417:
622:
794:). ROS produced by NADPH oxidase activate an enzyme that makes the macrophages adhere to the artery wall (by polymerizing actin fibers). This process is counterbalanced by NADPH oxidase inhibitors, and by antioxidants. An imbalance in favor of ROS produces atherosclerosis. In vitro studies have found that the NADPH oxidase inhibitors apocynin and diphenyleneiodonium, along with the antioxidants N-acetyl-cysteine and resveratrol, depolymerized the actin, broke the adhesions, and allowed foam cells to migrate out of the intima.
678:, and liberate redox-active iron, which allows the generation of indiscriminate oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical. An alternative view is that the oxidase elevates the pH in the vacuole to about 9.0, which is optimal for the neutral proteases that degranulate from the cytoplasmic granules (where they are inactive at pH ~5.5) and it pumps potassium into the vacuole, which solubilises the enzymes, and it is the activated proteases that kill and digest the microbes.
633:
subunits (p47phox and p67phox), a cytochrome b558 which consists of gp91phox, p22phox and a small G protein Rac. Generation of the superoxide in vascular NADPH occurs by a one-electron reduction of oxygen via the gp91phox subunit, using reduced NADPH as the electron donor. The small G protein carries
669:
and fungi by mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. Superoxide spontaneously dismutates to form peroxide which is then protonated to produce hydrogen peroxide. Opinions are polarised as to how the oxidase kills microbes in neutrophils. On the one hand it is thought that hydrogen peroxide acts
709:
Careful regulation of NADPH oxidase activity is crucial to maintain a healthy level of ROS in the body. The enzyme is dormant in resting cells but becomes rapidly activated by several stimuli, including bacterial products and cytokines. Vascular NADPH oxidases are regulated by a variety of hormones
472:
cells, differing in biochemical structure and functions. Neutrophilic NADPH oxidase produces superoxide almost instantaneously, whereas the vascular enzyme produces superoxide in minutes to hours. Moreover, in white blood cells, superoxide has been found to transfer electrons across the membrane to
817:
is used in a diagnostic test, in particular, for chronic granulomatous disease, a disease in which there is a defect in NADPH oxidase; therefore, the phagocyte is unable to make the reactive oxygen species or radicals required for bacterial killing, resulting in bacteria thriving within the
2482:
Huang QT, Zhang M, Zhong M, Yu YH, Liang WZ, Hang LL, et al. (December 2013). "Advanced glycation end products as an upstream molecule triggers ROS-induced sFlt-1 production in extravillous trophoblasts: a novel bridge between oxidative stress and preeclampsia".
646:, and they still are the focus of extensive research interest due to their exclusive function in producing ROS under normal physiological conditions. The NADPH oxidase complex is dormant under normal circumstances but is activated to assemble in the membranes during
762:
Superoxides are crucial in killing foreign bacteria in the human body. Consequently, under-activity can lead to an increased susceptibility to organisms such as catalase-positive microbes, and over-activity can lead to
753:
Ang-1 triggers NOX2, NOX4, and the mitochondria to release ROS and that ROS derived from these sources play distinct roles in the regulation of the Ang-1/Tie 2 signaling pathway and pro-angiogenic responses.
2254:
Harel S, Mayaki D, Sanchez V, Hussain SN (May 2017). "NOX2, NOX4, and mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species contribute to angiopoietin-1 signaling and angiogenic responses in endothelial cells".
689:
have three NOX types (NOX4-art, an arthropod-specific p22-phox-independent NOX4, and two calcium-dependent enzymes, DUOX). In the gut, DUOX-dependent ROS production from bacteria-stimulated
2567:
2409:
Behrens MM, Ali SS, Dao DN, Lucero J, Shekhtman G, Quick KL, Dugan LL (December 2007). "Ketamine-induced loss of phenotype of fast-spiking interneurons is mediated by NADPH-oxidase".
868:
In these diseases, cells have a low capacity for phagocytosis, and persistent bacterial infections occur. Areas of infected cells are common, granulomas. A similar disorder called
1606:"The NADPH Oxidase and Microbial Killing by Neutrophils, With a Particular Emphasis on the Proposed Antimicrobial Role of Myeloperoxidase within the Phagocytic Vacuole"
326:
177:
2656:
2591:
889:
743:
2831:
2327:"CD36 modulates migration of mouse and human macrophages in response to oxidized LDL and may contribute to macrophage trapping in the arterial intima"
701:
has calcium activated DUOX, which is involved in eggshell hardening, and NOX5, which is involved in the control of gut motility and blood digestion.
2854:
825:, a protein that deactivates certain proangiogenic factors that play a role in the development of the placenta, by facilitating the formation of
2290:
Wattanapitayakul SK, Bauer JA (February 2001). "Oxidative pathways in cardiovascular disease: roles, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications".
282:
270:
2729:
2011:"NADPH Oxidase 5 Is a Pro-Contractile Nox Isoform and a Point of Cross-Talk for Calcium and Redox Signaling-Implications in Vascular Function"
829:, which are suspected intermediaries in sFlt-1 formation. These effects are in part responsible for inducing pre-eclampsia in pregnant women
196:
3108:
2686:
2694:
2673:
2649:
892:. Apocynin acts by preventing the assembly of the NADPH oxidase subunits. Apocynin decreases influenza-induced lung inflammation in mice
3051:
2711:
2770:
2520:"Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase in experimental liver fibrosis: GKT137831 as a novel potential therapeutic agent"
2464:
2877:
2919:
2702:
1116:"Angiotensin II induces p67phox mRNA expression and NADPH oxidase superoxide generation in rabbit aortic adventitial fibroblasts"
189:
2642:
1909:"Blood meal-derived heme decreases ROS levels in the midgut of Aedes aegypti and allows proliferation of intestinal microbiota"
634:
an essential role in the activation of the oxidase by switching between a GDP-bound (inactive) and GTP-linked (active) forms.
3272:
1784:
861:
856:
851:
845:
670:
as substrate for myeloperoxidase to produce hypochlorous acid. It may also inactivate critical metabolic enzymes, initiate
346:
156:
869:
2993:
1907:
Oliveira JH, Gonçalves RL, Lara FA, Dias FA, Gandara AC, Menna-Barreto RF, et al. (March 2011). Schneider DS (ed.).
416:
2755:
2690:
2669:
1331:"Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Damage, and Antioxidative Defense Mechanism in Plants under Stressful Conditions"
2867:
928:), a dual Inhibitor of isoforms NOX4 and NOX1 which was patented in 2007. The compound was initially developed for
650:. The activated NADPH oxidase generates superoxide which has roles in animal immune response and plant signalling.
368:
complex that faces the extracellular space. It can be found in the plasma membrane as well as in the membranes of
2746:
814:
17:
473:
extracellular oxygen, while in vascular cells, the radical anion appears to be released mainly intracellularly.
3044:
2978:
715:
150:
132:
334:
3204:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2009:
Montezano AC, De Lucca
Camargo L, Persson P, Rios FJ, Harvey AP, Anagnostopoulou A, et al. (June 2018).
929:
838:
813:, and the results may point at the NADPH oxidase as a possible player in the pathophysiology of the disease.
901:
Inhibition of NADPH oxidase by NO blocks the source of oxidative stress in the vasculature. NO donor drugs (
137:
2886:
1805:
Ha EM, Oh CT, Bae YS, Lee WJ (November 2005). "A direct role for dual oxidase in
Drosophila gut immunity".
937:
1372:"Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species enable proinflammatory signaling through disulfide linkage of NEMO"
3194:
2912:
693:
mucosa is an important pathogen-killing mechanism and can increase defecation as a defense response. In
201:
1958:
Dias FA, Gandara AC, Queiroz-Barros FG, Oliveira RL, Sorgine MH, Braz GR, Oliveira PL (December 2013).
330:
125:
821:
It has also been shown that NADPH oxidase plays a role in the mechanism that induces the formation of
60:
3037:
2958:
2953:
2750:
2058:
Gandara AC, Dias FA, de Lemos PC, Stiebler R, Bombaça AC, Menna-Barreto R, Oliveira PL (2021-02-25).
941:
621:
1856:
Du EJ, Ahn TJ, Kwon I, Lee JH, Park JH, Park SH, et al. (January 2016). Miguel-Aliaga I (ed.).
1157:"Angiotensin II stimulates NADH and NADPH oxidase activity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells"
770:
Excessive production of ROS in vascular cells causes many forms of cardiovascular disease including
2677:
2626:
2620:
2518:
Aoyama T, Paik YH, Watanabe S, Laleu B, Gaggini F, Fioraso-Cartier L, et al. (December 2012).
1960:"Ovarian dual oxidase (Duox) activity is essential for insect eggshell hardening and waterproofing"
43:
1706:"Molecular evolution of the reactive oxygen-generating NADPH oxidase (Nox/Duox) family of enzymes"
818:
phagocyte. The higher the blue score the better the cell is at producing reactive oxygen species.
153:
2988:
2973:
2968:
2760:
2741:
906:
826:
643:
77:
3246:
3176:
3133:
3061:
2948:
2905:
3199:
3018:
2943:
2205:"Inhibition of Nox2 oxidase activity ameliorates influenza A virus-induced lung inflammation"
1329:
Sharma, Pallavi; Jha, Ambuj
Bhushan; Dubey, Rama Shanker; Pessarakli, Mohammad (2012-04-24).
1196:
Zafari AM, Ushio-Fukai M, Akers M, Yin Q, Shah A, Harrison DG, et al. (September 1998).
779:
719:
486:
1370:
Herb M, Gluschko A, Wiegmann K, Farid A, Wolf A, Utermöhlen O, et al. (February 2019).
710:
and factors known to be important players in vascular remodeling and disease. These include
3214:
3141:
3029:
2461:
2418:
2203:
Vlahos R, Stambas J, Bozinovski S, Broughton BR, Drummond GR, Selemidis S (February 2011).
1814:
1717:
1658:
675:
313:
2634:
1858:"TrpA1 Regulates Defecation of Food-Borne Pathogens under the Control of the Duox Pathway"
113:
8:
3189:
3073:
2616:
1764:
1622:
1605:
629:
The whole structure of the membrane-bound vascular enzyme is composed of five parts: two
55:
2422:
1818:
1721:
1662:
1265:
1238:
1198:"Role of NADH/NADPH oxidase-derived H2O2 in angiotensin II-induced vascular hypertrophy"
569:
There are several vascular isoforms of the complex which use paralogs the NOX2 subunit:
89:
2998:
2844:
2544:
2519:
2442:
2351:
2326:
2231:
2204:
2090:
2059:
2035:
2010:
1986:
1959:
1935:
1908:
1884:
1857:
1838:
1740:
1705:
1681:
1646:
1540:
1515:
1491:
1466:
1439:
1412:
1035:
1010:
986:
961:
786:. Atherosclerosis is caused by the accumulation of macrophages containing cholesterol (
671:
275:
48:
2592:"FDA granting Genkyotex Orphan Drug Designation of GKT137831 for IPF - Genkyotex S.A."
2303:
1306:
1281:
1011:"NADPH oxidases: an overview from structure to innate immunity-associated pathologies"
3013:
3008:
2549:
2500:
2434:
2391:
2356:
2307:
2272:
2236:
2182:
2136:
2095:
2040:
1991:
1940:
1889:
1830:
1780:
1745:
1686:
1627:
1586:
1545:
1496:
1482:
1444:
1393:
1352:
1311:
1219:
1178:
1137:
1096:
1040:
991:
902:
647:
465:
321:
144:
2446:
2131:
2114:
1842:
1081:
1064:
239:
3123:
2539:
2531:
2496:
2492:
2426:
2383:
2346:
2338:
2299:
2264:
2226:
2216:
2172:
2126:
2085:
2075:
2030:
2022:
1981:
1971:
1930:
1920:
1879:
1869:
1822:
1772:
1735:
1725:
1676:
1666:
1647:"Evolutionary origin and function of NOX4-art, an arthropod specific NADPH oxidase"
1617:
1576:
1535:
1527:
1486:
1478:
1467:"How does the oxidative burst of macrophages kill bacteria? Still an open question"
1434:
1424:
1383:
1342:
1301:
1293:
1260:
1250:
1209:
1168:
1127:
1086:
1076:
1030:
1022:
981:
973:
764:
735:
723:
309:
962:"NADPH oxidases: key modulators in aging and age-related cardiovascular diseases?"
287:
3093:
3082:
2468:
2221:
1925:
1874:
1776:
783:
775:
498:
481:
The isoform found in neutrophils is made up of six subunits. These subunits are:
377:
263:
251:
2819:
2814:
2665:
925:
172:
2268:
2080:
1671:
1514:
Klebanoff SJ, Kettle AJ, Rosen H, Winterbourn CC, Nauseef WM (February 2013).
1388:
1371:
665:, or it can be produced outside of the cell. In macrophages, superoxide kills
3266:
3250:
1356:
1173:
1156:
914:
810:
791:
727:
2430:
2387:
2177:
2160:
2026:
1976:
1826:
1730:
1516:"Myeloperoxidase: a front-line defender against phagocytosed microorganisms"
1280:
Heyworth PG, Knaus UG, Settleman J, Curnutte JT, Bokoch GM (November 1993).
1214:
1197:
1132:
1115:
841:(CGD), characterized by extreme susceptibility to infection. These include:
3166:
3097:
2963:
2932:
2553:
2504:
2438:
2395:
2360:
2311:
2276:
2240:
2186:
2140:
2099:
2044:
1995:
1944:
1893:
1834:
1749:
1690:
1631:
1590:
1581:
1564:
1549:
1500:
1448:
1429:
1397:
1255:
1100:
1044:
995:
917:
by preventing excess superoxide from deteriorating healthy vascular cells.
910:
885:
771:
1347:
1330:
1315:
1297:
1282:"Regulation of NADPH oxidase activity by Rac GTPase activating protein(s)"
1223:
1182:
1141:
364:(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase) is a membrane-bound
3161:
3146:
3113:
3065:
2897:
933:
802:
1763:
Gandara, Ana
Caroline P.; Oliveira, Pedro L. (2023), Pick, Edgar (ed.),
1531:
1026:
2983:
2629:
977:
505:
425:
373:
101:
2535:
3227:
3184:
2462:
Does
Oxidative Stress Link NMDA and GABA Hypotheses of Schizophrenia?
2342:
2060:""Urate and NOX5 Control Blood Digestion in the Hematophagous Insect
1155:
Griendling KK, Minieri CA, Ollerenshaw JD, Alexander RW (June 1994).
1154:
1114:
Pagano PJ, Chanock SJ, Siwik DA, Colucci WS, Clark JK (August 1998).
1091:
787:
686:
654:
630:
511:
369:
2008:
1645:
Gandara AC, Torres A, Bahia AC, Oliveira PL, Schama R (March 2017).
697:, DUOX is involved in the control of the gut indigenous microbiota.
3151:
3103:
3087:
2858:
881:
798:
739:
711:
666:
658:
469:
246:
3222:
2928:
2835:
1957:
921:
898:
and so may have clinical benefits in the treatment of influenza.
894:
872:
is linked to a mutation in the RAC2, also a part of the complex.
750:
and so may have clinical benefits in the treatment of influenza.
747:
746:. Apocynin decreases influenza-induced lung inflammation in mice
551:
541:
531:
521:
120:
2202:
642:
NADPH oxidases (NOXes) are one of the major sources of cellular
2774:
1513:
1065:"Mechanisms for suppressing NADPH oxidase in the vascular wall"
822:
682:
662:
625:
Vascular NAD(P)H generating a superoxide (coloured by subunit).
601:
There are two further paralogs of NOX2 subunit in the thyroid:
429:
365:
341:
184:
96:
84:
72:
1279:
2161:"NAD(P)H oxidase: role in cardiovascular biology and disease"
1771:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 477–488,
1565:"Repair of oxidized iron-sulfur clusters in Escherichia coli"
806:
610:
605:
433:
405:
401:
359:
3059:
2158:
1413:"Functions of ROS in Macrophages and Antimicrobial Immunity"
905:) have therefore been used for more than a century to treat
2787:
2733:
2664:
2057:
837:
Mutations in the NADPH oxidase subunit genes cause several
590:
585:
578:
573:
494:
490:
420:
Overall reaction for the formation of superoxide from NADPH
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
303:
258:
234:
108:
1644:
738:. Conversely, assembly of the complex can be inhibited by
2253:
1906:
1369:
1195:
1113:
731:
1328:
464:
In mammals, NADPH oxidase is found in two types: one in
2517:
2374:
Curtiss LK (March 2009). "Reversing atherosclerosis?".
2324:
2159:
Griendling KK, Sorescu D, Ushio-Fukai M (March 2000).
1009:
Panday A, Sahoo MK, Osorio D, Batra S (January 2015).
1008:
2289:
1062:
862:
Autosomal recessive cytochrome b-positive CGD type II
2325:
Park YM, Febbraio M, Silverstein RL (January 2009).
1769:
NADPH Oxidases
Revisited: From Function to Structure
1703:
857:
Autosomal recessive cytochrome b-positive CGD type I
2408:
959:
380:of the catalytic component of the complex include
376:white blood cells to engulf microorganisms. Human
2481:
1562:
3264:
2472:Schizophrenia Research Forum. December 09, 2007.
2198:
2196:
1762:
1460:
1458:
1063:Dusting GJ, Selemidis S, Jiang F (March 2005).
953:
920:More advanced NADPH oxidase inhibitors include
797:One study suggests a role for NADPH oxidase in
2453:
2154:
2152:
2150:
1704:Kawahara T, Quinn MT, Lambeth JD (July 2007).
1563:Djaman O, Outten FW, Imlay JA (October 2004).
3045:
2913:
2650:
960:Sahoo S, Meijles DN, Pagano PJ (March 2016).
852:Autosomal recessive cytochrome b-negative CGD
428:free radical by transferring one electron to
3109:Bactericidal permeability-increasing protein
2402:
2283:
2193:
2106:
1855:
1556:
1455:
424:NADPH oxidase catalyzes the production of a
2147:
1603:
1410:
3052:
3038:
2927:
2920:
2906:
2657:
2643:
1804:
1273:
1189:
1148:
1107:
1058:
1056:
1054:
2619:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2543:
2350:
2230:
2220:
2176:
2130:
2089:
2079:
2034:
2015:Journal of the American Heart Association
1985:
1975:
1934:
1924:
1883:
1873:
1739:
1729:
1680:
1670:
1621:
1580:
1539:
1490:
1438:
1428:
1387:
1346:
1305:
1264:
1254:
1213:
1172:
1131:
1090:
1080:
1034:
985:
1239:"NADPH oxidase 3: Beyond the innear ear"
809:expression. Similar loss is observed in
734:. It is also stimulated by agonists and
620:
415:
2373:
2115:"NADPH oxidases: new kids on the block"
1051:
14:
3265:
2112:
1464:
846:X-linked chronic granulomatous disease
685:, NOXes had some functions clarified.
637:
3033:
2901:
2638:
2331:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
1623:10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0018-2015
1236:
870:neutrophil immunodeficiency syndrome
476:
2994:Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
2376:The New England Journal of Medicine
1964:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1604:Levine AP, Segal AW (August 2016).
1569:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1411:Herb M, Schramm M (February 2021).
1015:Cellular & Molecular Immunology
24:
1069:Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
880:NADPH oxidase can be inhibited by
25:
3284:
2610:
2868:Trimethylamine-N-oxide reductase
2568:"Espacenet - Bibliographic data"
1483:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07612.x
564:
468:(neutrophilic) and the other in
2584:
2560:
2511:
2475:
2367:
2318:
2292:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
2247:
2132:10.1016/j.cardiores.2006.05.004
2051:
2002:
1951:
1900:
1849:
1798:
1756:
1697:
1638:
1597:
1507:
1404:
1363:
1082:10.1590/S0074-02762005000900016
596:
497:(Rac stands for Rho-related C3
2979:Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase
2497:10.1016/j.placenta.2013.09.017
1765:"NADPH Oxidases in Arthropods"
1322:
1230:
1002:
839:Chronic Granulomatous Diseases
716:platelet-derived growth factor
653:Superoxide can be produced in
13:
1:
3205:Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin
2803:Neutrophil cytosolic factor 4
2798:Neutrophil cytosolic factor 2
2793:Neutrophil cytosolic factor 1
2756:NADPH—cytochrome-c2 reductase
2304:10.1016/S0163-7258(00)00114-5
1286:Molecular Biology of the Cell
947:
930:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
875:
704:
644:reactive oxygen species (ROS)
298:Available protein structures:
3273:Peripheral membrane proteins
2887:NADH dehydrogenase (quinone)
2222:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001271
1926:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001320
1875:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005773
1777:10.1007/978-3-031-23752-2_28
1520:Journal of Leukocyte Biology
832:
757:
616:
7:
3195:Eosinophil cationic protein
2747:NADPH—hemoprotein reductase
411:
10:
3289:
801:-induced loss of neuronal
790:) in artery walls (in the
3240:
3213:
3175:
3132:
3122:
3072:
2959:Butyryl CoA dehydrogenase
2954:Apoptosis-inducing factor
2939:
2876:
2853:
2830:
2769:
2751:Cytochrome P450 reductase
2728:
2712:NAD(P) transhydrogenase (
2703:NAD(P) transhydrogenase (
2685:
2269:10.1016/j.vph.2017.03.002
2081:10.3389/fphys.2021.633093
1672:10.1186/s12862-017-0940-0
1389:10.1126/scisignal.aar5926
340:
320:
302:
297:
293:
281:
269:
257:
245:
233:
225:
220:
215:
195:
183:
171:
166:
162:
143:
131:
119:
107:
95:
83:
71:
66:
54:
42:
37:
32:
2621:Medical Subject Headings
1710:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1651:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1237:Herb M (February 2024).
1174:10.1161/01.res.74.6.1141
459:
2989:Methemoglobin reductase
2974:Cytokinin dehydrogenase
2969:Cytochrome b5 reductase
2761:Leghemoglobin reductase
2742:Methemoglobin reductase
2572:worldwide.espacenet.com
2431:10.1126/science.1148045
2388:10.1056/NEJMcibr0810383
2178:10.1161/01.res.86.5.494
2119:Cardiovascular Research
2068:Frontiers in Physiology
2027:10.1161/JAHA.118.009388
1977:10.1074/jbc.M113.522201
1827:10.1126/science.1117311
1731:10.1186/1471-2148-7-109
1215:10.1161/01.hyp.32.3.488
1133:10.1161/01.hyp.32.2.331
907:coronary artery disease
827:reactive oxygen species
691:Drosophila melanogaster
3247:platelet alpha-granule
2949:Acyl CoA dehydrogenase
2113:Geiszt M (July 2006).
1582:10.1074/jbc.M406487200
1471:Molecular Microbiology
1465:Slauch JM (May 2011).
1430:10.3390/antiox10020313
1256:10.3390/antiox13020219
815:Nitro blue tetrazolium
626:
421:
3200:Eosinophil peroxidase
3019:Thioredoxin reductase
2944:Acetolactate synthase
2257:Vascular Pharmacology
1610:Microbiology Spectrum
1298:10.1091/mbc.4.11.1217
780:myocardial infarction
720:tumor necrosis factor
676:iron-sulphur clusters
624:
419:
3142:Alkaline phosphatase
3074:Azurophilic granules
2165:Circulation Research
1161:Circulation Research
890:diphenylene iodonium
744:diphenylene iodonium
657:which have ingested
3190:Major basic protein
2423:2007Sci...318.1645B
2417:(5856): 1645–1647.
1970:(49): 35058–35067.
1819:2005Sci...310..847H
1722:2007BMCEE...7..109K
1663:2017BMCEE..17...92G
1575:(43): 44590–44599.
1532:10.1189/jlb.0712349
1348:10.1155/2012/217037
1075:(Suppl 1): 97–103.
1027:10.1038/cmi.2014.89
936:designation by the
638:Biological function
2999:NADH dehydrogenase
2845:NADH dehydrogenase
2467:2007-12-30 at the
978:10.1042/CS20150087
672:lipid peroxidation
627:
508:oxidase subunits:
422:
3260:
3259:
3236:
3235:
3124:Specific granules
3027:
3026:
3014:Sarcosine oxidase
3009:Nitrate reductase
2895:
2894:
2595:pauahosting.co.nz
2536:10.1002/hep.25938
2491:(12): 1177–1182.
2382:(11): 1144–1146.
2062:Rhodnius prolixus
1813:(5749): 847–850.
1786:978-3-031-23751-5
1382:(568): eaar5926.
1376:Science Signaling
1335:Journal of Botany
1292:(11): 1217–1223.
903:nitrovasodilators
767:and cell damage.
699:Rhodnius prolixus
648:respiratory burst
477:Neutrophilic type
466:white blood cells
356:
355:
352:
351:
347:structure summary
211:
210:
207:
206:
126:metabolic pathway
16:(Redirected from
3280:
3130:
3129:
3094:serine proteases
3060:Contents of the
3054:
3047:
3040:
3031:
3030:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2530:(6): 2316–2327.
2515:
2509:
2508:
2479:
2473:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2343:10.1172/JCI35535
2322:
2316:
2315:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2224:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2156:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2093:
2083:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1979:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1938:
1928:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1887:
1877:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1743:
1733:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1684:
1674:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1543:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1442:
1432:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1309:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1258:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1217:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1167:(6): 1141–1148.
1152:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1084:
1060:
1049:
1048:
1038:
1006:
1000:
999:
989:
966:Clinical Science
957:
944:at end of 2010.
765:oxidative stress
736:arachidonic acid
724:lactosylceramide
455:
453:
452:
449:
295:
294:
216:Ferric reductase
213:
212:
164:
163:
30:
29:
21:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3232:
3209:
3171:
3118:
3083:Myeloperoxidase
3068:
3058:
3028:
3023:
2935:
2926:
2896:
2891:
2872:
2849:
2826:
2765:
2724:
2681:
2666:Oxidoreductases
2663:
2613:
2608:
2599:
2597:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2576:
2574:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2516:
2512:
2480:
2476:
2469:Wayback Machine
2458:
2454:
2407:
2403:
2372:
2368:
2323:
2319:
2288:
2284:
2252:
2248:
2215:(2): e1001271.
2201:
2194:
2157:
2148:
2111:
2107:
2056:
2052:
2007:
2003:
1956:
1952:
1919:(3): e1001320.
1905:
1901:
1868:(1): e1005773.
1854:
1850:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1761:
1757:
1702:
1698:
1643:
1639:
1602:
1598:
1561:
1557:
1512:
1508:
1463:
1456:
1409:
1405:
1368:
1364:
1327:
1323:
1278:
1274:
1235:
1231:
1194:
1190:
1153:
1149:
1112:
1108:
1061:
1052:
1007:
1003:
958:
954:
950:
878:
835:
784:ischemic stroke
776:atherosclerosis
760:
730:, and oxidized
707:
640:
619:
599:
567:
499:botulinum toxin
479:
462:
450:
447:
446:
444:
440:
414:
271:OPM superfamily
33:NAD(P)H oxidase
28:
23:
22:
18:NAD(P)H oxidase
15:
12:
11:
5:
3286:
3276:
3275:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3127:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3070:
3069:
3057:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3034:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2925:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2902:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2820:Dual oxidase 2
2817:
2815:Dual oxidase 1
2807:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2779:
2777:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2709:
2699:
2697:
2683:
2682:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2624:
2612:
2611:External links
2609:
2607:
2606:
2583:
2559:
2510:
2474:
2452:
2401:
2366:
2337:(1): 136–145.
2317:
2298:(2): 187–206.
2282:
2246:
2209:PLOS Pathogens
2192:
2171:(5): 494–501.
2146:
2125:(2): 289–299.
2105:
2050:
2001:
1950:
1913:PLOS Pathogens
1899:
1848:
1797:
1785:
1755:
1696:
1637:
1596:
1555:
1526:(2): 185–198.
1506:
1477:(3): 580–583.
1454:
1403:
1362:
1321:
1272:
1229:
1208:(3): 488–495.
1188:
1147:
1126:(2): 331–337.
1106:
1050:
1001:
972:(5): 317–335.
951:
949:
946:
877:
874:
866:
865:
859:
854:
849:
834:
831:
759:
756:
706:
703:
639:
636:
618:
615:
614:
613:
608:
598:
595:
594:
593:
588:
582:
581:
576:
566:
563:
562:
561:
560:
559:
549:
539:
529:
519:
502:
478:
475:
461:
458:
457:
456:
442:
413:
410:
354:
353:
350:
349:
344:
338:
337:
324:
318:
317:
307:
300:
299:
291:
290:
285:
279:
278:
273:
267:
266:
261:
255:
254:
249:
243:
242:
237:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
218:
217:
209:
208:
205:
204:
199:
193:
192:
187:
181:
180:
175:
169:
168:
160:
159:
148:
141:
140:
135:
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
64:
63:
58:
52:
51:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
27:Enzyme complex
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3285:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3253:
3252:
3251:dense granule
3248:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:NADPH oxidase
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:NADPH oxidase
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2933:flavoproteins
2930:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2783:NADPH oxidase
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2617:NADPH+Oxidase
2615:
2614:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2478:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1862:PLOS Genetics
1859:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
997:
993:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
956:
952:
945:
943:
939:
935:
932:and obtained
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
915:heart failure
912:
908:
904:
899:
897:
896:
891:
887:
883:
873:
871:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
847:
844:
843:
842:
840:
830:
828:
824:
819:
816:
812:
811:schizophrenia
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
755:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:interleukin-1
725:
721:
717:
713:
702:
700:
696:
695:Aedes aegypti
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
635:
632:
623:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
602:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
580:
577:
575:
572:
571:
570:
565:Vascular type
557:
553:
550:
547:
543:
540:
537:
533:
530:
527:
523:
520:
517:
513:
510:
509:
507:
503:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
483:
482:
474:
471:
467:
439:
438:
437:
435:
431:
427:
418:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
361:
348:
345:
343:
339:
336:
332:
328:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
308:
305:
301:
296:
292:
289:
286:
284:
280:
277:
274:
272:
268:
265:
262:
260:
256:
253:
250:
248:
244:
241:
238:
236:
232:
229:NADPH oxidase
228:
224:
219:
214:
203:
200:
198:
194:
191:
188:
186:
182:
179:
176:
174:
170:
165:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
142:
139:
136:
134:
130:
127:
124:
122:
118:
115:
112:
110:
106:
103:
102:NiceZyme view
100:
98:
94:
91:
88:
86:
82:
79:
76:
74:
70:
65:
62:
59:
57:
53:
50:
47:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3244:
3167:Cathelicidin
3156:
3098:Proteinase 3
3066:granulocytes
3003:
2964:Cryptochrome
2810:dual oxidase
2809:
2782:
2717:
2713:
2704:
2598:. Retrieved
2594:
2586:
2575:. Retrieved
2571:
2562:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2460:
2455:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2212:
2208:
2168:
2164:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2053:
2018:
2014:
2004:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1790:, retrieved
1768:
1758:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1474:
1470:
1420:
1417:Antioxidants
1416:
1406:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1246:
1243:Antioxidants
1242:
1232:
1205:
1202:Hypertension
1201:
1191:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1123:
1120:Hypertension
1119:
1109:
1072:
1068:
1018:
1014:
1004:
969:
965:
955:
919:
911:hypertension
900:
893:
886:nitric oxide
879:
867:
836:
820:
796:
772:hypertension
769:
761:
752:
708:
698:
694:
690:
680:
652:
641:
628:
600:
597:Thyroid type
568:
555:
545:
535:
525:
515:
480:
463:
423:
358:
357:
90:BRENDA entry
3162:Collagenase
3147:Lactoferrin
3114:Collagenase
2859:Nitrogenous
2459:Tom Fagan.
1021:(1): 5–23.
934:orphan drug
803:parvalbumin
445:↔ NADP + 2O
283:OPM protein
221:Identifiers
78:IntEnz view
61:77106-92-4
38:Identifiers
3177:Eosinophil
3134:Neutrophil
2984:Flavodoxin
2838:or similar
2720:-specific)
2707:-specific)
2600:2017-05-04
2577:2017-05-04
2524:Hepatology
2074:: 633093.
1792:2023-10-19
1716:(1): 109.
1423:(2): 313.
948:References
924:(Formerly
888:(NO), and
876:Inhibition
788:foam cells
705:Regulation
687:Arthropods
655:phagosomes
506:phagocytic
501:substrate)
489:, usually
487:Rho GTPase
441:NADPH + 2O
426:superoxide
374:neutrophil
370:phagosomes
310:structures
147:structures
114:KEGG entry
3245:see also
3228:Histamine
3185:Cathepsin
3088:Defensins
2263:: 22–32.
1657:(1): 92.
1357:2090-0120
1092:1807/8204
926:GKT137831
833:Mutations
758:Pathology
674:, damage
631:cytosolic
617:Structure
252:IPR013130
67:Databases
3267:Category
3215:Basophil
3152:Lysozyme
3104:Lysozyme
3092:neutral
3062:granules
2788:P91-PHOX
2554:22806357
2505:24144948
2485:Placenta
2465:Archived
2447:41932041
2439:18063801
2396:19279347
2361:19065049
2312:11316520
2277:28351775
2241:21304882
2187:10720409
2141:16765921
2100:33716782
2045:29907654
1996:24174530
1945:21445237
1894:26726767
1843:12476863
1835:16272120
1750:17612411
1691:28356077
1632:27726789
1591:15308657
1550:23066164
1501:21375590
1449:33669824
1398:30755476
1341:: 1–26.
1266:10886416
1101:15962105
1045:25263488
996:26814203
882:apocynin
799:ketamine
740:apocynin
722:(TNFa),
718:(PDGF),
712:thrombin
667:bacteria
659:bacteria
470:vascular
412:Reaction
378:isoforms
372:used by
327:RCSB PDB
247:InterPro
202:proteins
190:articles
178:articles
151:RCSB PDB
3223:Heparin
2929:Protein
2880:: other
2836:Quinone
2630:1.6.3.1
2545:3493679
2419:Bibcode
2411:Science
2352:2613464
2232:3033375
2091:7947236
2036:6220544
1987:3853258
1936:3060171
1885:4699737
1815:Bibcode
1807:Science
1741:1940245
1718:Bibcode
1682:5372347
1659:Bibcode
1541:3545676
1492:3109634
1440:7923022
1316:8305740
1224:9740615
1183:8187280
1142:9719063
1036:4654378
987:4818578
922:GKT-831
895:in vivo
748:in vivo
683:insects
362:oxidase
240:PF01794
138:profile
121:MetaCyc
56:CAS no.
49:1.6.3.1
2878:1.6.99
2775:Oxygen
2623:(MeSH)
2552:
2542:
2503:
2445:
2437:
2394:
2359:
2349:
2310:
2275:
2239:
2229:
2185:
2139:
2098:
2088:
2043:
2033:
2021:(12).
1994:
1984:
1943:
1933:
1892:
1882:
1841:
1833:
1783:
1748:
1738:
1689:
1679:
1630:
1589:
1548:
1538:
1499:
1489:
1447:
1437:
1396:
1355:
1314:
1307:275755
1304:
1263:
1222:
1181:
1140:
1099:
1043:
1033:
994:
984:
913:, and
823:sFlt-1
792:intima
782:, and
430:oxygen
404:, and
366:enzyme
342:PDBsum
316:
306:
226:Symbol
185:PubMed
167:Search
157:PDBsum
97:ExPASy
85:BRENDA
73:IntEnz
44:EC no.
2861:group
2855:1.6.6
2832:1.6.5
2771:1.6.3
2730:1.6.2
2687:1.6.1
2674:NADPH
2443:S2CID
1839:S2CID
1616:(4).
1249:(2).
848:(CGD)
807:GAD67
663:fungi
611:DUOX2
606:DUOX1
504:Five
460:Types
434:NADPH
432:from
406:DUOX2
402:DUOX1
360:NADPH
264:5.B.1
133:PRIAM
3126:(2°)
3076:(1°)
2734:Heme
2695:NADP
2680:1.6)
2670:NADH
2550:PMID
2501:PMID
2435:PMID
2392:PMID
2357:PMID
2308:PMID
2273:PMID
2237:PMID
2183:PMID
2137:PMID
2096:PMID
2041:PMID
1992:PMID
1941:PMID
1890:PMID
1831:PMID
1781:ISBN
1746:PMID
1687:PMID
1628:PMID
1587:PMID
1546:PMID
1497:PMID
1445:PMID
1394:PMID
1353:ISSN
1339:2012
1312:PMID
1220:PMID
1179:PMID
1138:PMID
1097:PMID
1041:PMID
992:PMID
940:and
805:and
742:and
661:and
591:NOX5
586:NOX4
579:NOX3
574:NOX1
556:NCF2
546:NCF1
536:NCF4
526:CYBA
516:NOX2
512:gp91
495:Rac2
491:Rac1
398:NOX5
394:NOX4
390:NOX3
386:NOX2
382:NOX1
335:PDBj
331:PDBe
314:ECOD
304:Pfam
288:5o05
259:TCDB
235:Pfam
197:NCBI
154:PDBe
109:KEGG
3064:of
2691:NAD
2672:or
2540:PMC
2532:doi
2493:doi
2427:doi
2415:318
2384:doi
2380:360
2347:PMC
2339:doi
2335:119
2300:doi
2265:doi
2227:PMC
2217:doi
2173:doi
2127:doi
2086:PMC
2076:doi
2031:PMC
2023:doi
1982:PMC
1972:doi
1968:288
1931:PMC
1921:doi
1880:PMC
1870:doi
1823:doi
1811:310
1773:doi
1736:PMC
1726:doi
1677:PMC
1667:doi
1618:doi
1577:doi
1573:279
1536:PMC
1528:doi
1487:PMC
1479:doi
1435:PMC
1425:doi
1384:doi
1343:doi
1302:PMC
1294:doi
1261:PMC
1251:doi
1210:doi
1169:doi
1128:doi
1087:hdl
1077:doi
1073:100
1031:PMC
1023:doi
982:PMC
974:doi
970:130
942:EMA
938:FDA
732:LDL
681:In
552:p67
542:p47
532:p40
522:p22
493:or
454:+ H
322:PDB
276:464
173:PMC
145:PDB
3269::
3249:,
2931::
2857::
2834::
2773::
2732::
2718:Si
2714:Re
2705:Si
2689::
2678:EC
2668::
2627:EC
2570:.
2548:.
2538:.
2528:56
2526:.
2522:.
2499:.
2489:34
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2066:.
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2013:.
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