1159:, the National Union was a moribund party, created by a governmental decree rather than by political activists, and which was "dominated by the administration, put to sleep and reawakened in accordance with the situation at the time". He describes the party as "an empty, undermined space into which were formally sent those who wanted to join the regime and which, once full, was closed". Pinto notes that the army was kept away from public life, and political activity was prohibited outside public life. This included the National Union, which lacked any kind of political activism. Therefore the party lacked an ideology, and did not mobilize the masses. Pinto argues that it was the opposite, as "in fact demotivation was openly encouraged". He concludes that the party had a "non-fascist nature" and argues that it "neither reached power at all nor, once created, fulfilled functions of control and monopoly of access to power or mobilization of the masses, which, in general, the fascists did."
1336:
38:
1268:
was nominated Vice
President. The first Central Commission was composed by Bissaia Barreto, João Amaral, a judge and an integralist monarchist, and Nuno Mexia, who had been linked to the Union of Economic Interests (União dos Interesses Económicos) in the 1920s. Appointment to lead the party meant either "retirement" or a prestigious pause from government duties. The absence of youth was a characteristic of the National Union, particularly in the 1930s. At the first Congress, 68% of the delegates were over 40 years old.
1275:, the National Union is an example of extreme weakness among dictatorships with weak single parties. There was no internal party activity until 1933. From 1934 onwards, after the creation of the regime’s new institutions, the National Union embarked on a period of lethargy from which it did not emerge until 1944. This lethargy can be partly explained by the affirmation by the regime that it did not attribute great importance to it beyond its utility as an electoral and legitimating vehicle.
254:
630:
1451:
561:
1290:, the National Union called for national unity and cooperation, arguing that the "foreign institutional system" of the [[First Portiguese Republic "had proved to be incompatible with the necessities, interests, qualities and even flaws of the Portuguese nation". It contrasted the supposed stability of the Estado Novo, as opposed to the pre-1926 republican government which "transformed the country‟s public life into something like a tribal African disorder".
1492:
1059:
1785:
1759:
1723:
1692:
1661:
1635:
1609:
1583:
2245:
2125:
1972:
1865:
1857:
2253:
2214:
2207:
2171:
2164:
2133:
2094:
2087:
2056:
2049:
2018:
2011:
1980:
1941:
1934:
1903:
1896:
1294:
been suppressed during the
Spanish Civil War and World War II in hopes of improving the image of his regime in Western circles. The measures included parliamentary elections, a general political amnesty, restoration of freedom of the press, curtailment of legal repression and a commitment to introduce the right of
1151:
as well as from
Mussolini's corporate state. Unlike fascist parties, the National Union played no role in the government - it only served as a tool for the selection of National Assembly deputies, as well as a way to provide some legitimacy to non-competitive elections that Salazar's regime regularly
1267:
The first leader of the
National Union was the Interior Minister Colonel Lopes Mateus. The composition of the Central Commission indicated that the party was meant to support the regime rather than militate for it. Salazar became president, and Albino dos Reis, a former member of the Cunha Leal ULR,
2797:
However, dictatorships such as
Francisco Franco's Spain and Antonio de Oliveira Salazar's Portugal were not fascist, but authoritarian in the first instance. They lacked the idea of a permanent and national revolution, which propelled fascist movements and regimes, and they clung to the past or the
1260:) and condemned their "exaltation of youth, the cult of force through direct action, the principle of the superiority of state political power in social life, the propensity for organizing masses behind a single leader" as fundamental differences between fascism and the Catholic corporatism of the
1135:
Once
Salazar assumed the premiership, the National Union became the only party legally allowed to function under the Estado Novo. Salazar announced that the National Union would be the antithesis of a political party. The NU became an ancillary body, not a source of political power. At no stage did
1231:
period. Officially it was not a political party but an "organization of unity of all the
Portuguese". Salazar in the speech that launched the party, was vague in terms of its role, and he incorporated all the parties supporting the dictatorship, whether republican, monarchic or catholic. Its first
1293:
In 1938 Salazar recognized that
National Union's activities “were successively diminished until they had almost been extinguished”. With World War II's end, the National Union came to life again. In October 1945, Salazar announced a liberalization program designed to restore civil rights that had
1131:
Unlike in most single-party regimes, the
National Union was more of a political arm of the government rather than holding actual power over it. The National Union membership was mostly drawn from local notables: landowners, professionals and businessmen, Catholics, monarchists or conservative
1166:
and the
National Union should be considered fascist or not. Salazar himself criticized the "exaltation of youth, the cult of force through direct action, the principle of the superiority of state political power in social life, the propensity for organizing masses behind a single leader" as
2835:
Hoping to spare Portugal the pains of class conflict, Dr. Salazar even opposed the industrial development of his country until the 1960s. His regime was not only nonfascist, but "voluntarily nontotalitarian," preferring to let those of its citizens who kept out of politics "live by
2466:
fascist Italy developed a state structure known as the corporate state with the ruling party acting as a mediator between 'corporations' making up the body of the nation. Similar designs were quite popular elsewhere in the 1930s. The most prominent examples were
1235:
The National Union was formed as a subservient umbrella organization to support the regime itself. It was the only party legally allowed under the Estado Novo regime; all other political parties were banned and persecuted, this later included the
1354:
from 1934 to 1973. Opposition candidates were nominally allowed after 1945 but prematurely withdrew in the 1945 and 1973 legislative elections. In 1970, two years after Salazar had been replaced as a leader and prime minister by
3531:
1232:
organic principles expressly declared that “all citizens, regardless of their political or religious beliefs” would be admitted as long as they adhered to the principles of Salazar’s speech of 30 June 1930.
1136:
it appear that Salazar wished it to fulfill the central role the fascist party had acquired in Mussolini's Italy; in fact, it was meant to be a platform of conservatism, not a revolutionary vanguard.
1256:
broke into factions, some going into exile while the majority ended up joining the National Union. Salazar denounced the National Syndicalists as "inspired by certain foreign models" (meaning German
3467:
1152:
held. The National Union was set up to control and restrain public opinion rather than to mobilize it, and ministers, diplomats and civil servants were never compelled to join the party.
2296:
CRUZ, Manuel Braga da. «National Union», in ROSAS, Fernando; BRITO, JM Brandão de (right). New State History Dictionary. Venda Nova : Bertrand Editora, 1996, vol. II, p. 989-991.
3244:
2495:
Howard J. Wiarda, Margaret MacLeish Mott. Catholic Roots and Democratic Flowers: Political Systems in Spain and Portugal. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. p. 49.
2486:
Eccleshall, Robert; Geoghegan, Vincent; Jay, Richard; Kenny, Michael; Mackenzie, Iain; Wilford, Rick (1994). Political Ideologies: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 208.
1388:
criticized the National Union in 1945 as a “grouping of moderates of all parties, bourgeois without soul or faith in the national and revolutionary imperatives of our time”.
52:
3611:
1282:
also created state bodies for propaganda, youth and labour, but they were not connected with the party. In 1931, the official newspaper of the National Union,
1211:
express the same view, writing that Salazar's regime was "not only nonfascist, but voluntarily nontotalitarian". On the other hand, Portuguese scholars like
3237:
3501:
754:
3662:
3491:
3025:
3657:
3652:
3230:
1308:. Initially, the moderate opposition controlled the MUD, but it soon became strongly influenced by the Communist Party, which controlled its
1087:
591:
3541:
3546:
3631:
3556:
2280:
Os atestados de bom comportamento moral e civil até ao 25 de Abril de 1974. Exposição 'Documento do Mês' do Arquivo Municipal de Silves
1347:
was legal between 1945 and 1948, but even then, the political system was so heavily rigged that it had no realistic chance of winning.
831:
651:
3457:
962:
3616:
3626:
3379:
3707:
3697:
3682:
3516:
3447:
3667:
3486:
3253:
2790:
2583:
2516:
1769:
1738:
1702:
1671:
1645:
1619:
1593:
1562:
269:
2783:
Fascism without Borders: Transnational Connections and Cooperation between Movements and Regimes in Europe from 1918 to 1945
2278:
3702:
3571:
3536:
3462:
3374:
3349:
2535:
2225:
2182:
2144:
2105:
2067:
2029:
1991:
1952:
1914:
1876:
1832:
1370:
3591:
3511:
3394:
2475:(1933-1938), and authoritarian experiments in Estonia, Romania, and some other countries of East and East-Central Europe,
1396:
1351:
841:
826:
804:
761:
946:
859:
3601:
3213:
3189:
3165:
3061:
2548:
952:
3677:
3105:
2828:
2648:
2452:
2361:
1080:
584:
933:
3506:
3423:
3344:
3315:
1381:
1253:
1249:
1237:
781:
2778:
2706:
Pinto, António Costa (2002). "Elites, Single Parties and Political Decision-Making in Fascist-Era Dictatorships".
1188:
1139:
The National Union's ideology was corporatism, and it took as many inspirations from Catholic encyclicals such as
3687:
3672:
3496:
3261:
3141:
1007:
894:
3606:
3596:
3576:
3551:
3083:
1049:
1026:
3074:(1990). "Chapter 9: Conservatism, dictatorship and fascism in Portugal, 1914–45". In Blinkhorn, Martin (ed.).
1837:
1459:
1125:
455:
74:
2322:
Sardica, José Miguel (2011). "The Memory of the Portuguese First Republic throughout the Twentieth Century".
1366:
991:
970:
508:
57:
3128:
881:
3442:
3310:
1344:
1301:
1073:
1011:
995:
908:
736:
706:
609:
577:
156:
1373:. However, the conduct of this election was little different from past contests, with the ANP winning all
1167:
fundamental differences between fascism and the Catholic corporatism of the Estado Novo. Scholars such as
3621:
3581:
3404:
3399:
3354:
3295:
876:
731:
699:
534:
304:
1450:
3566:
3521:
3300:
3037:
1305:
811:
656:
170:
3526:
3335:
3285:
2967:
1015:
957:
866:
846:
1676:
1003:
661:
347:
324:
1385:
1245:
1241:
3093:
3071:
3047:
1172:
920:
372:
3433:
3305:
3179:
2956:
2815:
2531:
1279:
1204:
1200:
1163:
1117:
914:
821:
771:
3151:
3124:
2774:
2745:
1335:
1272:
1192:
1180:
1156:
3561:
3364:
3051:
2506:
2408:
2384:
1033:
999:
871:
362:
342:
274:
183:
3692:
3384:
2750:"The Salazar "New State" and European Fascism: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation"
2600:
Portugal's First Domino: ‘Pluricontinentalism’ and Colonial War in Guiné-Bissau, 1963–1974.
1491:
1395:. It has never been revived, and no party claiming to be its heir has won any seats in the
1392:
940:
791:
741:
676:
523:
264:
175:
161:
106:
2964:
PORTUGAL - Assembly of the Republic - Historical Archive Of Parliamentary Election Results
465:
8:
2434:
1304:(MUD), which ranged from ultra-Catholics and fringe elements of the extreme right to the
1105:
986:
618:
357:
199:
187:
37:
3369:
3222:
3030:
3009:
1329:
3359:
3019:
2412:
2404:
1743:
1707:
1374:
1038:
726:
681:
646:
425:
367:
203:
194:
3414:
3389:
3320:
3275:
3209:
3185:
3161:
3160:. Social Science Monographs, Boulder - Distributed by Columbia University Press, NY.
3155:
3137:
3136:. Social Science Monographs, Boulder - Distributed by Columbia University Press, NY.
3101:
3079:
3057:
2824:
2786:
2644:
2579:
2512:
2448:
2416:
2357:
1300:. The opposition to Salazar started to organize itself around a broad coalition, the
1228:
1147:
902:
816:
776:
721:
528:
498:
480:
377:
213:
165:
3532:
Independent Movement for the National Reconstruction / Party of the Portuguese Right
2536:
Portugal’s Colonial Complex: From Colonial Lusotropicalism to Postcolonial Lusophony
1176:
470:
410:
3199:
2715:
2603:
2438:
2396:
2331:
1196:
1168:
716:
639:
540:
450:
440:
430:
78:
2400:
1567:
1369:"). Subsequent to Salazar's retirement, the party faced formal competition in the
1132:
republicans. The National Union was never a militant or very active organization.
3203:
3005:
2820:
2638:
2442:
2187:
1500:
1356:
1113:
1063:
565:
518:
179:
1321:
1313:
3280:
2749:
2430:
2373:
Stéphane Giocanti, Maurras – Le chaos et l'ordre, éd. Flammarion, 2006, p. 500.
1212:
475:
2719:
2607:
1325:
435:
420:
3646:
3175:
2810:
1391:
As a result of its lack of ideology, it disappeared in short order after the
1317:
1296:
1208:
1184:
1141:
786:
766:
2306:
3586:
1309:
1219:
and Raquel Varela think that the Estado Novo should be considered fascist.
836:
460:
415:
309:
253:
69:
3325:
1216:
629:
288:
1380:
The party had no real philosophy apart from support for the regime. The
560:
2335:
711:
405:
382:
319:
314:
3181:
Latin fascist elites : the Mussolini, Franco, and Salazar regimes
2385:"The Political and Ideological Origins of the Estado Novo in Portugal"
1244:, who were originally supporters. In 1934 Salazar arrested and exiled
3290:
2353:
671:
666:
400:
3477:
3270:
1121:
503:
352:
3468:
Revolutionary Party of the Proletariat - Revolutionary Brigades
1257:
686:
545:
126:
3157:
Ruling Elites and Decision-Making in Fascist-Era Dictatorships
2902:
2900:
2898:
2861:
2859:
2471:
in Portugal (1932-1968) and Brazil (1937-1945), the Austrian
513:
445:
239:
232:
2773:
2383:
Ernesto Castro Leal; Correll, Translated by Richard (2016).
226:
2982:
2924:
2912:
2895:
2871:
2856:
2850:
Salazar e os Fascismos: Ensaio Breve de História Comparada
2662:
2660:
2429:
2382:
3252:
2726:
1312:. In the leadership were several communists, among them
3130:
The Blue Shirts - Portuguese Fascists and the New State
2689:
2687:
2672:
2657:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2549:"O luso-tropicalismo e o colonialismo português tardio"
1286:. Its first issue was published on 4 April 1931. Using
3205:
Corporatism and Development: The Portuguese Experience
2525:
1339:
Logo of the People's National Action, in use from 1970
2763:(12). Florence: European University Institute: 57–58.
2684:
2613:
1203:conservative authoritarian and not fascist. In his
3612:Portuguese Marxist–Leninist Communist Organization
2602:Contemporary European History, 8(2), pp. 209-230.
2883:
3644:
3056:. Manchester University Press. pp. 60, 99.
2504:
3208:(First ed.). Univ of Massachusetts Press.
2444:International Encyclopedia of Political Science
3502:Communist Party of Portugal (Marxist–Leninist)
3098:Salazar : the dictator who refused to die
2847:
2643:. Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd. p. 133.
1796:
1248:as a part of a purge of the leadership of the
1215:, Manuel Villaverde Cabral, Manuel de Lucena,
3238:
2395:(2). Translated By Richard Correll: 128–148.
1081:
585:
3053:Portugal: A Twentieth-century Interpretation
3024:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1350:The party won all seats in elections to the
3547:Left-wing Union for the Socialist Democracy
3150:
3123:
2988:
2930:
2918:
2906:
2877:
2865:
2508:Spanish Catholicism: An Historical Overview
16:Former ruling party of Portugal (1932–1974)
3245:
3231:
2946:(History Magazine) – Number 8 (New Series)
1088:
1074:
592:
578:
3092:
3070:
3046:
2732:
2678:
2666:
2636:
2511:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. xiii.
2498:
1532:
1227:The party was founded in 1930 during the
3663:Political parties disestablished in 1974
2852:(in Portuguese). Edições Tinta-da-China.
2640:An Intelligent Person's Guide to Fascism
2317:
2315:
1334:
1162:Scholarly opinion varies on whether the
1124:, founded in July 1930 and dominated by
3627:Workers Politics Communist Organisation
3035:
3004:
2573:
2546:
2540:
2321:
1733:President elected by National Assembly
1359:, the name of the party was changed to
3645:
3557:Marxist–Leninist Committee of Portugal
3448:Movement of National Antifascist Unity
3198:
2809:
2447:. SAGE Publications (published 2011).
3658:Political parties established in 1930
3653:Defunct political parties in Portugal
3458:Portuguese Marxist–Leninist Committee
3254:Defunct political parties in Portugal
3226:
3174:
2841:
2744:
2705:
2693:
2624:
2312:
3537:Independent Social Democratic Action
3463:Portuguese National Liberation Front
3350:Democratic Leftwing Republican Party
2555:(in Portuguese, English, and French)
1527:
3114:
3100:. C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd.
2889:
13:
3602:Portuguese Democratic Labour Party
2578:. London: Routledge. p. 118.
1557:President elected by popular vote
148:
14:
3719:
3542:Internationalist Communist League
3042:. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
2547:Castelo, Cláudia (5 March 2013).
827:Imperial decline, war, and revolt
3507:Democratic Party of the Atlantic
2251:
2244:
2243:
2212:
2205:
2169:
2162:
2131:
2124:
2123:
2092:
2085:
2054:
2047:
2016:
2009:
1978:
1971:
1970:
1939:
1932:
1901:
1894:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1855:
1783:
1757:
1721:
1690:
1659:
1633:
1607:
1581:
1490:
1449:
1254:Portuguese National Syndicalists
1250:Portuguese National Syndicalists
1057:
947:Processo Revolucionário Em Curso
782:War of the Portuguese Succession
628:
559:
252:
36:
3497:Communist Party (Reconstructed)
3078:. Routledge. pp. 157–173.
3036:Egerton, F. Clement C. (1943).
3014:. New York: Campion Books, Ltd.
2949:
2942:Rosas, Fernando (dir.) (1995).
2936:
2803:
2767:
2738:
2699:
2630:
2592:
2567:
2489:
2350:A history of fascism, 1914-1945
3607:Portuguese Democratic Movement
3039:Salazar, Rebuilder of Portugal
2480:
2423:
2376:
2367:
2342:
2299:
2290:
2272:
2252:
2213:
2206:
2170:
2163:
2132:
2093:
2086:
2055:
2048:
2017:
2010:
1979:
1940:
1933:
1902:
1895:
1410:
1128:during most of its existence.
1:
3698:National conservative parties
3683:Political history of Portugal
3617:Revolutionary Socialist Party
2708:Contemporary European History
2409:10.5699/portstudies.32.2.0128
2401:10.5699/portstudies.32.2.0128
2324:Journal of Portuguese History
2287:supplement, April 2018, p. 5.
2265:
1402:
1393:Portuguese Revolution of 1974
1352:National Assembly of Portugal
509:Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
3668:Parties of one-party systems
3632:Workers' Revolutionary Party
3443:Movement of Democratic Unity
3380:Nationalist Republican Party
3006:Derrick, Michael; R.J. Stove
1345:Movement of Democratic Unity
1302:Movement of Democratic Unity
909:Portugal during World War II
737:Portuguese House of Burgundy
707:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
7:
3708:António de Oliveira Salazar
3703:Social conservative parties
3517:Democratic Republican Party
3405:Union of Economic Interests
3296:Portuguese Republican Party
3119:. New York: Hawthorn Books.
3117:Salazar and Modern Portugal
2779:Rossoliński-Liebe, Grzegorz
2637:Griffiths, Richard (2000).
2441:, eds. (7 September 2011).
1797:National Assembly elections
1516:5 years, 210 days
1475:38 years, 59 days
1460:António de Oliveira Salazar
1126:António de Oliveira Salazar
877:Portugal during World War I
535:Preussentum und Sozialismus
75:António de Oliveira Salazar
10:
3724:
3567:Movement of Socialist Left
3522:Hope for Portugal Movement
3487:Christian Democratic Party
3301:Portuguese Socialist Party
3076:Fascists and Conservatives
2998:
2348:Payne, Stanley G. (2001).
1306:Portuguese Communist Party
1222:
1199:, consider the Portuguese
1189:Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe
657:Roman conquest of Hispania
171:Authoritarian conservatism
3572:National Solidarity Party
3492:Communist Electoral Front
3476:
3432:
3413:
3375:National Republican Party
3334:
3286:Liberal Regenerator Party
3260:
2968:Inter-Parliamentary Union
2720:10.1017/S0960777302003053
2608:10.1017/S0960777399002027
2505:Stanley G. Payne (1984).
2259:Supermajority government
2220:Supermajority government
2186:
2177:Supermajority government
2139:Supermajority government
2100:Supermajority government
2062:Supermajority government
2024:Supermajority government
1986:Supermajority government
1836:
1742:
1732:
1566:
1556:
1427:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1371:1969 legislative election
260:
251:
246:
219:
209:
193:
155:
143:
133:
122:
102:
84:
68:
47:
42:Logo used until the 1960s
35:
23:
3678:20th century in Portugal
3592:Popular Democratic Union
3582:People's Socialist Front
3552:Left Revolutionary Front
3512:Democratic Renewal Party
3395:Republican Liberal Party
3184:. Praeger. p. 187.
1677:Francisco Craveiro Lopes
1397:Assembly of the Republic
1367:People's National Action
662:Romanization of Hispania
325:Structural functionalism
3622:Worker–Peasant Alliance
3262:Constitutional Monarchy
3011:The Portugal of Salazar
2848:Fernando Rosas (2019).
2574:Griffin, Roger (2013).
1271:According to historian
1173:Thomas Gerard Gallagher
953:Transition to democracy
921:Portuguese Colonial War
842:Constitutional Monarchy
822:Great Lisbon earthquake
195:Political position
3688:Portuguese nationalism
3673:Estado Novo (Portugal)
3306:Progressive Dissidence
2816:The Anatomy of Fascism
2532:Miguel Vale de Almeida
1533:Presidential elections
1362:Acção Nacional Popular
1340:
1205:The Anatomy of Fascism
1109:
772:Portuguese Renaissance
184:Lusitanian integralism
109:; 50 years ago
90:; 94 years ago
3562:Movement for the Sick
3424:National Syndicalists
3365:Integralismo Lusitano
3345:Catholic Centre Party
2757:EUI Working Paper HEC
2598:MACQUEEN, N. (1999).
2576:The Nature of Fascism
1386:Francisco Rolão Preto
1338:
1246:Francisco Rolão Preto
1242:Francisco Rolão Preto
1238:National Syndicalists
872:Monarchy of the North
53:Ação Nacional Popular
3385:Reconstitution Party
3178:(30 December 2002).
3152:Costa Pinto, António
3125:Costa Pinto, António
2746:Pinto, António Costa
2435:Berg-Schlosser, Dirk
1399:in modern Portugal.
1382:National Syndicalist
941:Carnation Revolution
792:Dutch-Portuguese War
524:Political philosophy
265:Politics of Portugal
176:National Catholicism
162:Integral nationalism
3597:Popular Unity Party
3577:New Democracy Party
1273:António Costa Pinto
1181:António Costa Pinto
1157:António Costa Pinto
1064:Portugal portal
566:Politics portal
188:Pluricontinentalism
3360:Evolutionist Party
3115:Kay, Hugh (1970).
2785:. Berghahn Books.
2389:Portuguese Studies
2336:10.26300/2k33-w151
1341:
1118:Estado Novo regime
762:Imperial expansion
727:County of Portugal
682:Visigothic Kingdom
647:Prehistoric Iberia
107:25 April 1974
3640:
3639:
3415:Ditadura Nacional
3390:Regionalist Party
3321:Regenerator Party
3311:Progressive Party
3276:Constituent Party
3200:Wiarda, Howard J.
2792:978-1-78533-469-6
2775:Bauerkämper, Arnd
2585:978-0-415-09661-4
2518:978-0-299-09804-9
2439:Morlino, Leonardo
2263:
2262:
1947:Sole legal party
1909:Sole legal party
1871:Sole legal party
1794:
1793:
1528:Electoral history
1525:
1524:
1510:27 September 1968
1507:
1472:27 September 1968
1466:
1229:Ditadura Nacional
1148:Quadragesimo anno
1098:
1097:
971:COVID-19 pandemic
903:Ditadura Nacional
832:Transfer of Court
817:House of Braganza
777:Portuguese Empire
722:Almoravid dynasty
652:Pre-Roman Peoples
602:
601:
529:Political culture
499:Consociationalism
283:
282:
270:Political parties
214:Roman Catholicism
166:Corporate statism
88:30 July 1930
3715:
3400:Republican Union
3370:Causa Monárquica
3355:Democratic Party
3247:
3240:
3233:
3224:
3223:
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3195:
3171:
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2989:Costa Pinto 2000
2986:
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2977:
2975:
2961:
2957:"Portugal, 1969"
2953:
2947:
2944:Revista História
2940:
2934:
2931:Costa Pinto 2000
2928:
2922:
2919:Costa Pinto 2000
2916:
2910:
2907:Costa Pinto 2000
2904:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2878:Costa Pinto 2000
2875:
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2866:Costa Pinto 2000
2863:
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2020:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2005:
1982:
1981:
1974:
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1610:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1543:Party candidate
1537:
1536:
1505:
1494:
1464:
1453:
1428:Political party
1422:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1377:in a landslide.
1330:Mário Sacramento
1197:Howard J. Wiarda
1193:Arnd Bauerkämper
1169:Stanley G. Payne
1114:sole legal party
1090:
1083:
1076:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1039:Madeiran history
975:
967:
963:Financial crisis
882:1926 coup d'état
755:Age of Discovery
742:1383–1385 Crisis
717:Gharb Al-Andalus
632:
622:
604:
603:
594:
587:
580:
564:
563:
541:Social democracy
493:Related articles
451:Paul the Apostle
291:
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117:
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98:
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79:Marcello Caetano
61:
40:
21:
20:
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3714:
3713:
3712:
3643:
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3472:
3428:
3409:
3330:
3316:Reformist Party
3256:
3251:
3216:
3192:
3168:
3144:
3133:
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3086:
3064:
3017:
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2831:
2823:. p. 150.
2821:Alfred A. Knopf
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2431:Badie, Bertrand
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2307:Decree N° 48597
2304:
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2199:
2188:Marcelo Caetano
2159:
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2120:
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2082:
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2044:
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2006:
2003:
1967:
1964:
1929:
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1838:António Salazar
1799:
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1501:Marcelo Caetano
1496:
1495:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1439:Time in office
1420:
1419:
1405:
1357:Marcelo Caetano
1343:The opposition
1288:Diário da Manhã
1284:Diário da Manhã
1225:
1094:
1058:
1056:
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1043:
1034:Azorean history
1029:
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895:Second Republic
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847:1910 Revolution
812:Restoration War
807:
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757:
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519:Guild socialism
494:
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329:
305:Corporate group
300:
289:
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236:
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186:
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180:Lusotropicalism
178:
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138:Diário da Manhã
113:
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63:
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31:
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17:
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3529:
3527:Humanist Party
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3478:Third Republic
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3453:National Union
3450:
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3430:
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3426:
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3418:
3411:
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3408:
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3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
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3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3336:First Republic
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3281:Historic Party
3278:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3258:
3257:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3215:978-0870232213
3214:
3196:
3191:978-0275978808
3190:
3172:
3167:978-0880336567
3166:
3148:
3142:
3121:
3112:
3106:
3094:Gallagher, Tom
3090:
3084:
3072:Gallagher, Tom
3068:
3063:978-0719008764
3062:
3048:Gallagher, Tom
3044:
3033:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:, p. 135.
2981:
2948:
2935:
2933:, p. 143.
2923:
2921:, p. 147.
2911:
2909:, p. 145.
2894:
2882:
2880:, p. 185.
2870:
2868:, p. 141.
2855:
2840:
2829:
2811:Paxton, Robert
2802:
2791:
2766:
2737:
2735:, p. 167.
2733:Gallagher 1990
2725:
2698:
2696:, p. 185.
2683:
2679:Gallagher 2020
2671:
2667:Gallagher 2020
2656:
2649:
2629:
2627:, p. 143.
2612:
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2014:
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1997:
1994:
1988:
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1984:
1976:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1955:
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1930:
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1404:
1401:
1375:constituencies
1224:
1221:
1213:Fernando Rosas
1177:Juan José Linz
1110:União Nacional
1102:National Union
1096:
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958:Third Republic
955:
950:
943:
937:
934:Third Republic
932:
931:
928:
927:
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923:
918:
911:
906:
898:
893:
892:
889:
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885:
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874:
869:
867:First Republic
863:
860:First Republic
858:
857:
854:
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729:
724:
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689:
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677:Suebic Kingdom
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72:
66:
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41:
33:
32:
29:União Nacional
28:
26:National Union
25:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3720:
3709:
3706:
3704:
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3269:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3255:
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3234:
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3228:
3225:
3217:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3176:Lewis, Paul H
3173:
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3158:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
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3109:
3107:9781787383883
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3077:
3073:
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3055:
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3040:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2990:
2985:
2970:(www.ipu.org)
2969:
2965:
2958:
2952:
2945:
2939:
2932:
2927:
2920:
2915:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2892:, p. 55.
2891:
2886:
2879:
2874:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2830:1-4000-4094-9
2826:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2681:, p. 44.
2680:
2675:
2669:, p. 43.
2668:
2663:
2661:
2652:
2650:9780715629185
2646:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2609:
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2454:9781483305394
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2362:0-203-50132-2
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2015:
2008:
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1998:
1995:
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1990:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1938:
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1924:
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1918:
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1821:
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1812:
1810:Popular vote
1809:
1807:Party leader
1806:
1803:
1802:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1744:Américo Tomás
1740:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:Américo Tomás
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1689:
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1577:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:Óscar Carmona
1564:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1546:Popular vote
1545:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1513:25 April 1974
1512:
1509:
1503:
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1471:
1468:
1462:
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1432:
1431:
1421:(Birth–Death)
1408:
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1398:
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1389:
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1327:
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1318:Salgado Zenha
1315:
1311:
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1303:
1299:
1298:
1297:habeas corpus
1291:
1289:
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1276:
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1259:
1255:
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1233:
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1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:Robert Paxton
1206:
1202:
1198:
1195:, as well as
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:Roger Griffin
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1155:According to
1153:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1142:Rerum novarum
1137:
1133:
1129:
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1123:
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787:Iberian Union
785:
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773:
770:
768:
767:House of Aviz
765:
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364:
363:Nationalistic
361:
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154:
147:20,000 (1933
146:
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132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
105:
101:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
71:
67:
62:
59:
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
22:
19:
3587:Politics XXI
3452:
3204:
3180:
3156:
3129:
3116:
3097:
3075:
3052:
3038:
3010:
2984:
2972:. Retrieved
2963:
2951:
2943:
2938:
2926:
2914:
2885:
2873:
2849:
2843:
2834:
2819:. New York:
2814:
2805:
2796:
2782:
2769:
2760:
2756:
2740:
2728:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2674:
2639:
2632:
2599:
2594:
2575:
2569:
2557:. Retrieved
2552:
2542:
2527:
2507:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2458:. Retrieved
2443:
2425:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2369:
2349:
2344:
2330:(1): 10–17.
2327:
2323:
2301:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2274:
1825:
1780:
1754:
1718:
1687:
1656:
1630:
1604:
1578:
1519:
1499:
1478:
1469:30 July 1930
1458:
1436:Left office
1433:Took office
1390:
1379:
1361:
1360:
1349:
1342:
1322:Mário Soares
1314:Octávio Pato
1295:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1234:
1226:
1161:
1154:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1101:
1099:
945:
913:
901:
837:Liberal Wars
533:
348:Conservative
310:Body politic
137:
123:Headquarters
51:
18:
3693:Corporatism
3436:(1933–1974)
3434:Estado Novo
3417:(1926–1933)
3338:(1910–1926)
3326:Setembrismo
3264:(1834–1910)
3143:088033-9829
3031:online free
2473:Standestaat
2469:Estado Novo
2460:9 September
2285:Terra Ruiva
1506:(1906–1980)
1465:(1889–1970)
1326:Júlio Pomar
1280:Estado Novo
1262:Estado Novo
1217:Manuel Loff
1201:Estado Novo
1164:Estado Novo
974:(2020–2023)
966:(2010–2014)
915:Estado Novo
732:Reconquista
619:History of
290:Corporatism
56: [
3647:Categories
3085:004940086X
2714:(3): 431.
2694:Lewis 2002
2625:Lewis 2002
2356:. p. 314.
2352:. London:
2266:References
2230:1,393,294
1816:Seats won
1403:Presidents
1310:youth wing
1112:) was the
1106:Portuguese
805:Bragantine
712:Al-Andalus
383:Tripartite
373:Solidarist
320:Solidarity
315:Organicism
247:Party flag
200:Right-wing
144:Membership
129:, Portugal
114:1974-04-25
95:1930-07-30
48:Other name
3291:Miguelist
3020:cite book
2974:8 October
2417:157806821
2354:Routledge
2238:150 / 150
2200:130 / 130
2157:130 / 130
2118:130 / 130
2080:120 / 120
2042:120 / 120
2004:120 / 120
1965:120 / 120
1927:100 / 100
1889:100 / 100
1850:100 / 100
1822:Position
1804:Election
1540:Election
1415:Portrait
1240:, led by
672:Gallaecia
667:Lusitania
441:Mussolini
426:MacIntyre
401:Aristotle
343:Christian
275:Elections
242:(1970–74)
204:far-right
134:Newspaper
103:Dissolved
64:(1970–74)
3271:Cartista
3202:(1977).
3154:(2010).
3127:(2000).
3096:(2020).
3050:(1983).
3008:(1938).
2890:Kay 1970
2813:(2004).
2798:present.
2781:(2017).
2748:(1991).
2559:15 April
2192:981,263
2149:998,542
2110:973,997
2072:911,618
2034:845,281
1996:927,264
1957:489,133
1919:758,215
1881:694,290
1842:476,706
1712:765,081
1681:761,730
1650:761,730
1624:829,042
1598:653,754
1572:761,730
1384:leader,
1122:Portugal
1050:Timeline
1012:Military
1000:Language
992:Archives
700:Medieval
621:Portugal
610:a series
608:Part of
411:Durkheim
299:Concepts
210:Religion
157:Ideology
3480:(1974–)
2999:Sources
2836:habit."
2195:87.99%
1781:Elected
1755:Elected
1719:Elected
1715:76.42%
1688:Elected
1657:Elected
1631:Elected
1605:Elected
1579:Elected
1552:Result
1223:History
1116:of the
1027:Regions
1008:Judaism
996:Economy
640:Ancient
504:Fascism
466:Tönnies
456:Salazar
421:Khaldūn
378:Statist
358:Liberal
353:Fascist
337:Schools
220:Colours
112: (
93: (
85:Founded
70:Leaders
3212:
3188:
3164:
3140:
3104:
3082:
3060:
2827:
2789:
2647:
2582:
2515:
2451:
2415:
2407:
2360:
1826:Result
1777:92.1%
1751:97.7%
1258:Nazism
1252:. The
687:Spania
612:on the
546:Syndic
481:Weaver
471:Vargas
436:Müller
406:Dreher
395:People
368:Social
237:
230:
224:
127:Lisbon
3134:(PDF)
2960:(PDF)
2753:(PDF)
2553:Buala
2413:S2CID
2405:JSTOR
2233:100%
2152:100%
2113:100%
2075:100%
2037:100%
1999:100%
1960:100%
1922:100%
1884:100%
1845:100%
1684:100%
1653:100%
1627:100%
1601:100%
1575:100%
1425:Term
1016:Music
987:Topic
514:Guild
476:Volpi
461:Spann
446:Plato
416:Hegel
240:Green
233:White
60:]
3210:ISBN
3186:ISBN
3162:ISBN
3138:ISBN
3102:ISBN
3080:ISBN
3058:ISBN
3026:link
2976:2012
2825:ISBN
2787:ISBN
2645:ISBN
2580:ISBN
2561:2022
2513:ISBN
2462:2020
2449:ISBN
2358:ISBN
2305:See
2256:1st
2226:1973
2217:1st
2183:1969
2174:1st
2145:1965
2136:1st
2106:1961
2097:1st
2068:1957
2059:1st
2030:1953
2021:1st
1992:1949
1983:1st
1953:1945
1944:1st
1915:1942
1906:1st
1877:1938
1868:1st
1860:100
1833:1934
1819:+/–
1774:616
1770:1972
1748:556
1739:1965
1703:1958
1672:1951
1646:1949
1620:1942
1594:1935
1563:1928
1418:Name
1328:and
1278:The
1191:and
1145:and
1100:The
1004:LGBT
431:Mill
227:Blue
149:est.
2716:doi
2604:doi
2397:doi
2332:doi
2248:20
2128:10
1975:20
1411:No.
1120:in
202:to
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3022:}}
3018:{{
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2962:.
2897:^
2858:^
2833:.
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2391:.
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1549:%
1520:UN
1479:UN
1365:("
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1485:2
1444:1
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116:)
97:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
