318:, who in the 1890s risked her life to report that lynchings were more about economic competition of blacks and whites, than actual assaults by blacks of whites. Laid in rows on the ground are steel columns corresponding to those hanging in the Memorial. These columns are intended to be temporary. The Equal Justice Initiative is asking representatives of each of the counties to claim their monument and establish a memorial on home ground to lynching victims, and to conduct related public education. The placing of these monuments is that last step of EJI's Community Remembrance Project, and a memorial beam is placed when a community has engaged with and discussed issues of racial violence both in the past and present in their communities. EJI hopes that the monument in the community will "stand as a symbolic reminder of the community’s continuing efforts to truthfully grapple with painful racial history, challenge injustice where it exists in their own lives, and vow never to repeat the terror and violence of the past."
432:, a depiction of policing in America. The sculpture depicts ten Black men, encased in concrete, some with their heads sunken into the concrete with their hands up and their eyes closed. Cultural studies scholar Tanja Schult saw Thomas' sculpture as a powerful evocation of the reality of black men in America when coming face to face with law enforcement. Thomas interestingly encases these Black men in concrete, leaving them unable to move. Some figures' heads are sunken in as well, further demonstrating the lack of control and autonomy black people have over their bodies. Though most of their bodies covered, their hands are clearly visible, referencing the many stories of unarmed Black men being shot and brutalized by the police despite their innocence. The National Memorial uses Thomas’ sculpture as a connection to the present, a kind of call to action that the fight for justice and liberation is ongoing.
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296:(2017, 3rd edition). Each of the steel plates has the names of the documented lynching victims (or "unknown" if the name is not known). The names and dates of documented victims are engraved on the panels. Visitors to the site have commented on how, from afar, the beams look like a forest of hanging bodies, and the replica beams off to the side look like rows of coffins. More than 4075 documented lynchings of black people took place between 1877 and 1950, concentrated in 12 Southern states. In addition, the EJI has published supplementary information about lynchings in several states outside the South. The monument is the first major work in the nation to name and honor these victims.
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232:. The memorial consists of 805 suspended steel beams. Each beam represents a county within a state where a racial terror lynching occurred and was documented. Each of the six-foot beams is engraved with the names and locations of the victims of racial terrorism, including lynching. Victims of racial terrorism whose names are unknown are remembered on the beams as well. The memorial includes replicas of the steel beams that are set off to the side. These replica beams are a part of EJI's Community Remembrance Project.
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361:, meaning "twisted", a term referring to a Ghanaian proverb, "life is a twisted journey". The sculpture, seven shackled figures of all ages and genders interlocked together, is part of larger project Akoto-Bamfo began in Accra, Ghana where he creates clay busts of formerly enslaved people in an attempt to preserve their memories and livelihood, a common tradition practiced by the
396:. It depicts three women: a grandmother, a teacher, and a pregnant woman. There are footprints on the ground near the three people, representing a call to action for others to join them in the cause. King's sculpture aims to have viewers reconsider the mythology of the heroines of the bus boycott: mythologizing historical figures like
307:, features a wall, from which emerge statues of black heads and bodies raising their arms in surrender to the viewer. The piece suggests visibility, which is one of the intentions of the monument. The viewer is asked to focus and see the subject of the artwork. This is a more current piece commenting on the police violence and
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The
Memorial is organized in three different sections. The first section is the lead up to the monument which begins to tell the tale of the beginning of the lives of African Americans through the demonstration of the racial terror evoked in the Middle Passage. Visitors first encounter a sculpture by
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between 1877 and 1950. Most took place in the decades just before and after the turn of the 20th century. A conversation about the difficulty of doing research on lynchings and racial terror violence was started when an error was found at the memorial not long after its opening. The error, a mistake
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as its Top 2018 Destination. Lee
Sentell of the Alabama Department of Tourism acknowledged that the National Memorial offers a different and painful encounter: "Most museums are somewhat objective and benign...This one is not. This is aggressive, political. ... It's a part of American history that
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Prior to the 1990s, there was limited acknowledgement in
Montgomery of the painful legacy of slavery and racism, although the city had numerous monuments related to the Confederacy, many erected by private organizations. The city has developed a Civil Rights trail marking such events as the 1965
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In the Middle
Passage, people were stripped of their African identity through the loss of names, ethnic identity, families, and more. The Nkyinkyim sculptures include description and details of each shackled person portrayed; Akoto-Bamfo's sculptures aim to return these identities symbolically,
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In the central position is the memorial square with 805 hanging steel rectangles, the size and shape of coffins. These name and represent each of the counties and their states where a documented lynching took place, as compiled in the EJI study,
485:, prompted by the establishment of the memorial, reviewed and formally apologized for its historic coverage of lynchings, which was often inflammatory against black victims, describing it as "our shame" and saying "we were wrong".
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draws attention away from the thousands of other black people who were central in the success of the bus boycott; the three anonymous figures and the adjacent footprints demonstrate the importance of these "silent activists".
564:. This exhibit expresses the vast effects of slavery, lynchings, and black oppression across state lines. The exhibits in the 11,000-square-foot museum include oral history, archival materials, and interactive technology.
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noted that, with the addition of the memorial and the museum, Montgomery and
Atlanta together provide a narrative of African-American history, as the latter has sites associated with national Civil Rights leader Rev.
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The memorial not only focuses on the legacy of racial terror lynchings, racial segregation and Jim Crow, but also present issues of guilt and police violence. The six-acre site includes sculptures and displays from
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It consists of a memorial square with 805 hanging steel rectangles representing each of the U.S. counties where a documented lynching took place. It includes sculptures depicting themes related to racial violence.
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where enslaved people were sold. EJI hopes that the memorial "inspires communities across the nation to enter an era of truth-telling about racial injustice and their own local histories."
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is a museum that displays and interprets the history of slavery and racism in
America, with a focus on mass incarceration and racial inequality in the justice system.
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reported that citizens in
Montgomery County were considering asking for their column. Both county and the city of Montgomery officials were discussing this.
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The memorial includes 805 hanging steel rectangles, representing each of the counties in the United States where a documented lynching took place
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The opening celebrations, in May 2018, attracted thousands of people to
Montgomery, perhaps as many as 10,000. Artists who performed included
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In the landscaped area outside the monument are benches where visitors can sit to reflect. These commemorate such activists as journalist
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142:. It is intended to focus on and acknowledge past racial terrorism and advocate for social justice in America. Founded by the non-profit
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prevalent in the years preceding the memorial. Thomas has said about his artwork, "I see the work that I make as asking questions."
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The central memorial was designed by MASS Design Group with Lam
Partners lighting design, and built on land purchased by EJI.
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The development and construction of the memorial complex cost an estimated $ 20 million, raised from private foundations.
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The memorial and its attendant museum are expected to generate heightened tourism for
Montgomery, even if it is
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560:. One of its displays is a collection of soil from lynching sites across the United States, a step in EJI's
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and local history as well. Tourism officials said that possibly 100,000 extra visitors per year may arrive.
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The largest part of the memorial is the memorial square. The memorial square was created using EJI's study,
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giving them backgrounds ranging from “Daughter of a Royal” to “Uncle’s Brother” to “The Lost Guardian”.
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2013:
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1672:"A Look Inside the New Alabama Museum and Memorial Boldly Confronting Slavery and Its Brutal Legacy"
1341:"Kwame Akoto-Bamfo's Sculptural Installation in Ghana Re-Narrativizes the Transatlantic Slave Trade"
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1386:"Reshaping American Identity: The National Memorial for Peace and Justice and its Take- Away Twin"
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The monument was positively received by architectural critics, activists, and the general public.
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across the United States, researchers documented almost 4400 racial terror lynchings in the post-
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1997:
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described it as "one of the most powerful and effective new memorials created in a generation".
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1002:"National lynching memorial: A jarring, but understandable error to remember Duluth victim"
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1360:"Bearing witness to slavery: A sculpture's trans-Atlantic passage from Ghana to Alabama"
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1127:"What's inside Montgomery's national peace and slave memorial museum opening April 26"
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189:. The memorial opened to the public April 26, 2018. The memorial is connected to the
1709:"Architecture that's built to heal": Michael Murphy presenting the proposed memorial
1307:
Edwards, Brian (May 23, 2018). "Montgomery County in talks to accept EJI monument".
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suggested that the memorial offered "our nation's best chance at reconciliation".
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has never been addressed as much in your face as this story is being told". Mayor
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A collection of soil from lynching sites across the United States on display at
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1797:
1542:"'There will be lynchings': How the Advertiser failed victims of racial terror"
913:
808:
545:
447:
746:"Review | A powerful memorial in Montgomery remembers the victims of lynching"
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3214:
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1821:
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1073:
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1028:"A Lynching Memorial Is Opening. The Country Has Never Seen Anything Like It"
951:
889:"A Lynching Memorial Is Opening. The Country Has Never Seen Anything Like It"
725:"A Lynching Memorial Is Opening. The Country Has Never Seen Anything Like It"
464:
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266:
was a multi-year investigation into racial lynchings. By studying records in
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60:
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16:
Memorial in Montgomery, Alabama, commemorating victims of lynching in the US
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1989:
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489:
315:
222:
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1260:"Ida B. Wells: Lynching museum, memorial honors woman who fought lynching"
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3011:
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1829:
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362:
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in naming a victim from Duluth, Minnesota, was quickly corrected by EJI.
267:
1155:"Nation's first memorial to lynching victims, museum set for Montgomery"
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2648:
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1957:
1845:
476:
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1430:"New Lynching Memorial Is A Space 'To Talk About All Of That Anguish'"
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2440:
1560:
1096:"Alabama lynching memorial aims to confront ramifications of slavery"
381:
1701:
1412:"KPIX Anchor-Turned-Sculptor Contributes Piece to Lynching Memorial"
1182:"EJI Announces Plans to Build Museum and National Lynching Memorial"
110:
3639:
1100:
1761:
193:, which opened the same day, near the site of a former market in
940:"History of Lynchings in the South Documents Nearly 4,000 Names"
646:, a museum in Berlin dedicated to the victims of the Nazi regime
1675:
1643:"Lynching memorial could turn Montgomery into tourist hot spot"
221:.. A reflection space is located on the memorial site in honor
181:
The National Memorial for Peace and Justice was created by the
3739:
3708:
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
294:
Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror
264:
Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror
230:
Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror
1621:
1589:"Heading to Montgomery? Make time for Atlanta's King sites"
1566:"Our shame: The sins of our past laid bare for all to see"
239:, founder of the EJI, was inspired by the examples of the
1487:"Montgomery: 'Where past, present and future intertwine'"
1433:
788:
Legacy Museum and National Memorial for Peace and Justice
531:
The Legacy Museum: From Enslavement to Mass Incarceration
3925:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
1516:"National Memorial for Peace and Justice Grand Opening"
639:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
1286:"This new lynching memorial rewrites American history"
666:"What the lynching memorial will force us all to face"
1237:"Artist Spotlight: Hank Willis Thomas, United States"
863:"Alabama memorial confronts America's racist history"
191:
Legacy Museum: From Enslavement to Mass Incarceration
1324:
Trent, Noelle (2019). "Museum and Exhibit Reviews".
138:, is a memorial to commemorate the black victims of
722:
4212:Tourist attractions in Montgomery County, Alabama
1748:
529:Opened on the same date as the outdoor memorial,
404:
372:
333:
185:(EJI) on a six acre site in the downtown area of
4148:
3369:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)
1208:"A New National Memorial To Victims Of Lynching"
1062:"A Memorial to the Lingering Horror of Lynching"
424:The journey through the memorial continues with
4172:Buildings and structures in Montgomery, Alabama
617:National Memorial for Peace and Justice Garden
605:National Memorial for Peace and Justice Center
1763:List of lynching victims in the United States
1734:
1459:"Dark Tourism: The world comes to Montgomery"
784:"The National Memorial for Peace and Justice"
629:List of lynching victims in the United States
1481:
1479:
718:
716:
634:List of museums focused on African Americans
435:
255:, to create a single memorial to victims of
3799:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
931:
22:The National Memorial for Peace and Justice
3770:
3615:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore
3345:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken
1741:
1727:
1423:
1421:
737:
321:A month after the monument's opening, the
27:
4091:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)
3551:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes
2329:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner
1476:
1452:
1450:
1283:
1120:
1118:
1025:
938:Robertson, Campbell (February 10, 2015).
937:
886:
743:
713:
471:; speakers included U.S. Congressman and
1234:
880:
664:Capehart, Jonathan (December 21, 2016).
663:
510:
411:
340:
282:
3920:National Memorial for Peace and Justice
1427:
1418:
1357:
1306:
1284:Henderson, Nia-Malika (April 9, 2018).
1152:
1146:
241:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
132:National Memorial for Peace and Justice
4197:Slavery memorials in the United States
4149:
1663:
1615:
1583:
1581:
1513:
1456:
1447:
1393:Liminalities: A Journal of Performance
1383:
1124:
1115:
1059:
1026:Robertson, Campbell (April 25, 2018).
887:Robertson, Campbell (April 25, 2018).
860:
593:Steel columns intended for each county
3557:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels
3463:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA
3154:
1760:
1722:
1669:
1618:"Lynching Museum could boost tourism"
1539:
1409:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1323:
1257:
999:
995:
993:
856:
854:
834:"EJI's Community Remembrance Project"
723:Campbell Robertson (April 25, 2018).
690:
688:
4132:Lynching deaths in the United States
3262:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman
3155:
1235:Cosgrove, Adenike (April 22, 2018).
1093:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
744:Kennicott, Philip (April 24, 2018).
696:"The Memorial for Peace and Justice"
506:
328:
209:. There are writings and words from
4167:African-American museums in Alabama
3793:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act
3569:O'Day Short, wife, and two children
3351:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey
1578:
1338:
1258:Brown, DeNeen L. (April 26, 2018).
973:"Equal Justice Initiative's report"
861:Miller, James H. (April 16, 2018).
13:
4192:Monuments and memorials in Alabama
1564:Editorial Board (April 26, 2018).
1428:Elliott, Debbie (April 26, 2018).
1372:
1351:
1332:
1125:Wright, Barnett (April 19, 2018).
990:
851:
685:
14:
4223:
3693:American Crusade Against Lynching
3339:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer
1693:
1153:Edgemon, Erin (August 16, 2016).
977:Equal Justice Initiative's report
765:
4162:African-American historic places
3905:America's Black Holocaust Museum
3688:American anti-lynching activists
3660:Nadir of American race relations
3250:Steve Long and two half-brothers
3186:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX
1670:Dafoe, Taylor (April 26, 2018).
1651:. Associated Press. May 16, 2018
1597:. Associated Press. May 16, 2018
1594:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
1514:Brooks, Jalea (April 27, 2018).
1060:Cotter, Holland (June 1, 2018).
610:
598:
586:
574:
495:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
479:from Georgia. Publishers of the
4111:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
3745:National Conference on Lynching
3303:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya
3180:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre
2521:Mary Turner and her unborn baby
1635:
1609:
1554:
1540:Lyman, Brian (April 20, 2018).
1533:
1507:
1403:
1317:
1300:
1277:
1251:
1228:
1200:
1174:
1087:
1053:
1019:
965:
906:
536:The museum features artwork by
4202:Museums in Montgomery, Alabama
4157:2018 establishments in Alabama
3227:Gallatin County, KY, race riot
1094:Song, Jean (August 16, 2016).
826:
801:
657:
278:
1:
4207:History of slavery in Alabama
4177:Community Remembrance Project
4127:Lynching in the United States
3428:Springfield race riot of 1908
1846:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer
1750:Lynching in the United States
1616:Riales, Bill (May 17, 2018).
650:
562:Community Remembrance Project
177:Lynching in the United States
170:
140:lynching in the United States
4021:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
3952:And you are lynching Negroes
3804:Emmett Till Antilynching Act
3539:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith
3445:Harris County, GA, lynchings
3387:Wilmington, NC, insurrection
3233:New Orleans massacre of 1866
1457:Baxter, Tom (June 4, 2018).
1339:Das, Jareh (July 29, 2020).
914:"Lynching in America Report"
809:"Lynching in America Report"
581:Outside view of the memorial
7:
3930:Southern Poverty Law Center
3575:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings
3203:? Lachenais and four others
2641:James Harvey and Joe Jordan
1958:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson
1000:Weber, Tom (June 5, 2018).
622:
443:Selma to Montgomery marches
10:
4228:
3411:1906 Atlanta race massacre
3381:Phoenix, SC, election riot
3357:New Orleans 1891 lynchings
3309:Benjamin and Mollie French
567:
522:
253:Johannesburg, South Africa
174:
136:National Lynching Memorial
134:, informally known as the
4119:
3938:
3897:
3816:
3718:William O'Connell Bradley
3678:
3632:
3628:
3457:East St. Louis, IL, riots
3209:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre
3192:New York City draft riots
3161:
3150:
2899:
2168:
1773:
1769:
1756:
436:Importance for Montgomery
219:Dr. Martin Luther King Jr
118:
104:
86:
76:
42:
38:
26:
3982:Deaths in police custody
3469:Jenkins County, GA, riot
3280:Chinese massacre of 1871
3198:Detroit race riot (1863)
2833:Lynching of Raymond Gunn
2625:Dick Rowland (attempted)
1186:Equal Justice Initiative
918:Equal Justice Initiative
838:Equal Justice Initiative
813:Equal Justice Initiative
700:Equal Justice Initiative
183:Equal Justice Initiative
146:, it opened in downtown
144:Equal Justice Initiative
123:Equal Justice Initiative
3963:Battle of Liberty Place
3958:Attack on John Shillady
3946:James Allen (collector)
3779:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
3563:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot
3487:Omaha race riot of 1919
3475:Longview, TX, race riot
3451:Newberry, FL, lynchings
3393:Julia and Frazier Baker
3375:Porter and Spencer (MS)
3327:Thibodeax, LA, massacre
3285:Meridian, MS, race riot
3268:Opelousas, LA, massacre
2241:Paul Reed and Will Cato
1926:Big Nose George Parrott
1358:Matchan, Linda (2020).
4097:United States v. Shipp
3849:Rebecca Latimer Felton
3680:Anti-lynching movement
3597:Freedom Summer Murders
3527:Rosewood, FL, massacre
3492:Knoxville riot of 1919
2361:Laura and L. D. Nelson
1384:Schult, Tanja (2020).
1006:Minnesota Public Radio
520:
501:Martin Luther King Jr.
421:
390:Montgomery Bus Boycott
388:is a rendering of the
349:
288:
259:in the United States.
4068:Summer in Mississippi
4015:Mississippi Cold Case
3969:The Birth of a Nation
3910:Civil Rights Memorial
3839:Sidney Johnston Catts
3817:Defenders of lynching
3503:Duluth, MN, lynchings
3481:Elaine, AR, race riot
3439:Laura and L.D. Nelson
3405:Watkinsville lynching
3363:Ruggles Brothers (CA)
3321:Hamburg, SC, massacre
3297:Election riot of 1874
3244:Camilla, GA, massacre
3166:Death of Joseph Smith
1790:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
1571:Montgomery Advertiser
1562:Montgomery Advertiser
1547:Montgomery Advertiser
1492:Montgomery Advertiser
1410:Jones, Kevin (2020).
1310:Montgomery Advertiser
514:
482:Montgomery Advertiser
473:civil rights movement
415:
408:by Hank Willis Thomas
394:Civil Rights Movement
344:
323:Montgomery Advertiser
286:
175:Further information:
92:; 6 years ago
61:32.37194°N 86.31278°W
3786:Costigan-Wagner Bill
3723:Ella Barksdale Brown
3521:Perry, FL, race riot
3433:Slocum, TX, massacre
3333:Mart and Tom Horrell
3291:Colfax, LA, massacre
3274:Bear River City riot
3124:James Craig Anderson
2924:Robert "Bobbie" Hall
2529:Hazel "Hayes" Turner
1326:The Public Historian
644:Topography of Terror
337:by Kwame Akoto-Bamfo
4028:The Ox-Bow Incident
4008:Mississippi Burning
3859:John Trotwood Moore
3515:Tulsa race massacre
3509:Ocoee, FL, massacre
3004:Mack Charles Parker
2932:Willie James Howard
1648:The Birmingham News
1264:The Washington Post
1160:The Birmingham News
751:The Washington Post
671:The Washington Post
215:Elizabeth Alexander
187:Montgomery, Alabama
164:The Washington Post
150:on April 26, 2018.
148:Montgomery, Alabama
90:April 26, 2018
81:Montgomery, Alabama
66:32.37194; -86.31278
57: /
23:
4187:Lynching memorials
4042:Reconstruction era
3854:John Temple Graves
3698:Jessie Daniel Ames
3645:Indiana White Caps
3315:Ellenton, SC, riot
3238:Reno Brothers Gang
2988:Judge Edward Aaron
2185:Ballie Crutchfield
1239:. Imodara magazine
1066:The New York Times
1032:The New York Times
944:The New York Times
893:The New York Times
730:The New York Times
538:Hank Willis Thomas
521:
426:Hank Willis Thomas
422:
350:
301:Hank Willis Thomas
289:
287:Memorial monuments
272:Reconstruction era
207:Hank Willis Thomas
21:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4085:They Won't Forget
4002:Lynching postcard
3915:The Legacy Museum
3884:James K. Vardaman
3824:Theodore G. Bilbo
3812:
3811:
3703:Martin C. Ansorge
3624:
3623:
3609:Michael Schwerner
3416:Kemper County, MS
3256:Pulaski, TN, riot
3146:
3145:
3142:
3141:
2849:Shedrick Thompson
2729:Bernice Raspberry
2449:Name unknown (MS)
2353:Name unknown (TX)
1974:Joseph Vermillion
1942:John Wesley Heath
1313:. pp. 1, 6A.
1188:. August 16, 2016
867:The Art Newspaper
550:Elizabeth Catlett
525:The Legacy Museum
517:The Legacy Museum
507:The Legacy Museum
386:Guided by Justice
374:Guided by Justice
355:Kwame Akoto-Bamfo
347:Kwame Akoto-Bamfo
329:Central monuments
205:, Dana King, and
203:Kwame Akoto-Bamfo
128:
127:
87:Opening date
4219:
4182:Cultural tourism
3939:Related articles
3889:Thomas E. Watson
3879:Benjamin Tillman
3844:Thomas Dixon Jr.
3768:
3767:
3630:
3629:
3533:Jim and Mark Fox
3221:Memphis massacre
3156:Multiple victims
3152:
3151:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3055:
3052:Wharlest Jackson
3047:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
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2991:
2983:
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2967:
2959:
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2948:John Cecil Jones
2943:
2935:
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2911:
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2841:Matthew Williams
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1704:
1702:Official website
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1216:. April 24, 2018
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380:American artist
353:Ghanaian artist
345:Installation by
309:police brutality
249:Apartheid Museum
159:Philip Kennicott
114:
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111:Official website
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3545:Tate County, MS
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2118:Joseph H. McCoy
2116:
2110:William Andrews
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257:white supremacy
245:Berlin, Germany
237:Bryan Stevenson
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3399:Pana, IL, riot
3396:
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2018:
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1982:George Meadows
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1694:External links
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1506:
1495:. May 31, 2018
1475:
1463:Saporta Report
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2806:
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428:'s sculpture
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4074:Sundown town
4066:
4034:
4026:
4013:
4006:
3994:
3987:
3976:The Clansman
3974:
3967:
3919:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3762:Ida B. Wells
3750:Paul Robeson
3655:Ku Klux Klan
3601:James Chaney
3591:Anniston, AL
3215:Plummer Gang
3170:Joseph Smith
3068:Henry Marrow
3028:Frank Morris
2956:Willie Earle
2865:Cordie Cheek
2793:Henry Choate
2713:Dan Anderson
2673:Raymond Byrd
2657:Samuel Smith
2609:Willie Baird
2489:Frank Little
2481:Paulo Boleta
2409:Robert Perry
2385:Mary Jackson
2345:King Johnson
2297:James Hodges
2217:George White
2201:Walker Davis
2102:Jacob Henson
2030:Robert Lewis
1990:Ellen Watson
1878:Jim Williams
1854:Wyatt Outlaw
1679:. Retrieved
1665:
1653:. Retrieved
1646:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1611:
1599:. Retrieved
1592:
1569:
1561:
1556:
1545:
1535:
1523:. Retrieved
1520:Alabama News
1519:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1490:
1466:. Retrieved
1462:
1437:. Retrieved
1405:
1396:
1392:
1363:
1353:
1344:
1334:
1325:
1319:
1308:
1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1263:
1253:
1241:. Retrieved
1230:
1218:. Retrieved
1211:
1202:
1190:. Retrieved
1176:
1164:. Retrieved
1158:
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1130:
1105:. Retrieved
1099:
1089:
1077:. Retrieved
1065:
1055:
1043:. Retrieved
1031:
1021:
1009:. Retrieved
980:. Retrieved
976:
967:
955:. Retrieved
943:
933:
921:. Retrieved
917:
908:
896:. Retrieved
892:
882:
870:. Retrieved
841:. Retrieved
837:
828:
816:. Retrieved
812:
803:
791:. Retrieved
787:
755:. Retrieved
749:
739:
728:
703:. Retrieved
699:
675:. Retrieved
669:
659:
554:Titus Kaphar
535:
528:
493:
490:dark tourism
487:
480:
458:
454:Todd Strange
446:
439:
429:
423:
420:installation
417:
405:
385:
379:
376:by Dana King
373:
367:
358:
351:
334:
322:
320:
316:Ida B. Wells
313:
304:
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263:
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229:
227:
223:Ida B. Wells
199:
180:
162:
156:
152:
135:
131:
129:
18:
4106:(1999 film)
3990:(1936 film)
3869:James Rolph
3771:Legislation
3734:Flag Salute
3174:Hyrum Smith
3020:Lemuel Penn
3012:Louis Allen
2980:Emmett Till
2964:Lamar Smith
2940:Recy Taylor
2873:Claude Neal
2721:Will Sherod
2705:John Carter
2681:James Clark
2633:Henry Lowry
2505:Ell Persons
2393:Rob Edwards
2369:Will Porter
2225:David Wyatt
2193:George Ward
2070:Henry Smith
1966:Amos Miller
1950:Eliza Woods
1886:David Jones
1830:Bill Sketoe
1814:Joshua Boyd
1774:Before 1900
677:January 15,
542:Glenn Ligon
392:during the
363:Akan people
279:Description
64: /
4151:Categories
4120:Categories
4047:Red Summer
3740:N.A.A.C.P.
3665:Red Shirts
3497:Red Summer
3036:James Reeb
2908:Felix Hall
2900:After 1940
2649:Joe Pullen
2617:Roy Belton
2569:Will Brown
2473:Jeff Brown
2433:John Evans
2417:? Anderson
2321:"Pie" Hill
2289:Jim Miller
2265:Slab Pitts
2257:Ed Johnson
2094:Amos Hicks
2014:Dick Lundy
2006:Jim Taylor
1192:August 23,
1166:August 23,
1107:August 23,
651:References
477:John Lewis
398:Rosa Parks
365:in Ghana.
247:, and the
195:Montgomery
171:Background
97:2018-04-26
52:86°18′46″W
49:32°22′19″N
4037:(musical)
2753:Joe Smith
2697:Tom Payne
2665:L. Q. Ivy
2593:Jay Lynch
2441:Leo Frank
2169:1900–1940
1681:April 26,
1292:April 12,
1269:April 27,
1138:April 21,
1074:0362-4331
1040:0362-4331
982:April 26,
957:April 26,
952:0362-4331
923:April 27,
898:April 26,
872:April 20,
843:April 19,
818:April 19,
757:April 14,
475:activist
382:Dana King
359:Nkyinkyim
357:entitled
335:Nkyinkyim
4104:Vendetta
3640:Lynching
3611:) (1964)
3176:) (1844)
2150:Sam Hose
1525:June 17,
1345:Cultured
1101:CBS News
1079:April 8,
1045:April 8,
793:April 8,
705:June 11,
623:See also
430:Raise Up
418:Raise Up
406:Raise Up
268:counties
77:Location
3633:General
2022:Joe Coe
1894:Jo Reed
1715:(2016).
1711:at the
1655:June 8,
1627:June 8,
1601:June 8,
1499:June 8,
1468:June 8,
1439:June 8,
1011:June 8,
568:Gallery
305:Rise Up
105:Website
95: (
4035:Parade
4023:(1965)
3898:Memory
3617:(1964)
3593:(1961)
3587:(1952)
3577:(1946)
3571:(1945)
3565:(1943)
3559:(1937)
3553:(1933)
3547:(1932)
3541:(1930)
3535:(1927)
3529:(1923)
3523:(1922)
3517:(1921)
3511:(1920)
3505:(1920)
3499:(1919)
3483:(1919)
3477:(1919)
3471:(1919)
3465:(1918)
3459:(1917)
3453:(1916)
3447:(1912)
3441:(1911)
3435:(1910)
3424:(1908)
3418:(1906)
3407:(1905)
3401:(1899)
3395:(1898)
3389:(1898)
3383:(1898)
3377:(1897)
3371:(1892)
3365:(1892)
3359:(1891)
3353:(1880)
3347:(1879)
3341:(1879)
3335:(1878)
3329:(1878)
3323:(1876)
3317:(1876)
3311:(1876)
3305:(1874)
3293:(1873)
3287:(1871)
3276:(1868)
3270:(1868)
3264:(1868)
3258:(1868)
3252:(1868)
3246:(1868)
3240:(1868)
3229:(1866)
3223:(1866)
3217:(1864)
3211:(1864)
3205:(1863)
3194:(1863)
3188:(1862)
3182:(1858)
3134:(2020)
3126:(2011)
3118:(1998)
3110:(1989)
3102:(1981)
3094:(1979)
3086:(1978)
3078:(1975)
3070:(1970)
3062:(1968)
3054:(1967)
3046:(1966)
3038:(1965)
3030:(1964)
3022:(1964)
3014:(1964)
3006:(1959)
2998:(1957)
2990:(1957)
2982:(1955)
2974:(1955)
2966:(1955)
2958:(1947)
2950:(1946)
2942:(1944)
2934:(1944)
2926:(1943)
2918:(1943)
2910:(1941)
2891:(1940)
2883:(1940)
2875:(1934)
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