452:'s dissatisfaction, disgust, and personal conflict over the state of the Afro-French experience in France. All three shared a personal sense of revolt for the racism and colonial injustices that plagued their world and their French education. Senghor refused to believe that the purpose of his education was "to build Christianity and civilization in his soul where there was only paganism and barbarism before". Césaire's disgust came as embarrassment when he was accused by some of the people of the Caribbean as having nothing to do with the people of Africa—whom they saw as savages. They separated themselves from Africa and proclaimed themselves as civilized. He denounced the writers from the Caribbean as "intellectually... corrupt and literarily nourished with white decadence". Damas believed this because of the pride these writers would take when a white person could read their whole book and not be able to tell the author's complexion.
548:
introduction, Damas proclaimed that now was the age where "the colonized man becomes aware of his rights and of his duties as a writer, as a novelist or a storyteller, an essayist or a poet." Damas outlines the themes of the work. He says, "Poverty, illiteracy, exploitation of man by man, social and political racism suffered by the black or the yellow, forced labor, inequalities, lies, resignation, swindles, prejudices, complacencies, cowardice, failure, crimes committed in the name of liberty, of equality, of fraternity, that is the theme of this indigenous poetry in French." Damas' introduction was indeed a calling and affirmation for a distinct cultural identification.
2442:
399:
Mademoiselle
Paulette Nardall...kept a literary salon where African Negroestrans, West Indians, and American Negroes used to get together." Jane Nardal's 1929 article "Internationalisme noir" predates Senghor's first critical theory piece "What the Black Man Contributes", itself published in 1939. This essay, "Internationalisme noir", focuses on race consciousness in the African diaspora and cultural metissage, double-apparentance; seen as the philosophical foundation for the
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strands in the sense that its goal was to achieve black people's' "being-in-the-world", to emphasize that black individuals did have a history and a worthy culture capable of standing alongside the cultures of other countries as equals. Also important was the acceptance of and pride in being black
407:
by the masculinist domination of the movement. Paulette even wrote as much in 1960 when she "bitterly complained" about the lack of acknowledgment to her and her sister Jane regarding their importance to a movement historically and presently credited to Césaire, Senghor, and Damas. The name Nardal
468:
as the fact of being black, acceptance of this fact, and appreciation of the history and culture, and of black people. It is important to note that for Césaire, this emphasis on the acceptance of the fact of "blackness" was the means by which the "decolonization of the mind" could be achieved.
398:
The Nardal sisters were responsible for the introduction of the Harlem
Renaissance and its ideas to Césaire, Senghor, and Damas. In a letter from February 1960, Senghor admits the importance of the Nardal sisters, "We were in contact with these black Americans during the years 1929–34 through
547:
Damas' introduction was more political and cultural in nature. A distinctive feature of his anthology and beliefs was that Damas felt his message was one for the colonized in general, and included poets from
Indochina and Madagascar. This is sharply in contrast to Senghor's anthology. In the
696:
to imagine a rhetorical "disease" that he said was a mild form of leprosy, the only cure for which was to become white. But this attribution has been disputed as a misreading of secondary sources. If there was such use, it might not have been known by the Afro-Francophones who developed the
469:
According to him, western imperialism was responsible for the inferiority complex of black people. He sought to recognize the collective colonial experience of black individuals —the slave trade and plantation system. Césaire's ideology was especially important during the early years of
502:
would, according to
Senghor, enable black people in French lands to have a "seat at the give and take of the table as equals". However, the French eventually granted Senegal and its other African colonies independence. Poet and later the first president of Sénégal, Senghor used
226:
as a positive term. The problem with assimilation was that one assimilated into a culture that considered
African culture to be barbaric and unworthy of being seen as "civilized". The assimilation into this culture would have been seen as an implicit acceptance of this view.
621:. They believed that by deliberately and outspokenly being proud of their ethnicity, Black people were automatically on the defensive. Chinua Achebe wrote: A tiger doesn't proclaim its tigerness; it jumps on its prey). Soyinka in turn wrote in a 1960 essay for the
535:
in 1948. Damas's introduction to the work and the poetic anthology was meant to be a sort of manifesto for the movement, but
Senghor's own anthology eventually took that role. Though it would be the "Preface" written by French philosopher and public intellectual
609:
was based too much on
Blackness according to a European aesthetic, and was unable to define a new kind of perception of African-ness that would free Black people and Black art from Caucasian conceptualizations altogether.
480:, the capital, and a representative of Martinique in France's Parliament—nor Senghor in Senegal, envisaged political independence from France. Césaire called for France's political assimilation of Martinique with the
420:, the philosophy was characterized generally by opposition to colonialism, denunciation of Europe's alleged inhumanity, and rejection of Western domination and ideas. The movement also appears to have had some
385:(1931–32), a literary journal published in English and French, which attempted to appeal to African and Caribbean intellectuals in Paris. This Harlem inspiration was shared by the parallel development of
1288:
Rabanka, Leiland. « The
Negritude Movement: W.E.B. Du Bois, Leon Damas, Aimé Césaire, Léopold Senghor, Frantz Fanon, and the Evolution of an Insurgent Idea. » Lexington Books, 2015.
214:. The word appears in Césaire's first published work, "Conscience Raciale et Révolution Sociale", with the heading "Les Idées" and the rubric "Négreries", which is notable for its disavowal of
2255:
507:
to work toward a universal valuation of
African people. He advocated a modern incorporation of the expression and celebration of traditional African customs and ideas. This interpretation of
481:
341:
During the 1920s and 1930s, young black students and scholars primarily from France's colonies and territories assembled in Paris, where they were introduced to writers of the
231:
previously had been used mainly in a pejorative sense. Césaire deliberately incorporated this derogatory word into the name of his philosophy. Césaire's choice of the
116:
political philosophy, in the black radical tradition. The writers drew heavily on a surrealist literary style, and some say they were also influenced somewhat by the
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2228:
1102:
52:(from French "nègre" and "-itude" to denote a condition that can be translated as "Blackness") is a framework of critique and literary theory, mainly developed by
565:
2243:
1569:
207:
199:
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188:
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and rejected any kind of reconciliation with
Caucasians. Two particular anthologies were pivotal to the movement; one was published by Damas in 1946,
2718:
239:
has often been contested as a word before being contested as a concept", but the suffix allows Césaire to trope the vocabulary of racist science.
1192:
649:
275:
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discussions in their writings and also owned the Clamart Salon, a tea-shop venue of the Afro-French intelligentsia where the philosophy of
970:
112:, racism and Eurocentrism. They promoted African culture within a framework of persistent Franco-African ties. The intellectuals employed
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820:
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movement. The Nardal sisters, for all their ideas and the importance of their Clamart Salon, have been minimized in the development of
387:
2213:
1631:
169:, which, like its English counterpart, was derogatory and had a different meaning from "black man". The movement's use of the word
2927:
2249:
2778:
2127:
1427:
1112:
863:
2208:
878:
Raisa Rexer (Winter 2013). "Black and White and Re(a)d All Over: L'Étudiant noir, Communism, and the Birth of Négritude".
2488:
1405:
1312:
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form of empowerment. The term was first used in its present sense by Aimé Césaire, in the third issue (May–June 1935) of
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17:
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1484:
1343:
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1360:
486:
1444:
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Sharpley-Whiting, T. Denean. “Femme Négritude: Jane Nardal, La Dépêche Africaine, and the Francophone New Negro.”
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2318:
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will not paint 'duiker' on his beautiful back to proclaim his duikeritude; you'll know him by his elegant leap."
1588:, Georges Courrèges, Baba Diop; Maison Africaine de la Poésie Internationale. Shot in Sénégal in 2005, 56' (DVD)
794:
1599:
Noir, Journal Mensuel de l'Association des Etudiants Martiniquais en France, Premiere Annee N. 3 May–June 1935
2389:
2218:
2147:
1476:
1464:
Rexer, Raisa. "Black and White and Re(a)d All Over: L'Étudiant noir, Communism, and the Birth of Négritude".
577:
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2848:
2203:
2188:
1624:
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759:
89:
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1867:
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during the 1790s. Césaire spoke, thus, of Haiti as being "where négritude stood up for the first time".
2465:
2142:
698:
85:
1498:
Return to the Kingdom of Childhood: Re-envisioning the Legacy and Philosophical Relevance of Negritude
764:
2942:
2833:
2763:
2198:
2163:
491:(the Departmentalization Law), which did not entail an abandonment of Martinique's distinct culture.
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2922:
2653:
2354:
2103:
2008:
1932:
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1077:
637:
215:
2962:
2412:
2384:
2379:
2369:
2223:
2183:
1812:
1758:
1617:
910:"Frantz Fanon and the Négritude Movement: How Strategic Essentialism Subverts Manichean Binaries"
753:
464:. He studied in Paris, where he discovered the black community and "rediscovered Africa". He saw
323:
1038:
994:
Negritude Agonistes, Assimilation against Nationalism in the Frenchspeaking Caribbean and Guyane
788:
2683:
2538:
2508:
2193:
1917:
1832:
1681:
381:
371:
310:, a literary style developed in Harlem in Manhattan during the 1920s and 1930s, influenced the
1581:
1523:
The French Imperial Nation-State: Negritude & Colonial Humanism Between the Two World Wars
2793:
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2713:
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653:
602:
31:
1373:
179:
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1963:
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1335:
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774:
721:
300:
160:
8:
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2297:
2018:
1661:
1243:
949:
The Practice of Diaspora: Literature, Translation, and the Rise of Black Internationalism
769:
641:
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Neither Césaire—who after returning to Martinique after his studies was elected mayor of
292:
193:
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and a celebration of African history, traditions, and beliefs. Their literary style was
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2003:
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being, asserting one's self and identity, and ideas of home, home-going and belonging.
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1973:
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828:
702:
673:
441:
331:
77:
1817:
1802:
1221:. Institute on Race, Health Care and the Law, The University of Dayton School of Law
254:
2873:
2828:
2783:
2758:
2302:
2078:
2013:
1993:
1988:
1807:
1676:
1253:
1050:
1039:"Femme négritude: Jane Nardal, La Dépêche africaine, and the francophone new negro"
1016:
921:
883:
557:
537:
392:
335:
296:
203:
121:
57:
1246:, "La Négritude et la 'Conscience raciale et révolution sociale' d'Aimé Césaire".
601:
was criticized by some Black writers during the 1960s as insufficiently militant.
221:
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2613:
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2523:
2422:
2113:
2093:
2023:
1857:
1822:
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853:
799:
445:
354:
346:
319:
280:
211:
131:
81:
65:
1842:
1280:
1264:
971:"Négritude's Contretemps: The Coining and Reception of Aimé Césaire's Neologism"
887:
130:
inspired the birth of many movements across the Afro-Diasporic world, including
60:
during the 1930s, aimed at raising and cultivating "black consciousness" across
2878:
2743:
2733:
2673:
2608:
2548:
2513:
2503:
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1927:
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1912:
1902:
1837:
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1706:
1640:
1565:
1317:
821:"Vidéo. Qui était Paulette Nardal, mise à l'honneur ce mardi par Google ?"
713:
477:
338:
addressed the themes of "noireism", race relations and "double-consciousness".
251:
1553:
1260:. ed. Léopold Senghor. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, p. xiv (1948).
1193:"Cheikh Thiam Appointed to Dean Post for the School of International Training"
1054:
42:
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2902:
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2583:
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2553:
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2168:
2088:
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1983:
1897:
1882:
1862:
1847:
1827:
1516:
Négritude et nouveaux mondes—poésie noire: africaine, antillaise et malgache.
832:
709:
685:
520:
135:
101:
69:
38:
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2628:
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1998:
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780:
657:
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568:") that served as the introduction to a volume of francophone poetry named
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350:
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143:
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1948:
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1585:
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Each of the initiators had his own ideas about the purpose and styles of
358:
109:
53:
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poet and National Assembly member. He had a militant style of defending
27:
Cultural and political movement developed by a francophone African elite
2868:
2728:
2603:
2558:
2048:
1958:
1141:
740:
461:
449:
295:. Black intellectuals have historically been proud of Haiti due to its
288:
261:(On the Equality of Human Races), which was published as a rebuttal to
117:
73:
2256:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League
533:
Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache de langue française
391:
and acceptance of "double-apparantence", double-consciousness, in the
2703:
2623:
2038:
2033:
1877:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1457:
Contretemps: The Coining and Reception of Aimé Césaire's Neologism".
705:
were aware of discourse surrounding race and revolution from the US.
580:
421:
284:
2457:
1537:
Freedom time: Negritude, decolonization, and the future of the world
2773:
2738:
2429:
1792:
725:
572:, compiled by Léopold Senghor. In this essay, Sartre characterizes
1598:
1084:
Black Orpheus, Transition, and Modern Cultural Awakening in Africa
1075:
The title subsequently inspired the name of the Nigerian magazine
660:(1936–2017). Cheikh Thiam's book is the only book-length study of
2883:
2708:
2678:
2374:
1609:
1604:
1295:, vol. 2, no. 4, Taylor & Francis Group, 2000, pp. 8–17,
1043:
Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society
430:
113:
93:
2897:
1007:
Senghor, Léopold Sédar (1971). "Problématique de la Négritude".
187:
with fellow students Léopold Senghor and Léon Damas, as well as
165:
is a constructed noun from the 1930s based upon the French word
2798:
2492:
1752:
1711:
632:
After a long period of silence there has been a renaissance of
626:
511:
tended to be the most common, particularly during later years.
262:
235:
suffix has been criticized, with Senghor noting that "the term
218:
as a valid strategy for resistance and for its use of the word
120:
stylistics, and in their work often explored the experience of
72:(known for having laid the theoretical basis of the movement),
61:
1489:
Stovall, Tyler, "Aimé Césaire and the making of black Paris."
613:
The Nigerian dramatist, poet, and novelists Chinua Achebe and
2648:
743:
in his eponymous album "Négritude" but also before this one.
729:
720:, a journalistic treatment of the legendary Ali vs. Foreman "
692:
and early abolitionist, is often said to have used the term "
248:
184:
64:
and its diaspora. Négritude gathers writers such as sisters
2598:
1128:
Maduakor, Obiajuru (1986). "Soyinka as a Literary Critic".
174:
1432:
Irele, Abiola. "Négritude or black cultural nationalism."
1182:, English Department, University of California, Berkeley.
2229:
Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa
1219:"An Early History – African American Mental Health"
697:
philosophy of Négritude during the 20th century. Still,
1552:
a documentary by Nathalie Fave and Jean-Baptiste Fave,
1439:
Le Baron, Bentley. "Négritude: A Pan-African Ideal?."
1104:
Identity Meets Nationality: Voices from the Humanities
411:
2244:
Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes
460:
Césaire was a poet, playwright, and politician from
716:'s physical and psychological presence in his book
668:as a philosophy of art, and Jones' presentation of
375:was conceived. Paulette Nardal and the Haitian Dr.
1605:Césaire et l'introduction de la notion "négritude"
1258:Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache
570:Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache
1216:
1096:
851:
595:), a strategy with a final goal of racial unity.
30:"Nigritude" redirects here. For the contest, see
2914:
1036:
587:issues to French intellectuals. In his opinion,
664:as philosophy. It develops Diagne's reading of
56:intellectuals, writers, and politicians in the
1422:, Africana Homestead Legacy Publishers, 2008,
1087:, University of California Press, 1986, p. 24.
564:philosophy in an essay called "Orphée Noir" ("
369:was often discussed and where the concept for
2473:
1625:
276:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
1550:Négritude: Naissance et expansion du concept
852:Jansen, Jan C.; Osterhammel, Jürgen (2017).
544:into the broader intellectual conversation.
1580:, Amadou Ly, Youssoufa Bâ, Raphaël Ndiaye,
951:. Harvard University Press. pp. 20–38.
291:, and 20th-century American anthropologist
2480:
2466:
1632:
1618:
858:. Princeton University Press. p. 45.
2214:Organisation of African Trade Union Unity
1505:Negritude and Changing Africa: An Update,
1250:, No. 21, Automne 1980, pp. 119–130.
1197:The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education
991:
690:United States Declaration of Independence
173:was a way of re-imagining the word as an
2174:All-African People's Revolutionary Party
1127:
1101:; Anderson, Jemima Asabea, eds. (2011).
576:as the opposite of colonial racism in a
361:. The Nardal sisters contributed to the
271:Essai sur l'inégalité des Races Humaines
1933:I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson
1518:Concord, Mass: Wayside Publishing, 1994
1006:
946:
907:
529:Poètes d'expression française 1900–1945
14:
2915:
1491:French Politics, Culture & Society
968:
531:. Senghor would then go on to publish
2487:
2461:
1613:
1263:
818:
2209:International African Service Bureau
1525:(University of Chicago Press, 2005)
1500:(Ohio State University Press, 2014)
1037:Sharpley-Whiting, T. Denean (2000).
1032:
1030:
964:
962:
960:
958:
739:The word is also used by the rapper
540:for the anthology that would propel
183:, a magazine that he had started in
2938:Black (human racial classification)
2250:Rassemblement Démocratique Africain
1406:Eastern Washington University Press
583:and with it he helped to introduce
412:Development during the 20th century
24:
2179:All-African Trade Union Federation
1639:
646:University of California, Berkeley
25:
2979:
2239:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
1592:
1434:Journal of Modern African Studies
1027:
981:(4): 377–98 – via ProQuest.
955:
2896:
2440:
2428:
2418:
2417:
2408:
2407:
734:Democratic Republic of the Congo
712:used the term to describe boxer
287:and developer of the concept of
2365:All-African Peoples' Conference
1509:Research in African Literatures
1466:Research in African Literatures
1299:
1273:Research in African Literatures
1210:
1185:
1173:
1148:
1130:Research in African Literatures
1121:
1090:
1069:
880:Research in African Literatures
855:Decolonization: A Short History
656:) who all continue the work of
259:De l'égalité des races humaines
1543:
1539:(Duke University Press, 2015).
1471:Sharpley-Whiting, T. Denean.
1350:Poètes d'expression française.
1000:
985:
940:
901:
872:
845:
812:
636:developed by scholars such as
13:
1:
2928:African and Black nationalism
2390:United States of Latin Africa
2219:Organisation of African Unity
2148:African Leadership University
1477:University of Minnesota Press
1237:
992:Filostrat, Christian (2008).
947:Edwards, Brent Hayes (2003).
679:
591:was an "anti-racist racism" (
242:
2204:First Pan-African Conference
1556:, with the interventions of
1385:University of Virginia Press
1362:Mine de Rien, Poèmes inédits
1107:. African Books Collective.
908:Nielsen, Cynthia R. (2013).
760:Black Consciousness Movement
551:
395:-speaking Caribbean region.
153:
7:
896:10.2979/reseafrilite.44.4.1
888:10.2979/reseafrilite.44.4.1
819:Lafon, Cathy (2021-12-10).
746:
482:Loi de départementalisation
283:, the initiator of Haitian
10:
2984:
2143:African Leadership Academy
36:
29:
2953:Latin American literature
2892:
2834:San Francisco Renaissance
2499:
2435:Pan-Africanism portal
2403:
2342:
2311:
2273:
2199:Economic Freedom Fighters
2189:Convention People's Party
2164:African Unification Front
2156:
2135:
2126:
1941:
1780:
1771:
1720:
1654:
1647:
1055:10.1080/10999940009362232
969:Reilly, Brian J. (2020).
440:movement was a result of
2355:African-American leftism
2104:Henry Sylvester Williams
1868:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo
1390:Senghor, Léopold Sédar,
1379:Senghor, Léopold Sedar,
1332:Discourse on Colonialism
1313:Return to My Native Land
805:
638:Souleymane Bachir Diagne
257:published an early work
146:often made reference to
108:intellectuals disavowed
2413:Pan-Africanism category
2385:United States of Africa
2380:Union of African States
2370:East African Federation
2319:Ethnic groups of Africa
2224:Pan African Association
1813:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
1759:United States of Africa
1574:Victor Emmanuel Cabrita
754:Black Skin, White Masks
2664:Generation of the '30s
2539:British Poetry Revival
2194:East African Community
1833:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof
1682:Anti-Western sentiment
1459:Philological Quarterly
1418:Filostrat, Christian.
1293:Souls (Boulder, Colo.)
1217:Randall, Vernellia R.
1021:10.3917/presa.078.0003
975:Philological Quarterly
701:did claim that he and
408:belongs in that list.
382:La Revue du Monde Noir
372:La Revue du Monde Noir
318:'s writers, including
220:
159:
142:in the United States.
138:in the Caribbean, and
2714:Informationist poetry
2099:Frances Cress Welsing
1443:76.4 (1966): 267-276
1404:Spokane, Washington:
1348:Damas, Léon-Gontran,
1279:: 1–7, archived from
1099:Amfo, Nana Aba Appiah
996:. Africana Homestead.
926:10.1353/cal.2013.0084
699:Léopold Sédar Senghor
654:Ohio State University
603:Keorapetse Kgositsile
279:). Firmin influenced
86:Léopold Sédar Senghor
32:Nigritude ultramarine
2839:Scottish Renaissance
2534:Black Mountain poets
2281:Black Star of Africa
2234:Pan-African Congress
2184:Conseil de l'Entente
1964:Edward Wilmot Blyden
1888:Abdias do Nascimento
1853:Toussaint Louverture
1578:Nafissatou Dia Diouf
1554:first minutes online
1461:99.4 (2020): 377–98.
1436:3.3 (1965): 321–348.
1413:Secondary literature
1394:Paris: Grasset, 1988
1381:The Collected Poetry
1359:Damas, Léon-Gontan,
1336:Monthly Review Press
1248:Présence Francophone
1081:— see Peter Benson,
775:Black Power Movement
722:Rumble in the Jungle
301:Toussaint Louverture
2933:Africana philosophy
2779:New American Poetry
2529:Black Arts Movement
2509:Akhmatova's Orphans
2334:Conflicts in Africa
2324:Languages of Africa
2298:Pan-African colours
2019:Yosef Ben-Jochannan
1662:African nationalism
1582:Alioune Badara Bèye
1420:Negritude Agonistes
1402:Red Earth/Latérite.
1269:"O Brave New World"
1244:Christian Filostrat
770:Black Arts Movement
736:) in October 1974.
684:American physician
642:Columbia University
605:said that the term
593:racisme antiraciste
436:Motivation for the
429:and they cherished
293:Melville Herskovits
2958:Literary movements
2948:French West Africa
2854:Southern Agrarians
2749:Metaphysical poets
2689:Harlem Renaissance
2350:African philosophy
2329:Religion in Africa
2054:Zephania Mothopeng
2004:Amy Ashwood Garvey
1979:John Henrik Clarke
1969:Stokely Carmichael
1954:Molefi Kete Asante
1908:John Nyathi Pokela
1893:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1570:Jacqueline Lemoine
1560:, Racine Senghor,
1558:Amadou Lamine Sall
1493:27#3 (2009): 44–46
1468:44.4 (2013): 1-14.
1450:Reilly, Brian J. "
1374:Présence Africaine
1370:Leurres et lueurs.
1009:Présence Africaine
688:, a signer of the
343:Harlem Renaissance
316:Harlem Renaissance
308:Harlem Renaissance
267:Arthur de Gobineau
140:black is beautiful
18:Negritude Movement
2910:
2909:
2903:Poetry portal
2699:Hungry generation
2694:Harvard Aesthetes
2669:Generation of '98
2659:Generation of '27
2634:The poets of Elan
2455:
2454:
2447:Africa portal
2287:Le Marron Inconnu
2269:
2268:
2122:
2121:
1918:Ahmed Sékou Touré
1767:
1766:
1687:Black nationalism
1667:African socialism
1572:, Gérard Chenêt,
1514:Thompson, Peter,
1503:Thompson, Peter,
1428:978-0-9818939-2-1
1354:Editions du Seuil
1256:. "Orphée Noir".
1254:Sartre, Jean-Paul
1114:978-9988-647-96-4
865:978-1-4008-8488-9
674:lebensphilosophie
525:"black qualities"
200:Leonard Sainville
16:(Redirected from
2975:
2943:French Caribbean
2901:
2900:
2814:Parnassian poets
2784:New Apocalyptics
2759:Modernist poetry
2574:Confessionalists
2564:Churchyard poets
2482:
2475:
2468:
2459:
2458:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2433:
2432:
2421:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2303:Pan-African flag
2133:
2132:
2079:Randall Robinson
2014:Leonard Jeffries
1994:W. E. B. Du Bois
1989:Cheikh Anta Diop
1984:Martin R. Delany
1808:David Comissiong
1778:
1777:
1677:Anti-imperialism
1652:
1651:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1562:Lylian Kesteloot
1456:
1398:Tadjo, Véronique
1392:Ce que je crois.
1284:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1189:
1183:
1180:"Donna V. Jones"
1177:
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1167:
1160:This Analog Life
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839:
816:
784:("Angolan-ness")
765:Black Surrealism
644:), Donna Jones (
558:Jean-Paul Sartre
538:Jean-Paul Sartre
490:
314:philosophy. The
297:slave revolution
204:Louis T. Achille
197:
189:Gilbert Gratiant
150:in his writing.
58:African diaspora
21:
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2972:
2968:Postcolonialism
2923:1930s in Africa
2913:
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2888:
2859:Spasmodic poets
2844:Sicilian School
2794:New York School
2614:Dolce Stil Novo
2495:
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2439:
2427:
2423:Africa category
2399:
2338:
2307:
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2152:
2118:
2114:Omali Yeshitela
2094:Issa Laye Thiaw
2024:Maulana Karenga
2009:John G. Jackson
1937:
1858:Patrice Lumumba
1823:Muammar Gaddafi
1763:
1728:African century
1716:
1643:
1638:
1595:
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1496:Thiam, Cheikh.
1473:Negritude Women
1454:
1330:Césaire, Aimé:
1310:Césaire, Aimé:
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800:Afro-Surrealism
749:
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521:French Guianese
495:Leopold Senghor
484:
446:Leopold Senghor
414:
357:and her sister
355:Paulette Nardal
347:Langston Hughes
320:Langston Hughes
281:Jean Price-Mars
245:
212:Paulette Nardal
208:Aristide Maugée
191:
180:L'Étudiant noir
156:
132:Afro-Surrealism
82:Abdoulaye Sadji
45:
35:
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2963:Pan-Africanism
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2893:
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2879:Uranian poetry
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2744:Martian poetry
2741:
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2734:Language poets
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2674:Georgian poets
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2554:Cavalier poets
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2549:Castalian Band
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2514:Angry Penguins
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2395:Year of Africa
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2069:Runoko Rashidi
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1707:Uhuru Movement
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1641:Pan-Africanism
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1594:
1593:External links
1591:
1590:
1589:
1566:Jean-Louis Roy
1545:
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1535:Wilder, Gary.
1533:
1521:Wilder, Gary.
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1328:
1318:Bloodaxe Books
1305:Original texts
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795:Afro-pessimism
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714:George Foreman
681:
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478:Fort de France
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336:W.E.B. Du Bois
324:Richard Wright
255:Anténor Firmin
252:anthropologist
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2128:Organizations
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2064:Motsoko Pheko
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70:Jeanne Nardal
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2804:Objectivists
2768:
2764:The Movement
2629:Ego-Futurism
2619:Dymock poets
2594:Cyclic Poets
2589:Culteranismo
2285:
2248:
2074:Paul Robeson
1999:Frantz Fanon
1974:Aimé Césaire
1843:Modibo Keïta
1788:Dennis Akumu
1751:
1744:
1738:
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1672:Afrocentrism
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1292:
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1276:
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1212:
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781:Angolanidade
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703:Aimé Césaire
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665:
661:
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650:Cheikh Thiam
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518:
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455:
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442:Aimé Césaire
437:
435:
427:surrealistic
422:Heideggerian
417:
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404:
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397:
386:
380:
370:
366:
362:
351:Claude McKay
340:
328:Claude McKay
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246:
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216:assimilation
178:
170:
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158:
157:
147:
144:Frantz Fanon
127:
126:
105:
78:Aimé Césaire
48:
47:
46:
2864:Sung poetry
2849:Sons of Ben
2774:Neotericism
2754:Misty Poets
2719:İkinci Yeni
2569:Conceptismo
2544:Cairo poets
2519:Auden Group
2136:Educational
1949:Marimba Ani
1873:Thabo Mbeki
1781:Politicians
1733:Black power
1586:Hamidou Dia
1544:Filmography
1225:21 December
1156:"Tigritude"
1136:(1): 1–38.
1049:(4): 8–17.
485: [
332:Alain Locke
192: [
110:colonialism
88:(the first
54:francophone
43:Antillanité
2917:Categories
2869:Surrealism
2824:Précieuses
2819:La Pléiade
2729:Lake Poets
2604:Deep image
2559:Chhayavaad
2049:Ali Mazrui
1959:Steve Biko
1773:Proponents
1238:References
1203:2020-06-01
1166:2018-10-09
838:2021-10-13
741:Youssoupha
724:" bout in
694:Negritude"
680:Other uses
515:Leon Damas
462:Martinique
450:Leon Damas
379:initiated
289:Indigenism
243:Influences
118:Surrealist
98:Léon Damas
74:Martinican
37:See also:
2874:Symbolism
2769:Négritude
2704:Imaginism
2684:The Group
2654:Gay Saber
2644:Fugitives
2624:Ecopoetry
2524:The Beats
2157:Political
2039:Malcolm X
2034:Fela Kuti
1878:Tom Mboya
1739:Négritude
1702:Sankarism
1697:Nkrumaism
1692:Garveyism
1452:Négritude
1063:146582416
934:162812806
833:1760-6454
825:Sud Ouest
718:The Fight
708:Novelist
670:Négritude
666:Négritude
662:Négritude
634:Négritude
619:Négritude
607:Négritude
599:Négritude
589:négritude
585:Négritude
581:dialectic
574:négritude
562:Négritude
556:In 1948,
552:Reception
542:Négritude
509:Négritude
505:Négritude
500:Négritude
471:Négritude
466:Négritude
438:Négritude
418:Négritude
405:Négritude
401:Négritude
377:Leo Sajou
367:Négritude
363:Négritude
345:, namely
312:Négritude
285:ethnology
247:In 1885,
237:négritude
171:Négritude
161:Négritude
154:Etymology
148:Négritude
128:Négritude
122:diasporic
106:Négritude
90:President
49:Négritude
2739:Marinism
2579:Créolité
2312:Dynamics
1793:Idi Amin
1721:Concepts
1655:Variants
1648:Ideology
1479:, 2002,
1320:, 1997,
1267:(1998),
1015:(2): 5.
914:Callaloo
747:See also
726:Kinshasa
617:opposed
578:Hegelian
448:'s, and
388:negrismo
136:Créolité
66:Paulette
39:Créolité
2884:Zutiste
2709:Imagism
2679:Goliard
2504:Acmeism
2489:Schools
2375:Kwanzaa
2343:Related
2274:Symbols
2261:ZANU–PF
1372:Paris:
1352:Paris:
1142:3819421
648:), and
625:, "the
433:ideas.
431:Marxist
393:Spanish
249:Haitian
114:Marxist
96:), and
94:Senegal
2809:Others
2799:Oberiu
2493:poetry
1942:Others
1753:Ujamaa
1746:Ubuntu
1712:Zikism
1529:
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1455:'s
1445:online
1441:Ethics
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2649:Garip
2639:Flarf
1138:JSTOR
1059:S2CID
930:S2CID
892:JSTOR
806:Notes
732:(now
730:Zaire
672:as a
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353:, by
229:Nègre
222:nègre
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185:Paris
167:nègre
76:poet
2599:Dada
1527:ISBN
1481:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1322:ISBN
1227:2008
1109:ISBN
860:ISBN
829:ISSN
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359:Jane
349:and
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