36:
273:
637:
holy water of the Ganges for their coronation by the prowess of their arms. Therefore, Trivedi theorized that the Nagas (that is, the
Bharashivas) subsequently migrated northwards (towards the Ganges), establishing their rule at Padmavati. From there, they advanced up to Kantipuri and Mathura in the process of invading the Kushan territory. Bhima-naga, whose coins bear the title
619:(horse sacrifices) ten times. The ashvamedha ceremony was used by the Indian kings to prove their imperial sovereignty, and therefore, the identification of the Bharashivas with the Nagas has led to suggestions that the Nagas assumed a sovereign status after defeating the Kushan rulers. However, there is no concrete evidence for this: several other powers, including the
503:). Based on the available information, it cannot be said with certainty if these Naga dynasties were different families, different branches of the same family, or a single family that ruled from all these locations at different times, moving its capital to a new location each time. H. V. Trivedi, the editor of the
636:
in
Sanskrit), and Vrisha was also the name of a Naga king known from coinage. H. V. Trivedi theorized that Vrisha was the founder of the dynasty, and initially ruled at Vidisha, where several Naga coins have been discovered. The Vakataka inscription mentions that the Bharashiva family obtained the
586:
Even if the coins featured a serpent symbol, this cannot be considered as the evidence for the issuer being a Naga king: none of the coins issued by the Nagas of
Padmavati feature a serpent symbol. The serpent symbol occurs on the coins of several other rulers of northern India, none of whom were
627:, rose to prominence in this period, and the decline of the Kushan power in this region may be alternatively attributed to them. It is also possible that a confederation of these powers defeated the Kushan rulers, or they independently, but simultaneously, took control of the Kushan territories.
396:
was a daughter of the
Bharashiva king Bhava-naga. This Bhava-naga has been identified with the Naga king of same name, whose coins have been discovered at Padmavati. Rudrasena's reign is dated to c. 335–355, therefore, his maternal grandfather Bhava-naga can be dated to the early 4th century CE.
372:
state that only nine Naga kings ruled at
Padmavati, but coins of twelve kings believed to be Naga kings by modern historians have been discovered. The coins of eleven of these rulers have been discovered at Padmavati (modern Pawaya): the only exception is Vyaghra, who is known from a single coin
470:
attributed several coins to the Nagas of
Kantipuri, reading the names on these coins as Haya-naga, Traya-naga, Barhina-naga, Chharaja-naga, Bhava-naga, and Rudra-sena. However, other scholars, such as A. S. Altekar have disagreed with Jayaswal's reading of the coin legends, and disputed the
658:
states that he defeated
Ganapati-naga. This suggests that Ganapati-naga was the last Naga king, and after his defeat, the Naga territory was annexed to the Gupta Empire. The inscription also mentions two other rulers - Nagadatta and Nagasena, whose identity is not certain. According to
408:(r. c. 335–380) mentions Ganapati-naga as one of the kings defeated by him. Thus, Ganapati can be dated to the mid-4th century. The other Naga rulers cannot be dated with certainty, but H. V. Trivedi came up with the following tentative chronological list of Naga rulers, based on
518:(which can mean "new" or "nine") in the Puranas as "new", he speculated that a king called Nava had established a new dynasty. According to him, the coins bearing the legend "Navasa" (or "Nevasa") were issued by this king. Jayaswal interpreted a symbol on this coin as a serpent (
590:
Virasena's coins are rectangular unlike the circular coins issued by the Nagas of
Padmavati, and feature different symbols. Also, they are much bigger than the Padmavati coins, and bear the legend "Virasenasa" without the suffix "-naga" which occurs on the Padmavati
269:. All these Naga dynasties may have been different branches of a single family, or may have been a single family that ruled from different capitals at different times. No concrete conclusions can be drawn regarding this based on the available historical evidence.
479:, connecting the Bharashivas to the local Bhar kings. However, there is no evidence to support this identification. No Naga kings have been found at Kantit, and Kotwal (also Kutwal or Kutwar) in
547:
means that nine (not "new") Naga kings ruled at
Padmavati; this interpretation is supported by the fact that the next verse mentions that seven Naga kings ruled at Mathura.
397:
Historian H. V. Trivedi assumes that Bhava-naga ruled for around 25 years, based on the large number and variety of coins issued by him, dating his rule to c. 310-335 CE.
343:
The Naga dynasty is known mainly from the coins issued by its rulers, and from brief mentions in literary texts and inscriptions of the other dynasties. According to the
196:
171:
615:
in north-central India, in the early 3rd century. The
Vakataka inscription that mentions the Bharashiva king Bhava-naga states that the Bharashivas performed
563:
they always feature a bull; the Padmavati coins occasionally feature a bull, which is often replaced by other symbols that do not occur on the Navasa coins)
1184:
35:
507:, theorized that the Naga dynasty probably originated at Vidisha, from where its members moved northwards to Padmavati, Kantipuri, and Mathura.
2158:
536:
rulers from Mathura, and subsequently, the Naga dynasty was divided into three branches, which ruled from Mathura, Padmavati, and Kantipuri.
524:) with raised hood. He further theorized that Nava-naga's successor was Virasena, whose coins have been discovered in present-day western
335:
and Jhansi districts in north to Vidisha in south. The Naga kingdom eventually expanded to include Mathura in north and Ujjain in south.
514:
had theorized that the Naga dynasty was established by a 2nd-century ruler named Nava-naga. Based on the misinterpretation of the word
1425:
1383:
2222:
1177:
1152:
1131:
1097:
1076:
2227:
1170:
572:, and are similar to the other coins issued from that city, which suggests that the issuer was a king of Kaushambi.
230:: Nāga) dynasty ruled parts of north-central India during the 3rd and the 4th centuries, after the decline of the
2022:
1375:
575:
The purported serpent symbol on these coins appears to be a serpent only on a single specimen published by the
1878:
1492:
1315:
471:
attribution of these coins to the Nagas. According to Altekar, only one of the coins mentioned by Jayaswal
331:
Based on the provenance of these coins, H. V. Trivedi theorizes that the core Naga territory extended from
2212:
393:
355:
Puranas, nine Naga kings ruled Padmavati (or Champavati), and seven Naga kings ruled Mathura, before the
1997:
1297:
677:
2217:
1960:
1698:
1614:
1458:
1411:
1321:
1193:
2160:
Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"
2018:
663:, Nagasena was a Naga ruler of Padmavati, but neither of these kings are attested by any coins.
576:
550:
The coins bearing the legend "Navsasa" are not similar to the coins of the Nagas of Padmavati:
420:
Vrisha-naga alias Vrisha-bhava or Vrishabha, possibly ruled at Vidisha in the late 2nd century
1119:
1066:
1780:
1664:
1635:
1535:
1142:
1087:
598:): however, the line actually represents the long stake of a lotus being held by the goddess
495:, the Naga kings ruled at Padmavati (or Champavati), Kantipuri (or Kantipura), Mathura, and
568:
No Navasa coins have been discovered at Padmavati: these coins have been discovered around
423:
Vrishabha or Vrisha-bhava may also be the name of a distinct king who succeeded Vrisha-naga
389:
385:
8:
2043:
1981:
1433:
1228:
1124:
Dimensions of Human Cultures in Central India: Professor S.K. Tiwari Felicitation Volume
539:
Jayaswal's theory has been disputed by other historians, based on the following points:
1792:
1619:
1563:
1519:
1108:
297:
239:
61:
594:
Virasena's coins feature a vertical wavy line which Jayaswal interprted as a serpent (
475:
bears the legend "Traya-naga". Jayaswal identified Kantipuri as present-day Kantit in
2031:
2027:
1985:
1974:
1952:
1920:
1906:
1591:
1148:
1127:
1093:
1072:
476:
1916:
1901:
1897:
1850:
1846:
1806:
1772:
1768:
1587:
647:
500:
466:, it is possible that Kantipuri was a subsidiary capital of the dynasty. Historian
401:
381:
351:
262:
251:
2154:
2035:
1993:
1989:
1956:
1928:
1924:
1870:
1776:
1708:
1670:
1476:
480:
332:
325:
1890:
1763:
1660:
1261:
672:
533:
529:
511:
467:
293:
243:
1310:
2206:
2039:
1842:
1802:
1703:
1686:
1639:
1624:
1610:
1583:
1579:
1539:
1524:
1513:
1465:
612:
580:
525:
361:
317:
231:
176:
583:
concluded that the symbol cannot be interpreted as a serpent with certainty.
428:
Bhima-naga, r. c. 210-230 CE, probably the first king to rule from Padmavati
1758:
1631:
1531:
1401:
1339:
1304:
1286:
1278:
1222:
1162:
655:
651:
557:
553:
they do not feature the suffix "-naga", which occurs on the Padmavati coins
413:
405:
356:
261:
as well as numismatic evidence, dynasties known as the Nagas also ruled at
235:
189:
41:
462:
Since the Nagas of Kantipuri are known only from a passing mention in the
2179:
The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century
1947:
1940:
1823:
1797:
1605:
1575:
1236:
409:
345:
695:
693:
2009:
1819:
616:
560:, as opposed to the Padmavati coins which weigh 9, 18, 36 and 50 grains
1752:
1144:
A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta
893:
690:
1830:
1713:
1571:
1397:
1389:
1343:
1334:
639:
620:
103:
88:
85:
71:
1911:
1837:
1738:
1719:
1567:
1440:
1393:
1355:
1348:
905:
643:, may have been the dynasty's first king to rule from Padmavati.
624:
599:
569:
496:
492:
321:
309:
272:
266:
258:
75:
917:
826:
520:
40:
The Nagas shown at their greatest extent, along with the rising
1874:
1445:
1360:
1292:
1218:
869:
816:
814:
710:
708:
374:
369:
313:
301:
246:. Modern historians identify it with the family that is called
1017:
995:
993:
980:
978:
953:
951:
938:
936:
934:
932:
859:
857:
855:
853:
365:, nine Naga kings ruled at Padmavati, Kantipuri, and Mathura.
801:
799:
797:
795:
782:
780:
778:
776:
739:
737:
735:
720:
305:
214:
1029:
811:
749:
705:
1405:
1246:
1041:
1005:
990:
975:
963:
948:
929:
881:
850:
227:
1113:. Department of Archaeology & Museums, Madhya Pradesh.
838:
792:
773:
761:
732:
631:
1110:
Catalogue of the Coins of the Naga Kings of Padmavati
505:
Catalogue of the Coins of the Naga Kings of Padmavati
483:
is a better candidate for the location of Kantipuri.
1120:"Ancient history of the Naga tribe of Central India"
2172:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
1085:
911:
611:The Nagas rose to power after the decline of the
579:: after examining the other specimens, historian
2204:
1064:
923:
820:
755:
714:
1140:
532:. According to Jayaswal, Virasena evicted the
1178:
1106:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:
999:
899:
844:
832:
805:
726:
699:
1192:
1117:
984:
969:
957:
942:
887:
875:
863:
786:
767:
743:
242:, which is identified with modern Pawaya in
2153:
1185:
1171:
34:
16:3rd-4th century dynasty of northern India
2167:
392:) state the mother of the Vakataka king
271:
250:(IAST: Bhāraśiva) in the records of the
1089:History and Historians in Ancient India
2205:
2176:
1742:Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism
543:The Puranic verse containing the word
2144:
1939:
1756:
1685:
1658:
1609:
1604:
1166:
296:, Naga coins have been discovered at
1068:Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas
606:
630:Several Naga coins feature a bull (
13:
556:they weigh substantially more: 65
14:
2239:
29:early 3rd century–mid-4th century
2052:References and sources for table
194:
169:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2062:
1057:
320:, they have been discovered at
1:
2223:Empires and kingdoms of India
683:
338:
238:. Its capital was located at
2181:, Cambridge University Press
2149:, Cambridge University Press
1879:Decline of Buddhism in India
1316:Northern Black Polished Ware
1086:Dilip Kumar Ganguly (1984).
287:Find spots of the Naga coins
280:
276:Eastern Hemisphere in 200 CE
7:
2147:An Introduction to Hinduism
666:
632:
234:and before the rise of the
10:
2244:
2170:Hinduism. Past and present
2040:Chera Perumals of Makkotai
1998:Chera Perumals of Makkotai
1390:Rise of Shramana movements
2228:History of Madhya Pradesh
2177:Samuel, Geoffrey (2010),
2049:
1946:
1925:Pandyan kingdom (revival)
1910:
1889:
1864:
1836:
1796:
1791:
1732:
1618:
1553:
1511:
1490:
1474:
1463:
1456:
1439:
1423:
1409:
1380:
1373:
1319:
1301:
1298:Painted Grey Ware culture
1283:
1275:
1259:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1214:
1209:
1200:
1122:. In A. A. Abbasi (ed.).
702:, pp. xxxviii–xxxix.
678:History of Madhya Pradesh
486:
373:discovered at the nearby
210:
148:
144:
134:
124:
120:
112:
102:
94:
81:
67:
57:
49:
33:
28:
21:
2145:Flood, Gavin D. (1996),
1734:"Golden Age of Hinduism"
1699:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
1615:Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty
1376:Persian-Greek influences
1194:Middle kingdoms of India
1065:Ashvini Agrawal (1989).
912:Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1984
902:, pp. xxxiii–xxxvi.
380:The inscriptions of the
2168:Michaels, Axel (2004),
1866:Late-Classical Hinduism
1141:Tej Ram Sharma (1989).
1071:. Motilal Banarsidass.
312:, Kutwar (Kotwal), and
1252:Middle Gangetic Plain
1107:H. V. Trivedi (1957).
577:Indian Museum, Kolkata
277:
136:• Disestablished
1781:Western Ganga Dynasty
1648: 1st century BCE
1636:Early Pandyan kingdom
1601: 2nd century BCE
1561:(ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)
1555:Preclassical Hinduism
1536:Early Pandyan kingdom
1508: 3rd century BCE
1453: 4th century BCE
1420: 5th century BCE
1330: 6th century BCE
1255:Lower Gangetic Plain
1243:Upper Gangetic Plain
1118:R. K. Sharma (2001).
275:
68:Common languages
2131:Michaels (2004) p.41
2122:Michaels (2004) p.40
2104:Michaels (2004) p.39
2086:Michaels (2004) p.39
2023:Kamboja-Pala dynasty
1655: 1st century CE
1126:. Sarup & Sons.
924:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
821:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
756:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
715:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
384:(such as those from
1982:Rashtrakuta dynasty
1434:Shaishunaga dynasty
1384:Second Urbanisation
1229:Indo-Gangetic Plain
878:, pp. 152–155.
835:, pp. ix–xiii.
650:inscription of the
510:Earlier, historian
359:. According to the
126:• Established
2213:Dynasties of India
2113:Hiltebeitel (2002)
2095:Hiltebeitel (2002)
1793:Hephthalite Empire
1629:(300 BCE – 200 CE)
1620:Satavahana dynasty
1606:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1529:(300 BCE – 200 CE)
1520:Satavahana dynasty
1493:Spread of Buddhism
1215:Northwestern India
1048:H. V. Trivedi 1957
1036:H. V. Trivedi 1957
1024:H. V. Trivedi 1957
1012:H. V. Trivedi 1957
1000:H. V. Trivedi 1957
900:H. V. Trivedi 1957
845:H. V. Trivedi 1957
833:H. V. Trivedi 1957
806:H. V. Trivedi 1957
727:H. V. Trivedi 1957
700:H. V. Trivedi 1957
278:
23:Nagas of Padmavati
2200:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2032:Eastern Chalukyas
2028:Kalyani Chalukyas
1986:Eastern Chalukyas
1975:Gurjara-Pratihara
1968: 9th century
1953:Eastern Chalukyas
1936: 8th century
1921:Eastern Chalukyas
1907:Mlechchha dynasty
1886: 7th century
1868:(ca. CE 650-1100)
1815: 6th century
1788: 5th century
1748: 4th century
1694: 3rd century
1682: 2nd century
1592:Mahayana Buddhism
1559:"Hindu Synthesis"
1426:Persian conquests
1311:Shramanic culture
1247:Ganga-Yamuna doab
1154:978-81-7022-251-4
1133:978-81-7625-186-0
1099:978-0-391-03250-7
1078:978-81-208-0592-7
1026:, pp. v, ix.
985:R. K. Sharma 2001
970:R. K. Sharma 2001
958:R. K. Sharma 2001
943:R. K. Sharma 2001
926:, pp. 53–55.
888:R. K. Sharma 2001
876:R. K. Sharma 2001
864:R. K. Sharma 2001
787:R. K. Sharma 2001
768:R. K. Sharma 2001
744:R. K. Sharma 2001
607:Political history
491:According to the
477:Mirzapur district
265:, Kantipuri, and
257:According to the
220:
219:
206:
205:
202:
201:
182:
181:
130:early 3rd century
2235:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2155:Hiltebeitel, Alf
2150:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2066:
1917:Badami Chalukyas
1912:Adivasi (tribes)
1902:Empire of Harsha
1898:Vakataka dynasty
1851:Kalabhra dynasty
1847:Badami Chalukyas
1838:Adivasi (tribes)
1807:Kalabhra dynasty
1773:Kalabhra dynasty
1769:Andhra Ikshvakus
1736:(ca. CE 320-650)
1720:Adivasi (tribes)
1588:Smarta Tradition
1441:Adivasi (tribes)
1356:Adivasi (tribes)
1212:cultural period
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1137:
1114:
1103:
1082:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
988:
982:
973:
967:
961:
955:
946:
940:
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
809:
803:
790:
784:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
730:
729:, p. xxxix.
724:
718:
712:
703:
697:
648:Allahabad Pillar
635:
501:Nagas of Vidisha
402:Allahabad Pillar
382:Vakataka dynasty
252:Vakataka dynasty
198:
197:
186:
185:
173:
172:
166:
165:
150:
149:
38:
19:
18:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2218:Hindu dynasties
2203:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2042:
2038:
2036:Medieval Cholas
2034:
2030:
2021:
1996:
1994:Medieval Cholas
1992:
1990:Pandyan kingdom
1988:
1984:
1959:
1957:Pandyan kingdom
1955:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1900:
1877:
1871:Advaita Vedanta
1869:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1822:
1809:
1805:
1779:
1777:Kadamba Dynasty
1775:
1771:
1762:
1741:
1737:
1709:Western Satraps
1671:Kuninda Kingdom
1663:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1613:
1590:
1562:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1522:
1459:Greek conquests
1392:
1388:
1314:
1308:
1296:
1290:
1244:
1216:
1211:
1196:
1191:
1161:
1155:
1134:
1100:
1079:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1006:
998:
991:
983:
976:
968:
964:
956:
949:
941:
930:
922:
918:
910:
906:
898:
894:
886:
882:
874:
870:
862:
851:
843:
839:
831:
827:
819:
812:
804:
793:
785:
774:
766:
762:
754:
750:
742:
733:
725:
721:
713:
706:
698:
691:
686:
669:
609:
489:
481:Morena district
449:Prabhakara-naga
437:Brihaspati-naga
404:inscription of
341:
326:Jhansi district
290:
289:
288:
283:
195:
170:
140:mid-4th century
137:
127:
74:
45:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2241:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2151:
2141:
2134:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2025:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1895:
1893:
1891:Indo-Sassanids
1888:
1882:
1881:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1766:
1764:Varman dynasty
1755:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1668:
1665:Indo-Parthians
1661:Indo-Scythians
1657:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1617:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1517:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1480:
1477:HISTORICAL AGE
1472:
1471:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1300:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1240:
1239:
1237:Southern India
1234:
1233:Central India
1231:
1226:
1213:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1138:
1132:
1115:
1104:
1098:
1083:
1077:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1040:
1038:, p. vii.
1028:
1016:
1004:
989:
987:, p. 151.
974:
972:, p. 152.
962:
960:, p. 150.
947:
945:, p. 149.
928:
916:
904:
892:
890:, p. 154.
880:
868:
866:, p. 148.
849:
837:
825:
810:
791:
789:, p. 157.
772:
770:, p. 143.
760:
748:
746:, p. 156.
731:
719:
704:
688:
687:
685:
682:
681:
680:
675:
673:Narwar coinage
668:
665:
661:Harsha-charita
608:
605:
604:
603:
592:
588:
584:
573:
566:
565:
564:
561:
554:
548:
512:K. P. Jayaswal
488:
485:
468:K. P. Jayaswal
460:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
425:
424:
340:
337:
294:Madhya Pradesh
286:
285:
284:
282:
279:
244:Madhya Pradesh
218:
217:
212:
208:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
192:
183:
180:
179:
174:
162:
161:
156:
146:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
106:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
83:
79:
78:
69:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
39:
31:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2240:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1843:Vishnukundina
1841:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:Vishnukundina
1801:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:Kushan Empire
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:Kushan Empire
1683:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1625:Sangam period
1621:
1616:
1612:
1611:Shunga Empire
1607:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:Brahma Sutras
1581:
1580:Bhagavad Gita
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1525:Sangam period
1521:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1514:Maurya Empire
1509:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1050:, p. ix.
1049:
1044:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1020:
1014:, p. iv.
1013:
1008:
1002:, p. ii.
1001:
996:
994:
986:
981:
979:
971:
966:
959:
954:
952:
944:
939:
937:
935:
933:
925:
920:
914:, p. 28.
913:
908:
901:
896:
889:
884:
877:
872:
865:
860:
858:
856:
854:
846:
841:
834:
829:
823:, p. 55.
822:
817:
815:
808:, p. vi.
807:
802:
800:
798:
796:
788:
783:
781:
779:
777:
769:
764:
758:, p. 53.
757:
752:
745:
740:
738:
736:
728:
723:
717:, p. 54.
716:
711:
709:
701:
696:
694:
689:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
664:
662:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:
641:
634:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:Kushan Empire
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
582:
581:A. S. Altekar
578:
574:
571:
567:
562:
559:
555:
552:
551:
549:
546:
542:
541:
540:
537:
535:
531:
527:
526:Uttar Pradesh
523:
522:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
484:
482:
478:
474:
469:
465:
464:Vishnu Purana
458:Ganapati-naga
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
422:
421:
419:
418:
417:
415:
414:palaeographic
411:
407:
403:
398:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
371:
366:
364:
363:
362:Vishnu Purana
358:
354:
353:
348:
347:
336:
334:
329:
327:
324:, and in the
323:
319:
318:Uttar Pradesh
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
274:
270:
268:
264:
260:
259:Puranic texts
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:Kushan Empire
229:
225:
216:
213:
211:Today part of
209:
193:
191:
188:
187:
184:
178:
177:Kushan Empire
175:
168:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
155:
152:
151:
147:
143:
139:
133:
129:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
32:
27:
20:
2178:
2169:
2159:
2146:
2137:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2100:
2091:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2019:Pala dynasty
2005:10th century
2004:
1967:
1935:
1885:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1814:
1787:
1759:Gupta Empire
1757:
1747:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1693:
1681:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1632:Early Cholas
1623:
1600:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1532:Early Cholas
1523:
1512:
1507:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1475:
1466:Nanda empire
1464:
1452:
1419:
1410:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1329:
1320:
1305:Vedic Period
1302:
1287:Vedic Period
1284:
1279:Vedic Period
1276:
1270:
1269:
1260:
1223:Sapta Sindhu
1210:Timeline and
1143:
1123:
1109:
1088:
1067:
1058:Bibliography
1043:
1031:
1019:
1007:
965:
919:
907:
895:
883:
871:
847:, p. i.
840:
828:
763:
751:
722:
660:
656:Samudragupta
645:
638:
629:
610:
595:
544:
538:
528:and eastern
519:
515:
509:
504:
490:
472:
463:
461:
455:Vyaghra-naga
406:Samudragupta
399:
379:
367:
360:
350:
344:
342:
330:
291:
256:
247:
236:Gupta Empire
223:
221:
190:Gupta Empire
159:Succeeded by
158:
153:
2163:, Routledge
2044:Rashtrakuta
1948:Pala Empire
1941:Kabul Shahi
1824:Kabul Shahi
1798:Alchon Huns
1576:Mahabharata
1499:Pre-history
1412:Pre-history
1322:Pre-history
1147:. Concept.
1092:. Abhinav.
431:Skanda-naga
154:Preceded by
2207:Categories
2057:References
2010:Ghaznavids
1820:Nezak Huns
684:References
617:ashvamedha
446:Bhava-naga
440:Vibhu-naga
416:evidence:
410:numismatic
339:Chronology
248:Bharashiva
95:Government
1961:Kalachuri
1753:Kidarites
621:Yaudheyas
570:Kaushambi
452:Deva-naga
443:Ravi-naga
434:Vasu-naga
394:Rudrasena
352:Brahmanda
281:Territory
240:Padmavati
82:Religion
62:Padmavati
2157:(2002),
1831:Maitraka
1716:kingdom
1714:Kamarupa
1572:Ramayana
1398:Buddhism
1344:Panchala
1335:Gandhara
1295:culture)
1262:IRON AGE
667:See also
640:Maharaja
623:and the
473:possibly
349:and the
104:Maharaja
98:Monarchy
89:Hinduism
86:Shaivite
72:Sanskrit
2138:Sources
1929:Pallava
1860:Culture
1739:Puranas
1728:Culture
1568:Puranas
1549:Culture
1486:Culture
1402:Ājīvika
1394:Jainism
1369:Culture
1349:Magadha
1271:Culture
625:Malavas
600:Lakshmi
497:Vidisha
493:Puranas
370:Puranas
322:Mathura
310:Vidisha
267:Mathura
263:Vidisha
113:History
76:Prakrit
58:Capital
2077:Samuel
2068:Samuel
1875:Tantra
1640:Cheras
1540:Cheras
1446:Assaka
1361:Assaka
1293:Srauta
1219:Punjab
1151:
1130:
1096:
1075:
633:vrisha
591:coins.
587:Nagas.
558:grains
534:Kushan
530:Punjab
487:Origin
390:Tirodi
386:Chamak
375:Narwar
357:Guptas
333:Morena
314:Ujjain
302:Narwar
298:Pawaya
116:
108:
53:Empire
50:Status
42:Guptas
1564:Epics
1303:Late
1285:Late
1277:Late
654:king
652:Gupta
499:(see
316:. In
306:Gohad
215:India
1406:Yoga
1340:Kuru
1149:ISBN
1128:ISBN
1094:ISBN
1073:ISBN
646:The
596:naga
545:nava
521:nāga
516:nava
412:and
400:The
388:and
368:The
346:Vayu
228:IAST
224:Naga
222:The
292:In
2209::
1873:-
1586:-
1582:-
1578:-
1574:-
1570:-
1566:-
1557:-
1461:)
1428:)
1404:-
1400:-
1396:-
1249:)
1225:)
992:^
977:^
950:^
931:^
852:^
813:^
794:^
775:^
734:^
707:^
692:^
377:.
328:.
308:,
304:,
300:,
254:.
1457:(
1424:(
1386:"
1382:"
1342:-
1313:)
1309:(
1291:(
1245:(
1221:-
1217:(
1186:e
1179:t
1172:v
1157:.
1136:.
1102:.
1081:.
602:.
226:(
44:.
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