrian Period
13616:Neo-Sumerian Empire
13044:Rise of nationalism
12985:Jalayirid Sultanate
12812:Neo-Assyrian Empire
12800:Old Assyrian period
12743:Syriac sacral music
12563:Aramean-Syriac flag
12522:Assyrian continuity
12201:Neo-Assyrian Empire
12115:Bronze Age Collapse
12048:Old Hittite Kingdom
12022:Old Assyrian period
12000:Third Dynasty of Ur
11440:Destruction by ISIL
11394:Sumerian literature
11369:Akkadian literature
10805:Ancient Mesopotamia
10611:Tiglath-Pileser III
10539:Resettlement policy
10515:Neo-Assyrian Empire
8786:Dewar, Ben (2021).
8354:, pp. 194–195.
8264:, pp. 588–590.
8252:, pp. 584–588.
8240:, pp. 584–585.
8228:, pp. 583–584.
8030:, pp. 514–517.
8006:, pp. 511–514.
7970:, pp. 383–385.
7958:, pp. 379–380.
7922:, pp. 320–321.
7665:, pp. 209–210.
7512:, pp. 526–527.
7320:, pp. 370–371.
7242:, pp. 163–166.
7179:, pp. 173–174.
7152:, pp. 365–367.
7092:, pp. 364–365.
7080:, pp. 363–364.
6869:, pp. 135–136.
6555:, pp. 122–123.
6474:, pp. 189–190.
6397:, pp. 188–189.
6299:, pp. 186–187.
6203:, pp. 183–184.
5993:, pp. 277–278.
5891:, pp. 184–185.
5517:, pp. 120–121.
5430:, pp. 177–178.
4777:New Assyrian Empire
4754:Amarna letter EA 15
4377:Alexander the Great
4348:Third Dynasty of Ur
4197:Austen Henry Layard
4043:Book of Deuteronomy
3776:("chief builder"),
3588:Line drawing of an
3413:Resettlement policy
3402:means of production
3040:(grand vizier) and
3022:(chief cupbearer),
2822:Neo-Assyrian queens
2768:, king of Assyria,
2233:invading the Levant
2137:, Arab tribes, and
1887:Tiglath-Pileser III
1872:Tiglath-Pileser III
1750:Shamshi-Adad's son
1691:Marduk-balassu-iqbi
1647:Age of the magnates
933:early modern period
902:resettlement policy
835:Tiglath-Pileser III
712:Neo-Assyrian Empire
670:Neo-Assyrian period
644:Old Assyrian period
427:• Conquest of
302:Tiglath-Pileser III
123:Neo-Assyrian Empire
82:readable prose size
24479:Telecommunications
24454:Foreign Investment
24391:Wars and conflicts
24327:in pre-Saddam Iraq
24291:Presidency Council
24077:2019–2021 protests
24006:Invasion of Kuwait
23830:Sassanid Asorestan
23825:Parthian Babylonia
23820:Seleucid Babylonia
23815:Achaemenid Assyria
23730:Jemdet Nasr period
23573:Sumerian King List
23387:Palaestina Secunda
23264:Palaestina Secunda
23094:
22825:Alexander Jannaeus
22724:
22714:Hellenistic Period
22540:
22308:
22286:Humban-haltash III
22250:Nabu-shuma-ukin II
22198:
22163:Tukulti-Ninurta II
22144:Kingdom of Samaria
22040:Mar-biti-apla-usur
22037:Shirikti-shuqamuna
22007:Neo-Elamite period
21990:Marduk-shapik-zeri
21975:Itti-Marduk-balatu
21956:Tiglath-Pileser II
21953:Ashur-resh-ishi II
21908:Enlil-kudurri-usur
21599:Zababa-shuma-iddin
21584:Kadashman-Harbe II
21569:Kadashman-Enlil II
21514:
21487:
21430:
21259:
21245:Ashur-rim-nisheshu
21242:Ashur-bel-nisheshu
21233:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I
20992:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
20866:
20520:
19895:Lugal-kinishe-dudu
19276:Old Elamite period
19168:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher
19021:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
18938:Jemdet Nasr period
18882:
16772:Telecommunications
16765:Petroleum industry
16269:Mandatory Republic
16215:Early modern Syria
15970:Levantine corridor
15437:Telecommunications
15226:Court of Cassation
14927:Multi-party period
14836:Ottoman Old Regime
14757:Byzantine Anatolia
14752:Classical Anatolia
14340:Telecommunications
14315:Foreign Investment
14252:Wars and conflicts
14188:in pre-Saddam Iraq
14152:Presidency Council
13938:2019–2021 protests
13867:Invasion of Kuwait
13691:Sassanid Asorestan
13686:Parthian Babylonia
13681:Seleucid Babylonia
13676:Achaemenid Assyria
13591:Jemdet Nasr period
13464:History portal
12906:Church of the East
12695:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
12532:Chaldean Catholics
12057:Southern Akkadians
11964:Jemdet Nasr period
11476:Mesopotamian myths
10713:Assyrian sculpture
10565:Tukulti-Ninurta II
10423:10.1017/irq.2019.1
9602:"Ashurnasirpal II"
8960:The Church in Iraq
8680:Chen, Fei (2020).
8262:Trolle Larsen 2017
8250:Trolle Larsen 2017
8238:Trolle Larsen 2017
8226:Trolle Larsen 2017
8211:Trolle Larsen 2017
8187:Trolle Larsen 2017
6779:, pp. 13, 18.
5493:, pp. 58, 71.
4650:Assyrian cuneiform
4575:
4517:
4483:
4471:
4441:translatio imperii
4391:translatio imperii
4353:translatio imperii
4337:Sumerian King List
4329:translatio imperii
4322:
4312:translatio imperii
4249:
4193:
4139:
4104:
4026:
3960:
3900:
3815:
3767:
3734:
3613:
3607:(on the body) and
3555:
3536:Greek civilization
3498:
3447:
3429:
3380:
3296:
3170:
3102:
2979:
2853:
2799:
2721:
2682:
2650:
2589:
2520:
2480:
2412:
2350:
2295:
2257:
2216:
2104:
2071:Assyrian King List
2050:
1989:
1929:
1883:
1813:783–773 BC),
1735:
1668:
1589:
1340:
1230:
1219:Tukulti-Ninurta II
1201:Tukulti-Ninurta II
1168:
1157:Tukulti-Ninurta II
1144:934–912 BC),
973:
923:translatio imperii
736:East Mediterranean
357:• 612–609 BC
345:• 669–631 BC
333:• 681–669 BC
321:• 705–681 BC
309:• 722–705 BC
297:• 745–727 BC
285:• 859–824 BC
273:• 883–859 BC
260:• 911–891 BC
24925:Ancient Near East
24822:
24821:
24770:
24769:
24766:
24765:
24756:Mandaean New Year
24507:
24506:
24399:
24398:
24381:Political parties
24276:Foreign relations
24221:
24220:
24128:Lower Mesopotamia
24123:Upper Mesopotamia
24096:
24095:
24092:
24091:
23856:Abbasid Caliphate
23851:Umayyad Caliphate
23760:Isin-Larsa period
23623:
23622:
23617:
23616:
23613:
23612:
23600:978-1-62564-606-4
23585:Unger, Merrill F.
23553:978-0-14-193825-7
23523:978-1-60606-649-2
23290:Province of Egypt
23221:Province of Egypt
23001:Province of Egypt
22743:Antigonid dynasty
22543:Achaemenid Empire
22464:Nebuchadnezzar II
22372:Ashur-nadin-shumi
22241:Nabu-shuma-ishkun
22213:Nabu-shuma-ukin I
22028:Kashshu-nadin-ahi
21996:Marduk-ahhe-eriba
21987:Marduk-nadin-ahhe
21929:Asharid-apal-Ekur
21926:Tiglath-Pileser I
21923:Ashur-resh-ishi I
21911:Ninurta-apal-Ekur
21899:Tukulti-Ninurta I
21846:Kingdom of Israel
21814:Osorkon the Elder
21735:Shutrukid dynasty
21620:Igehalkid dynasty
21587:Adad-shuma-iddina
21581:Enlil-nadin-shumi
21548:Kadashman-Enlil I
21542:Kadashman-harbe I
20986:Sukkalmah dynasty
20850:Isin-Larsa period
20672:Shimashki Dynasty
20398:Puzur-Inshushinak
19997:Netjerkare Siptah
19767:Neferirkare Kakai
19312:Egyptian pyramids
18521:Ancient Near East
18486:
18485:
18480:
18479:
18402:
18401:
18367:Polish–Lithuanian
17542:Gurjara-Pratihara
16986:
16985:
16951:
16950:
16790:
16789:
16690:
16689:
16579:Political parties
16516:Foreign relations
16447:
16446:
16443:
16442:
16297:
16296:
16257:Syrian Federation
16192:County of Tripoli
16147:Ikhshidid dynasty
16000:Yarmukian culture
15891:
15890:
15819:
15818:
15361:
15360:
15304:Foreign relations
15278:Political parties
15178:
15177:
15011:
15010:
15003:History of Thrace
14905:Atatürk's reforms
14796:Anatolian beyliks
14683:
14682:
14631:
14630:
14627:
14626:
14617:Mandaean New Year
14368:
14367:
14260:
14259:
14242:Political parties
14137:Foreign relations
14082:
14081:
13989:Lower Mesopotamia
13984:Upper Mesopotamia
13957:
13956:
13953:
13952:
13717:Abbasid Caliphate
13712:Umayyad Caliphate
13621:Isin-Larsa period
13484:
13483:
13395:
13394:
13111:
13089:
13088:
13056:Assyrian genocide
12955:Abbasid Caliphate
12777:
12660:
12659:
12527:Assyrian diaspora
12463:
12462:
12359:Ancient Near East
12324:
12323:
12319:
12318:
12247:Macedonian Empire
12237:Achaemenid Empire
12110:c. 1200–1150 BCE
12093:c. 1400–1200 BCE
12064:c. 1600–1400 BCE
12044:c. 1800–1600 BCE
12006:c. 2000–1800 BCE
11996:c. 2100–2000 BCE
11984:c. 2200–2100 BCE
11974:c. 2350–2200 BCE
11953:c. 3500–2350 BCE
11887:
11886:
11540:
11539:
11491:Ziggurat (Temple)
11466:Sumerian religion
11224:
11223:
11171:Middle Babylonian
11113:Kish civilization
11009:
11008:
10833:Lower Mesopotamia
10828:Upper Mesopotamia
10758:
10757:
10741:
10740:
10697:
10696:
10670:
10669:
10666:
10665:
10386:978-1-57506-761-2
10363:978-90-04-11772-3
10356:. Leiden: BRILL.
10342:978-3-8253-0533-8
10274:978-1-118-32524-7
10092:978-1-991201-16-4
10045:978-1-118-32524-7
10024:978-90-04-33017-7
10017:. Leiden: BRILL.
9987:978-0-19-871590-0
9894:978-1-4094-2709-4
9802:978-3-11-103358-7
9737:978-0-8054-4031-7
9716:978-0-415-44855-0
9669:978-0-8147-5278-4
9541:978-1-118-32524-7
9452:978-1-118-32524-7
9431:978-0-415-67906-0
9410:978-1-57506-095-8
9327:Vetus Testamentum
9272:978-90-04-26561-5
9209:978-1-118-32524-7
9188:978-1-118-32524-7
9167:978-1-118-32524-7
9146:978-1-118-32524-7
9125:978-0-8020-0886-2
9095:978-1-139-05428-7
9072:978-1-930053-46-5
9053:978-1-57506-770-4
9033:978-1-118-32524-7
9012:978-1-118-32524-7
8991:978-90-04-26561-5
8984:. Leiden: BRILL.
8970:978-0-8132-2965-2
8941:978-0-429-43410-5
8908:978-1-118-32524-7
8887:978-0-88414-317-8
8866:978-1-62837-177-2
8845:978-1-108-47874-8
8750:978-1-118-32524-7
8693:978-90-04-43091-4
8686:. Leiden: BRILL.
8633:978-0-19-537158-1
8614:978-1-4051-8899-9
8593:978-1-118-32524-7
8572:978-1-118-32524-7
8551:978-1-78491-403-5
8522:978-3-11-103358-7
8501:978-1-4039-1766-9
5745:, pp. 59–60.
5151:978-0-7230-0906-1
5032:978-1-61451-426-8
5005:978-1-4655-4330-1
4547:Achaemenid Empire
4533:such as those of
4455:Nebuchadnezzar II
4386:Nebuchadnezzar II
4209:Stratford Canning
4156:Société Asiatique
4023:Peter Paul Rubens
3739:Gabbu-ilani-eresh
3704:Sumerian language
3692:language isolates
3672:Hurrian languages
3481:Akkadian language
3108:Per estimates by
3014:(palace herald),
2461:Shamash-shum-ukin
2416:conquest of Egypt
2386:Arabian peninsula
2357:and his daughter
2269:Ashur-nadin-shumi
2026:Kingdom of Israel
1992:Chaldean warlord
1913:damnatio memoriae
1639:(near modern-day
1619:Marduk-bel-ushati
1531:botanical gardens
1434:Mediterranean Sea
1258:Nabu-shuma-ukin I
1085:Tiglath-Pileser I
1066:Tukulti-Ninurta I
1016:Lower Mesopotamia
984:ancient Near East
817:in the Bible and
724:ancient Near East
708:
707:
692:
691:
621:
611:
610:
607:
606:
603:
602:
569:
568:
456:Conquest of Egypt
117:
116:
84:was 20,000 words.
48:rendering support
16:(Redirected from
24952:
24860:Ancient Anatolia
24812:
24811:
24802:
24801:
24792:
24782:
24781:
24526:
24525:
24513:
24512:
24444:
24405:
24404:
24256:
24227:
24226:
24213:Sinjar Mountains
24203:Zagros Mountains
24143:Hamrin Mountains
24102:
24101:
24065:Mosul liberation
24038:Iraqi insurgency
23960:National Command
23949:
23785:Simurrum culture
23688:
23687:
23675:
23674:
23664:
23663:
23662:
23650:
23643:
23636:
23627:
23626:
23605:
23604:
23581:
23575:
23569:
23558:
23557:
23534:
23528:
23527:
23506:Thomas, Ariane;
23503:
23497:
23496:
23489:
23483:
23482:
23467:
23461:
23458:
23443:
23433:
23383:Palaestina Prima
23329:Byzantine Empire
23260:Palaestina Prima
23247:Byzantine Empire
23226:Syria Palaestina
23191:Palmyrene Empire
23177:Bahram VI Chobin
23040:Syria Palaestina
22828:Salome Alexandra
22811:Kingdom of Judea
22797:Diodotus Tryphon
22652:Cleopatra I Syra
22628:Ptolemy Keraunos
22396:Ashur-uballit II
22393:Sin-shumu-lishir
22387:Ashur-etil-ilani
22342:Sargonid dynasty
22235:Marduk-apla-usur
22216:Nabu-apla-iddina
22210:Shamash-mudammiq
22166:Ashurnasirpal II
22149:Kingdom of Judah
21993:Adad-apla-iddina
21984:Enlil-nadin-apli
21981:Nebuchadnezzar I
21905:Ashur-nirari III
21902:Ashur-nadin-apli
21740:Shutruk-Nakhunte
21625:Untash-Napirisha
21614:Kidinuid dynasty
21212:Shamshi-Adad III
20920:Dynasty of Larsa
20738:
20626:
20621:
20449:
20302:Shar-Kali-Sharri
20236:Neferkare Tereru
20224:Neferkare Khendu
20178:
20173:
20004:
19963:Kiku-siwe-tempti
19850:
19845:
19700:
19629:Kish III dynasty
19599:
19530:
19443:
19438:
19343:(2600–2340 BCE)
19308:
19271:
19266:
19256:
19251:
19195:(2700–2600 BCE)
19052:(2900–2700 BCE)
19046:
18963:(3100–2700 BCE)
18942:(3100–2900 BCE)
18696:
18683:
18671:
18647:(4000–2900 BCE)
18636:
18535:
18534:
18531:
18530:
18513:
18506:
18499:
18490:
18489:
18283:
18282:
17948:Austro-Hungarian
17648:Chagatai Khanate
17013:
17006:
16999:
16990:
16989:
16971:
16964:
16846:
16801:
16800:
16744:
16743:(stock exchange)
16736:
16701:
16700:
16614:
16607:
16598:
16596:regional command
16587:
16458:
16457:
16430:Fertile Crescent
16321:
16320:
16317:
16316:
16305:
16182:County of Edessa
16162:Mirdasid dynasty
16157:Hamdanid dynasty
16136:
16103:Palmyrene Empire
16088:Achaemenid Syria
15975:Natufian culture
15942:
15941:
15918:
15911:
15904:
15895:
15894:
15879:
15878:
15867:
15866:
15855:
15854:
15843:
15842:
15831:
15636:
15635:
15521:Cities and towns
15502:Turkish language
15457:Turkish Airlines
15273:Electoral system
15236:Council of State
15189:
15188:
15123:Waste management
15053:Black Sea Region
15031:
15022:
15021:
14976:Turkic migration
14922:One-party period
14791:Sultanate of Rum
14737:
14736:
14722:
14721:
14710:
14703:
14696:
14687:
14686:
14673:
14672:
14663:
14662:
14653:
14643:
14642:
14387:
14386:
14374:
14373:
14305:
14266:
14265:
14117:
14088:
14087:
14074:Sinjar Mountains
14064:Zagros Mountains
14004:Hamrin Mountains
13963:
13962:
13926:Mosul liberation
13899:Iraqi insurgency
13821:National Command
13810:
13646:Simurrum culture
13549:
13548:
13536:
13535:
13525:
13524:
13523:
13511:
13504:
13497:
13488:
13487:
13474:
13473:
13462:
13461:
13460:
13107:
13100:
13099:
13074:Post-Saddam Iraq
12900:Nestorian schism
12894:Christianization
12866:(132 BCE–244 CE)
12860:(247 BCE–224 CE)
12820:(609 BCE–240 CE)
12781:
12780:
12771:
12631:East Syriac Rite
12594:West Syriac Rite
12590:
12589:
12571:
12560:
12549:
12490:
12483:
12476:
12467:
12466:
12453:
12452:
12357:Timeline of the
12351:
12344:
12337:
12328:
12327:
12297:Byzantine Empire
12172:Middle Babylonia
12138:c. 1150–911 BCE
11931:
11930:
11914:
11907:
11900:
11891:
11890:
11882:
11567:
11560:
11553:
11544:
11543:
11389:Sumerian cuisine
11379:Warfare in Sumer
11374:Economy of Sumer
11027:
11026:
11017:
10901:Fertile Crescent
10885:Sinjar Mountains
10880:Hamrin Mountains
10875:Zagros Mountains
10853:Taurus Mountains
10818:
10817:
10798:
10791:
10784:
10775:
10774:
10762:
10761:
10706:
10705:
10679:
10678:
10658:Ashur-uballit II
10652:Sin-shumu-lishir
10641:Ashur-etil-ilani
10570:Ashurnasirpal II
10550:
10549:
10527:
10526:
10508:
10501:
10494:
10485:
10484:
10479:
10477:
10476:
10470:
10455:
10445:
10443:
10442:
10401:
10399:
10398:
10367:
10346:
10325:
10323:
10322:
10316:
10291:
10278:
10257:
10255:
10254:
10245:(101): 381–420.
10229:
10227:
10226:
10220:
10187:
10174:
10161:
10159:
10158:
10117:
10096:
10077:
10075:
10074:
10049:
10028:
10007:
10001:
9991:
9968:
9966:
9964:
9943:
9926:
9924:
9923:
9898:
9877:
9875:
9874:
9868:
9853:
9843:
9806:
9785:
9783:
9782:
9757:(1–2): 243–267.
9741:
9720:
9701:
9684:
9682:
9681:
9650:
9648:
9646:
9623:
9621:
9619:
9596:
9594:
9592:
9569:
9567:
9566:
9545:
9524:
9522:
9521:
9490:
9488:
9487:
9456:
9435:
9414:
9393:
9391:
9390:
9342:
9321:
9315:
9305:
9276:
9263:Brill Publishers
9251:
9249:
9248:
9238:
9213:
9192:
9171:
9150:
9129:
9110:
9108:
9107:
9076:
9057:
9037:
9016:
8995:
8974:
8953:
8912:
8891:
8870:
8849:
8828:
8826:
8825:
8807:
8782:
8780:
8779:
8773:
8766:
8754:
8733:
8731:
8730:
8697:
8676:
8637:
8618:
8597:
8576:
8555:
8526:
8505:
8475:
8469:
8463:
8457:
8451:
8445:
8439:
8433:
8427:
8421:
8406:
8400:
8391:
8385:
8379:
8373:
8367:
8361:
8355:
8349:
8343:
8337:
8331:
8325:
8308:
8302:
8289:
8283:
8277:
8271:
8265:
8259:
8253:
8247:
8241:
8235:
8229:
8223:
8214:
8208:
8202:
8196:
8190:
8184:
8178:
8172:
8166:
8160:
8154:
8148:
8142:
8136:
8130:
8124:
8109:
8103:
8097:
8091:
8085:
8079:
8070:
8064:
8058:
8052:
8043:
8037:
8031:
8025:
8019:
8013:
8007:
8001:
7995:
7989:
7983:
7977:
7971:
7965:
7959:
7953:
7947:
7941:
7935:
7929:
7923:
7917:
7911:
7905:
7899:
7893:
7882:
7876:
7870:
7864:
7858:
7852:
7841:
7835:
7824:
7818:
7807:
7801:
7795:
7789:
7772:
7766:
7760:
7754:
7737:
7731:
7722:
7716:
7707:
7701:
7695:
7689:
7683:
7677:
7666:
7660:
7654:
7648:
7639:
7633:
7624:
7618:
7612:
7606:
7600:
7594:
7585:
7579:
7568:
7562:
7556:
7550:
7544:
7538:
7525:
7519:
7513:
7507:
7501:
7495:
7489:
7483:
7477:
7471:
7465:
7459:
7453:
7447:
7441:
7435:
7429:
7423:
7417:
7411:
7405:
7399:
7393:
7387:
7381:
7375:
7369:
7363:
7357:
7351:
7345:
7339:
7333:
7327:
7321:
7315:
7306:
7300:
7291:
7285:
7279:
7273:
7267:
7261:
7255:
7249:
7243:
7237:
7231:
7225:
7219:
7213:
7204:
7198:
7192:
7186:
7180:
7174:
7168:
7162:
7153:
7147:
7141:
7135:
7129:
7123:
7117:
7111:
7105:
7099:
7093:
7087:
7081:
7075:
7069:
7063:
7057:
7051:
7045:
7039:
7033:
7027:
7021:
7015:
6996:
6990:
6981:
6975:
6969:
6963:
6957:
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6945:
6939:
6922:
6916:
6910:
6904:
6898:
6892:
6886:
6876:
6870:
6864:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6840:
6834:
6828:
6822:
6816:
6810:
6804:
6795:
6789:
6780:
6774:
6768:
6762:
6756:
6750:
6741:
6735:
6726:
6720:
6714:
6708:
6697:
6691:
6676:
6670:
6664:
6658:
6652:
6646:
6640:
6634:
6628:
6622:
6616:
6610:
6604:
6598:
6592:
6586:
6580:
6574:
6568:
6562:
6556:
6550:
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6538:
6519:
6513:
6507:
6501:
6492:
6486:
6475:
6469:
6463:
6457:
6451:
6445:
6439:
6433:
6427:
6421:
6410:
6404:
6398:
6392:
6386:
6380:
6374:
6368:
6362:
6356:
6350:
6344:
6327:
6321:
6312:
6306:
6300:
6294:
6288:
6282:
6276:
6270:
6264:
6258:
6247:
6241:
6235:
6229:
6223:
6217:
6204:
6198:
6189:
6183:
6177:
6173:
6167:
6163:
6157:
6154:
6148:
6142:
6133:
6127:
6121:
6115:
6102:
6096:
6090:
6084:
6065:
6059:
6050:
6044:
6033:
6027:
6021:
6015:
6006:
6000:
5994:
5988:
5982:
5976:
5965:
5959:
5953:
5947:
5938:
5932:
5919:
5913:
5907:
5901:
5892:
5886:
5880:
5874:
5859:
5853:
5847:
5841:
5828:
5822:
5813:
5807:
5798:
5792:
5775:
5769:
5746:
5740:
5734:
5728:
5719:
5713:
5698:
5692:
5686:
5680:
5669:
5663:
5652:
5646:
5640:
5634:
5625:
5619:
5608:
5602:
5596:
5590:
5584:
5578:
5572:
5566:
5560:
5554:
5545:
5539:
5530:
5524:
5518:
5512:
5506:
5500:
5494:
5488:
5482:
5476:
5467:
5461:
5446:
5440:
5431:
5425:
5408:
5402:
5391:
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5376:
5370:
5359:
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5315:
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5288:
5271:
5265:
5259:
5253:
5244:
5238:
5232:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5213:
5209:
5207:
5199:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5016:
5010:
5009:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4940:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4898:
4892:
4882:
4866:
4858:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4837:
4831:
4823:
4817:
4810:
4804:
4800:See the section
4798:
4792:
4785:
4779:
4771:Rarely also the
4769:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4751:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4730:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4709:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4689:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4647:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4626:
4619:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4443:
4437:
4427:
4422:'s 1862–67 work
4420:George Rawlinson
4404:Byzantine Empire
4393:
4355:
4340:
4332:
4315:
4286:
4278:
4246:
4226:
4220:
4213:Northwest Palace
4175:
4164:Paul-Émile Botta
4020:
3984:
3981:
3969:
3958:
3947:
3898:
3890:
3887:
3857:
3812:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3753:Civic technology
3711:
3602:
3600:
3580:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3502:Semitic language
3436:
3392:thus reduced to
3341:
3335:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3234:
3222:
3205:
3198:
3149:
3143:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3013:
3007:
2997:
2987:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2931:ana eššūti aṣbat
2927:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2730:name of the year
2698:
2687:Ashur-uballit II
2668:captured Nineveh
2644:
2597:Sin-shumu-lishir
2593:Ashur-etil-ilani
2586:
2584:
2578:Sin-shumu-lishir
2514:
2477:
2475:
2458:
2456:
2344:
2342:
2273:Southwest Palace
2213:
2211:
2190:
2188:
2179:
2177:
2124:in Anatolia and
2082:Sargonid dynasty
2074:
2062:
2060:
2047:Sargonid dynasty
2018:
2016:
1916:
1895:
1893:
1881:745–727 BC)
1880:
1878:
1834:
1832:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1733:783–773 BC)
1732:
1730:
1706:
1676:
1666:824–811 BC)
1665:
1663:
1610:Battle of Qarqar
1562:Taurus Mountains
1559:
1550:
1548:
1514:859–824 BC)
1513:
1511:
1500:
1489:883–859 BC)
1488:
1486:
1480:Ashurnasirpal II
1475:
1430:
1428:
1389:Zagros Mountains
1358:
1356:
1350:Ashurnasirpal II
1347:
1338:883–859 BC)
1337:
1335:
1329:Ashurnasirpal II
1290:
1287:
1266:
1264:
1227:
1225:
1209:
1207:
1198:
1196:
1187:
1181:
1166:890–884 BC)
1165:
1163:
1154:
1152:
1143:
1141:
1125:
1105:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1025:
1004:
1000:
997:
929:world domination
926:
908:as the regional
877:
875:
862:
860:
850:Sargonid dynasty
843:
841:
831:
829:
813:(later known as
803:
801:
795:Ashurnasirpal II
744:world domination
687:
663:
650:
637:
627:
626:
616:
613:
612:
599:
598:
585:
584:
573:
572:
560:
559:
546:
545:
539:
538:
523:
522:
366:
363:Ashur-uballit II
278:Ashurnasirpal II
155:
140:
134:
133:
132:
131:
119:
118:
112:
109:
103:
67:
66:
59:
42:cuneiform script
36:
35:
21:
24960:
24959:
24955:
24954:
24953:
24951:
24950:
24949:
24900:Bronze Age Asia
24865:Ancient Armenia
24840:11th century BC
24825:
24824:
24823:
24818:
24762:
24746:Public holidays
24669:
24520:
24503:
24442:
24412:
24395:
24254:
24234:
24217:
24148:Iraqi Kurdistan
24138:Euphrates river
24109:
24088:
24055:War (2014–2017)
24001:Operation Opera
23947:
23917:
23913:Arab Federation
23901:Kingdom of Iraq
23834:
23810:Fall of Babylon
23745:Akkadian Empire
23720:Samarra culture
23705:Hassuna culture
23682:
23669:
23657:
23656:
23654:
23624:
23619:
23618:
23609:
23608:
23601:
23582:
23578:
23570:
23561:
23554:
23535:
23531:
23524:
23504:
23500:
23491:
23490:
23486:
23468:
23464:
23459:
23455:
23392:Byzantine Syria
23378:Byzantine Egypt
23353:Farrukh Hormizd
23313:
23309:
23306:Sasanian Empire
23292:
23288:
23269:Byzantine Syria
23255:Byzantine Egypt
23194:
23086:
23082:
23079:Sasanian Empire
22999:
22904:Mithridates III
22884:
22881:Parthian Empire
22814:
22753:Seleucid Empire
22750:
22740:
22716:
22625:Ptolemy I Soter
22623:
22620:Ptolemaic Egypt
22592:
22586:
22546:
22528:
22524:
22522:Kings of Byblos
22513:
22485:
22459:
22430:
22424:
22398:
22378:Mushezib-Marduk
22348:Tiglath-Pileser
22346:
22337:
22314:
22300:
22284:
22280:
22276:
22272:
22268:
22264:
22263:
22255:
22253:Nabu-mukin-zeri
22247:Nabu-nadin-zeri
22232:Marduk-bel-zeri
22225:Baba-aha-iddina
22202:
22179:Adad-nirari III
22169:Shalmaneser III
22158:
22147:
22146:
22133:
22127:
22126:
22124:Menkheperre Ini
22101:
22094:
22093:
22057:
22043:Nabû-mukin-apli
22020:
22009:(1100–540 BCE)
22002:Nabu-shum-libur
21970:
21947:Ashur-nirari IV
21941:Ashurnasirpal I
21938:Shamshi-Adad IV
21884:Ashur-uballit I
21879:
21861:
21857:
21853:
21849:
21843:
21842:
21838:
21834:
21832:Kings of Byblos
21830:
21800:
21793:
21787:
21786:
21755:
21754:
21738:
21732:
21700:
21687:
21686:
21668:Neferneferuaten
21628:
21627:
21623:
21617:
21611:
21610:(1500–1100 BCE)
21602:Enlil-nadin-ahi
21590:Adad-shuma-usur
21578:Kashtiliashu IV
21566:Kadashman-Turgu
21551:Burnaburiash II
21530:Kashtiliash III
21522:
21499:
21493:
21463:
21462:(1600–1260 BCE)
21461:
21431:
21422:
21416:
21404:
21398:
21394:
21388:
21384:
21378:
21358:
21353:Peshgaldaramesh
21348:
21338:
21328:
21324:Sealand Dynasty
21321:
21318:
21317:
21311:
21310:
21273:
21266:
21264:
21239:Ashur-nirari II
21218:Puzur-Ashur III
21206:Shamshi-Adad II
21177:
21175:
21173:Adaside dynasty
21170:
21169:
21144:
21142:
21140:
21139:
21102:
21100:
21098:
21091:
21082:
21076:
21065:
21061:
21059:Kings of Byblos
21057:
21051:
21040:
21003:
20990:
20989:
20971:Uruk VI dynasty
20969:
20918:
20869:Dynasty of Isin
20859:
20853:
20842:
20838:
20834:
20830:
20826:
20822:
20818:
20814:
20810:
20785:
20779:
20772:
20768:
20767:
20766:
20764:
20760:
20756:
20739:
20733:
20729:
20723:
20720:
20690:
20684:
20666:
20627:
20615:
20606:
20602:
20598:
20594:
20577:
20567:
20553:
20537:
20529:
20525:
20521:
20510:
20503:
20499:
20485:
20481:
20472:
20468:
20467:
20465:
20454:
20450:
20444:
20440:
20431:(2150–2000 BCE)
20412:
20396:
20392:
20388:
20382:
20378:
20374:
20370:
20366:
20362:
20358:
20344:
20340:
20328:
20324:
20300:
20296:
20292:
20288:
20284:
20283:
20281:
20276:
20266:
20221:Djedkare Shemai
20210:
20204:
20198:
20184:
20155:
20151:
20147:
20143:
20130:Sargon of Akkad
20128:
20127:
20124:Akkadian Empire
20116:(2340–2150 BCE)
20114:Akkadian Period
20101:
20097:
20085:
20081:
20060:
20048:
20038:
20034:
20017:
20013:
19999:
19977:
19956:
19954:
19942:
19938:
19934:
19923:
19919:
19915:
19906:
19897:
19883:
19879:
19867:
19863:
19851:
19822:
19819:
19813:
19801:
19792:
19759:
19758:
19742:
19738:
19734:
19730:
19719:
19715:
19711:
19702:
19701:
19695:
19691:
19690:
19678:
19677:
19661:
19658:
19646:
19642:
19631:
19622:
19618:
19614:
19610:
19606:
19602:
19601:
19600:
19594:
19590:
19586:
19585:
19577:(2500-539 BCE)
19565:
19561:
19531:
19525:
19518:
19512:
19494:
19490:
19486:
19474:
19470:
19466:
19454:
19448:
19444:
19430:
19426:
19416:
19413:
19409:
19397:
19393:
19383:
19379:
19377:
19363:
19359:
19355:
19351:
19315:
19309:
19303:
19299:
19298:
19282:
19281:
19280:(2700–1500 BCE)
19279:
19227:
19216:
19179:("conqueror of
19165:
19149:
19142:
19132:
19118:
19099:
19095:
19090:
19081:
19072:
19064:
19061:
19041:
18977:
18976:
18962:
18956:
18950:
18941:
18883:
18869:
18856:
18797:
18728:
18717:
18711:
18697:
18691:
18684:
18678:
18672:
18666:
18665:
18664:(4000–3100 BCE)
18663:
18657:
18631:
18625:
18597:
18578:
18568:
18541:
18539:
18523:
18517:
18487:
18482:
18481:
18476:
18465:American Empire
18450:
18446:African empires
18398:
18281:
17973:Central African
17919:
17737:Romano-Germanic
17323:
17057:Middle Assyrian
17030:
17022:
17017:
16987:
16982:
16974:
16967:
16960:
16947:
16872:
16858:Public holidays
16844:
16786:
16748:
16742:
16734:
16686:
16641:
16610:
16603:
16590:
16583:
16439:
16408:
16357:
16306:
16293:
16283:Second Republic
16227:
16210:
16177:Crusader states
16142:Tulunid dynasty
16135:(Bilad al-Sham)
16134:
16132:Caliphal Syria
16126:Muslim conquest
16112:
16108:Byzantine Syria
16023:Akkadian Empire
16004:
15958:
15931:
15922:
15892:
15887:
15815:
15634:
15630:Women in Turkey
15598:Law enforcement
15552:
15548:Life expectancy
15514:Islam in Turkey
15468:
15357:
15319:National Police
15287:
15242:
15174:
15165:Turkish Riviera
15072:
15029:
15028:
15007:
14964:
14931:
14910:Language reform
14881:
14800:
14761:
14726:
14716:
14714:
14684:
14679:
14623:
14607:Public holidays
14530:
14381:
14364:
14303:
14273:
14256:
14115:
14095:
14078:
14009:Iraqi Kurdistan
13999:Euphrates river
13970:
13949:
13916:War (2014–2017)
13862:Operation Opera
13808:
13778:
13774:Arab Federation
13762:Kingdom of Iraq
13695:
13671:Fall of Babylon
13606:Akkadian Empire
13581:Samarra culture
13566:Hassuna culture
13543:
13530:
13518:
13517:
13515:
13485:
13480:
13468:
13458:
13456:
13448:
13391:
13266:
13243:Mardin Province
13106:
13085:
13068:Simele massacre
13002:
12931:
12896:(1st to 3rd c.)
12878:(64 BCE–637 CE)
12872:(66 BCE–217 CE)
12858:Parthian Empire
12852:Seleucid Empire
12844:
12838:
12834:Assyrian tribes
12802:(2025–1364 BCE)
12796:(2600–2025 BCE)
12775:
12773:
12770:
12762:
12719:
12672:
12656:
12625:
12584:
12577:
12576:
12572:
12566:
12565:
12561:
12555:
12554:
12550:
12541:
12510:
12499:
12497:Assyrian people
12494:
12464:
12459:
12441:
12440:
12438:
12361:
12355:
12325:
12320:
12314:Sassanid Empire
12283:Parthian Empire
12278:Seleucid Empire
12268:Seleucid Empire
12187:
12181:
12158:
12149:
11978:Akkadian Empire
11924:
11918:
11888:
11883:
11874:
11576:
11571:
11541:
11536:
11495:
11449:
11423:
11332:Culture/society
11327:
11220:
11216:Muslim conquest
11186:Fall of Babylon
11117:
11018:
11005:
10889:
10807:
10802:
10767:
10759:
10754:
10737:
10723:Lachish Reliefs
10693:
10662:
10591:Adad-nirari III
10575:Shalmaneser III
10548:
10518:
10512:
10482:
10474:
10472:
10468:
10453:
10440:
10438:
10396:
10394:
10387:
10364:
10343:
10320:
10318:
10314:
10289:
10275:
10252:
10250:
10224:
10222:
10218:
10185:
10179:Taagepera, Rein
10156:
10154:
10093:
10072:
10070:
10046:
10025:
9999:
9988:
9962:
9960:
9921:
9919:
9895:
9872:
9870:
9866:
9851:
9803:
9780:
9778:
9738:
9717:
9679:
9677:
9670:
9644:
9642:
9617:
9615:
9590:
9588:
9564:
9562:
9542:
9519:
9517:
9485:
9483:
9453:
9432:
9411:
9388:
9386:
9363:10.2307/1359991
9313:
9273:
9246:
9244:
9210:
9189:
9168:
9147:
9126:
9105:
9103:
9096:
9073:
9054:
9034:
9013:
8992:
8971:
8942:
8909:
8888:
8867:
8846:
8823:
8821:
8777:
8775:
8771:
8764:
8751:
8728:
8726:
8694:
8657:10.2307/1359421
8634:
8615:
8594:
8573:
8552:
8523:
8502:
8483:
8478:
8470:
8466:
8458:
8454:
8446:
8442:
8434:
8430:
8422:
8409:
8401:
8394:
8386:
8382:
8374:
8370:
8362:
8358:
8350:
8346:
8338:
8334:
8326:
8311:
8303:
8292:
8284:
8280:
8272:
8268:
8260:
8256:
8248:
8244:
8236:
8232:
8224:
8217:
8209:
8205:
8197:
8193:
8185:
8181:
8173:
8169:
8161:
8157:
8149:
8145:
8137:
8133:
8125:
8112:
8104:
8100:
8092:
8088:
8080:
8073:
8065:
8061:
8053:
8046:
8038:
8034:
8026:
8022:
8014:
8010:
8002:
7998:
7990:
7986:
7978:
7974:
7966:
7962:
7954:
7950:
7942:
7938:
7930:
7926:
7918:
7914:
7906:
7902:
7894:
7885:
7877:
7873:
7865:
7861:
7853:
7844:
7836:
7827:
7819:
7810:
7802:
7798:
7790:
7775:
7767:
7763:
7755:
7740:
7732:
7725:
7717:
7710:
7702:
7698:
7690:
7686:
7678:
7669:
7661:
7657:
7649:
7642:
7634:
7627:
7619:
7615:
7607:
7603:
7595:
7588:
7580:
7571:
7563:
7559:
7551:
7547:
7539:
7528:
7520:
7516:
7508:
7504:
7496:
7492:
7484:
7480:
7472:
7468:
7460:
7456:
7448:
7444:
7436:
7432:
7424:
7420:
7412:
7408:
7400:
7396:
7388:
7384:
7376:
7372:
7364:
7360:
7352:
7348:
7340:
7336:
7328:
7324:
7316:
7309:
7301:
7294:
7286:
7282:
7274:
7270:
7262:
7258:
7250:
7246:
7238:
7234:
7226:
7222:
7214:
7207:
7199:
7195:
7187:
7183:
7175:
7171:
7163:
7156:
7148:
7144:
7136:
7132:
7124:
7120:
7112:
7108:
7100:
7096:
7088:
7084:
7076:
7072:
7066:Luckenbill 1927
7064:
7060:
7056:, pp. 6–7.
7052:
7048:
7040:
7036:
7028:
7024:
7016:
6999:
6991:
6984:
6976:
6972:
6964:
6960:
6952:
6948:
6940:
6925:
6917:
6913:
6905:
6901:
6893:
6889:
6881:, p. 192;
6877:
6873:
6865:
6861:
6853:
6849:
6841:
6837:
6829:
6825:
6817:
6813:
6805:
6798:
6790:
6783:
6775:
6771:
6763:
6759:
6751:
6744:
6736:
6729:
6721:
6717:
6709:
6700:
6692:
6679:
6671:
6667:
6659:
6655:
6647:
6643:
6635:
6631:
6623:
6619:
6611:
6607:
6599:
6595:
6587:
6583:
6575:
6571:
6563:
6559:
6551:
6547:
6539:
6522:
6514:
6510:
6502:
6495:
6487:
6478:
6470:
6466:
6458:
6454:
6446:
6442:
6434:
6430:
6422:
6413:
6405:
6401:
6393:
6389:
6381:
6377:
6369:
6365:
6357:
6353:
6345:
6330:
6322:
6315:
6307:
6303:
6295:
6291:
6283:
6279:
6271:
6267:
6259:
6250:
6244:Luckenbill 1924
6242:
6238:
6230:
6226:
6218:
6207:
6199:
6192:
6184:
6180:
6174:
6170:
6164:
6160:
6155:
6151:
6143:
6136:
6128:
6124:
6116:
6105:
6097:
6093:
6085:
6068:
6060:
6053:
6045:
6036:
6028:
6024:
6016:
6009:
6001:
5997:
5989:
5985:
5977:
5968:
5960:
5956:
5948:
5941:
5933:
5922:
5914:
5910:
5902:
5895:
5887:
5883:
5875:
5862:
5854:
5850:
5842:
5831:
5823:
5816:
5808:
5801:
5793:
5778:
5770:
5749:
5741:
5737:
5729:
5722:
5714:
5701:
5693:
5689:
5681:
5672:
5664:
5655:
5647:
5643:
5635:
5628:
5620:
5611:
5603:
5599:
5591:
5587:
5579:
5575:
5567:
5563:
5555:
5548:
5540:
5533:
5525:
5521:
5513:
5509:
5501:
5497:
5489:
5485:
5477:
5470:
5462:
5449:
5441:
5434:
5426:
5411:
5403:
5394:
5390:, Making speed.
5386:
5379:
5371:
5362:
5354:
5341:
5333:
5318:
5310:
5297:
5289:
5274:
5266:
5262:
5254:
5247:
5239:
5235:
5227:
5223:
5211:
5210:
5201:
5200:
5190:
5186:
5179:
5163:
5159:
5152:
5144:. Times Books.
5135:
5131:
5124:
5108:
5104:
5095:
5093:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5044:
5040:
5033:
5017:
5013:
5006:
4989:
4985:
4976:
4974:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4929:
4925:
4916:
4914:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4886:Rassam cylinder
4883:
4879:
4875:
4870:
4869:
4859:
4855:
4850:Assyrian tribes
4847:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4824:
4820:
4811:
4807:
4799:
4795:
4786:
4782:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4734:
4713:
4658:Rassam cylinder
4638:
4633:Sumero-Akkadian
4620:
4616:
4611:
4589:
4501:
4493:
4491:
4463:
4450:
4414:and eventually
4373:Cyrus the Great
4344:Dynasty of Isin
4302:
4273:
4230:Francis Egerton
4152:Julius von Mohl
4120:Sasanian Empire
4108:Assyrian people
4089:
4079:
3982:
3966:Story of Ahikar
3952:
3950:Cesare Saccaggi
3934:Deir Mar Mattai
3895:Story of Ahikar
3891:containing the
3888:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3782:("architect"),
3755:
3723:
3718:
3631:
3629:Other languages
3597:
3570:
3564:
3483:
3477:
3472:
3421:
3415:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3316:) and lancers (
3242:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3162:
3156:
3117:East until the
3090:
3084:
3034:(chief judge),
2911:
2845:
2830:
2824:
2790:
2782:
2776:
2761:
2755:
2750:
2713:
2691:Ashur-uballit I
2642:Fall of Nineveh
2622:king of Babylon
2581:
2564:
2558:
2472:
2453:
2339:
2329:
2265:Mushezib-Marduk
2208:
2185:
2174:
2078:Adaside dynasty
2057:
2039:
2034:
2032:Imperial apogee
2013:
1994:Nabu-mukin-zeri
1890:
1875:
1864:
1829:
1818:
1807:
1787:
1755:
1752:Adad-nirari III
1740:Baba-aha-iddina
1727:
1682:Ashur-danin-pal
1660:
1649:
1545:
1542:Shalmaneser III
1519:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1505:Shalmaneser III
1501:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1448:cities such as
1425:
1387:in the eastern
1353:
1332:
1318:
1288:
1261:
1222:
1204:
1193:
1160:
1149:
1138:
1127:
1117:
1112:
1100:
1088:
1069:
1055:
1028:Sargon of Akkad
1020:Akkadian Empire
1002:
998:
961:
872:
857:
838:
826:
823:Shalmaneser III
798:
778:and modern-day
752:Neo-Babylonians
704:
596:
582:
557:
543:
510:
497:
495:Fall of Nineveh
484:
471:
458:
445:
431:
418:
408:
394:
361:
358:
346:
334:
322:
310:
298:
290:Shalmaneser III
286:
274:
261:
220:
199:
158:
141:
135:
129:
124:
113:
107:
104:
85:
68:
64:
57:
56:
55:
46:Without proper
37:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
24958:
24948:
24947:
24942:
24937:
24932:
24927:
24922:
24917:
24912:
24907:
24902:
24897:
24892:
24887:
24882:
24877:
24875:Ancient Levant
24872:
24867:
24862:
24857:
24852:
24847:
24842:
24837:
24820:
24819:
24817:
24816:
24806:
24796:
24786:
24775:
24772:
24771:
24768:
24767:
24764:
24763:
24761:
24760:
24759:
24758:
24753:
24743:
24738:
24733:
24728:
24723:
24718:
24713:
24708:
24703:
24698:
24693:
24688:
24683:
24677:
24675:
24671:
24670:
24668:
24667:
24666:
24665:
24660:
24655:
24650:
24645:
24635:
24630:
24629:
24628:
24623:
24617:
24612:
24607:
24602:
24597:
24592:
24587:
24582:
24572:
24571:
24570:
24565:
24560:
24555:
24550:
24540:
24534:
24532:
24522:
24521:
24509:
24508:
24505:
24504:
24502:
24501:
24496:
24491:
24486:
24484:Transportation
24481:
24476:
24474:Stock Exchange
24471:
24469:Reconstruction
24466:
24461:
24456:
24451:
24449:Infrastructure
24446:
24438:
24433:
24428:
24423:
24417:
24414:
24413:
24401:
24400:
24397:
24396:
24394:
24393:
24388:
24383:
24378:
24373:
24368:
24363:
24362:
24361:
24356:
24351:
24346:
24345:
24344:
24334:
24329:
24319:
24318:
24317:
24316:
24315:
24308:Prime Minister
24305:
24304:
24303:
24293:
24288:
24278:
24273:
24268:
24263:
24258:
24250:
24245:
24239:
24236:
24235:
24223:
24222:
24219:
24218:
24216:
24215:
24210:
24205:
24200:
24195:
24190:
24185:
24180:
24175:
24170:
24165:
24160:
24155:
24150:
24145:
24140:
24135:
24130:
24125:
24120:
24114:
24111:
24110:
24098:
24097:
24094:
24093:
24090:
24089:
24087:
24086:
24081:
24080:
24079:
24069:
24068:
24067:
24062:
24052:
24047:
24046:
24045:
24040:
24035:
24025:
24020:
24019:
24018:
24016:1991 uprisings
24008:
24003:
23998:
23993:
23988:
23983:
23978:
23973:
23968:
23966:Saddam Hussein
23963:
23952:
23951:
23943:
23938:
23933:
23927:
23925:
23919:
23918:
23916:
23915:
23910:
23909:
23908:
23898:
23896:Mandatory Iraq
23893:
23888:
23885:Mamluk dynasty
23878:
23873:
23868:
23863:
23858:
23853:
23848:
23842:
23840:
23836:
23835:
23833:
23832:
23827:
23822:
23817:
23812:
23807:
23802:
23797:
23792:
23787:
23782:
23777:
23772:
23767:
23762:
23757:
23752:
23750:Gutian dynasty
23747:
23742:
23737:
23732:
23727:
23722:
23717:
23712:
23707:
23702:
23696:
23694:
23684:
23683:
23671:
23670:
23653:
23652:
23645:
23638:
23630:
23621:
23620:
23615:
23614:
23611:
23610:
23607:
23606:
23599:
23576:
23559:
23552:
23529:
23522:
23508:Potts, Timothy
23498:
23484:
23462:
23452:
23451:
23448:
23447:
23437:
23426:
23425:
23418:
23411:
23404:
23400:
23399:
23394:
23389:
23380:
23374:
23373:
23332:
23325:
23321:
23320:
23302:
23281:
23277:
23276:
23271:
23266:
23257:
23251:
23250:
23243:
23239:
23238:
23233:
23228:
23223:
23217:
23216:
23209:
23205:
23204:
23187:
23183:
23182:
23075:
23071:
23070:
23047:
23042:
23037:
23033:
23032:
23027:
23018:
23014:
23013:
23008:
23003:
22991:
22990:
22983:
22982:30 BCE–116 CE
22979:
22978:
22916:Mithridates IV
22898:Mithridates II
22877:
22839:
22834:Aristobulus II
22807:
22803:
22802:
22727:Argead dynasty
22711:
22616:Argead dynasty
22612:
22608:
22607:
22599:
22598:
22578:
22577:
22569:Artaxerxes III
22532:
22530:Kings of Sidon
22519:
22506:
22502:
22501:
22478:
22473:Labashi-Marduk
22452:
22417:
22413:
22412:
22407:
22401:
22400:
22375:Nergal-ushezib
22330:
22311:Black Pharaohs
22293:
22289:
22288:
22256:
22229:Ninurta-apla-X
22190:
22188:Ashur-nirari V
22182:Shalmaneser IV
22172:Shamshi-Adad V
22160:Adad-nirari II
22151:
22141:
22050:
22046:
22045:
22015:
22011:
22010:
22004:
21961:
21944:Shalmaneser II
21932:Ashur-bel-kala
21920:Mutakkil-Nusku
21876:Middle Assyria
21872:
21865:
21840:Kings of Sidon
21823:
21747:
21746:1155–1025 BCE
21743:
21742:
21729:Elamite Empire
21725:
21692:
21691:
21683:Hittite Empire
21679:
21647:
21646:
21631:
21630:
21604:
21593:Meli-Shipak II
21563:Nazi-Maruttash
21527:Burnaburiash I
21506:
21478:
21477:1531–1155 BCE
21474:
21473:
21454:
21409:
21369:
21368:
21315:
21251:
21236:Enlil-Nasir II
21215:Ashur-nirari I
21209:Ishme-Dagan II
21200:Sharma-Adad II
21152:Ashur-apla-idi
21143:1735–1701 BCE)
21122:Ashur-apla-idi
21104:Shamshi-Adad I
21099:1808–1736 BCE)
21084:
21079:Yamhad dynasty
21069:
21067:Kings of Sidon
21046:
21033:
21032:1800–1595 BCE
21029:
21028:
20995:
20994:
20982:
20846:
20836:Puzur-Ashur II
20803:
20746:
20713:
20712:
20707:Mentuhotep III
20676:
20675:
20658:
20653:
20645:
20644:2025-1763 BCE
20641:
20640:
20612:Ur III dynasty
20608:
20589:
20586:
20582:
20581:
20569:
20558:Neferkare VIII
20546:
20542:
20541:
20534:
20533:
20505:
20491:
20489:
20476:
20462:Gutian dynasty
20458:
20434:
20433:
20425:
20420:Nebkaure Khety
20414:Meryibre Khety
20405:
20401:
20400:
20383:
20350:
20348:
20332:
20305:
20304:
20298:
20269:
20259:
20245:Neferkamin Anu
20218:Neferkare Neby
20191:
20187:
20186:
20182:Lugal-ushumgal
20179:
20164:
20160:
20159:
20138:
20119:
20118:
20110:
20108:
20104:
20103:
20089:
20076:
20074:
20070:
20069:
20064:
20055:
20050:
20042:
20029:
20024:
20020:
20019:
20015:Lugalannemundu
20005:
19970:
19966:
19965:
19960:
19946:
19929:
19910:
19901:
19892:
19887:
19871:
19858:
19854:
19853:
19836:
19831:
19827:
19826:
19815:
19806:
19805:
19796:
19787:
19782:Djedkare Isesi
19779:Menkauhor Kaiu
19751:
19747:
19746:
19723:
19706:
19682:
19680:Pabilgagaltuku
19669:
19664:
19650:
19639:Akshak dynasty
19635:
19626:
19578:
19572:
19568:
19567:
19554:
19505:
19501:
19500:
19498:
19479:
19464:Enun-dara-anna
19459:
19458:
19419:
19402:
19387:
19369:
19367:
19345:
19344:
19338:
19291:
19287:
19286:
19272:
19257:
19241:
19240:
19233:
19232:
19221:
19202:
19200:
19197:
19196:
19190:
19186:
19185:
19172:
19171:
19157:
19120:
19113:
19112:
19088:Kullassina-bel
19073:
19065:
19054:
19053:
19047:
18969:
18965:
18964:
18943:
18934:
18929:
18880:Narmer Palette
18862:
18861:3100–2900 BCE
18858:
18857:
18790:
18720:
18719:
18704:
18703:3200–3100 BCE
18700:
18699:
18686:
18654:
18653:
18648:
18642:
18637:
18618:
18617:4000–3200 BCE
18614:
18613:
18608:
18603:
18598:
18592:
18587:
18582:
18572:
18562:
18557:
18552:
18547:
18542:
18529:
18528:
18525:
18524:
18519:Rulers of the
18516:
18515:
18508:
18501:
18493:
18484:
18483:
18478:
18477:
18475:
18474:
18473:
18472:
18467:
18458:
18456:
18452:
18451:
18449:
18448:
18443:
18438:
18433:
18428:
18423:
18422:
18421:
18410:
18408:
18404:
18403:
18400:
18399:
18397:
18396:
18391:
18386:
18381:
18376:
18375:
18374:
18364:
18359:
18354:
18349:
18344:
18339:
18334:
18329:
18324:
18319:
18318:
18317:
18312:
18302:
18297:
18291:
18289:
18280:
18279:
18278:
18277:
18272:
18267:
18262:
18257:
18247:
18242:
18241:
18240:
18230:
18225:
18224:
18223:
18218:
18213:
18203:
18198:
18197:
18196:
18191:
18181:
18180:
18179:
18174:
18169:
18164:
18159:
18149:
18148:
18147:
18142:
18132:
18127:
18122:
18117:
18116:
18115:
18110:
18105:
18100:
18095:
18085:
18084:
18083:
18078:
18068:
18063:
18062:
18061:
18056:
18046:
18045:
18044:
18039:
18029:
18028:
18027:
18022:
18012:
18007:
18006:
18005:
18000:
17995:
17990:
17985:
17975:
17970:
17969:
17968:
17963:
17955:
17950:
17945:
17940:
17935:
17929:
17927:
17921:
17920:
17918:
17917:
17912:
17907:
17902:
17901:
17900:
17895:
17890:
17885:
17880:
17875:
17870:
17860:
17855:
17854:
17853:
17848:
17843:
17838:
17833:
17828:
17818:
17817:
17816:
17811:
17806:
17801:
17791:
17786:
17781:
17776:
17771:
17766:
17761:
17756:
17751:
17750:
17749:
17744:
17734:
17733:
17732:
17727:
17722:
17717:
17712:
17707:
17694:
17689:
17684:
17679:
17678:
17677:
17672:
17667:
17657:
17656:
17655:
17650:
17645:
17640:
17630:
17625:
17620:
17615:
17610:
17605:
17604:
17603:
17598:
17593:
17588:
17578:
17577:
17576:
17571:
17566:
17561:
17551:
17550:
17549:
17544:
17539:
17529:
17524:
17519:
17514:
17509:
17508:
17507:
17502:
17497:
17487:
17482:
17481:
17480:
17475:
17470:
17465:
17460:
17455:
17445:
17444:
17443:
17438:
17428:
17427:
17426:
17421:
17416:
17411:
17401:
17396:
17395:
17394:
17384:
17383:
17382:
17377:
17369:
17364:
17359:
17354:
17349:
17344:
17339:
17333:
17331:
17329:Post-classical
17325:
17324:
17322:
17321:
17320:
17319:
17309:
17304:
17303:
17302:
17297:
17287:
17286:
17285:
17275:
17274:
17273:
17268:
17263:
17258:
17253:
17248:
17238:
17233:
17228:
17227:
17226:
17221:
17216:
17211:
17201:
17200:
17199:
17194:
17184:
17179:
17178:
17177:
17172:
17167:
17162:
17157:
17147:
17142:
17137:
17136:
17135:
17130:
17128:Middle Kingdom
17125:
17115:
17110:
17109:
17108:
17103:
17098:
17088:
17087:
17086:
17084:Neo-Babylonian
17081:
17076:
17074:Old Babylonian
17066:
17065:
17064:
17059:
17049:
17044:
17038:
17036:
17024:
17023:
17016:
17015:
17008:
17001:
16993:
16984:
16983:
16981:
16980:
16973:
16972:
16965:
16957:
16956:
16953:
16952:
16949:
16948:
16946:
16945:
16940:
16935:
16930:
16929:
16928:
16923:
16913:
16908:
16903:
16893:
16888:
16882:
16880:
16874:
16873:
16871:
16870:
16865:
16860:
16855:
16854:
16853:
16848:
16840:
16830:
16825:
16820:
16815:
16810:
16804:
16798:
16792:
16791:
16788:
16787:
16785:
16784:
16779:
16774:
16769:
16768:
16767:
16756:
16754:
16753:Infrastructure
16750:
16749:
16747:
16746:
16738:
16730:
16725:
16720:
16715:
16710:
16704:
16698:
16692:
16691:
16688:
16687:
16685:
16684:
16679:
16674:
16669:
16668:
16667:
16657:
16651:
16649:
16643:
16642:
16640:
16639:
16634:
16633:
16632:
16630:Syria (region)
16622:
16617:
16616:
16615:
16608:
16601:
16600:
16599:
16576:
16575:
16574:
16564:
16563:
16562:
16557:
16547:
16546:
16545:
16535:
16530:
16529:
16528:
16523:
16513:
16508:
16507:
16506:
16505:
16504:
16497:Prime Minister
16489:
16487:Vice President
16484:
16483:
16482:
16472:
16467:
16461:
16455:
16449:
16448:
16445:
16444:
16441:
16440:
16438:
16437:
16432:
16427:
16425:Southern Syria
16422:
16420:Syria (region)
16416:
16414:
16410:
16409:
16407:
16406:
16401:
16396:
16391:
16386:
16381:
16376:
16371:
16365:
16363:
16359:
16358:
16356:
16355:
16350:
16345:
16340:
16335:
16330:
16324:
16314:
16308:
16307:
16300:
16298:
16295:
16294:
16292:
16291:
16286:
16280:
16274:
16273:
16272:
16266:
16263:State of Syria
16260:
16252:French Mandate
16249:
16244:
16237:
16235:
16229:
16228:
16226:
16225:
16218:
16216:
16212:
16211:
16209:
16208:
16202:
16196:
16195:
16194:
16189:
16184:
16174:
16172:Saljuqid Syria
16169:
16164:
16159:
16154:
16152:Zangid dynasty
16149:
16144:
16139:
16129:
16122:
16120:
16118:Medieval Syria
16114:
16113:
16111:
16110:
16105:
16100:
16095:
16093:Seleucid Syria
16090:
16085:
16080:
16075:
16070:
16065:
16060:
16055:
16050:
16045:
16040:
16035:
16030:
16025:
16020:
16014:
16012:
16006:
16005:
16003:
16002:
15997:
15992:
15987:
15982:
15977:
15972:
15966:
15964:
15960:
15959:
15957:
15956:
15954:Years in Syria
15951:
15945:
15939:
15933:
15932:
15921:
15920:
15913:
15906:
15898:
15889:
15888:
15886:
15885:
15873:
15861:
15849:
15837:
15824:
15821:
15820:
15817:
15816:
15814:
15813:
15808:
15803:
15798:
15793:
15788:
15787:
15786:
15776:
15771:
15766:
15761:
15756:
15751:
15750:
15749:
15747:Radio stations
15744:
15739:
15729:
15724:
15719:
15714:
15709:
15704:
15699:
15694:
15693:
15692:
15682:
15677:
15672:
15667:
15666:
15665:
15660:
15650:
15644:
15642:
15633:
15632:
15627:
15622:
15617:
15616:
15615:
15610:
15605:
15595:
15590:
15589:
15588:
15578:
15573:
15572:
15571:
15560:
15558:
15554:
15553:
15551:
15550:
15545:
15540:
15539:
15538:
15533:
15528:
15518:
15517:
15516:
15506:
15505:
15504:
15494:
15489:
15484:
15482:Turkish people
15478:
15476:
15470:
15469:
15467:
15466:
15465:
15464:
15459:
15454:
15447:Transportation
15444:
15439:
15434:
15429:
15424:
15423:
15422:
15417:
15412:
15407:
15397:
15392:
15387:
15382:
15377:
15371:
15369:
15363:
15362:
15359:
15358:
15356:
15355:
15354:
15353:
15348:
15343:
15333:
15328:
15327:
15326:
15321:
15311:
15306:
15301:
15295:
15293:
15289:
15288:
15286:
15285:
15280:
15275:
15270:
15269:
15268:
15263:
15252:
15250:
15244:
15243:
15241:
15240:
15239:
15238:
15233:
15228:
15223:
15213:
15212:
15211:
15201:
15195:
15193:
15186:
15180:
15179:
15176:
15175:
15173:
15172:
15167:
15162:
15157:
15155:National parks
15152:
15147:
15142:
15137:
15132:
15127:
15126:
15125:
15120:
15110:
15109:
15108:
15103:
15093:
15092:
15091:
15089:Climate change
15080:
15078:
15074:
15073:
15071:
15070:
15065:
15060:
15055:
15050:
15045:
15040:
15038:Marmara Region
15034:
15032:
15030:(west to east)
15019:
15013:
15012:
15009:
15008:
15006:
15005:
15000:
14995:
14990:
14985:
14984:
14983:
14972:
14970:
14966:
14965:
14963:
14962:
14957:
14956:
14955:
14945:
14943:Constitutional
14939:
14937:
14933:
14932:
14930:
14929:
14924:
14919:
14918:
14917:
14912:
14902:
14897:
14891:
14889:
14883:
14882:
14880:
14879:
14878:
14877:
14867:
14866:
14865:
14860:
14855:
14845:
14844:
14843:
14833:
14831:Transformation
14828:
14827:
14826:
14816:
14810:
14808:
14806:Ottoman Empire
14802:
14801:
14799:
14798:
14793:
14788:
14787:
14786:
14775:
14773:
14763:
14762:
14760:
14759:
14754:
14749:
14743:
14741:
14734:
14728:
14727:
14713:
14712:
14705:
14698:
14690:
14681:
14680:
14678:
14677:
14667:
14657:
14647:
14636:
14633:
14632:
14629:
14628:
14625:
14624:
14622:
14621:
14620:
14619:
14614:
14604:
14599:
14594:
14589:
14584:
14579:
14574:
14569:
14564:
14559:
14554:
14549:
14544:
14538:
14536:
14532:
14531:
14529:
14528:
14527:
14526:
14521:
14516:
14511:
14506:
14496:
14491:
14490:
14489:
14484:
14478:
14473:
14468:
14463:
14458:
14453:
14448:
14443:
14433:
14432:
14431:
14426:
14421:
14416:
14411:
14401:
14395:
14393:
14383:
14382:
14370:
14369:
14366:
14365:
14363:
14362:
14357:
14352:
14347:
14345:Transportation
14342:
14337:
14335:Stock Exchange
14332:
14330:Reconstruction
14327:
14322:
14317:
14312:
14310:Infrastructure
14307:
14299:
14294:
14289:
14284:
14278:
14275:
14274:
14262:
14261:
14258:
14257:
14255:
14254:
14249:
14244:
14239:
14234:
14229:
14224:
14223:
14222:
14217:
14212:
14207:
14206:
14205:
14195:
14190:
14180:
14179:
14178:
14177:
14176:
14169:Prime Minister
14166:
14165:
14164:
14154:
14149:
14139:
14134:
14129:
14124:
14119:
14111:
14106:
14100:
14097:
14096:
14084:
14083:
14080:
14079:
14077:
14076:
14071:
14066:
14061:
14056:
14051:
14046:
14041:
14036:
14031:
14026:
14021:
14016:
14011:
14006:
14001:
13996:
13991:
13986:
13981:
13975:
13972:
13971:
13959:
13958:
13955:
13954:
13951:
13950:
13948:
13947:
13942:
13941:
13940:
13930:
13929:
13928:
13923:
13913:
13908:
13907:
13906:
13901:
13896:
13886:
13881:
13880:
13879:
13877:1991 uprisings
13869:
13864:
13859:
13854:
13849:
13844:
13839:
13834:
13829:
13827:Saddam Hussein
13824:
13813:
13812:
13804:
13799:
13794:
13788:
13786:
13780:
13779:
13777:
13776:
13771:
13770:
13769:
13759:
13757:Mandatory Iraq
13754:
13749:
13746:Mamluk dynasty
13739:
13734:
13729:
13724:
13719:
13714:
13709:
13703:
13701:
13697:
13696:
13694:
13693:
13688:
13683:
13678:
13673:
13668:
13663:
13658:
13653:
13648:
13643:
13638:
13633:
13628:
13623:
13618:
13613:
13611:Gutian dynasty
13608:
13603:
13598:
13593:
13588:
13583:
13578:
13573:
13568:
13563:
13557:
13555:
13545:
13544:
13532:
13531:
13514:
13513:
13506:
13499:
13491:
13482:
13481:
13479:
13478:
13466:
13453:
13450:
13449:
13447:
13446:
13441:
13436:
13431:
13426:
13421:
13416:
13411:
13405:
13403:
13397:
13396:
13393:
13392:
13390:
13389:
13384:
13383:
13382:
13372:
13370:United Kingdom
13367:
13362:
13357:
13352:
13347:
13342:
13337:
13332:
13327:
13322:
13317:
13312:
13307:
13302:
13297:
13292:
13287:
13282:
13276:
13274:
13268:
13267:
13265:
13264:
13263:
13262:
13261:
13260:
13255:
13250:
13240:
13235:
13230:
13220:
13219:
13218:
13213:
13212:
13211:
13206:
13201:
13186:
13185:
13184:
13179:
13174:
13164:
13163:
13162:
13157:
13152:
13147:
13146:
13145:
13140:
13135:
13130:
13123:Nineveh Plains
13114:
13112:
13097:
13091:
13090:
13087:
13086:
13084:
13083:
13077:
13071:
13065:
13059:
13053:
13050:Adana massacre
13047:
13041:
13035:
13029:
13026:Schism of 1552
13023:
13020:Ottoman Empire
13017:
13014:Safavid Empire
13010:
13008:
13004:
13003:
13001:
13000:
12994:
12988:
12982:
12976:
12970:
12964:
12961:Emirs of Mosul
12958:
12952:
12946:
12939:
12937:
12933:
12932:
12930:
12929:
12923:
12917:
12903:
12897:
12891:
12885:
12879:
12873:
12867:
12861:
12855:
12848:
12846:
12840:
12839:
12837:
12836:
12831:
12826:
12821:
12815:
12809:
12808:(1363–912 BCE)
12803:
12797:
12790:
12788:
12778:
12764:
12763:
12761:
12760:
12755:
12750:
12745:
12740:
12735:
12729:
12727:
12721:
12720:
12718:
12717:
12712:
12707:
12702:
12697:
12692:
12687:
12682:
12676:
12674:
12662:
12661:
12658:
12657:
12655:
12654:
12648:
12642:
12635:
12633:
12627:
12626:
12624:
12623:
12617:
12611:
12605:
12598:
12596:
12587:
12579:
12578:
12544:
12542:
12540:
12539:
12534:
12529:
12524:
12518:
12516:
12512:
12511:
12504:
12501:
12500:
12493:
12492:
12485:
12478:
12470:
12461:
12460:
12458:
12457:
12446:
12443:
12442:
12367:
12366:
12363:
12362:
12354:
12353:
12346:
12339:
12331:
12322:
12321:
12317:
12316:
12311:
12307:
12306:
12290:
12289:63 BCE–224 CE
12286:
12285:
12280:
12275:
12271:
12270:
12265:
12261:
12260:
12252:Ancient Greeks
12244:
12240:
12239:
12234:
12230:
12229:
12217:
12213:
12212:
12210:
12208:
12204:
12203:
12198:
12194:
12193:
12174:
12169:
12162:
12153:
12144:
12139:
12135:
12134:
12127:
12111:
12107:
12106:
12104:Middle Assyria
12101:
12099:
12094:
12090:
12089:
12077:
12065:
12061:
12060:
12050:
12045:
12041:
12040:
12024:
12019:
12007:
12003:
12002:
11997:
11993:
11992:
11985:
11981:
11980:
11975:
11971:
11970:
11957:
11954:
11950:
11949:
11944:
11939:
11934:
11929:
11926:
11925:
11917:
11916:
11909:
11902:
11894:
11885:
11884:
11877:
11875:
11873:
11872:
11867:
11862:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11837:
11832:
11827:
11822:
11817:
11812:
11807:
11802:
11797:
11792:
11787:
11782:
11777:
11772:
11767:
11762:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11717:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11697:
11692:
11687:
11682:
11677:
11672:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11637:
11632:
11627:
11622:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11602:
11597:
11592:
11587:
11581:
11578:
11577:
11570:
11569:
11562:
11555:
11547:
11538:
11537:
11535:
11534:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11512:Assyriologists
11509:
11503:
11501:
11497:
11496:
11494:
11493:
11488:
11483:
11478:
11473:
11468:
11463:
11457:
11455:
11451:
11450:
11448:
11447:
11442:
11437:
11431:
11429:
11425:
11424:
11422:
11421:
11419:List of rulers
11416:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11335:
11333:
11329:
11328:
11326:
11325:
11320:
11315:
11310:
11308:Proto-Armenian
11305:
11300:
11295:
11293:Middle Persian
11290:
11285:
11280:
11275:
11270:
11265:
11260:
11255:
11250:
11245:
11240:
11234:
11232:
11226:
11225:
11222:
11221:
11219:
11218:
11213:
11208:
11203:
11198:
11193:
11188:
11183:
11181:Neo-Babylonian
11178:
11173:
11168:
11163:
11161:Old Babylonian
11158:
11153:
11148:
11143:
11138:
11133:
11131:Early Dynastic
11127:
11125:
11119:
11118:
11116:
11115:
11110:
11105:
11100:
11095:
11090:
11081:
11076:
11071:
11066:
11061:
11056:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11035:
11033:
11024:
11020:
11019:
11012:
11010:
11007:
11006:
11004:
11003:
10998:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10933:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10897:
10895:
10891:
10890:
10888:
10887:
10882:
10877:
10872:
10871:
10870:
10865:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10824:
10822:
10815:
10809:
10808:
10801:
10800:
10793:
10786:
10778:
10772:
10769:
10768:
10756:
10755:
10753:
10752:
10746:
10743:
10742:
10739:
10738:
10736:
10735:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10709:
10703:
10699:
10698:
10695:
10694:
10692:
10691:
10685:
10683:
10682:Infrastructure
10676:
10672:
10671:
10668:
10667:
10664:
10663:
10661:
10660:
10655:
10648:
10643:
10638:
10633:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10606:Ashur-nirari V
10603:
10598:
10596:Shalmaneser IV
10593:
10588:
10582:
10580:Shamshi-Adad V
10577:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10560:Adad-nirari II
10556:
10554:
10547:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10530:
10524:
10520:
10519:
10517: articles
10511:
10510:
10503:
10496:
10488:
10481:
10480:
10446:
10402:
10385:
10368:
10362:
10347:
10341:
10326:
10302:(2): 222–223.
10283:Turchin, Peter
10279:
10273:
10258:
10230:
10175:
10162:
10139:10.1086/690911
10133:(1): 149–174.
10118:
10108:(2): 255–265.
10097:
10091:
10078:
10050:
10044:
10029:
10023:
10008:
9992:
9986:
9969:
9944:
9927:
9899:
9893:
9878:
9844:
9818:(3): 357–386.
9807:
9801:
9786:
9742:
9736:
9721:
9715:
9702:
9685:
9668:
9651:
9624:
9597:
9575:"Ashurbanipal"
9570:
9546:
9540:
9525:
9491:
9457:
9451:
9436:
9430:
9415:
9409:
9394:
9357:(1/2): 28–58.
9343:
9333:(3): 350–366.
9322:
9306:
9288:(1): 108–124.
9277:
9271:
9252:
9229:(1): 125–136.
9214:
9208:
9193:
9187:
9172:
9166:
9151:
9145:
9130:
9124:
9111:
9094:
9077:
9071:
9058:
9052:
9038:
9032:
9017:
9011:
8996:
8990:
8975:
8969:
8954:
8940:
8913:
8907:
8892:
8886:
8871:
8865:
8850:
8844:
8829:
8783:
8755:
8749:
8734:
8713:(2): 151–167.
8698:
8692:
8677:
8638:
8632:
8619:
8613:
8598:
8592:
8577:
8571:
8556:
8550:
8527:
8521:
8506:
8500:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8476:
8464:
8452:
8440:
8428:
8407:
8392:
8380:
8378:, p. 109.
8368:
8366:, p. 153.
8364:MacGinnis 2010
8356:
8344:
8342:, p. 552.
8332:
8330:, p. 535.
8309:
8307:, p. 534.
8290:
8288:, p. 191.
8286:Taagepera 1978
8278:
8276:, p. 223.
8266:
8254:
8242:
8230:
8215:
8213:, p. 584.
8203:
8191:
8179:
8177:, p. 556.
8167:
8165:, p. 559.
8155:
8153:, p. 558.
8143:
8141:, p. 560.
8131:
8129:, p. 195.
8110:
8098:
8096:, p. 209.
8086:
8071:
8069:, p. 214.
8059:
8057:, p. 241.
8044:
8032:
8020:
8018:, p. 514.
8008:
7996:
7994:, p. 511.
7984:
7982:, p. 379.
7972:
7960:
7948:
7946:, p. 378.
7936:
7934:, p. 368.
7924:
7912:
7910:, p. 361.
7900:
7898:, p. 319.
7883:
7881:, p. 178.
7871:
7869:, p. 168.
7859:
7857:, p. 320.
7842:
7840:, p. 318.
7825:
7823:, p. 321.
7808:
7806:, p. 317.
7796:
7794:, p. 149.
7773:
7771:, p. 148.
7761:
7759:, p. 147.
7738:
7736:, p. 314.
7723:
7721:, p. 313.
7708:
7704:Garfinkle 2007
7696:
7684:
7667:
7655:
7653:, p. 528.
7640:
7638:, p. 210.
7625:
7613:
7611:, p. 212.
7601:
7599:, p. 209.
7586:
7584:, p. 211.
7569:
7557:
7555:, p. 213.
7545:
7526:
7514:
7502:
7490:
7488:, p. 152.
7478:
7466:
7454:
7452:, p. 525.
7442:
7440:, p. 531.
7430:
7428:, p. 130.
7418:
7406:
7404:, p. 129.
7394:
7382:
7370:
7358:
7346:
7344:, p. 360.
7334:
7332:, p. 369.
7322:
7307:
7305:, p. 300.
7292:
7290:, p. 359.
7280:
7278:, p. 191.
7268:
7266:, p. 167.
7256:
7254:, p. 113.
7244:
7232:
7230:, p. 159.
7220:
7218:, p. 392.
7205:
7203:, p. 158.
7193:
7191:, p. 161.
7181:
7169:
7167:, p. 109.
7154:
7142:
7130:
7118:
7116:, p. 365.
7106:
7104:, p. 372.
7094:
7082:
7070:
7068:, p. 140.
7058:
7046:
7044:, p. 212.
7034:
7022:
7020:, p. 162.
6997:
6995:, p. 266.
6982:
6970:
6968:, p. 263.
6958:
6956:, p. 265.
6946:
6944:, p. 193.
6923:
6921:, p. 141.
6911:
6909:, p. 229.
6899:
6895:Lipschits 2005
6887:
6883:Lipschits 2005
6871:
6859:
6857:, p. 136.
6847:
6835:
6831:Lipschits 2005
6823:
6811:
6796:
6792:Lipschits 2005
6781:
6769:
6765:Lipschits 2005
6757:
6742:
6727:
6725:, p. 263.
6715:
6711:Lipschits 2005
6698:
6696:, p. 192.
6677:
6673:Lipschits 2005
6665:
6653:
6649:Lipschits 2005
6641:
6639:, p. 172.
6629:
6627:, p. 256.
6617:
6615:, p. 255.
6605:
6603:, p. 126.
6593:
6591:, p. 129.
6581:
6579:, p. 122.
6569:
6567:, p. 121.
6557:
6545:
6543:, p. 191.
6520:
6518:, p. 320.
6508:
6506:, p. 190.
6493:
6476:
6464:
6452:
6440:
6428:
6426:, p. 189.
6411:
6399:
6387:
6375:
6373:, p. 188.
6363:
6361:, p. 172.
6351:
6349:, p. 187.
6328:
6326:, p. 169.
6313:
6301:
6289:
6287:, p. 166.
6277:
6275:, p. 210.
6265:
6263:, p. 186.
6248:
6236:
6224:
6222:, p. 185.
6205:
6190:
6188:, p. 183.
6178:
6168:
6158:
6149:
6147:, p. 181.
6134:
6132:, p. 154.
6122:
6120:, p. 367.
6103:
6091:
6089:, p. 180.
6066:
6064:, p. 178.
6051:
6049:, p. 177.
6034:
6022:
6018:Davenport 2016
6007:
5995:
5983:
5981:, p. 176.
5966:
5954:
5952:, p. 277.
5939:
5937:, p. 175.
5920:
5918:, p. 228.
5908:
5893:
5881:
5879:, p. 174.
5860:
5858:, p. 200.
5848:
5846:, p. 173.
5829:
5827:, p. 172.
5814:
5812:, p. 171.
5799:
5797:, p. 170.
5776:
5747:
5735:
5720:
5718:, p. 169.
5699:
5687:
5685:, p. 168.
5670:
5668:, p. 144.
5653:
5651:, p. 145.
5641:
5639:, p. 136.
5626:
5624:, p. 167.
5609:
5607:, p. 136.
5597:
5585:
5583:, p. 125.
5573:
5561:
5546:
5531:
5529:, p. 360.
5519:
5507:
5505:, p. 120.
5495:
5483:
5481:, p. 565.
5468:
5466:, p. 196.
5447:
5432:
5409:
5392:
5377:
5360:
5358:, p. 536.
5339:
5337:, p. 161.
5316:
5314:, p. 133.
5295:
5272:
5270:, p. 165.
5260:
5245:
5243:, p. 187.
5241:Taagepera 1978
5233:
5231:, p. 148.
5221:
5184:
5177:
5157:
5150:
5129:
5122:
5102:
5073:
5038:
5031:
5011:
5004:
4983:
4963:"rinap/rinap4"
4954:
4943:Chisholm, Hugh
4923:
4893:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4853:
4841:
4832:
4818:
4805:
4793:
4780:
4764:
4761: 1340 BC
4648:; the same in
4613:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4588:
4585:
4530:Ottoman Empire
4497: 883–859
4489:
4462:
4459:
4449:
4446:
4382:Book of Daniel
4301:
4298:
4272:
4269:
4257:Hormuzd Rassam
4242:Hormuzd Rassam
4182:Eugène Flandin
4148:British Museum
4097:Eugène Flandin
4078:
4075:
3978:in Egypt from
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3754:
3751:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3630:
3627:
3611:(on the base).
3566:Main article:
3563:
3560:
3479:Main article:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3464:Timurid Empire
3417:Main article:
3414:
3411:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3355:
3352:
3348:battering rams
3336:) and guides (
3236:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3158:Main article:
3155:
3152:
3123:Ottoman Empire
3086:Main article:
3083:
3080:
2910:
2907:
2849: 783–773
2842:Shalmaneser IV
2826:Main article:
2823:
2820:
2786: 705–681
2774:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2742:personal union
2712:
2709:
2557:
2554:
2355:Esharra-hammat
2328:
2325:
2305:Nergal-ushezib
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
1863:
1860:
1826:Ashur-nirari V
1804:Shalmaneser IV
1724:Shalmaneser IV
1657:Shamshi-Adad V
1648:
1645:
1604:, the king of
1502:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1477:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1422:Ashur-bel-kala
1317:
1314:
1289: 1000 BC
1284:and destroyed
1190:Adad-nirari II
1146:Adad-nirari II
1126:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1003: 2350 BC
960:
957:
917:universal rule
740:largest empire
720:Adad-nirari II
706:
705:
697:
694:
693:
690:
689:
682:
676:
675:
672:
666:
665:
659:
653:
652:
646:
640:
639:
633:
623:
622:
609:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:
593:
587:
586:
579:
570:
567:
566:
561:
553:
552:
547:
535:
534:
529:
519:
518:
515:
514:
511:
508:Fall of Harran
505:
502:
501:
498:
492:
489:
488:
485:
479:
476:
475:
472:
466:
463:
462:
459:
453:
450:
449:
446:
439:
436:
435:
432:
426:
423:
422:
419:
416:
413:
412:
409:
402:
399:
398:
395:
392:Adad-nirari II
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
376:
375:Historical era
372:
371:
368:
367:
359:
356:
353:
352:
347:
344:
341:
340:
335:
332:
329:
328:
323:
320:
317:
316:
311:
308:
305:
304:
299:
296:
293:
292:
287:
284:
281:
280:
275:
272:
269:
268:
265:Adad-nirari II
262:
259:
256:
255:
252:
251:
248:
242:
241:
236:
232:
231:
226:
222:
221:
219:
218:
213:
207:
205:
201:
200:
198:
197:
191:
185:
179:
173:
166:
164:
160:
159:
156:
148:
147:
143:
142:
125:
122:
115:
114:
94:it, or adding
71:
69:
62:
50:, you may see
38:
31:
30:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
24957:
24946:
24943:
24941:
24938:
24936:
24933:
24931:
24928:
24926:
24923:
24921:
24918:
24916:
24913:
24911:
24908:
24906:
24903:
24901:
24898:
24896:
24893:
24891:
24888:
24886:
24883:
24881:
24878:
24876:
24873:
24871:
24870:Ancient Egypt
24868:
24866:
24863:
24861:
24858:
24856:
24853:
24851:
24848:
24846:
24843:
24841:
24838:
24836:
24833:
24832:
24830:
24815:
24807:
24805:
24797:
24795:
24791:
24787:
24785:
24777:
24776:
24773:
24757:
24754:
24752:
24749:
24748:
24747:
24744:
24742:
24739:
24737:
24734:
24732:
24729:
24727:
24724:
24722:
24719:
24717:
24714:
24712:
24709:
24707:
24704:
24702:
24699:
24697:
24694:
24692:
24689:
24687:
24684:
24682:
24679:
24678:
24676:
24672:
24664:
24661:
24659:
24656:
24654:
24651:
24649:
24646:
24644:
24641:
24640:
24639:
24636:
24634:
24631:
24627:
24624:
24621:
24620:Iraqi Turkmen
24618:
24616:
24613:
24611:
24608:
24606:
24603:
24601:
24598:
24596:
24593:
24591:
24588:
24586:
24583:
24581:
24578:
24577:
24576:
24573:
24569:
24566:
24564:
24561:
24559:
24556:
24554:
24551:
24549:
24546:
24545:
24544:
24541:
24539:
24536:
24535:
24533:
24531:
24527:
24523:
24519:
24514:
24510:
24500:
24497:
24495:
24492:
24490:
24487:
24485:
24482:
24480:
24477:
24475:
24472:
24470:
24467:
24465:
24462:
24460:
24457:
24455:
24452:
24450:
24447:
24445:
24439:
24437:
24434:
24432:
24429:
24427:
24424:
24422:
24419:
24418:
24415:
24411:
24406:
24402:
24392:
24389:
24387:
24384:
24382:
24379:
24377:
24374:
24372:
24369:
24367:
24364:
24360:
24357:
24355:
24352:
24350:
24347:
24343:
24340:
24339:
24338:
24335:
24333:
24330:
24328:
24325:
24324:
24323:
24320:
24314:
24311:
24310:
24309:
24306:
24302:
24299:
24298:
24297:
24294:
24292:
24289:
24287:
24284:
24283:
24282:
24279:
24277:
24274:
24272:
24269:
24267:
24264:
24262:
24259:
24257:
24255:(legislative)
24251:
24249:
24246:
24244:
24241:
24240:
24237:
24233:
24228:
24224:
24214:
24211:
24209:
24206:
24204:
24201:
24199:
24196:
24194:
24191:
24189:
24188:Syrian Desert
24186:
24184:
24183:Shatt al-Arab
24181:
24179:
24176:
24174:
24171:
24169:
24166:
24164:
24161:
24159:
24156:
24154:
24151:
24149:
24146:
24144:
24141:
24139:
24136:
24134:
24131:
24129:
24126:
24124:
24121:
24119:
24118:Faw peninsula
24116:
24115:
24112:
24108:
24103:
24099:
24085:
24082:
24078:
24075:
24074:
24073:
24070:
24066:
24063:
24061:
24060:Fall of Mosul
24058:
24057:
24056:
24053:
24051:
24048:
24044:
24041:
24039:
24036:
24034:
24033:U.S. invasion
24031:
24030:
24029:
24026:
24024:
24021:
24017:
24014:
24013:
24012:
24009:
24007:
24004:
24002:
23999:
23997:
23996:Iran–Iraq War
23994:
23992:
23989:
23987:
23984:
23982:
23979:
23977:
23974:
23972:
23969:
23967:
23964:
23961:
23957:
23954:
23953:
23950:
23944:
23942:
23939:
23937:
23934:
23932:
23929:
23928:
23926:
23924:
23920:
23914:
23911:
23907:
23904:
23903:
23902:
23899:
23897:
23894:
23892:
23889:
23886:
23882:
23879:
23877:
23874:
23872:
23869:
23867:
23864:
23862:
23861:Buyid dynasty
23859:
23857:
23854:
23852:
23849:
23847:
23844:
23843:
23841:
23837:
23831:
23828:
23826:
23823:
23821:
23818:
23816:
23813:
23811:
23808:
23806:
23803:
23801:
23798:
23796:
23793:
23791:
23788:
23786:
23783:
23781:
23778:
23776:
23773:
23771:
23768:
23766:
23763:
23761:
23758:
23756:
23753:
23751:
23748:
23746:
23743:
23741:
23738:
23736:
23733:
23731:
23728:
23726:
23723:
23721:
23718:
23716:
23713:
23711:
23710:Halaf culture
23708:
23706:
23703:
23701:
23698:
23697:
23695:
23693:
23689:
23685:
23681:
23676:
23672:
23667:
23661:
23651:
23646:
23644:
23639:
23637:
23632:
23631:
23628:
23602:
23596:
23592:
23591:
23586:
23580:
23574:
23568:
23566:
23564:
23555:
23549:
23545:
23544:
23539:
23538:Roux, Georges
23533:
23525:
23519:
23515:
23514:
23509:
23502:
23494:
23488:
23480:
23476:
23472:
23466:
23457:
23453:
23449:
23446:
23442:
23436:
23432:
23427:
23424:
23423:
23417:
23416:
23410:
23409:
23402:
23401:
23398:
23393:
23388:
23384:
23379:
23375:
23372:
23369:
23366:
23365:Yazdegerd III
23363:
23360:
23357:
23354:
23351:
23348:
23345:
23342:
23339:
23336:
23331:
23330:
23322:
23319:
23316:
23312:
23308:
23307:
23301:
23298:
23297:Sahralanyozan
23295:
23291:
23286:
23279:
23278:
23275:
23270:
23265:
23261:
23256:
23252:
23249:
23248:
23240:
23237:
23232:
23227:
23222:
23218:
23215:
23214:
23206:
23203:
23200:
23197:
23193:
23192:
23185:
23184:
23181:
23178:
23175:
23172:
23169:
23166:
23163:
23160:
23157:
23154:
23151:
23148:
23145:
23142:
23139:
23136:
23133:
23130:
23127:
23124:
23121:
23118:
23115:
23112:
23109:
23106:
23103:
23100:
23097:
23090:
23085:
23081:
23080:
23073:
23072:
23069:
23066:
23063:
23060:
23057:
23054:
23053:Mithridates V
23051:
23050:Sinatruces II
23046:
23041:
23035:
23034:
23031:
23026:
23022:
23015:
23012:
23007:
23002:
22997:
22992:
22989:
22988:
22980:
22977:
22974:
22973:Artabanus III
22971:
22968:
22965:
22962:
22959:
22956:
22953:
22950:
22947:
22944:
22943:Tiridates III
22941:
22938:
22935:
22932:
22929:
22926:
22923:
22920:
22917:
22914:
22911:
22908:
22905:
22902:
22899:
22896:
22893:
22890:
22887:
22886:Mithridates I
22883:
22882:
22876:
22873:
22870:
22867:
22864:
22861:
22858:
22855:
22852:
22849:
22846:
22843:
22838:
22835:
22832:
22829:
22826:
22823:
22822:Aristobulus I
22820:
22819:John Hyrcanus
22817:
22813:
22812:
22805:
22804:
22801:
22798:
22795:
22792:
22789:
22788:Alexander III
22786:
22783:
22780:
22777:
22774:
22773:Antiochus III
22771:
22768:
22765:
22762:
22759:
22755:
22754:
22749:
22745:
22744:
22739:
22736:
22733:
22732:Alexander III
22729:
22728:
22720:
22715:
22710:
22707:
22704:
22701:
22698:
22695:
22692:
22689:
22686:
22683:
22680:
22677:
22674:
22671:
22668:
22667:Cleopatra III
22665:
22662:
22659:
22656:
22653:
22650:
22647:
22644:
22641:
22638:
22635:
22632:
22629:
22626:
22622:
22621:
22617:
22610:
22609:
22606:
22605:
22600:
22597:
22596:
22591:
22590:
22585:
22584:
22579:
22576:
22573:
22572:Artaxerxes IV
22570:
22567:
22566:Artaxerxes II
22564:
22561:
22558:
22555:
22552:
22549:
22545:
22544:
22537:
22531:
22527:
22526:Kings of Tyre
22523:
22517:
22512:
22511:
22503:
22500:
22497:
22494:
22491:
22488:
22484:
22483:
22482:Median Empire
22477:
22474:
22471:
22468:
22465:
22462:
22458:
22457:
22451:
22448:
22445:
22442:
22439:
22436:
22433:
22429:
22428:
22423:
22422:
22415:
22414:
22411:
22406:
22402:
22399:
22397:
22394:
22391:
22390:Sinsharishkun
22388:
22385:
22382:
22379:
22376:
22373:
22370:
22367:
22364:
22361:
22358:
22355:
22352:
22349:
22345:
22343:
22336:
22335:
22329:
22326:
22323:
22320:
22317:
22312:
22304:
22299:
22298:
22290:
22287:
22283:
22279:
22275:
22271:
22267:
22262:
22261:
22254:
22251:
22248:
22245:
22242:
22239:
22236:
22233:
22230:
22227:(five kings)
22226:
22223:
22220:
22217:
22214:
22211:
22208:
22205:
22201:
22195:
22189:
22186:
22185:Ashur-Dan III
22183:
22180:
22176:
22173:
22170:
22167:
22164:
22161:
22157:
22156:
22150:
22145:
22140:
22139:
22136:
22132:
22131:
22125:
22122:
22119:
22116:
22113:
22110:
22107:
22104:
22100:
22099:
22092:
22089:
22088:
22084:
22081:
22078:
22075:
22072:
22069:
22066:
22063:
22060:
22056:
22055:
22048:
22047:
22044:
22041:
22038:
22035:
22032:
22029:
22026:
22025:Ea-mukin-zeri
22023:
22022:Simbar-shipak
22019:
22014:1025–934 BCE
22013:
22012:
22008:
22003:
22000:
21997:
21994:
21991:
21988:
21985:
21982:
21979:
21976:
21973:
21969:
21967:
21960:
21957:
21954:
21951:
21950:Ashur-rabi II
21948:
21945:
21942:
21939:
21936:
21935:Eriba-Adad II
21933:
21930:
21927:
21924:
21921:
21918:
21915:
21912:
21909:
21906:
21903:
21900:
21897:
21896:Shalmaneser I
21894:
21893:Adad-nirari I
21891:
21888:
21885:
21882:
21878:
21877:
21871:
21870:
21864:
21860:
21856:
21852:
21848:
21847:
21841:
21837:
21836:Kings of Tyre
21833:
21829:
21828:
21822:
21821:
21818:
21815:
21812:
21809:
21806:
21803:
21799:
21798:
21792:
21791:
21785:
21782:
21779:
21776:
21775:Ramesses VIII
21773:
21770:
21767:
21764:
21761:
21758:
21753:
21752:
21745:
21744:
21741:
21737:
21736:
21731:
21730:
21724:
21721:
21718:
21715:
21712:
21709:
21706:
21703:
21699:
21698:
21693:
21690:
21685:
21684:
21678:
21675:
21672:
21669:
21666:
21665:
21661:
21658:
21657:Amenhotep III
21655:
21652:
21648:
21645:
21642:
21639:
21636:
21632:
21629:
21626:
21622:
21621:
21616:
21615:
21608:
21603:
21600:
21597:
21594:
21591:
21588:
21585:
21582:
21579:
21576:
21573:
21570:
21567:
21564:
21561:
21558:
21555:
21552:
21549:
21546:
21543:
21540:
21537:
21534:
21531:
21528:
21525:
21521:
21519:
21511:
21505:
21502:
21498:
21497:
21492:
21491:
21483:
21475:
21472:
21469:
21466:
21460:
21459:
21453:
21450:
21447:
21444:
21441:
21440:
21436:
21435:
21426:
21420:
21415:
21414:
21408:
21407:
21403:
21402:
21397:
21393:
21392:
21387:
21383:
21382:
21377:
21376:
21370:
21367:
21364:
21363:Melamkurkurra
21361:
21357:
21356:Ayadaragalama
21354:
21351:
21347:
21344:
21341:
21337:
21334:
21333:Itti-ili-nibi
21331:
21327:
21325:
21314:
21309:
21306:
21303:
21300:
21297:
21294:
21291:
21288:
21285:
21282:
21279:
21276:
21272:
21270:
21263:
21256:
21250:
21249:
21246:
21243:
21240:
21237:
21234:
21231:
21228:
21227:Ashur-shaduni
21225:
21222:
21221:Enlil-nasir I
21219:
21216:
21213:
21210:
21207:
21204:
21201:
21198:
21195:
21192:
21189:
21186:
21185:Sharma-Adad I
21183:
21180:
21176:1700–722 BCE)
21174:
21168:
21165:
21162:
21159:
21156:
21153:
21150:
21147:
21138:
21135:
21132:
21129:
21126:
21123:
21120:
21117:
21114:
21111:
21108:
21107:Ishme-Dagan I
21105:
21096:
21090:
21089:
21080:
21075:
21074:
21068:
21064:
21063:Kings of Tyre
21060:
21055:
21050:
21045:
21044:
21039:
21038:
21030:
21027:
21024:
21021:
21020:Amenemhat III
21018:
21015:
21012:
21009:
21006:
21002:
21001:
20996:
20993:
20988:
20987:
20980:
20976:
20972:
20968:
20964:
20961:
20958:
20955:
20952:
20949:
20946:
20943:
20940:
20937:
20934:
20931:
20928:
20925:
20921:
20917:
20914:
20911:
20908:
20905:
20902:
20899:
20896:
20893:
20890:
20887:
20884:
20881:
20878:
20875:
20871:
20870:
20863:
20857:
20852:
20851:
20845:
20841:
20837:
20833:
20829:
20825:
20821:
20817:
20813:
20812:Puzur-Ashur I
20809:
20808:
20801:
20797:
20794:
20791:
20788:
20783:
20778:
20777:
20771:
20763:
20759:
20754:
20751:
20745:
20742:
20737:
20732:
20727:
20722:
20719:
20718:Third Eblaite
20714:
20711:
20710:Mentuhotep IV
20708:
20705:
20704:Mentuhotep II
20702:
20699:
20696:
20693:
20689:
20688:
20683:
20682:
20677:
20673:
20669:
20665:
20663:
20657:
20652:
20650:
20642:
20639:
20636:
20633:
20630:
20625:
20620:
20614:
20613:
20605:
20601:
20597:
20593:
20584:
20583:
20580:
20576:
20574:
20568:
20565:
20562:
20561:Wahkare Khety
20559:
20556:
20552:
20551:
20544:
20543:
20540:
20535:
20532:
20528:
20524:
20517:
20513:
20509:
20502:
20498:
20496:
20488:
20484:
20480:
20475:
20471:
20464:
20463:
20457:
20453:
20448:
20443:
20439:
20435:
20432:
20430:
20429:Ur III period
20424:
20421:
20418:
20417:Neferkare VII
20415:
20411:
20410:
20402:
20399:
20395:
20391:
20387:
20381:
20377:
20373:
20369:
20365:
20364:Ur-Ningirsu I
20361:
20357:
20355:
20347:
20343:
20339:
20337:
20331:
20327:
20322:
20318:
20314:
20310:
20306:
20303:
20295:
20291:
20287:
20280:
20275:
20274:
20268:
20265:
20258:
20255:
20252:
20249:
20246:
20243:
20240:
20237:
20234:
20231:
20228:
20225:
20222:
20219:
20216:
20213:
20209:
20208:
20203:
20202:
20197:
20196:
20188:
20183:
20177:
20172:
20168:
20162:
20161:
20158:
20154:
20150:
20146:
20142:
20137:
20134:
20131:
20126:
20125:
20120:
20117:
20115:
20109:
20105:
20100:
20096:
20094:
20088:
20084:
20080:
20077:
20075:
20072:
20071:
20068:
20063:
20059:
20054:
20047:
20041:
20037:
20033:
20028:
20022:
20021:
20016:
20012:
20010:
20003:
19998:
19995:
19992:
19989:
19986:
19983:
19980:
19976:
19975:
19968:
19967:
19964:
19961:
19959:
19953:
19951:
19947:
19945:
19941:
19937:
19933:
19930:
19927:
19922:
19918:
19914:
19911:
19909:
19905:
19902:
19900:
19899:Lugal-kisalsi
19896:
19893:
19891:
19888:
19886:
19882:
19878:
19876:
19872:
19870:
19866:
19862:
19859:
19856:
19855:
19849:
19844:
19840:
19835:
19832:
19829:
19828:
19825:
19821:
19811:
19808:
19807:
19804:
19800:
19795:
19791:
19786:
19783:
19780:
19777:
19774:
19771:
19768:
19765:
19762:
19757:
19756:
19748:
19745:
19741:
19737:
19733:
19729:
19728:
19722:
19718:
19714:
19710:
19705:
19699:
19694:
19689:
19687:
19681:
19676:
19674:
19668:
19663:
19657:
19655:
19649:
19645:
19641:
19640:
19634:
19630:
19625:
19621:
19617:
19613:
19609:
19605:
19598:
19593:
19589:
19584:
19583:
19576:
19570:
19569:
19564:
19560:
19559:
19553:
19552:
19548:
19545:
19542:
19541:
19537:
19534:
19529:
19524:
19521:
19517:
19516:
19511:
19510:
19503:
19502:
19497:
19493:
19489:
19485:
19484:
19478:
19477:
19473:
19469:
19465:
19460:
19457:
19452:
19447:
19442:
19437:
19433:
19429:
19425:
19424:
19418:
19412:
19408:
19407:
19401:
19400:
19396:
19392:
19386:
19382:
19376:
19374:
19366:
19362:
19358:
19354:
19350:
19346:
19342:
19337:
19334:
19333:
19329:
19326:
19325:
19321:
19318:
19313:
19307:
19302:
19297:
19296:
19288:
19285:
19278:
19277:
19270:
19265:
19261:
19255:
19250:
19246:
19242:
19238:
19234:
19231:
19230:
19226:
19220:
19219:
19215:
19211:
19207:
19198:
19194:
19187:
19184:
19182:
19178:
19173:
19170:
19169:
19164:
19162:
19156:
19155:
19152:
19148:
19145:
19141:
19138:
19135:
19131:
19128:
19125:
19119:
19114:
19111:
19110:
19106:
19102:
19098:
19093:
19092:Nangishlishma
19089:
19085:
19080:
19078:
19071:
19070:
19063:
19060:
19059:First Eblaite
19055:
19051:
19045:
19040:
19037:
19036:
19032:
19031:
19027:
19026:
19022:
19019:
19018:Seth-Peribsen
19016:
19015:
19011:
19010:
19006:
19005:
19001:
19000:
18996:
18995:
18991:
18990:
18986:
18983:
18980:
18979:Hotepsekhemwy
18975:
18974:
18966:
18960:
18955:
18954:
18949:
18948:
18947:Proto-Elamite
18940:
18939:
18933:
18928:
18927:
18923:
18922:
18918:
18915:
18912:
18909:
18905:
18902:
18899:
18896:
18892:
18889:
18886:
18878:
18874:
18873:
18868:
18867:
18859:
18855:
18854:
18850:
18849:Double Falcon
18847:
18846:
18842:
18841:
18837:
18836:
18832:
18831:
18827:
18826:
18822:
18821:
18817:
18816:
18812:
18811:
18807:
18806:
18802:
18801:
18796:
18795:
18789:
18785:
18782:
18781:
18777:
18774:
18771:
18770:
18766:
18765:
18761:
18760:
18756:
18755:
18751:
18750:
18746:
18743:
18742:
18738:
18737:
18733:
18732:
18727:
18726:
18721:
18715:
18710:
18709:
18701:
18695:
18690:
18682:
18676:
18670:
18662:
18661:
18655:
18652:
18646:
18641:
18635:
18630:
18629:
18624:
18623:
18615:
18612:
18609:
18607:
18604:
18602:
18599:
18596:
18593:
18591:
18588:
18586:
18583:
18581:
18576:
18573:
18571:
18566:
18563:
18561:
18558:
18556:
18553:
18551:
18548:
18546:
18537:
18536:
18533:
18532:
18526:
18522:
18514:
18509:
18507:
18502:
18500:
18495:
18494:
18491:
18471:
18470:Soviet empire
18468:
18466:
18463:
18462:
18460:
18459:
18457:
18455:Miscellaneous
18453:
18447:
18444:
18442:
18439:
18437:
18434:
18432:
18429:
18427:
18424:
18420:
18417:
18416:
18415:
18412:
18411:
18409:
18405:
18395:
18392:
18390:
18387:
18385:
18382:
18380:
18377:
18373:
18370:
18369:
18368:
18365:
18363:
18360:
18358:
18355:
18353:
18350:
18348:
18345:
18343:
18340:
18338:
18335:
18333:
18330:
18328:
18325:
18323:
18320:
18316:
18313:
18311:
18308:
18307:
18306:
18303:
18301:
18298:
18296:
18293:
18292:
18290:
18288:
18284:
18276:
18273:
18271:
18268:
18266:
18263:
18261:
18258:
18256:
18253:
18252:
18251:
18248:
18246:
18243:
18239:
18236:
18235:
18234:
18231:
18229:
18226:
18222:
18219:
18217:
18214:
18212:
18209:
18208:
18207:
18204:
18202:
18199:
18195:
18192:
18190:
18187:
18186:
18185:
18182:
18178:
18175:
18173:
18170:
18168:
18165:
18163:
18160:
18158:
18155:
18154:
18153:
18150:
18146:
18143:
18141:
18138:
18137:
18136:
18133:
18131:
18128:
18126:
18123:
18121:
18118:
18114:
18111:
18109:
18106:
18104:
18101:
18099:
18096:
18094:
18091:
18090:
18089:
18086:
18082:
18079:
18077:
18074:
18073:
18072:
18069:
18067:
18064:
18060:
18057:
18055:
18054:German Empire
18052:
18051:
18050:
18047:
18043:
18040:
18038:
18035:
18034:
18033:
18030:
18026:
18023:
18021:
18018:
18017:
18016:
18013:
18011:
18008:
18004:
18001:
17999:
17996:
17994:
17991:
17989:
17986:
17984:
17981:
17980:
17979:
17976:
17974:
17971:
17967:
17964:
17962:
17959:
17958:
17956:
17954:
17951:
17949:
17946:
17944:
17941:
17939:
17936:
17934:
17931:
17930:
17928:
17926:
17922:
17916:
17913:
17911:
17908:
17906:
17903:
17899:
17896:
17894:
17891:
17889:
17886:
17884:
17881:
17879:
17876:
17874:
17871:
17869:
17866:
17865:
17864:
17861:
17859:
17856:
17852:
17849:
17847:
17844:
17842:
17839:
17837:
17834:
17832:
17829:
17827:
17824:
17823:
17822:
17819:
17815:
17812:
17810:
17807:
17805:
17802:
17800:
17797:
17796:
17795:
17794:Turco-Persian
17792:
17790:
17787:
17785:
17782:
17780:
17777:
17775:
17772:
17770:
17767:
17765:
17762:
17760:
17757:
17755:
17752:
17748:
17745:
17743:
17740:
17739:
17738:
17735:
17731:
17728:
17726:
17723:
17721:
17718:
17716:
17713:
17711:
17708:
17706:
17703:
17702:
17701:
17698:
17695:
17693:
17690:
17688:
17685:
17683:
17680:
17676:
17673:
17671:
17668:
17666:
17663:
17662:
17661:
17658:
17654:
17651:
17649:
17646:
17644:
17641:
17639:
17636:
17635:
17634:
17631:
17629:
17626:
17624:
17621:
17619:
17616:
17614:
17611:
17609:
17606:
17602:
17599:
17597:
17594:
17592:
17589:
17587:
17584:
17583:
17582:
17579:
17575:
17572:
17570:
17567:
17565:
17562:
17560:
17557:
17556:
17555:
17552:
17548:
17545:
17543:
17540:
17538:
17535:
17534:
17533:
17530:
17528:
17525:
17523:
17520:
17518:
17515:
17513:
17510:
17506:
17503:
17501:
17498:
17496:
17493:
17492:
17491:
17488:
17486:
17483:
17479:
17476:
17474:
17471:
17469:
17466:
17464:
17461:
17459:
17456:
17454:
17451:
17450:
17449:
17446:
17442:
17439:
17437:
17434:
17433:
17432:
17429:
17425:
17422:
17420:
17417:
17415:
17412:
17410:
17407:
17406:
17405:
17402:
17400:
17397:
17393:
17390:
17389:
17388:
17385:
17381:
17378:
17376:
17373:
17372:
17370:
17368:
17365:
17363:
17360:
17358:
17355:
17353:
17350:
17348:
17345:
17343:
17340:
17338:
17335:
17334:
17332:
17330:
17326:
17318:
17315:
17314:
17313:
17310:
17308:
17305:
17301:
17298:
17296:
17293:
17292:
17291:
17288:
17284:
17281:
17280:
17279:
17276:
17272:
17269:
17267:
17264:
17262:
17259:
17257:
17254:
17252:
17249:
17247:
17244:
17243:
17242:
17239:
17237:
17234:
17232:
17229:
17225:
17222:
17220:
17217:
17215:
17212:
17210:
17207:
17206:
17205:
17202:
17198:
17195:
17193:
17190:
17189:
17188:
17185:
17183:
17180:
17176:
17173:
17171:
17168:
17166:
17163:
17161:
17158:
17156:
17153:
17152:
17151:
17148:
17146:
17143:
17141:
17138:
17134:
17131:
17129:
17126:
17124:
17121:
17120:
17119:
17116:
17114:
17111:
17107:
17104:
17102:
17099:
17097:
17094:
17093:
17092:
17089:
17085:
17082:
17080:
17077:
17075:
17072:
17071:
17070:
17067:
17063:
17060:
17058:
17055:
17054:
17053:
17050:
17048:
17045:
17043:
17040:
17039:
17037:
17034:
17029:
17025:
17021:
17014:
17009:
17007:
17002:
17000:
16995:
16994:
16991:
16979:
16976:
16975:
16970:
16966:
16963:
16959:
16958:
16954:
16944:
16941:
16939:
16936:
16934:
16931:
16927:
16924:
16922:
16919:
16918:
16917:
16914:
16912:
16909:
16907:
16904:
16901:
16897:
16894:
16892:
16889:
16887:
16884:
16883:
16881:
16879:
16875:
16869:
16866:
16864:
16861:
16859:
16856:
16852:
16849:
16847:
16841:
16839:
16836:
16835:
16834:
16831:
16829:
16826:
16824:
16821:
16819:
16816:
16814:
16811:
16809:
16806:
16805:
16802:
16799:
16797:
16793:
16783:
16780:
16778:
16775:
16773:
16770:
16766:
16763:
16762:
16761:
16758:
16757:
16755:
16751:
16745:
16739:
16737:
16731:
16729:
16726:
16724:
16721:
16719:
16716:
16714:
16711:
16709:
16706:
16705:
16702:
16699:
16697:
16693:
16683:
16680:
16678:
16675:
16673:
16670:
16666:
16663:
16662:
16661:
16658:
16656:
16653:
16652:
16650:
16648:
16644:
16638:
16635:
16631:
16628:
16627:
16626:
16623:
16621:
16618:
16613:
16609:
16606:
16602:
16597:
16593:
16589:
16588:
16586:
16582:
16581:
16580:
16577:
16573:
16570:
16569:
16568:
16565:
16561:
16558:
16556:
16553:
16552:
16551:
16548:
16544:
16541:
16540:
16539:
16536:
16534:
16531:
16527:
16524:
16522:
16519:
16518:
16517:
16514:
16512:
16509:
16503:
16500:
16499:
16498:
16495:
16494:
16493:
16490:
16488:
16485:
16481:
16478:
16477:
16476:
16473:
16471:
16468:
16466:
16463:
16462:
16459:
16456:
16454:
16450:
16436:
16433:
16431:
16428:
16426:
16423:
16421:
16418:
16417:
16415:
16411:
16405:
16404:Syrian Desert
16402:
16400:
16397:
16395:
16392:
16390:
16387:
16385:
16384:Golan Heights
16382:
16380:
16377:
16375:
16372:
16370:
16367:
16366:
16364:
16360:
16354:
16351:
16349:
16346:
16344:
16341:
16339:
16336:
16334:
16331:
16329:
16326:
16325:
16322:
16318:
16315:
16313:
16309:
16304:
16290:
16287:
16284:
16281:
16278:
16275:
16270:
16267:
16264:
16261:
16258:
16255:
16254:
16253:
16250:
16248:
16245:
16242:
16239:
16238:
16236:
16234:
16230:
16223:
16222:Ottoman Syria
16220:
16219:
16217:
16213:
16206:
16203:
16200:
16199:Ayyubid Syria
16197:
16193:
16190:
16188:
16185:
16183:
16180:
16179:
16178:
16175:
16173:
16170:
16168:
16167:Fatimid Syria
16165:
16163:
16160:
16158:
16155:
16153:
16150:
16148:
16145:
16143:
16140:
16138:
16137:
16130:
16127:
16124:
16123:
16121:
16119:
16115:
16109:
16106:
16104:
16101:
16099:
16096:
16094:
16091:
16089:
16086:
16084:
16081:
16079:
16076:
16074:
16071:
16069:
16068:Aram-Damascus
16066:
16064:
16061:
16059:
16056:
16054:
16051:
16049:
16046:
16044:
16041:
16039:
16036:
16034:
16031:
16029:
16026:
16024:
16021:
16019:
16016:
16015:
16013:
16011:
16010:Ancient Syria
16007:
16001:
15998:
15996:
15993:
15991:
15988:
15986:
15983:
15981:
15980:Halaf culture
15978:
15976:
15973:
15971:
15968:
15967:
15965:
15961:
15955:
15952:
15950:
15947:
15946:
15943:
15940:
15938:
15934:
15930:
15926:
15919:
15914:
15912:
15907:
15905:
15900:
15899:
15896:
15884:
15883:
15874:
15872:
15871:
15862:
15860:
15859:
15850:
15848:
15847:
15838:
15836:
15835:
15830:
15826:
15825:
15822:
15812:
15809:
15807:
15804:
15802:
15799:
15797:
15794:
15792:
15789:
15785:
15782:
15781:
15780:
15777:
15775:
15772:
15770:
15767:
15765:
15762:
15760:
15757:
15755:
15752:
15748:
15745:
15743:
15740:
15738:
15735:
15734:
15733:
15730:
15728:
15725:
15723:
15720:
15718:
15715:
15713:
15710:
15708:
15705:
15703:
15700:
15698:
15695:
15691:
15688:
15687:
15686:
15683:
15681:
15678:
15676:
15673:
15671:
15668:
15664:
15661:
15659:
15656:
15655:
15654:
15651:
15649:
15646:
15645:
15643:
15641:
15637:
15631:
15628:
15626:
15623:
15621:
15618:
15614:
15611:
15609:
15606:
15604:
15601:
15600:
15599:
15596:
15594:
15591:
15587:
15584:
15583:
15582:
15579:
15577:
15574:
15570:
15567:
15566:
15565:
15562:
15561:
15559:
15555:
15549:
15546:
15544:
15541:
15537:
15534:
15532:
15529:
15527:
15524:
15523:
15522:
15519:
15515:
15512:
15511:
15510:
15507:
15503:
15500:
15499:
15498:
15495:
15493:
15490:
15488:
15485:
15483:
15480:
15479:
15477:
15475:
15471:
15463:
15460:
15458:
15455:
15453:
15450:
15449:
15448:
15445:
15443:
15440:
15438:
15435:
15433:
15430:
15428:
15425:
15421:
15418:
15416:
15413:
15411:
15408:
15406:
15403:
15402:
15401:
15398:
15396:
15393:
15391:
15388:
15386:
15383:
15381:
15378:
15376:
15373:
15372:
15370:
15368:
15364:
15352:
15349:
15347:
15344:
15342:
15339:
15338:
15337:
15334:
15332:
15329:
15325:
15322:
15320:
15317:
15316:
15315:
15312:
15310:
15307:
15305:
15302:
15300:
15297:
15296:
15294:
15290:
15284:
15281:
15279:
15276:
15274:
15271:
15267:
15264:
15262:
15259:
15258:
15257:
15254:
15253:
15251:
15249:
15245:
15237:
15234:
15232:
15229:
15227:
15224:
15222:
15219:
15218:
15217:
15214:
15210:
15207:
15206:
15205:
15202:
15200:
15197:
15196:
15194:
15190:
15187:
15185:
15181:
15171:
15168:
15166:
15163:
15161:
15158:
15156:
15153:
15151:
15148:
15146:
15143:
15141:
15138:
15136:
15133:
15131:
15128:
15124:
15121:
15119:
15118:Air pollution
15116:
15115:
15114:
15111:
15107:
15104:
15102:
15099:
15098:
15097:
15094:
15090:
15087:
15086:
15085:
15082:
15081:
15079:
15075:
15069:
15066:
15064:
15061:
15059:
15056:
15054:
15051:
15049:
15046:
15044:
15043:Aegean Region
15041:
15039:
15036:
15035:
15033:
15027:
15023:
15020:
15018:
15014:
15004:
15001:
14999:
14996:
14994:
14991:
14989:
14988:Turkification
14986:
14982:
14979:
14978:
14977:
14974:
14973:
14971:
14967:
14961:
14958:
14954:
14951:
14950:
14949:
14946:
14944:
14941:
14940:
14938:
14934:
14928:
14925:
14923:
14920:
14916:
14913:
14911:
14908:
14907:
14906:
14903:
14901:
14898:
14896:
14893:
14892:
14890:
14888:
14884:
14876:
14873:
14872:
14871:
14868:
14864:
14861:
14859:
14856:
14854:
14851:
14850:
14849:
14846:
14842:
14839:
14838:
14837:
14834:
14832:
14829:
14825:
14822:
14821:
14820:
14819:Classical Age
14817:
14815:
14812:
14811:
14809:
14807:
14803:
14797:
14794:
14792:
14789:
14785:
14782:
14781:
14780:
14779:Seljuk Empire
14777:
14776:
14774:
14772:
14768:
14764:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14750:
14748:
14745:
14744:
14742:
14738:
14735:
14733:
14729:
14725:
14720:
14711:
14706:
14704:
14699:
14697:
14692:
14691:
14688:
14676:
14668:
14666:
14658:
14656:
14652:
14648:
14646:
14638:
14637:
14634:
14618:
14615:
14613:
14610:
14609:
14608:
14605:
14603:
14600:
14598:
14595:
14593:
14590:
14588:
14585:
14583:
14580:
14578:
14575:
14573:
14570:
14568:
14565:
14563:
14560:
14558:
14555:
14553:
14550:
14548:
14545:
14543:
14540:
14539:
14537:
14533:
14525:
14522:
14520:
14517:
14515:
14512:
14510:
14507:
14505:
14502:
14501:
14500:
14497:
14495:
14492:
14488:
14485:
14482:
14481:Iraqi Turkmen
14479:
14477:
14474:
14472:
14469:
14467:
14464:
14462:
14459:
14457:
14454:
14452:
14449:
14447:
14444:
14442:
14439:
14438:
14437:
14434:
14430:
14427:
14425:
14422:
14420:
14417:
14415:
14412:
14410:
14407:
14406:
14405:
14402:
14400:
14397:
14396:
14394:
14392:
14388:
14384:
14380:
14375:
14371:
14361:
14358:
14356:
14353:
14351:
14348:
14346:
14343:
14341:
14338:
14336:
14333:
14331:
14328:
14326:
14323:
14321:
14318:
14316:
14313:
14311:
14308:
14306:
14300:
14298:
14295:
14293:
14290:
14288:
14285:
14283:
14280:
14279:
14276:
14272:
14267:
14263:
14253:
14250:
14248:
14245:
14243:
14240:
14238:
14235:
14233:
14230:
14228:
14225:
14221:
14218:
14216:
14213:
14211:
14208:
14204:
14201:
14200:
14199:
14196:
14194:
14191:
14189:
14186:
14185:
14184:
14181:
14175:
14172:
14171:
14170:
14167:
14163:
14160:
14159:
14158:
14155:
14153:
14150:
14148:
14145:
14144:
14143:
14140:
14138:
14135:
14133:
14130:
14128:
14125:
14123:
14120:
14118:
14116:(legislative)
14112:
14110:
14107:
14105:
14102:
14101:
14098:
14094:
14089:
14085:
14075:
14072:
14070:
14067:
14065:
14062:
14060:
14057:
14055:
14052:
14050:
14049:Syrian Desert
14047:
14045:
14044:Shatt al-Arab
14042:
14040:
14037:
14035:
14032:
14030:
14027:
14025:
14022:
14020:
14017:
14015:
14012:
14010:
14007:
14005:
14002:
14000:
13997:
13995:
13992:
13990:
13987:
13985:
13982:
13980:
13979:Faw peninsula
13977:
13976:
13973:
13969:
13964:
13960:
13946:
13943:
13939:
13936:
13935:
13934:
13931:
13927:
13924:
13922:
13921:Fall of Mosul
13919:
13918:
13917:
13914:
13912:
13909:
13905:
13902:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13894:U.S. invasion
13892:
13891:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13878:
13875:
13874:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13865:
13863:
13860:
13858:
13857:Iran–Iraq War
13855:
13853:
13850:
13848:
13845:
13843:
13840:
13838:
13835:
13833:
13830:
13828:
13825:
13822:
13818:
13815:
13814:
13811:
13805:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13789:
13787:
13785:
13781:
13775:
13772:
13768:
13765:
13764:
13763:
13760:
13758:
13755:
13753:
13750:
13747:
13743:
13740:
13738:
13735:
13733:
13730:
13728:
13725:
13723:
13722:Buyid dynasty
13720:
13718:
13715:
13713:
13710:
13708:
13705:
13704:
13702:
13698:
13692:
13689:
13687:
13684:
13682:
13679:
13677:
13674:
13672:
13669:
13667:
13664:
13662:
13659:
13657:
13654:
13652:
13649:
13647:
13644:
13642:
13639:
13637:
13634:
13632:
13629:
13627:
13624:
13622:
13619:
13617:
13614:
13612:
13609:
13607:
13604:
13602:
13599:
13597:
13594:
13592:
13589:
13587:
13584:
13582:
13579:
13577:
13574:
13572:
13571:Halaf culture
13569:
13567:
13564:
13562:
13559:
13558:
13556:
13554:
13550:
13546:
13542:
13537:
13533:
13528:
13522:
13512:
13507:
13505:
13500:
13498:
13493:
13492:
13489:
13477:
13472:
13467:
13465:
13455:
13454:
13451:
13445:
13442:
13440:
13437:
13435:
13432:
13430:
13427:
13425:
13422:
13420:
13417:
13415:
13412:
13410:
13407:
13406:
13404:
13402:
13398:
13388:
13385:
13381:
13378:
13377:
13376:
13375:United States
13373:
13371:
13368:
13366:
13363:
13361:
13358:
13356:
13353:
13351:
13348:
13346:
13343:
13341:
13338:
13336:
13333:
13331:
13328:
13326:
13323:
13321:
13318:
13316:
13313:
13311:
13308:
13306:
13303:
13301:
13298:
13296:
13293:
13291:
13288:
13286:
13283:
13281:
13278:
13277:
13275:
13273:
13269:
13259:
13256:
13254:
13251:
13249:
13246:
13245:
13244:
13241:
13239:
13236:
13234:
13231:
13229:
13226:
13225:
13224:
13221:
13217:
13214:
13210:
13207:
13205:
13202:
13200:
13197:
13196:
13195:
13192:
13191:
13190:
13187:
13183:
13180:
13178:
13175:
13173:
13170:
13169:
13168:
13165:
13161:
13158:
13156:
13153:
13151:
13148:
13144:
13141:
13139:
13136:
13134:
13131:
13129:
13126:
13125:
13124:
13121:
13120:
13119:
13116:
13115:
13113:
13110:
13105:
13101:
13098:
13096:
13092:
13081:
13078:
13075:
13072:
13069:
13066:
13063:
13060:
13057:
13054:
13051:
13048:
13045:
13042:
13039:
13036:
13033:
13030:
13027:
13024:
13021:
13018:
13015:
13012:
13011:
13009:
13005:
12998:
12995:
12992:
12989:
12986:
12983:
12980:
12977:
12974:
12971:
12968:
12967:Buyid amirate
12965:
12962:
12959:
12956:
12953:
12950:
12947:
12944:
12941:
12940:
12938:
12934:
12927:
12924:
12921:
12918:
12915:
12911:
12907:
12904:
12901:
12898:
12895:
12892:
12889:
12888:Roman Assyria
12886:
12883:
12880:
12877:
12874:
12871:
12868:
12865:
12862:
12859:
12856:
12853:
12850:
12849:
12847:
12841:
12835:
12832:
12830:
12827:
12825:
12822:
12819:
12816:
12814:(911–609 BCE)
12813:
12810:
12807:
12804:
12801:
12798:
12795:
12792:
12791:
12789:
12787:
12782:
12779:
12769:
12765:
12759:
12756:
12754:
12751:
12749:
12746:
12744:
12741:
12739:
12736:
12734:
12731:
12730:
12728:
12726:
12722:
12716:
12715:Syriac script
12713:
12711:
12708:
12706:
12703:
12701:
12698:
12696:
12693:
12691:
12688:
12686:
12683:
12681:
12678:
12677:
12675:
12671:
12667:
12663:
12652:
12649:
12646:
12643:
12640:
12637:
12636:
12634:
12632:
12628:
12621:
12618:
12615:
12612:
12609:
12606:
12603:
12600:
12599:
12597:
12595:
12591:
12588:
12586:
12580:
12575:
12574:Chaldean flag
12570:
12564:
12559:
12553:
12552:Assyrian flag
12548:
12538:
12535:
12533:
12530:
12528:
12525:
12523:
12520:
12519:
12517:
12513:
12508:
12502:
12498:
12491:
12486:
12484:
12479:
12477:
12472:
12471:
12468:
12456:
12448:
12447:
12444:
12364:
12360:
12352:
12347:
12345:
12340:
12338:
12333:
12332:
12329:
12315:
12308:
12304:
12303:
12298:
12294:
12287:
12284:
12279:
12272:
12269:
12262:
12258:
12257:
12253:
12248:
12242:
12241:
12238:
12232:
12231:
12227:
12226:
12221:
12215:
12214:
12206:
12205:
12202:
12196:
12195:
12192:
12191:
12186:
12185:
12180:
12179:
12173:
12168:
12167:
12161:
12157:
12152:
12148:
12143:
12137:
12136:
12133:
12132:
12128:
12125:
12123:
12117:
12116:
12109:
12108:
12105:
12100:
12098:
12092:
12091:
12087:
12086:
12081:
12075:
12074:
12069:
12063:
12062:
12058:
12054:
12049:
12043:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12032:
12028:
12023:
12018:
12016:
12011:
12005:
12004:
12001:
11995:
11994:
11991:
11990:
11983:
11982:
11979:
11973:
11972:
11969:
11965:
11961:
11952:
11951:
11948:
11943:
11938:
11933:
11932:
11927:
11923:
11915:
11910:
11908:
11903:
11901:
11896:
11895:
11892:
11881:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11860:Upper Turtanu
11858:
11856:
11855:Lower Turtanu
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11778:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11681:
11678:
11676:
11673:
11671:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11596:
11593:
11591:
11588:
11586:
11583:
11582:
11579:
11575:
11568:
11563:
11561:
11556:
11554:
11549:
11548:
11545:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11504:
11502:
11498:
11492:
11489:
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11458:
11456:
11452:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11432:
11430:
11426:
11420:
11417:
11415:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11336:
11334:
11330:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11316:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11284:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11274:
11271:
11269:
11266:
11264:
11261:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11236:
11235:
11233:
11231:
11227:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11204:
11202:
11199:
11197:
11194:
11192:
11189:
11187:
11184:
11182:
11179:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11137:
11134:
11132:
11129:
11128:
11126:
11124:
11120:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11099:
11096:
11094:
11091:
11089:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11036:
11034:
11032:
11028:
11025:
11021:
11016:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10942:
10939:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10898:
10896:
10892:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10860:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10848:Syrian Desert
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10825:
10823:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10810:
10806:
10799:
10794:
10792:
10787:
10785:
10780:
10779:
10776:
10770:
10763:
10751:
10748:
10747:
10744:
10734:
10733:Balawat Gates
10731:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10710:
10707:
10704:
10700:
10690:
10687:
10686:
10684:
10680:
10677:
10673:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10653:
10649:
10647:
10646:Sinsharishkun
10644:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10616:Shalmaneser V
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10601:Ashur-Dan III
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10586:
10583:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10557:
10555:
10551:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10532:
10531:
10528:
10525:
10521:
10516:
10509:
10504:
10502:
10497:
10495:
10490:
10489:
10486:
10467:
10463:
10459:
10452:
10447:
10436:
10432:
10428:
10424:
10420:
10416:
10412:
10408:
10403:
10392:
10388:
10382:
10378:
10374:
10369:
10365:
10359:
10355:
10354:
10348:
10344:
10338:
10334:
10333:
10327:
10313:
10309:
10305:
10301:
10297:
10296:
10288:
10284:
10280:
10276:
10270:
10266:
10265:
10259:
10248:
10244:
10240:
10236:
10231:
10217:
10213:
10209:
10205:
10201:
10197:
10193:
10192:
10184:
10180:
10176:
10172:
10168:
10163:
10152:
10148:
10144:
10140:
10136:
10132:
10128:
10124:
10119:
10115:
10111:
10107:
10103:
10098:
10094:
10088:
10084:
10079:
10068:
10064:
10060:
10056:
10051:
10047:
10041:
10037:
10036:
10030:
10026:
10020:
10016:
10015:
10009:
10005:
9998:
9993:
9989:
9983:
9979:
9975:
9970:
9958:
9954:
9950:
9945:
9941:
9937:
9933:
9928:
9917:
9913:
9909:
9905:
9900:
9896:
9890:
9886:
9885:
9879:
9869:on 2020-11-19
9865:
9861:
9857:
9850:
9845:
9841:
9837:
9833:
9829:
9825:
9821:
9817:
9813:
9808:
9804:
9798:
9794:
9793:
9787:
9776:
9772:
9768:
9764:
9760:
9756:
9752:
9748:
9743:
9739:
9733:
9729:
9728:
9722:
9718:
9712:
9708:
9703:
9699:
9695:
9691:
9686:
9675:
9671:
9665:
9661:
9657:
9652:
9640:
9636:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9613:
9609:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9586:
9582:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9560:
9556:
9552:
9547:
9543:
9537:
9533:
9532:
9526:
9515:
9511:
9507:
9503:
9499:
9498:
9492:
9481:
9477:
9473:
9469:
9465:
9464:
9458:
9454:
9448:
9444:
9443:
9437:
9433:
9427:
9424:. Routledge.
9423:
9422:
9416:
9412:
9406:
9402:
9401:
9395:
9384:
9380:
9376:
9372:
9368:
9364:
9360:
9356:
9352:
9349:
9344:
9340:
9336:
9332:
9328:
9323:
9319:
9312:
9307:
9303:
9299:
9295:
9291:
9287:
9283:
9278:
9274:
9268:
9264:
9260:
9259:
9253:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9228:
9225:(in German).
9224:
9220:
9215:
9211:
9205:
9201:
9200:
9194:
9190:
9184:
9180:
9179:
9173:
9169:
9163:
9159:
9158:
9152:
9148:
9142:
9138:
9137:
9131:
9127:
9121:
9117:
9112:
9101:
9097:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9078:
9074:
9068:
9064:
9059:
9055:
9049:
9045:
9039:
9035:
9029:
9025:
9024:
9018:
9014:
9008:
9004:
9003:
8997:
8993:
8987:
8983:
8982:
8976:
8972:
8966:
8962:
8961:
8955:
8951:
8947:
8943:
8937:
8933:
8929:
8925:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8910:
8904:
8900:
8899:
8893:
8889:
8883:
8879:
8878:
8872:
8868:
8862:
8859:. SBL Press.
8858:
8857:
8851:
8847:
8841:
8837:
8836:
8830:
8819:
8815:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8797:
8793:
8789:
8784:
8770:
8763:
8762:
8756:
8752:
8746:
8742:
8741:
8735:
8724:
8720:
8716:
8712:
8708:
8704:
8699:
8695:
8689:
8685:
8684:
8678:
8674:
8670:
8666:
8662:
8658:
8654:
8650:
8646:
8645:
8639:
8635:
8629:
8625:
8620:
8616:
8610:
8606:
8605:
8599:
8595:
8589:
8585:
8584:
8578:
8574:
8568:
8564:
8563:
8557:
8553:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8534:
8528:
8524:
8518:
8514:
8513:
8507:
8503:
8497:
8493:
8492:
8486:
8485:
8474:, p. 71.
8473:
8468:
8462:, p. 58.
8461:
8456:
8450:, p. 22.
8449:
8444:
8438:, p. 71.
8437:
8432:
8426:, p. 57.
8425:
8420:
8418:
8416:
8414:
8412:
8404:
8399:
8397:
8389:
8384:
8377:
8372:
8365:
8360:
8353:
8348:
8341:
8340:Beaulieu 2017
8336:
8329:
8328:Liverani 2017
8324:
8322:
8320:
8318:
8316:
8314:
8306:
8305:Liverani 2017
8301:
8299:
8297:
8295:
8287:
8282:
8275:
8270:
8263:
8258:
8251:
8246:
8239:
8234:
8227:
8222:
8220:
8212:
8207:
8201:, p. 19.
8200:
8195:
8188:
8183:
8176:
8171:
8164:
8159:
8152:
8147:
8140:
8135:
8128:
8123:
8121:
8119:
8117:
8115:
8107:
8102:
8095:
8090:
8083:
8078:
8076:
8068:
8063:
8056:
8051:
8049:
8041:
8036:
8029:
8024:
8017:
8012:
8005:
8000:
7993:
7988:
7981:
7976:
7969:
7964:
7957:
7952:
7945:
7940:
7933:
7928:
7921:
7916:
7909:
7904:
7897:
7892:
7890:
7888:
7880:
7875:
7868:
7863:
7856:
7851:
7849:
7847:
7839:
7834:
7832:
7830:
7822:
7817:
7815:
7813:
7805:
7800:
7793:
7788:
7786:
7784:
7782:
7780:
7778:
7770:
7765:
7758:
7753:
7751:
7749:
7747:
7745:
7743:
7735:
7730:
7728:
7720:
7715:
7713:
7706:, p. 54.
7705:
7700:
7694:, p. 39.
7693:
7688:
7681:
7676:
7674:
7672:
7664:
7659:
7652:
7647:
7645:
7637:
7632:
7630:
7623:, p. 33.
7622:
7617:
7610:
7605:
7598:
7593:
7591:
7583:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7567:, p. 38.
7566:
7561:
7554:
7549:
7543:, p. 36.
7542:
7537:
7535:
7533:
7531:
7523:
7518:
7511:
7506:
7499:
7494:
7487:
7482:
7475:
7470:
7463:
7458:
7451:
7446:
7439:
7434:
7427:
7422:
7415:
7410:
7403:
7398:
7392:, p. 65.
7391:
7386:
7379:
7374:
7367:
7362:
7355:
7350:
7343:
7338:
7331:
7326:
7319:
7314:
7312:
7304:
7299:
7297:
7289:
7284:
7277:
7272:
7265:
7260:
7253:
7248:
7241:
7236:
7229:
7224:
7217:
7212:
7210:
7202:
7197:
7190:
7185:
7178:
7177:Spurrier 2017
7173:
7166:
7161:
7159:
7151:
7146:
7140:, p. 29.
7139:
7134:
7128:, p. 22.
7127:
7122:
7115:
7110:
7103:
7098:
7091:
7086:
7079:
7074:
7067:
7062:
7055:
7050:
7043:
7038:
7032:, p. 90.
7031:
7030:Brinkman 1973
7026:
7019:
7014:
7012:
7010:
7008:
7006:
7004:
7002:
6994:
6989:
6987:
6980:, p. 21.
6979:
6978:Melville 2011
6974:
6967:
6962:
6955:
6950:
6943:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6932:
6930:
6928:
6920:
6915:
6908:
6903:
6897:, p. 20.
6896:
6891:
6885:, p. 19.
6884:
6880:
6875:
6868:
6863:
6856:
6851:
6844:
6839:
6833:, p. 18.
6832:
6827:
6821:, p. 13.
6820:
6819:Melville 2011
6815:
6809:, p. 18.
6808:
6807:Melville 2011
6803:
6801:
6794:, p. 17.
6793:
6788:
6786:
6778:
6777:Melville 2011
6773:
6767:, p. 16.
6766:
6761:
6755:, p. 27.
6754:
6753:Melville 2011
6749:
6747:
6740:, p. 17.
6739:
6738:Melville 2011
6734:
6732:
6724:
6719:
6713:, p. 15.
6712:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6695:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6675:, p. 14.
6674:
6669:
6662:
6657:
6651:, p. 13.
6650:
6645:
6638:
6633:
6626:
6621:
6614:
6609:
6602:
6597:
6590:
6585:
6578:
6573:
6566:
6561:
6554:
6549:
6542:
6537:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6517:
6516:Watanabe 1999
6512:
6505:
6500:
6498:
6490:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6473:
6468:
6462:, p. 90.
6461:
6456:
6450:, p. 80.
6449:
6444:
6437:
6432:
6425:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6408:
6407:Melville 2012
6403:
6396:
6391:
6385:, p. 63.
6384:
6379:
6372:
6367:
6360:
6355:
6348:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6325:
6320:
6318:
6310:
6305:
6298:
6293:
6286:
6281:
6274:
6269:
6262:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6246:, p. 15.
6245:
6240:
6234:, p. 41.
6233:
6228:
6221:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6202:
6197:
6195:
6187:
6182:
6172:
6162:
6153:
6146:
6141:
6139:
6131:
6126:
6119:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6108:
6100:
6095:
6088:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6063:
6058:
6056:
6048:
6043:
6041:
6039:
6032:, p. 47.
6031:
6026:
6020:, p. 36.
6019:
6014:
6012:
6005:, p. 53.
6004:
6003:Zawadzki 1994
5999:
5992:
5987:
5980:
5975:
5973:
5971:
5964:, p. 52.
5963:
5958:
5951:
5946:
5944:
5936:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5917:
5916:Melville 2014
5912:
5905:
5900:
5898:
5890:
5889:Beaulieu 2018
5885:
5878:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5857:
5852:
5845:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5826:
5821:
5819:
5811:
5806:
5804:
5796:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5773:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5744:
5739:
5733:, p. 60.
5732:
5727:
5725:
5717:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5696:
5691:
5684:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5667:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5650:
5645:
5638:
5633:
5631:
5623:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5606:
5601:
5595:, p. 46.
5594:
5589:
5582:
5577:
5571:, p. 45.
5570:
5565:
5559:, p. 43.
5558:
5553:
5551:
5543:
5538:
5536:
5528:
5523:
5516:
5515:Liverani 2013
5511:
5504:
5503:Liverani 2013
5499:
5492:
5487:
5480:
5475:
5473:
5465:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5445:, p. 37.
5444:
5439:
5437:
5429:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5407:, p. 64.
5406:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5389:
5384:
5382:
5374:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5357:
5356:Liverani 2017
5352:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5336:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5313:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5292:
5291:Aberbach 2003
5287:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5269:
5264:
5258:, p. 30.
5257:
5252:
5250:
5242:
5237:
5230:
5225:
5217:
5205:
5197:
5196:
5188:
5180:
5178:9781317562108
5174:
5170:
5169:
5161:
5153:
5147:
5143:
5142:
5133:
5125:
5123:9780195219210
5119:
5115:
5114:
5106:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5034:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5015:
5007:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4987:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4958:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4927:
4912:
4908:
4907:cdli.ucla.edu
4904:
4897:
4891:
4887:
4881:
4877:
4865:regulation!".
4863:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4790:
4784:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4755:
4750:
4729:
4708:
4697:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4670:KUR AN-ŠAR₂ᴷᴵ
4659:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4645:KUR AN-ŠAR₂ᴷᴵ
4634:
4630:
4625:
4618:
4614:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4488:
4480:
4475:
4467:
4458:
4456:
4445:
4442:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4331:
4330:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4306:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4282:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4189:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4160:French consul
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4144:Claudius Rich
4135:
4131:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4101:Dur-Sharrukin
4098:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4047:Abrahamic god
4044:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3983: 500 BC
3977:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3926:Saint Matthew
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3897:
3896:
3889: 500 BC
3883:
3878:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3764:
3759:
3750:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3732:
3727:
3713:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3626:
3623:
3617:
3610:
3606:
3595:
3594:Shalmaneser V
3591:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3569:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3456:lingua franca
3451:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3420:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3376:
3361:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3324:shock cavalry
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3233:
3221:
3212:
3210:
3204:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3175:siege warfare
3166:
3161:
3151:
3148:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3079:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3008:(treasurer),
3006:
2999:
2996:
2995:ša bēt-kūdini
2991:
2986:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2795:
2780:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2717:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2655:Median Empire
2648:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2601:Sinsharishkun
2598:
2594:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2378:Dasht-e Kavir
2375:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2347:victory stele
2337:
2333:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2183:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2131:Dur-Sharrukin
2127:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2101:Dur-Sharrukin
2097:
2093:
2091:
2090:Ḫuban‐nikaš I
2087:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2055:
2048:
2043:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2011:
2010:Shalmaneser V
2006:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1888:
1873:
1868:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1827:
1816:
1815:Ashur-dan III
1805:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1788: 787 BC
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1658:
1653:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1606:Aram-Damascus
1603:
1599:
1595:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1506:
1499:
1481:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1444:, as well as
1443:
1439:
1435:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1378:decapitations
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1351:
1346:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1297:Dur-Kurigalzu
1292:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1158:
1147:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1107:
1098:
1086:
1081:
1067:
1053:
1052:Adad-nirari I
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
965:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
925:
924:
918:
913:
911:
910:lingua franca
907:
903:
899:
894:
893:siege warfare
888:
886:
882:
870:
866:
855:
851:
847:
836:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
796:
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:and parts of
725:
721:
717:
713:
703:
702:
696:
695:
683:
681:
678:
677:
673:
671:
668:
667:
660:
658:
655:
654:
647:
645:
642:
641:
634:
632:
629:
628:
625:
624:
620:
615:
614:
594:
592:
591:Median Empire
589:
588:
580:
578:
575:
574:
571:
565:
562:
555:
554:
551:
548:
541:
540:
537:
536:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
520:
516:
512:
509:
503:
499:
496:
490:
486:
483:
482:Fall of Assur
477:
473:
470:
464:
460:
457:
451:
447:
444:made capital
443:
437:
433:
430:
424:
420:
414:
410:
407:made capital
406:
400:
396:
393:
387:
383:
380:
377:
373:
369:
364:
360:
354:
351:
348:
342:
339:
336:
330:
327:
324:
318:
315:
312:
306:
303:
300:
294:
291:
288:
282:
279:
276:
270:
266:
263:
257:
253:
249:
247:
246:Notable kings
243:
240:
237:
233:
230:
227:
223:
217:
214:
212:
209:
208:
206:
202:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:Dur-Sharrukin
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
165:
161:
154:
149:
146:911 BC–609 BC
144:
139:
120:
111:
101:
97:
93:
89:
83:
79:
77:
72:This article
70:
61:
60:
53:
49:
45:
43:
19:
24648:Christianity
24530:Demographics
24464:Oil reserves
24459:Oil Industry
24426:Central Bank
24322:Human rights
24248:Constitution
24193:Tigris river
24173:Persian Gulf
23881:Ottoman Iraq
23866:Qara Qoyunlu
23799:
23700:Ubaid period
23589:
23579:
23543:Ancient Iraq
23542:
23532:
23512:
23501:
23487:
23478:
23465:
23456:
23420:
23413:
23406:
23335:Ardashir III
23327:
23304:
23245:
23213:Roman Empire
23211:
23189:
23147:Yazdegerd II
23077:
23068:Artabanus IV
23065:Vologases VI
23056:Vologases IV
22987:Roman Empire
22985:
22970:Vologases II
22946:Artabanus II
22940:Artabanus II
22925:Tiridates II
22913:Phraates III
22879:
22816:Simon Thassi
22809:
22791:Demetrius II
22779:Antiochus IV
22770:Seleucus III
22764:Antiochus II
22751:
22741:
22738:Alexander IV
22725:
22713:
22697:Ptolemy XIII
22679:Berenice III
22673:Cleopatra IV
22614:
22611:331–141 BCE
22602:
22593:
22587:
22581:
22560:Artaxerxes I
22541:
22508:
22505:539–331 BCE
22480:
22461:Nabopolassar
22454:
22425:
22419:
22416:626–539 BCE
22384:Ashurbanipal
22339:
22338:
22333:
22332:
22295:
22292:745–609 BCE
22258:
22238:Eriba-Marduk
22199:
22154:
22153:
22128:
22096:
22095:
22085:
22074:Shoshenq III
22052:
22049:911–745 BCE
22017:
21999:Marduk-zer-X
21963:
21959:Ashur-dan II
21890:Arik-den-ili
21887:Enlil-nirari
21881:Eriba-Adad I
21874:
21867:
21844:
21825:
21820:Psusennes II
21795:
21794:
21788:
21772:Ramesses VII
21760:Ramesses III
21749:
21733:
21727:
21695:
21681:
21662:
21651:Amenhotep II
21644:Thutmose III
21618:
21612:
21609:
21560:Kurigalzu II
21554:Kara-hardash
21524:Agum-Kakrime
21515:
21494:
21488:
21456:
21439:'Aper-'Anati
21437:
21432:
21411:
21405:
21399:
21395:
21389:
21385:
21379:
21373:
21372:
21336:Damqi-ilishu
21319:
21308:Samsu-Ditana
21290:Sin-muballit
21281:Sin-muballit
21260:
21230:Ashur-rabi I
21095:Shamshi-Adad
21092:
21086:
21071:
21041:
21035:
21023:Amenemhat IV
21017:Senusret III
21011:Amenemhat II
20998:
20984:
20970:
20919:
20916:Damiq-ilishu
20886:Lipit-Eshtar
20867:
20848:
20805:
20773:
20769:
20753:Shakkanakkus
20716:
20692:Mentuhotep I
20685:
20679:
20660:
20647:
20610:
20604:Puzur-Ishtar
20571:
20566:
20548:
20501:Lugalannatum
20493:
20460:
20427:
20407:
20386:Hishep-Ratep
20352:
20334:
20271:
20261:
20215:Neferkare II
20205:
20199:
20193:
20140:
20122:
20112:
20091:
20044:Invasion by
20007:
19972:
19948:
19940:Enannatum II
19904:E-iginimpa'e
19873:
19865:Igrish-Halam
19776:Nyuserre Ini
19753:
19727:Awan dynasty
19725:
19684:
19671:
19652:
19637:
19628:
19612:Ishtup-Ishar
19592:Iku-Shamagan
19588:Ikun-Shamash
19580:
19558:Ur I dynasty
19556:
19549:
19538:
19513:
19507:
19481:
19462:
19421:
19404:
19389:
19371:
19330:
19322:
19293:
19274:
19237:Enmebaragesi
19223:
19204:
19175:
19166:
19159:
19122:
19117:
19097:En-tarah-ana
19082:
19075:
19067:
19057:
19033:
19030:Neferkasokar
19028:
19023:
19012:
19007:
19002:
18997:
18992:
18987:
18971:
18951:
18945:
18936:
18924:
18919:
18870:
18864:
18851:
18843:
18838:
18833:
18828:
18823:
18818:
18813:
18808:
18803:
18798:
18792:
18778:
18767:
18762:
18757:
18752:
18747:
18744:
18739:
18734:
18731:Finger Snail
18729:
18723:
18706:
18675:Anu Ziggurat
18658:
18626:
18620:
18538:Territories/
18221:Contemporary
18071:Indo-Persian
18059:Nazi Germany
18003:Contemporary
17905:Vijayanagara
17804:Great Seljuk
17715:Thessalonica
17643:Golden Horde
17283:Carthaginian
17062:Neo-Assyrian
17061:
17047:Neo-Sumerian
16891:Coat of arms
16813:Demographics
16713:Central Bank
16594: /
16555:High council
16538:Human rights
16465:Constitution
16343:Governorates
16241:Arab kingdom
16233:Modern Syria
16205:Mamluk Syria
16133:
16077:
15880:
15868:
15856:
15844:
15832:
15717:Illumination
15653:Architecture
15581:Human rights
15569:Universities
15487:Ethnic Kurds
15474:Demographics
15385:Construction
14509:Christianity
14391:Demographics
14325:Oil reserves
14320:Oil Industry
14287:Central Bank
14183:Human rights
14109:Constitution
14054:Tigris river
14034:Persian Gulf
13742:Ottoman Iraq
13727:Qara Qoyunlu
13660:
13561:Ubaid period
12991:Qara Qoyunlu
12854:(312–63 BCE)
12811:
12585:Christianity
12300:
12293:Ancient Rome
12264:311–129 BCE
12250:
12243:336–301 BCE
12233:539–331 BCE
12223:
12216:626–539 BCE
12207:729–609 BCE
12200:
12197:911–729 BCE
12188:
12182:
12176:
12164:
12129:
12119:
12113:
12083:
12071:
12056:
12033:
12012:
11987:
11946:
11941:
11936:
11920:Timeline of
11650:Halzi-atbari
11630:Dur-Sarrukku
11625:Dur-Sarrukin
11573:
11414:Royal titles
11339:Architecture
11176:Neo-Assyrian
11175:
11023:(Pre)history
10843:Persian Gulf
10650:
10636:Ashurbanipal
10514:
10473:. Retrieved
10461:
10457:
10439:. Retrieved
10414:
10410:
10395:. Retrieved
10376:
10352:
10331:
10319:. Retrieved
10299:
10293:
10263:
10251:. Retrieved
10242:
10238:
10223:. Retrieved
10195:
10189:
10170:
10166:
10155:. Retrieved
10130:
10126:
10105:
10101:
10082:
10071:. Retrieved
10062:
10058:
10034:
10013:
10003:
9973:
9961:. Retrieved
9952:
9935:
9920:. Retrieved
9911:
9907:
9883:
9871:. Retrieved
9864:the original
9859:
9855:
9815:
9811:
9791:
9779:. Retrieved
9754:
9750:
9726:
9706:
9689:
9678:. Retrieved
9659:
9643:. Retrieved
9632:
9616:. Retrieved
9605:
9589:. Retrieved
9578:
9563:. Retrieved
9554:
9530:
9518:. Retrieved
9496:
9484:. Retrieved
9462:
9441:
9420:
9399:
9387:. Retrieved
9354:
9350:
9330:
9326:
9318:Assyria 1995
9317:
9285:
9281:
9257:
9245:. Retrieved
9226:
9222:
9198:
9177:
9156:
9135:
9115:
9104:. Retrieved
9085:
9062:
9043:
9022:
9001:
8980:
8959:
8922:
8897:
8876:
8855:
8834:
8822:. Retrieved
8798:(2): 67–81.
8795:
8791:
8776:. Retrieved
8760:
8739:
8727:. Retrieved
8710:
8706:
8682:
8651:(2): 89–95.
8648:
8642:
8623:
8603:
8582:
8561:
8532:
8511:
8490:
8481:Bibliography
8467:
8455:
8443:
8431:
8405:, p. 3.
8383:
8371:
8359:
8347:
8335:
8281:
8269:
8257:
8245:
8233:
8206:
8194:
8182:
8170:
8158:
8146:
8134:
8108:, p. 7.
8101:
8089:
8084:, p. 5.
8062:
8035:
8023:
8011:
7999:
7987:
7975:
7963:
7951:
7939:
7927:
7915:
7903:
7874:
7862:
7799:
7764:
7699:
7687:
7682:, p. 2.
7658:
7621:Bedford 2009
7616:
7604:
7565:Bedford 2009
7560:
7548:
7541:Bedford 2009
7517:
7505:
7493:
7481:
7469:
7457:
7445:
7433:
7426:Kessler 1997
7421:
7409:
7402:Kessler 1997
7397:
7390:Radner 2015b
7385:
7373:
7361:
7349:
7337:
7325:
7283:
7271:
7259:
7247:
7235:
7223:
7201:Gansell 2018
7196:
7189:Gansell 2018
7184:
7172:
7145:
7138:Bedford 2009
7133:
7126:Bedford 2009
7121:
7109:
7097:
7085:
7073:
7061:
7049:
7037:
7025:
6993:Na'aman 1991
6973:
6961:
6954:Na'aman 1991
6949:
6914:
6902:
6890:
6874:
6862:
6850:
6838:
6826:
6814:
6772:
6760:
6723:Na'aman 1991
6718:
6668:
6656:
6644:
6632:
6625:Na'aman 1991
6620:
6613:Na'aman 1991
6608:
6596:
6584:
6572:
6560:
6548:
6511:
6467:
6455:
6443:
6438:, p. 8.
6431:
6402:
6390:
6378:
6366:
6354:
6304:
6292:
6280:
6268:
6239:
6227:
6181:
6171:
6161:
6152:
6125:
6094:
6025:
5998:
5991:Grayson 1982
5986:
5957:
5950:Grayson 1982
5911:
5884:
5856:Grayson 2002
5851:
5738:
5690:
5644:
5600:
5588:
5576:
5564:
5544:, p. 1.
5522:
5510:
5498:
5486:
5405:Radner 2015b
5375:, p. 2.
5293:, p. 4.
5263:
5236:
5224:
5194:
5187:
5167:
5160:
5140:
5132:
5112:
5105:
5094:. Retrieved
5085:
5076:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5021:
5014:
4994:
4986:
4975:. Retrieved
4966:
4957:
4946:
4926:
4915:. Retrieved
4906:
4896:
4890:Ashurbanipal
4880:
4856:
4844:
4835:
4828:Ashurbanipal
4821:
4808:
4796:
4789:Ashur-dan II
4783:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4696:Ashurbanipal
4635:cuneiforms:
4624:mat Aš-šurᴷᴵ
4617:
4576:
4539:
4522:
4518:
4485:
4451:
4399:Roman Empire
4396:
4358:
4323:
4318:early modern
4294:
4289:world empire
4274:
4253:Victor Place
4250:
4194:
4140:
4128:
4105:
4059:
4027:
4007:Sardanapalus
3961:
3914:Christianity
3901:
3848:
3832:watercourses
3830:and natural
3816:
3796:
3768:
3743:
3735:
3632:
3622:lion weights
3618:
3614:
3571:
3556:
3540:ancient Rome
3499:
3452:
3448:
3430:
3407:
3398:
3394:debt bondage
3390:
3381:
3344:siege towers
3329:
3297:
3243:
3191:Sin-ahu-usur
3183:
3179:fire signals
3171:
3128:
3110:Karen Radner
3107:
3103:
3057:nāgir ekalli
3011:nāgir ekalli
3000:
2980:
2921:
2912:
2903:
2887:
2854:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2763:
2738:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2683:
2651:
2626:
2614:Nabopolassar
2605:
2590:
2542:
2521:
2481:
2450:Ashurbanipal
2437:
2413:
2367:
2359:Serua-eterat
2351:
2317:Arda-Mulissu
2314:
2296:
2262:
2258:
2225:
2217:
2163:
2147:
2105:
2051:
2007:
1990:
1930:
1907:
1903:Hebrew Bible
1884:
1801:
1781:Nergal-eresh
1768:Nergal‐ila'i
1749:
1736:
1695:
1686:Shamshi-Adad
1678:Dayyan-Assur
1669:
1590:
1576:in Assyria.
1539:
1520:
1382:
1341:
1293:
1252:(modern-day
1231:
1169:
1135:Ashur-dan II
1097:Ashur-dan II
1032:
1012:Lugalzaggesi
974:
945:Christianity
939:and beyond.
914:
889:
788:
748:world empire
732:North Africa
711:
709:
698:
669:
651:2025–1364 BC
638:2600–2025 BC
532:Succeeded by
531:
526:
350:Ashurbanipal
196:(612–609 BC)
190:(705–612 BC)
184:(706–705 BC)
178:(879–706 BC)
172:(911–879 BC)
105:
73:
39:
24804:WikiProject
24605:Marsh Arabs
24590:Circassians
24271:Foreign aid
24163:Mesopotamia
23725:Uruk period
23475:Simpson, W.
23403:639–651 CE
23350:Azarmidokht
23341:Khosrow III
23324:628–641 CE
23280:618–628 CE
23242:395–618 CE
23208:273–395 CE
23196:Vaballathus
23186:270–273 CE
23150:Hormizd III
23135:Yazdegerd I
23126:Ardashir II
23120:Adur Narseh
23074:224–270 CE
23062:Vologases V
23036:117–224 CE
23017:116–117 CE
22964:Vardanes II
22961:Vologases I
22952:Gotarzes II
22922:Phraates IV
22892:Hyspaosines
22831:Hyrcanus II
22806:141–30 BCE
22785:Demetrius I
22782:Antiochus V
22776:Seleucus IV
22767:Seleucus II
22761:Antiochus I
22748:Antigonus I
22700:Ptolemy XIV
22688:Cleopatra V
22470:Neriglissar
22467:Amel-Marduk
22450:Psamtik III
22421:Late Period
22360:Sennacherib
22351:Shalmaneser
22278:Tammaritu I
22175:Shammuramat
22118:Takelot III
22115:Osorkon III
22112:Shoshenq VI
22087:Pedubast II
22077:Shoshenq IV
22065:Shoshenq II
21914:Ashur-dan I
21855:Ish-bosheth
21808:Psusennes I
21784:Ramesses XI
21778:Ramesses IX
21769:Ramesses VI
21763:Ramesses IV
21708:Ramesses II
21671:Tutankhamun
21654:Thutmose IV
21638:Thutmose II
21572:Kudur-Enlil
21557:Nazi-Bugash
21545:Kurigalzu I
21533:Ulamburiash
21504:Amenhotep I
21485:Tutankhamun
21471:Parshatatar
21468:Shuttarna I
21401:Seventeenth
21330:Ilum-ma-ili
21305:Ammi-saduqa
21302:Ammi-ditana
21296:Samsu-iluna
21203:Erishum III
21164:Adad-salulu
21161:Ipqi-Ishtar
21149:Ashur-dugul
21134:Adad-salulu
21131:Ipqi-Ishtar
21119:Ashur-dugul
21088:Old Assyria
21083:(Amorites)
21026:Sobekneferu
21014:Senusret II
21005:Amenemhat I
20977:Sîn-iribam
20954:Sin-Iqisham
20948:Sin-Iddinam
20898:Erra-imitti
20895:Lipit-Enlil
20883:Ishme-Dagan
20880:Iddin-Dagan
20816:Shalim-ahum
20807:Old Assyria
20793:Yasmah-Adad
20770:Lim Dynasty
20762:Hanun-Dagan
20758:Hitial-Erra
20523:Ur-Ningirsu
20479:Kuda (Uruk)
20452:Ishgum-Addu
20442:Ishtup-Ilum
20294:Ishma-Dagan
20279:Shakkanakku
20257:Neferirkare
20254:Neferkauhor
20157:Ili-ishmani
20136:Manishtushu
20099:Lugalzagesi
20095:III dynasty
20079:Puzur-Nirah
19794:Ishar-Malik
19773:Shepseskare
19563:Mesannepada
19488:Nin-kisalsi
19476:Lugal-kitun
19446:Meskalamdug
19432:Ur-Pabilsag
19245:Aga of Kish
19154:Barsal-nuna
19039:Khasekhemwy
19025:Neferkara I
19004:Weneg-Nebty
18982:Nebra/Raneb
18794:Lower Egypt
18780:Scorpion II
18725:Upper Egypt
18677:, 4000 BCE)
18660:Uruk period
17809:Khwarezmian
17742:Carolingian
17547:Rashtrakuta
17251:Shaishunaga
17150:Hellenistic
17133:New Kingdom
17123:Old Kingdom
16708:Agriculture
16665:air defense
16625:Nationalism
16285:(1950–1963)
16224:(1516–1918)
16207:(1260–1516)
16201:(1174–1260)
16098:Roman Syria
15990:Abu Hureyra
15985:Uruk period
15870:WikiProject
15801:Video games
15593:Individuals
15586:LGBT rights
15576:Health care
15543:Immigration
15324:Gendarmerie
15283:Referendums
15199:Legislative
15096:Earthquakes
14981:Oghuz Turks
14870:Dissolution
14665:WikiProject
14466:Marsh Arabs
14451:Circassians
14132:Foreign aid
14024:Mesopotamia
13586:Uruk period
13350:New Zealand
13345:Netherlands
13109:Settlements
13022:(1555–1917)
12999:(1453–1501)
12993:(1375–1468)
12987:(1335–1432)
12981:(1258–1335)
12975:(1098–1268)
12936:Middle ages
12876:Roman Syria
12870:Syrian Wars
12507:Middle East
12310:224–mid 7C
12274:129–63 BCE
12256:Macedonians
12151:city-states
12147:Neo-Hittite
12122:Sea Peoples
12038:city-states
12017:city-states
11960:Uruk period
11922:Mesopotamia
11800:Samas-nasir
11755:Nemed Istar
11517:Hittitology
11507:Assyriology
11428:Archaeology
11298:Old Persian
11108:Jemdet Nasr
10626:Sennacherib
10585:Shammuramat
10417:: 247–268.
10065:: 135–142.
9963:26 November
9914:: 165–183.
9591:28 November
9557:: 153–163.
9500:. Chicago:
9466:. Chicago:
8376:Düring 2020
8199:Radner 2015
8175:Frahm 2017b
8163:Frahm 2017b
8151:Frahm 2017b
8139:Frahm 2017b
8106:Radner 2015
8055:Hauser 2017
7980:Fincke 2017
7968:Fincke 2017
7956:Fincke 2017
7944:Fincke 2017
7932:Heeßel 2017
7908:Parker 2011
7879:Radner 2021
7867:Radner 2021
7792:Radner 2021
7769:Radner 2021
7757:Radner 2021
7692:Düring 2020
7680:Radner 2015
7663:Radner 2017
7651:Dalley 2017
7636:Radner 2017
7609:Radner 2017
7597:Radner 2017
7582:Radner 2017
7553:Radner 2017
7522:Dalley 2017
7510:Dalley 2017
7498:Dalley 2017
7486:Jakob 2017b
7474:Dalley 2017
7462:Dalley 2017
7450:Dalley 2017
7438:Dalley 2017
7414:Radner 2012
7378:Radner 2012
7366:Radner 2012
7354:Parker 2011
7342:Parker 2011
7330:Parker 2011
7318:Parker 2011
7303:Yamada 2000
7288:Parker 2011
7252:Kertai 2013
7165:Kertai 2013
7150:Parker 2011
7114:Parker 2011
7102:Parker 2011
7090:Parker 2011
7078:Parker 2011
6919:Radner 2019
6907:Hauser 2017
6867:Radner 2019
6855:Radner 2019
6843:Radner 2013
6359:Radner 2003
6324:Radner 2003
6309:Radner 2003
6285:Radner 2003
6232:Levine 1982
6118:Parker 2011
6030:Radner 2016
5962:Radner 2016
5666:Düring 2020
5649:Düring 2020
5637:Düring 2020
5593:Düring 2020
5569:Düring 2020
5557:Düring 2020
5479:Frahm 2017b
5443:Filoni 2017
5388:Radner 2012
5312:Düring 2020
5229:Düring 2020
5212:|work=
4710:(Sumerian:
4687:mat Aššurᵏⁱ
4682:mat Aššurᵏⁱ
4676:mat Aušarᵏⁱ
4654:Ashubanipal
4556:Inquisition
4369:Achaemenids
4265:Crimean War
4087:Assyriology
3995:Shammuramat
3976:Elephantine
3953: [
3820:dry farming
3694:(including
3674:(including
3662:(including
3434:reconquista
3301:ša pētḫalli
3282:scale armor
3247:kiṣir šarri
3136:became lame
3025:rab ša-rēši
2858:issi ekalli
2840:, queen of
2779:Sennacherib
2647:John Martin
2441:Ashur-nasir
2205:Sennacherib
2171:Sennacherib
2065:palace coup
1970:Transjordan
1858:of Urartu.
1797:Shamshi-ilu
1772:Shammuramat
1704:rab ša-rēši
1594:Tell Qarqur
1405:Neo-Hittite
1374:impalements
1345:reconquista
1185:reconquista
1179:reconquista
1123:reconquista
1026:2334 BC by
999: 2900
992:Mesopotamia
976:Imperialism
854:Sennacherib
764:Mesopotamia
756:Achaemenids
664:1363–912 BC
527:Preceded by
326:Sennacherib
96:subheadings
18:Neo-Assyria
24829:Categories
24721:Television
24701:Literature
24663:Irreligion
24638:Secularism
24575:Minorities
24443:(currency)
24436:Corruption
24281:Government
24072:Insurgency
23871:Aq Qoyunlu
23692:Chronology
23359:Khosrow IV
23356:Hormizd VI
23338:Shahrbaraz
23315:Khosrow II
23300:Shahrbaraz
23294:Shahrbaraz
23174:Khosrow II
23171:Hormizd IV
23129:Shapur III
23117:Hormizd II
23111:Bahram III
23096:Ardashir I
22967:Pacorus II
22958:Vonones II
22955:Meherdates
22949:Vardanes I
22934:Orodes III
22931:Phraates V
22910:Sinatruces
22758:Seleucus I
22735:Philip III
22709:Arsinoe IV
22634:Arsinoe II
22575:Darius III
22441:Psamtik II
22381:Esarhaddon
22274:Ummanigash
22244:Nabonassar
22138:Bakenranef
22109:Pedubast I
22106:Takelot II
22103:Harsiese A
22091:Osorkon IV
22083:Shoshenq V
22071:Osorkon II
22059:Shoshenq I
21805:Amenemnisu
21781:Ramesses X
21766:Ramesses V
21714:Amenmesses
21702:Ramesses I
21664:Smenkhkare
21641:Hatshepsut
21635:Thutmose I
21539:Karaindash
21278:Sumu-la-El
21110:Mut-Ashkur
21101:(Amorites)
21008:Senusret I
20967:Rim-Sin II
20957:Silli-Adad
20951:Sin-Eribam
20913:Suen-magir
20910:Ur-du-kuga
20907:Iter-pisha
20901:Enlil-bani
20889:Ur-Ninurta
20877:Shu-Ilishu
20874:Ishbi-Erra
20844:Erishum II
20790:Yahdun-Lim
20787:Yaggid-Lim
20600:Tura-Dagan
20579:Utu-hengal
20555:Meryhathor
20531:Nam-mahani
20497:II dynasty
20466:(21 kings)
20360:Puzer-Mama
20356:II dynasty
20338:IV dynasty
20251:Neferkaure
20248:Qakare Ibi
20239:Neferkahor
20230:Neferkamin
20149:Ilshu-rabi
20040:Ishqi-Mari
20036:Ikun-Ishar
20032:Enna-Dagan
19952:II dynasty
19926:Bara-irnun
19881:Puzur-Suen
19877:IV dynasty
19869:Irkab-Damu
19814:(3 kings)
19740:Ukkutahesh
19713:Meskiagnun
19709:A'annepada
19656:II dynasty
19551:Thamphthis
19547:Shepseskaf
19496:Lugal-dalu
19395:Udulkalama
19375:II dynasty
19317:Sekhemkhet
19225:Lugalbanda
19151:Melem-Kish
19147:En-me-nuna
18932:Canaanites
18926:Horus Bird
18891:Neithhotep
18764:Scorpion I
18714:Naqada III
18379:Portuguese
18260:Revival Le
18250:Vietnamese
17893:Later Tran
17863:Vietnamese
17759:Singhasari
17747:Holy Roman
17371:Bulgarian
17307:Satavahana
17278:Phoenician
17214:Achaemenid
17175:Indo-Greek
17155:Macedonian
17069:Babylonian
16926:television
16808:Censorship
16735:(currency)
16567:Parliament
16526:Iskandaron
16470:Corruption
16033:Canaanites
15742:Newspapers
15727:Literature
15707:Folk dance
15608:Corruption
15492:Minorities
15420:Renewables
15375:Automotive
15184:Government
14915:Secularism
14582:Television
14562:Literature
14524:Irreligion
14499:Secularism
14436:Minorities
14304:(currency)
14297:Corruption
14142:Government
13933:Insurgency
13732:Aq Qoyunlu
13553:Chronology
13233:Diyarbakır
13204:Tell Tamer
13199:Al-Hasakah
13095:By country
13007:Modern era
12997:Aq Qoyunlu
12969:(945–1055)
12963:(905–1383)
12957:(750–1258)
12772:(including
12748:Folk dance
12034:and other
12013:and other
11845:Til-Barsip
11481:Divination
11191:Achaemenid
11156:Isin-Larsa
11049:Trialetian
11044:Mousterian
11031:Prehistory
10631:Esarhaddon
10475:2022-01-28
10441:2022-01-28
10397:2022-01-28
10321:2020-07-07
10253:2022-01-28
10225:2020-07-07
10198:(2): 111.
10173:: 157–171.
10157:2022-01-28
10073:2021-11-02
9976:. Oxford:
9922:2022-01-28
9873:2022-01-28
9781:2022-01-28
9680:2022-01-28
9645:22 January
9618:13 January
9565:2022-01-28
9520:2022-01-28
9486:2022-01-28
9389:2022-01-28
9261:. Leiden:
9247:2022-01-28
9106:2022-01-28
8824:2022-01-28
8778:2022-01-28
8729:2022-01-28
8448:Elayi 2018
8436:Dewar 2021
8403:Elayi 2017
8352:Frahm 2017
8127:Frahm 2017
8094:Payne 2012
8067:Payne 2012
7276:Frahm 2014
7264:Svärd 2015
7240:Svärd 2015
7228:Svärd 2015
7216:Teppo 2007
7042:Frahm 2014
7018:Frahm 2017
6966:Reade 1998
6942:Frahm 2017
6879:Frahm 2017
6694:Frahm 2017
6661:Jursa 2007
6637:Oates 1992
6601:Ahmed 2018
6589:Ahmed 2018
6577:Ahmed 2018
6565:Ahmed 2018
6553:Ahmed 2018
6541:Frahm 2017
6504:Frahm 2017
6472:Frahm 2017
6460:Ahmed 2018
6448:Ahmed 2018
6436:Ahmed 2018
6424:Frahm 2017
6395:Frahm 2017
6383:Ahmed 2018
6371:Frahm 2017
6347:Frahm 2017
6297:Frahm 2017
6273:Frahm 2014
6261:Frahm 2017
6220:Frahm 2017
6201:Frahm 2017
6186:Frahm 2017
6145:Frahm 2017
6130:Cogan 2017
6087:Frahm 2017
6062:Frahm 2017
6047:Frahm 2017
5979:Frahm 2017
5935:Frahm 2017
5877:Frahm 2017
5844:Frahm 2017
5825:Frahm 2017
5810:Frahm 2017
5795:Frahm 2017
5716:Frahm 2017
5695:Frahm 2017
5683:Frahm 2017
5622:Frahm 2017
5605:Jakob 2017
5581:Jakob 2017
5542:Elayi 2017
5527:Levin 2002
5464:Frahm 2017
5428:Frahm 2017
5373:Elayi 2017
5335:Frahm 2017
5268:Frahm 2017
5096:2020-06-19
5054:(4): 554.
4977:2023-06-19
4917:2020-06-18
4873:References
4814:monotheism
4756:dating to
4749:mat ᵈa-šur
4731:(Sumerian
4707:mat aš-šur
4551:impalement
4416:Holy Roman
4081:See also:
4067:monotheism
3844:wastewater
3773:šitimgallu
3721:Literature
3636:Phoenician
3544:vernacular
3514:Babylonian
3365:Population
3358:See also:
3339:rādi kibsi
3333:targumannu
3319:ṣāb kabābi
3253:ša qurubte
2992:officers (
2943:bēl pīhāti
2757:See also:
2748:Government
2645:(1829) by
2560:See also:
2515:(1876) by
2370:Cimmerians
2363:depression
2336:Esarhaddon
2182:Esarhaddon
1933:Nabonassar
1856:Sarduri II
1838:Argishti I
1446:Phoenician
1438:Carchemish
1238:Babylonian
1234:Little Zab
1217:Annals of
1022:, founded
1001: – c.
959:Background
869:Esarhaddon
867:and under
758:, and the
699:See also:
674:911–609 BC
474:626–609 BC
421:823–745 BC
338:Esarhaddon
235:Government
92:condensing
24741:Squatting
24706:Education
24653:Mandaeism
24622:/Turkoman
24600:Mandaeans
24585:Assyrians
24580:Armenians
24543:Languages
24431:Companies
24386:Judiciary
24296:President
24266:Elections
24261:Democracy
24107:Geography
24023:Sanctions
23941:2003–2011
23936:1968–2003
23931:1958–1968
23790:Babylonia
23471:Hallo, W.
23368:Peroz III
23202:Antiochus
23168:Khosrow I
23138:Shapur IV
23132:Bahram IV
23123:Shapur II
23108:Bahram II
23102:Hormizd I
23059:Osroes II
22937:Vonones I
22919:Orodes II
22895:Artabanus
22563:Darius II
22490:Phraortes
22476:Nabonidus
22447:Ahmose II
22435:Psamtik I
22328:Tanutamun
22177:(regent)
22068:Takelot I
22062:Osorkon I
21827:Phoenicia
21811:Amenemope
21757:Setnakhte
21711:Merneptah
21660:Akhenaten
21443:Sakir-Har
21381:Sixteenth
21360:Akurduana
21346:Gulkishar
21343:Shushushi
21299:Abi-eshuh
21293:Hammurabi
21275:Sumu-abum
21197:Shu-Ninua
21188:Iptar-Sin
21158:Sin-namir
21155:Nasir-Sin
21146:Puzur-Sin
21128:Sin-namir
21125:Nasir-Sin
20979:Sîn-gāmil
20975:Sîn-kāšid
20963:Rim-Sin I
20960:Warad-Sin
20840:Naram-Sin
20824:Erishum I
20820:Ilu-shuma
20796:Zimri-Lim
20744:Indilimma
20731:Ibbit-Lim
20701:Intef III
20664:invasions
20651:invasions
20596:Ili-Ishar
20592:Iddi-ilum
20585:2100 BCE
20575:V dynasty
20545:2125 BCE
20483:Puzur-ili
20470:La-erabum
20404:2150 BCE
20330:Shu-turul
20323:(3 years)
20290:Shu-Dagan
20190:2200 BCE
20167:Naram-Sin
20163:2250 BCE
20107:2340 BCE
20073:2350 BCE
20067:Luh-ishan
20062:Urukagina
20058:Lugalanda
20027:Isar-Damu
20023:2370 BCE
19969:2380 BCE
19944:Enentarzi
19932:Enannatum
19921:Gishakidu
19885:Ur-Zababa
19861:Adub-Damu
19857:2400 BCE
19830:2425 BCE
19824:Napilhush
19812:invasions
19790:Enar-Damu
19770:Neferefre
19750:2450 BCE
19693:Ur-Nanshe
19688:I dynasty
19675:I dynasty
19616:Ikun-Mari
19575:Phoenicia
19571:2500 BCE
19504:2575 BCE
19472:Melamanna
19456:Akalamdug
19428:A-Imdugud
19391:Ur-Nungal
19378:(5 kings)
19365:Baba-Damu
19361:Ibbi-Damu
19290:2600 BCE
19260:Gilgamesh
19218:Iltasadum
19189:2700 BCE
19163:I dynasty
19116:2800 BCE
19079:I dynasty
19035:Hudjefa I
18968:2900 BCE
18914:Semerkhet
18906:(regent)
18893:(regent)
18800:Hedju Hor
18628:Naqada II
18372:Couronian
18010:Ethiopian
17998:Manchukuo
17953:Brazilian
17799:Ghaznavid
17769:Srivijaya
17720:Trebizond
17705:Byzantine
17687:North Sea
17682:Norwegian
17670:Almoravid
17653:Ilkhanate
17623:Majapahit
17596:Muromachi
17505:Solomonic
17490:Ethiopian
17404:Caliphate
17337:Aragonese
17165:Ptolemaic
16868:Squatting
16843:refugees
16818:Education
16777:Transport
16718:Companies
16660:Air force
16637:Terrorism
16550:Judiciary
16511:Elections
16475:President
16379:Euphrates
16369:Al-Jazira
16353:Volcanoes
16338:Districts
16312:Geography
16289:Civil war
16279:(1946–50)
16271:(1930–46)
16265:(1925–30)
16259:(1922–25)
15796:TV series
15754:Miniature
15697:Festivals
15613:Terrorism
15564:Education
15497:Languages
15341:Air Force
15256:Elections
15204:Executive
15150:Mountains
15017:Geography
14936:Overviews
14875:Partition
14841:Tulip era
14602:Squatting
14567:Education
14514:Mandaeism
14483:/Turkoman
14461:Mandaeans
14446:Assyrians
14441:Armenians
14404:Languages
14292:Companies
14247:Judiciary
14157:President
14127:Elections
14122:Democracy
13968:Geography
13884:Sanctions
13802:2003–2011
13797:1968–2003
13792:1958–1968
13651:Babylonia
13424:Dawronoye
13355:Palestine
13285:Australia
13258:Tur Abdin
13138:Tel Keppe
13058:(1914–20)
13046:(19th c.)
13028:(16th c.)
13016:(1508–55)
12979:Ilkhanate
12928:(502–628)
12922:(226–651)
12920:Asoristan
12890:(116–118)
12845:antiquity
12843:Classical
12776:contexts)
12673:languages
12225:Chaldeans
12142:Phoenicia
12080:Karduniaš
11750:Nasilbina
11645:Haiarikka
11354:Cuneiform
11230:Languages
11039:Acheulean
10926:Babylonia
10863:Euphrates
10813:Geography
10621:Sargon II
10587:(regent?)
10464:: 53–54.
10431:200251092
10308:1076-156X
10212:0049-089X
10147:164734557
9840:145597598
9771:159785150
9698:785860275
9510:926853184
9379:163170919
9302:163392326
8950:224979097
8814:245632242
8673:163623620
8472:Bagg 2016
8460:Bagg 2016
8424:Bagg 2016
8388:Mark 2014
8040:Bagg 2017
8028:Bagg 2017
8016:Bagg 2017
8004:Bagg 2017
7992:Bagg 2017
7054:Zaia 2019
6489:Mark 2009
5904:Fink 2020
5772:Mark 2020
5743:Bagg 2016
5731:Bagg 2016
5491:Bagg 2016
5214:ignored (
5204:cite book
5060:1240-3032
4692:god Aššur
4564:Holocaust
4361:Herodotus
4168:Khorsabad
4116:Parthians
4112:Seleucids
4003:Semiramis
3932:, called
3880:Egyptian
3828:aqueducts
3779:šellapajū
3763:aqueducts
3709:targumānu
3470:Languages
3460:Ilkhanate
3313:ṣāb qašti
3147:hūl šarri
3119:telegraph
2961:rab ālāni
2916:Prussians
2546:Psamtik I
2529:Kandalanu
2485:Tantamani
2380:, in the
2238:Jerusalem
2167:Dur-Yakin
2155:Khorsabad
2113:Yau-bi'di
2054:Sargon II
1942:Hatarikka
1718:Stele of
1655:Stele of
1623:Chaldeans
1602:Hadadezer
1598:Israelite
1570:Arzashkun
1414:Bit Adini
1306:Hubushkia
1080:Babylonia
846:Babylonia
760:Seleucids
684:609 BC –
429:Babylonia
314:Sargon II
225:Religion
138:māt Aššur
108:June 2023
100:talk page
88:splitting
86:Consider
24784:Category
24633:Religion
24610:Persians
24494:Railways
24489:Airlines
24371:Military
24232:Politics
24208:Wildlife
24198:Umm Qasr
24028:Iraq War
24011:Gulf War
23923:Republic
23876:Safavids
23839:638–1958
23587:(2014).
23540:(1992).
23510:(2020).
23477:(1971).
23318:Kavad II
23144:Bahram V
23105:Bahram I
23099:Shapur I
22976:Osroes I
22907:Orodes I
22901:Gotarzes
22889:Phraates
22554:Darius I
22551:Cambyses
22499:Astyages
22496:Cyaxares
22438:Necho II
22369:Bel-ibni
22319:Shebitku
22282:Indabibi
22135:Tefnakht
21677:Horemheb
21536:Agum III
21518:Kassites
21501:Ahmose I
21366:Ea-gamil
21350:DIŠ+U-EN
21340:Ishkibal
21287:Apil-Sin
21269:Amorites
21179:Bel-bani
21054:Biblical
20945:Nur-Adad
20936:Gungunum
20924:Naplanum
20892:Bur-Suen
20856:Amorites
20832:Sargon I
20782:Amorites
20726:Amorites
20698:Intef II
20668:Kindattu
20656:Ibbi-Sin
20635:Amar-Sin
20629:Ur-Nammu
20564:Merykare
20456:Apil-kin
20368:Pirig-me
20346:Ur-gigir
20342:Ur-nigin
20282:dynasty)
20227:Merenhor
20153:Epirmupi
19982:Userkare
19936:Entemena
19913:Ur-Lumma
19908:Meskigal
19839:Eannatum
19834:Kun-Damu
19818:Shushun-
19803:Enakalle
19662:kushanna
19648:Undalulu
19620:Iblul-Il
19544:Menkaure
19540:Bikheris
19533:Djedefre
19492:Me-durba
19417:shaengur
19411:En-hegal
19399:Labashum
19357:Agur-lim
19353:Abur-lim
19332:Qahedjet
19177:Enmerkar
19009:Wadjenes
18999:Horus Sa
18994:Nubnefer
18985:Nynetjer
18959:Susa III
18921:Sneferka
18904:Merneith
18622:Naqada I
18352:Japanese
18315:Scottish
18295:American
18287:Colonial
18216:Imperial
18184:Moroccan
18120:Japanese
18098:Afsharid
17957:Burmese
17943:Austrian
17898:Later Le
17873:Early Le
17858:Venetian
17784:Tiwanaku
17697:Hellenic
17660:Moroccan
17591:Kamakura
17581:Japanese
17564:Saffarid
17517:Georgian
17431:Chalukya
17409:Rashidun
17399:Calakmul
17367:Bruneian
17246:Haryanka
17224:Sasanian
17219:Parthian
17170:Bactrian
17160:Seleucid
17140:Goguryeo
17118:Egyptian
17052:Assyrian
17042:Akkadian
17033:Colonies
16978:Category
16938:Religion
16863:Scouting
16838:diaspora
16723:Industry
16647:Military
16592:national
16572:Speakers
16453:Politics
16362:Features
16028:Arameans
16018:Amorites
15949:Timeline
15929:articles
15846:Category
15784:Football
15769:Painting
15712:Folklore
15620:Marriage
15526:Istanbul
15509:Religion
15462:Railways
15452:Aviation
15390:Currency
15248:Politics
15216:Judicial
15192:Branches
15170:Wildlife
14960:Military
14948:Economic
14853:Tanzimat
14645:Category
14494:Religion
14471:Persians
14355:Railways
14350:Airlines
14232:Military
14093:Politics
14069:Wildlife
14059:Umm Qasr
13889:Iraq War
13872:Gulf War
13784:Republic
13737:Safavids
13700:638–1958
13401:Politics
13272:Diaspora
13253:Mazıdağı
13209:Qamishli
13182:Sanandaj
13155:Shaqlawa
13143:Bartella
13128:Qaraqosh
13104:Homeland
12902:(5th c.)
12884:(15–116)
12882:Adiabene
12829:Arameans
12784:Ancient
12758:Clothing
12700:Hertevin
12515:Identity
12455:Category
12166:Arameans
12160:Damascus
12131:Arameans
12085:Kassites
12073:Hurrians
11790:Sam'alla
11775:Raqamatu
11730:Mansuate
11705:Kullania
11700:Kulimmen
11690:Karkemis
11615:Barhalzi
11600:Arzuhina
11500:Academia
11454:Religion
11323:Urartian
11318:Sumerian
11303:Parthian
11238:Akkadian
11211:Sasanian
11201:Parthian
11196:Seleucid
11146:Simurrum
11136:Akkadian
11069:Khiamian
11059:Natufian
10971:Simurrum
10956:Kassites
10951:Hittites
10906:Adiabene
10750:Category
10534:Military
10523:Politics
10466:Archived
10435:Archived
10391:Archived
10312:Archived
10247:Archived
10216:Archived
10181:(1978).
10151:Archived
10114:43076393
10067:Archived
9957:Archived
9916:Archived
9832:41303323
9775:Archived
9674:Archived
9639:Archived
9612:Archived
9585:Archived
9559:Archived
9514:Archived
9480:Archived
9383:Archived
9241:Archived
9100:Archived
8818:Archived
8769:Archived
8723:Archived
8719:26740626
6176:429–449.
6166:429–449.
5090:Archived
5068:44100170
4971:Archived
4935:(1911).
4911:Archived
4743:𒆳𒀭𒀀𒋩
4728:aš-šurᵏⁱ
4664:𒆳𒀭𒊹𒆠
4639:𒆳𒀭𒊹𒆠
4587:See also
4562:and the
4490:—
4430:Chaldaea
4412:Frankish
3987:Inaros I
3922:Sinharib
3905:Sasanian
3840:drainage
3805:A giant
3688:Egyptian
3680:Shuprian
3676:Urartian
3648:Ugaritic
3605:Akkadian
3577:de facto
3531:aššurāyu
3495:synonyms
3493:listing
3475:Akkadian
3154:Military
3063:rab šāqê
3037:sukkallu
3031:sartinnu
3018:rab šāqê
2899:chariots
2895:infantry
2836:Seal of
2775:—
2659:Cyaxares
2538:Persians
2392:(modern
2242:Hezekiah
2240:. Since
2229:Bel-ibni
1926:Damascus
1901:and the
1628:Damascus
1418:suzerain
1120:Initial
1007:Sumerian
772:Anatolia
728:Caucasus
716:Assyrian
379:Iron Age
239:Monarchy
211:Akkadian
130:𒆳𒀭𒊹𒆠
76:too long
24814:Commons
24731:Smoking
24696:Culture
24691:Cuisine
24674:General
24658:Yazidis
24615:Solluba
24568:Persian
24558:Kurdish
24553:Aramaic
24518:Society
24499:Tourism
24410:Economy
24158:Islands
24133:Borders
23958: (
23948:present
23883:(incl.
23795:Assyria
23740:Subartu
23680:History
23371:Narsieh
23199:Zenobia
23180:Vistahm
23165:Kavad I
23159:Kavad I
23153:Peroz I
23141:Khosrow
22487:Deioces
22444:Wahibre
22432:Necho I
22325:Taharqa
22322:Shabaka
22306:Taharqa
22270:Teumman
22121:Rudamun
21863:Solomon
21802:Smendes
21723:Twosret
21717:Seti II
21458:Mitanni
21452:Khamudi
21406:Dynasty
21396:Dynasty
21386:Dynasty
21224:Nur-ili
21194:Lullaya
21097:dynasty
21049:Abraham
20939:Abisare
20904:Zambiya
20798:(Queen
20750:Amorite
20721:Kingdom
20695:Intef I
20662:Elamite
20649:Amorite
20638:Shu-Sin
20539:Tirigan
20508:Ur-Baba
20438:Nûr-Mêr
20376:Lu-gula
20372:Lu-Baba
20286:Ididish
20267:Kingdom
20264:Eblaite
20262:Second
20212:Menkare
20087:Shu-Sin
20083:Ishu-Il
20011:dynasty
19991:Pepi II
19924:(Queen
19810:Elamite
19761:Userkaf
19704:Akurgal
19633:Ku-Baba
19449:(Queen
19385:Mesilim
19320:Sanakht
19310:(First
19127:Zuqaqip
19124:Kalumum
19109:Kalibum
19105:Puannum
19062:Kingdom
18911:Anedjib
18895:Hor-Aha
18840:Nat-Hor
18773:Iry-Hor
18769:Shendjw
18741:Pen-Abu
18689:Susa II
18419:largest
18414:Empires
18394:Swedish
18389:Spanish
18384:Russian
18347:Italian
18322:Chinese
18310:English
18305:British
18300:Belgian
18275:Vietnam
18265:Tay son
18211:Tsarist
18206:Russian
18201:Ottoman
18167:Dzungar
18162:Khoshut
18135:Mexican
18130:Maratha
18113:Pahlavi
18093:Safavid
18088:Iranian
18015:Haitian
17978:Chinese
17938:Ashanti
17910:Wagadou
17836:Eastern
17831:Western
17814:Timurid
17774:Tibetan
17764:Songhai
17754:Serbian
17675:Almohad
17665:Idrisid
17569:Samanid
17559:Tahirid
17554:Iranian
17532:Kannauj
17512:Genoese
17448:Chinese
17441:Eastern
17436:Western
17424:Fatimid
17419:Abbasid
17414:Umayyad
17387:Burmese
17347:Ayyubid
17342:Angevin
17312:Xianbei
17300:Eastern
17295:Western
17241:Magadha
17204:Iranian
17197:Xiongnu
17182:Hittite
17091:Chinese
17079:Kassite
17028:Ancient
17020:Empires
16962:Outline
16943:Smoking
16896:Cuisine
16878:Culture
16796:Society
16696:Economy
16413:Related
16399:Orontes
16328:Borders
15937:History
15882:Outline
15858:Commons
15791:Theater
15774:Pottery
15690:Ottoman
15685:Cuisine
15663:Ottoman
15640:Culture
15625:Poverty
15557:Society
15442:Tourism
15395:Defense
15367:Economy
15209:Cabinet
15140:Geology
15084:Climate
15026:Regions
14953:Ottoman
14771:Beyliks
14767:Seljuks
14732:History
14675:Commons
14592:Smoking
14557:Culture
14552:Cuisine
14535:General
14519:Yazidis
14476:Solluba
14429:Persian
14419:Kurdish
14414:Aramaic
14379:Society
14360:Tourism
14271:Economy
14019:Islands
13994:Borders
13819: (
13809:present
13744:(incl.
13656:Assyria
13601:Subartu
13541:History
13387:Uruguay
13380:Detroit
13335:Lebanon
13315:Germany
13310:Georgia
13300:Finland
13290:Belgium
13280:Armenia
13228:Hakkari
13082:(2014–)
13076:(2003–)
13064:(1919–)
13034:(1840s)
12864:Osroene
12786:Assyria
12774:related
12768:History
12753:Cuisine
12725:Culture
12666:Aramaic
12653:(1968–)
12647:(1692–)
12641:(1552–)
12622:(1940–)
12616:(1870–)
12610:(1662–)
12068:Mitanni
12036:Amorite
12015:Amorite
11989:Gutians
11865:Tu'ammu
11840:Tamnuna
11835:Talmusa
11815:Simirra
11805:Si'imma
11795:Samaria
11785:Sahuppa
11780:Rasappa
11760:Ninevah
11745:Megiddo
11740:Mazamua
11735:Marqusa
11670:Hindanu
11665:Haurina
11660:Hatallu
11640:Habruri
11635:Guzaana
11595:Arrapha
11590:Arbaiil
11585:Amadiya
11486:Prayers
11471:Deities
11435:Looting
11278:Kassite
11273:Hurrian
11268:Hittite
11258:Elamite
11253:Eblaite
11248:Aramaic
11243:Amorite
11166:Kassite
11141:Gutians
11123:History
11088:Samarra
11084:Hassuna
11054:Zarzian
10976:Subartu
10966:Mitanni
10931:Chaldea
10921:Assyria
10894:Ancient
10702:Culture
10675:Economy
9371:1359991
8665:1359421
4945:(ed.).
4739:) Also
4679:, then
4514:Teumman
4510:Elamite
4479:Elamite
4408:Russian
4365:Ctesias
4261:Baghdad
4173:lamassu
3991:Amazons
3972:papyrus
3882:papyrus
3854:lamassu
3809:lamassu
3791:gugallu
3700:Elamite
3696:Mannean
3690:), and
3656:Edomite
3652:Moabite
3609:Aramaic
3601:
3568:Aramaic
3562:Aramaic
3519:akkadûm
3385:eunuchs
3354:Society
3293:phalanx
3277:raksūte
3203:turtanu
3196:turtanu
3098:eunuchs
3069:turtanu
3051:masennu
3044:turtanu
3005:masennu
2882:šarratu
2876:šarratu
2864:sēgallu
2663:Arrapha
2587:626 BC)
2585:
2575:usurper
2497:Teumman
2476:
2457:
2428:Memphis
2424:Taharqa
2405:Memphis
2394:Dhahran
2390:Diḫranu
2343:
2253:Nineveh
2212:
2189:
2178:
2159:Larnaca
2151:Danaans
2126:Mannaya
2122:Šinuḫtu
2061:
2022:Samaria
2017:
1974:Galilee
1894:
1879:
1841:herald
1833:
1822:
1811:
1793:turtanu
1764:turtanu
1759:
1731:
1674:turtanu
1664:
1637:Ḫubušna
1633:Cilicia
1556:turtanu
1549:
1523:Balawat
1512:
1487:
1429:
1401:Aramean
1357:
1336:
1310:Gilzanu
1302:Kirruri
1278:Nineveh
1274:Nisibis
1265:
1250:Arrapha
1226:
1208:
1197:
1164:
1153:
1142:
1110:History
1104:
1092:
1073:
1059:
1005:), the
941:Judaism
906:Aramaic
876:
865:Nineveh
861:
842:
830:
802:
784:Armenia
619:Assyria
506:•
493:•
480:•
467:•
454:•
442:Nineveh
440:•
403:•
267:(first)
216:Aramaic
188:Nineveh
163:Capital
74:may be
24855:609 BC
24794:Portal
24736:Sports
24711:Health
24686:Cinema
24538:Iraqis
24441:Dinar
24376:Police
24178:Places
23668:topics
23597:
23550:
23520:
23162:Jamasp
23156:Balash
23114:Narseh
23025:Trajan
23023:under
22557:Xerxes
22493:Madyes
22357:Sargon
21817:Siamun
21720:Siptah
21705:Seti I
21689:Ugarit
21434:Semqen
21419:Hyksos
21391:Abydos
21284:Sabium
21191:Bazaya
21182:Libaya
21116:Asinum
21113:Rimush
21073:Yamhad
20965:(...)
20942:Sumuel
20933:Zabaia
20930:Samium
20927:Emisum
20828:Ikunum
20800:Shibtu
20741:Immeya
20632:Shulgi
20527:Ur-gar
20487:Ur-Utu
20354:Lagash
20233:Nikare
20145:Eshpum
20133:Rimush
19985:Pepi I
19820:tarana
19764:Sahure
19744:Hishur
19721:Balulu
19686:Lagash
19667:Mug-si
19660:Ensha-
19608:Sa'umu
19536:Khafre
19520:Snefru
19468:Mes-he
19415:Lugal-
19406:Lagash
19349:Sagisu
19301:Djoser
19210:Tizqar
19181:Aratta
19137:Arwium
19134:Mashda
19084:Jushur
19014:Senedj
18953:period
18885:Narmer
18835:Wazner
18810:Hsekiu
18805:Ny-Hor
18784:Narmer
18754:Canide
18745:Animal
18651:Susa I
18601:Lagash
18575:Akshak
18550:Canaan
18357:Mongol
18342:German
18337:French
18327:Danish
18270:Dainam
18245:Tongan
18233:Somali
18228:Sokoto
18194:'Alawi
18172:Kalmyk
18152:Mongol
18145:Second
18125:Korean
18076:Mughal
18066:Indian
18049:German
18042:Second
18032:French
18025:Second
17961:Second
17933:Afghan
17925:Modern
17851:Kyrgyz
17846:Uighur
17841:Second
17821:Turkic
17789:Toltec
17725:Epirus
17710:Nicaea
17633:Mongol
17586:Yamato
17522:Huetar
17380:Second
17317:Rouran
17266:Shunga
17261:Maurya
17236:Kushan
17209:Median
17187:Hunnic
17145:Harsha
16886:Anthem
16833:People
16828:Hunger
16823:Health
16733:Pound
16435:Levant
16394:Hermon
16389:Hauran
16348:Rivers
16333:Cities
16243:(1920)
16063:Ugarit
16048:Yamhad
15927:
15834:Portal
15779:Sports
15680:Cinema
15675:Carpet
15658:Seljuk
15648:Anthem
15531:Ankara
15400:Energy
15292:Topics
15160:Rivers
15077:Topics
14969:Topics
14724:Turkey
14655:Portal
14597:Sports
14572:Health
14547:Cinema
14399:Iraqis
14302:Dinar
14237:Police
14039:Places
13529:topics
13444:Sutoro
13365:Sweden
13360:Russia
13340:Mexico
13330:Jordan
13325:Israel
13320:Greece
13305:France
13295:Canada
13248:Mardin
13238:Elazığ
13223:Turkey
13216:Khabur
13177:Salmas
13150:Ankawa
13133:Alqosh
13070:(1933)
13052:(1909)
13040:(1895)
12951:(630s)
12945:(630s)
12710:Mlaḥsô
12705:Senaya
12690:Turoyo
12670:Syriac
12604:(518–)
12583:Syriac
11825:Suburu
11765:Qamina
11715:Lahiru
11710:Kurbal
11695:Kilizi
11655:Harran
11620:Birtum
11605:Ashdod
11313:Sutean
11288:Median
11283:Luwian
11263:Gutian
11151:Ur III
11064:Nemrik
11001:Cities
10996:Urartu
10946:Hamazi
10941:Gutium
10916:Armani
10868:Tigris
10821:Modern
10553:Rulers
10544:Queens
10429:
10383:
10360:
10339:
10306:
10271:
10210:
10145:
10112:
10089:
10042:
10021:
9984:
9891:
9838:
9830:
9799:
9769:
9734:
9713:
9696:
9666:
9538:
9508:
9476:506728
9474:
9449:
9428:
9407:
9377:
9369:
9300:
9269:
9206:
9185:
9164:
9143:
9122:
9092:
9069:
9050:
9030:
9009:
8988:
8967:
8948:
8938:
8905:
8884:
8863:
8842:
8812:
8747:
8717:
8690:
8671:
8663:
8630:
8611:
8590:
8569:
8548:
8519:
8498:
5175:
5148:
5120:
5066:
5058:
5029:
5002:
4735:𒀸𒋩𒆠
4722:𒀸𒋩𒆠
4714:𒆳𒀸𒋩
4701:𒆳𒀸𒋩
4558:, the
4178:Louvre
4085:, and
4063:Yahweh
4055:Joseph
4039:Jewish
4032:. The
3910:Syriac
3862:Legacy
3836:sewage
3785:etinnu
3668:Median
3664:Luwian
3644:Arabic
3640:Hebrew
3525:aššurû
3510:Arabic
3506:Hebrew
3141:kalliu
3075:ummânī
2990:Corvée
2967:daiālu
2873:) was
2816:annals
2630:Sippar
2609:Nippur
2572:eunuch
2489:Thebes
2445:Harran
2321:Naqi'a
2221:Nergal
2143:Rusa I
2139:Ionian
2117:Hamath
2003:Marduk
1950:Levant
1938:Pattin
1776:Kummuh
1699:eunuch
1641:Ereğli
1587:(left)
1574:Arbela
1527:Nimrud
1454:Byblos
1442:Patina
1397:Urartu
1370:Tigris
1282:Sinjar
1270:Guzana
1254:Kirkuk
1173:Khabur
1038:" or "
819:Nimrud
776:Arabia
768:Levant
766:, the
754:, the
688:AD 240
513:609 BC
500:612 BC
487:614 BC
461:671 BC
448:705 BC
434:729 BC
411:879 BC
405:Nimrud
397:911 BC
365:(last)
250:
194:Harran
176:Nimrud
24726:Music
24716:Media
24643:Islam
24595:Kurds
24421:Banks
24359:Women
24153:Lakes
23946:2011–
23906:Kings
23735:Sumer
23362:Boran
23344:Boran
23231:Syria
23011:Syria
23006:Judea
22548:Cyrus
22266:Urtak
21859:David
21465:Kirta
21449:Apepi
21446:Khyan
21167:Adasi
21137:Adasi
20765:(...)
20512:Gudea
20474:Si'um
20423:Setut
20394:Khita
20380:Ka-ku
20321:Ilulu
20317:Nanum
20309:Igigi
20053:Ukush
19955:Nanni
19717:Elulu
19604:Ansud
19523:Khufu
19451:Puabi
19328:Khaba
19324:Nebka
19206:Zamug
19144:Balih
19140:Etana
19101:Babum
18888:Menes
18830:Neheb
18825:Thesh
18815:Khayu
18788:Menes
18749:Stork
18580:Akkad
18570:Assur
18545:Egypt
18540:dates
18407:Lists
18362:Omani
18332:Dutch
18238:Isaaq
18189:Saadi
18157:Oirat
18140:First
18108:Qajar
18037:First
18020:First
17993:China
17966:Third
17826:First
17779:Tikal
17730:Morea
17700:Roman
17618:Latin
17613:Khmer
17608:Kanem
17574:Buyid
17500:Zagwe
17495:Aksum
17485:Chola
17392:First
17375:First
17362:Bornu
17357:Benin
17352:Aztec
17290:Roman
17271:Gupta
17256:Nanda
17192:White
16969:Index
16933:Music
16921:State
16916:Media
16906:Films
16851:women
16128:(636)
16053:Qatna
15995:Aswad
15925:Syria
15764:Names
15759:Music
15732:Media
15603:Crime
15536:İzmir
15145:Lakes
15130:Fauna
14587:Music
14577:Media
14504:Islam
14456:Kurds
14282:Banks
14220:Women
14014:Lakes
13807:2011–
13767:Kings
13596:Sumer
13189:Syria
13172:Urmia
13160:Zakho
12302:Syria
12178:Chal-
12156:Aram-
12031:Larsa
11870:Upumu
11850:Tille
11830:Tabal
11810:Sidon
11725:Lubda
11685:Kalhu
11680:Kalha
11675:Isana
11610:Assur
11399:Music
11349:Akitu
11206:Roman
11098:Ubaid
11093:Halaf
10991:Tukri
10986:Sumer
10981:Suhum
10961:Media
10911:Akkad
10469:(PDF)
10454:(PDF)
10427:S2CID
10315:(PDF)
10290:(PDF)
10219:(PDF)
10186:(PDF)
10143:S2CID
10110:JSTOR
10000:(PDF)
9867:(PDF)
9852:(PDF)
9836:S2CID
9828:JSTOR
9767:S2CID
9375:S2CID
9367:JSTOR
9314:(PDF)
9298:S2CID
8946:S2CID
8810:S2CID
8772:(PDF)
8765:(PDF)
8715:JSTOR
8669:S2CID
8661:JSTOR
5064:JSTOR
4941:. In
4718:) or
4629:Ashur
4609:Notes
4535:Sumer
4526:Bible
4512:king
4201:pasha
4124:Erbil
4071:Islam
4051:Jonah
4034:Bible
3999:Ninus
3974:from
3957:]
3930:Mosul
3884:from
3824:weirs
3271:zukkû
3259:kiṣru
3131:mules
2955:šaniu
2949:šaknu
2870:šarru
2493:Urtak
2432:Nubia
2420:Sinai
2374:Sidon
2194:Tabal
2135:Medes
1999:Akitu
1966:Judah
1954:Ammon
1946:Sumur
1852:Arpad
1709:Tillê
1566:Arame
1462:Arwad
1450:Sidon
1410:Ahuni
1393:Nairi
1385:Zamua
1325:Stele
1048:Assur
949:Islam
885:Medes
815:Calah
811:Kalhu
807:Assur
170:Assur
24626:Jews
24349:LGBT
24313:List
24301:List
23666:Iraq
23595:ISBN
23571:Per
23548:ISBN
23518:ISBN
22928:Musa
22618:and
22316:Piye
22080:Pami
21851:Saul
20776:Mari
20573:Uruk
20495:Umma
20390:Helu
20336:Uruk
20326:Dudu
20093:Uruk
20046:Mari
20009:Adab
19979:Teti
19890:Urur
19875:Kish
19785:Unas
19736:Tata
19732:Peli
19673:Umma
19654:Uruk
19644:Unzi
19624:Nizi
19483:Adab
19381:Uhub
19373:Kish
19336:Huni
19214:Ilku
19161:Uruk
19130:Atab
19077:Kish
18917:Qa'a
18901:Djet
18898:Djer
18853:Wash
18845:Mekh
18759:Bull
18736:Fish
18611:Elam
18595:Umma
18590:Adab
18585:Uruk
18565:Kish
18560:Mari
18555:Ebla
18177:Bogd
18103:Zand
18081:Sikh
17988:Qing
17983:Ming
17915:Wari
17883:Tran
17868:Dinh
17638:Yuan
17628:Mali
17537:Pala
17527:Inca
17478:Yuan
17468:Song
17463:Liao
17458:Tang
17231:Kush
17113:Dʿmt
16911:Flag
16900:wine
16672:Navy
16655:Army
16543:LGBT
16502:list
16480:list
16058:Mari
16043:Ebla
15806:Wine
15702:Flag
15405:Coal
15351:Navy
15346:Land
14814:Rise
14769:and
14487:Jews
14210:LGBT
14174:List
14162:List
13527:Iraq
13167:Iran
13118:Iraq
12914:1552
12254:and
12027:Isin
12010:Mari
11820:Simu
11720:Laqe
11445:Tell
11103:Uruk
10936:Elam
10411:IRAQ
10381:ISBN
10358:ISBN
10337:ISBN
10304:ISSN
10269:ISBN
10208:ISSN
10087:ISBN
10040:ISBN
10019:ISBN
9982:ISBN
9965:2019
9889:ISBN
9797:ISBN
9732:ISBN
9711:ISBN
9694:OCLC
9664:ISBN
9647:2022
9620:2022
9593:2019
9536:ISBN
9506:OCLC
9472:OCLC
9447:ISBN
9426:ISBN
9405:ISBN
9267:ISBN
9204:ISBN
9183:ISBN
9162:ISBN
9141:ISBN
9120:ISBN
9090:ISBN
9067:ISBN
9048:ISBN
9028:ISBN
9007:ISBN
8986:ISBN
8965:ISBN
8936:ISBN
8903:ISBN
8882:ISBN
8861:ISBN
8840:ISBN
8745:ISBN
8688:ISBN
8628:ISBN
8609:ISBN
8588:ISBN
8567:ISBN
8546:ISBN
8517:ISBN
8496:ISBN
5216:help
5173:ISBN
5146:ISBN
5118:ISBN
5056:ISSN
5027:ISBN
5000:ISBN
4580:rape
4543:Ebla
4363:and
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