99:
every performance, and criticism may, therefore, be directed both at the text (musical score) and the performance. More specifically, as music has a temporal dimension that requires repetition or development of its material "problems of balance, contrast, expectation and fulfilment... are more central to music than to other arts, supported as these are by verbal or representational content." The absence of a systematic or consensus-based musical aesthetics has also tended to make music criticism a highly subjective issue. "There is no counter-check outside the critic's own personality."
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in the arts. Both of these had consequences for the practice of music criticism; "the tone of the critic was lowered as his audience expanded: he began to approach the reader as a colleague rather than a pedagogue", and a new generation of critics began to widen their consideration to other aspects
245:
A further impetus to the direction of music criticism was given by the changing nature of concert programming with the establishment of the
European classical music canon; indeed it is at this period that the word 'classical' is first applied to a received musical tradition. At the same time, the
98:
or literary arts, the 'language' of music does not specifically relate to human sensory experience – Dean's words, "the word 'love' is common coin in life and literature: the note C has nothing to do with breakfast or railway journeys or marital harmony." Like dramatic art, music is recreated at
133:, the active concert life of late 18th-century London meant that "the role and the function of arts criticism as we know it today were the creations of the English public." However, the first magazines specifically devoted to music criticism seem to have developed in Germany, for example,
206:
that egregious absurdity of repeating, and finishing many songs with the first part; when it often happens, after the passions of anger and revenge have been sufficiently expressed, that reconcilement and love are the subjects of the second, and, therefore, should conclude the
267:, and this is often regarded as the precursor of a new genre of criticism aimed at a wider readership than qualified connoisseurs. In subsequent years several regular journals dedicated to music criticism and reviews began to appear in major European centres, including
246:
proportion of new music to 'canonic' music in concert programming began to decline, meaning that living composers were increasingly in competition with their dead predecessors. This was particularly the case in respect of the rise of
211:
Typically, until the late eighteenth century, music criticism centred on vocal rather than instrumental music – "vocal music ... was the apex of aesthetic hierarchy. One knew what music was expressing."
250:'s reputation in his last year and posthumously. This gave rise both to writings on the value of the 'canon' and also to writings by composers and their supporters defending newer music.
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With the concurrent expansion of interest in music and information media since the turn of the 20th century, the term has come to acquire the conventional meaning of
85:
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The last years of the eighteenth century reflected both a change of patronage of music from the aristocracy to the rising middle classes, and the rise of
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of music than its pure representative aspects, becoming increasingly interested in instrumental music. Prominent amongst these was
112:
Critical references to music (often deprecating performers or styles) can be found in early literature, including, for example, in
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799:
Weber, William (2003). "Consequences of Canon: The
Institutionalization of Enmity between Contemporary and Classical Music",
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as "the intellectual activity of formulating judgments on the value and degree of excellence of individual works of
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That instrumental music has now risen to a level of which one probably had no inkling not long ago and that the
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and during his 1839–42 stay in Paris for
Schlesinger's publishing house and German newspapers. The writer
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is too much concerned with naturalistic imitation than with expression, and criticises the habit, in
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has suggested that "music is probably the most difficult of the arts to criticise." Unlike the
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182:(1709–1770) published the first work on musical criticism in the English language – an
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153:(the dispute between supporters of French and Italian opera styles as represented by
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Weber, William (2001). "From
Miscellany to Homogeneity in Concert Programming", in
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319:. Other journals at this period also began to carry extensive writings on music:
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31:
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Composer and Critic: 200 Years of
Musical Criticism. London: Chapman & Hall.
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Jewry in Music: Entry to the
Profession from the Enlightenment to Richard Wagner
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363:(1813–85) began his lifelong career as a music critic, writing 40 years for
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of instruments, as it were – all this is well-known to every music-lover.
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published in 1752. In it, Avison claims that since the time of
65:, or whole groups or genres". In this sense, it is a branch of
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141:(1728), which included publications of new compositions, and
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62:
685:
Charlton, David (2003). "Hoffmann as a Writer on Music", in
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reported on music and literature in Paris for the
Stuttgart
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41:
785:. London: William Pickering; John Bowyer Nichols and Son.
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for reporting on classical and popular music in the media
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criticism. For the contemporary usage of the term, see
541:
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Writing about music is like dancing about architecture
726:(ed. Stanley Sadie) vol. 5, 36–50. London: Macmillan
357:"one of the first musical critics in the metropolis "
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Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries
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149:between 1737 and 1740. In France in the 1750s, the
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766:Music in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
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48:, an influential music critic of the 19th-century
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747:Hoffmann, E. T. A., ed. David Charlton (2003).
74:journalistic reporting on musical performances
868:
672:Bujic, Bojan (n.d.) "Criticism of Music" in
79:
723:New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
875:
861:
781:Urban, Sylvanus, ed. (1843). "Deaths", in
1512:Music technology (electronic and digital)
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751:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
711:Davison, J.W., ed. Henry Davison (1912).
698:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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291:Berliner allgemeine musikalische Zeitung
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1050:Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc
856:
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720:Dean, Winton (1980). "Criticism", in
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749:E. T. A. Hoffmann's Musical Writings
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161:respectively) generated essays from
24:
2726:Classical and art music traditions
1158:History of lute-family instruments
975:Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat
808:
768:, Oxford: Oxford University Press
282:Revue et gazette musicale de Paris
263:(1769–1842), began publication in
25:
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820:"In Memory of the Critic's Trade"
2898:
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2442:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1917:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1517:Sound recording and reproduction
970:Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta
2746:Jazz and popular music glossary
589:
256:Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung
1987:Federated States of Micronesia
307:founded in 1834 in Leipzig by
13:
1:
1030:Philippine art songs—Kundiman
950:Afghan classical music—Klasik
674:The Oxford Companion to Music
349:Zeitung für die elegante Welt
285:(Paris 1827–1880, founded by
54:The Oxford Companion to Music
2891:Record production portal
2736:Cultural and regional genres
995:Indonesian art music—Gamelan
7:
1507:Music technology (electric)
1045:Thai classical music—Piphat
1000:Japanese court music—Gagaku
657:Essay on Musical Expression
379:List of chief music critics
372:
184:Essay on Musical Expression
10:
2941:
1153:History of the harpsichord
1040:Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka
840:"The Shop Talk of Critics"
764:Taruskin, Richard (2010).
680:, accessed 1 January 2013.
648:
304:Neue Zeitschrift für Musik
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715:. London: William Reeves.
279:(London, 1844-date), the
139:Der getreue Music-Meister
80:Nature of music criticism
27:Classical music criticism
1862:Central African Republic
1405:Computational musicology
955:Andalusi classical music
783:The Gentleman's Magazine
655:Avison, Charles (1752).
395:
124:medieval music theorists
2751:Music genres and styles
1055:Western classical music
1025:Persian classical music
390:Category: Music critics
355:(1791–1843) was called
323:wrote for the Parisian
122:and in the writings of
2731:Classical music genres
1807:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1348:Doctor of Musical Arts
1173:History of the trumpet
985:Indian classical music
694:Conway, David (2012).
315:, and later edited by
243:
209:
196:George Frideric Handel
165:and others, including
135:Georg Philipp Telemann
108:To end of 18th century
49:
30:This article is about
2557:São Tomé and Príncipe
2432:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2412:Republic of the Congo
1178:History of the violin
830:on 23 September 2020.
361:James William Davison
287:François-Joseph Fétis
231:
204:
178:The English composer
163:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
151:Querelle des Bouffons
143:Der kritische Musikus
44:
2627:United Arab Emirates
1692:
1400:Cognitive musicology
836:Schonberg, Harold C.
353:George Henry Caunter
155:Jean-Philippe Rameau
2777:Aesthetics of music
2592:Trinidad and Tobago
1727:Antigua and Barbuda
1211:Band (rock and pop)
1135:Musical instruments
1010:Lao classical music
678:Oxford Music Online
343:wrote articles for
293:founded in 1825 by
229:, who wrote in 1809
159:Jean-Baptiste Lully
2839:Musical instrument
2807:Music and politics
1937:Dominican Republic
1685:By sovereign state
1005:Korean court music
965:Azerbaijani Mugham
845:The New York Times
818:(September 2019).
739:Graf, Max (1948).
336:Allgemeine Zeitung
326:Journal des débats
273:(London 1823–33),
261:Friedrich Rochlitz
216:Age of Romanticism
145:which appeared in
67:musical aesthetics
50:
2912:
2911:
2797:Music and fashion
2792:Music and emotion
2694:
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1962:Equatorial Guinea
1458:A-side and B-side
1363:Music archaeology
1338:Bachelor of Music
1186:
1185:
1120:Psychedelic music
1115:Progressive music
1035:Scottish Ceòl Mór
824:DePauw University
774:978-0-19-538482-6
704:978-1-107-01538-8
276:The Musical Times
227:E. T. A. Hoffmann
90:The musicologist
16:(Redirected from
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2877:Music portal
2875:
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2829:Music technology
2817:Environmentalism
2770:Related articles
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2242:Marshall Islands
1689:
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1635:Central American
1373:Music psychology
1258:Backing vocalist
1095:Electronic music
938:
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892:History of music
877:
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826:. Archived from
804:
801:Common Knowledge
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384:Music journalism
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131:Richard Taruskin
36:music journalism
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838:(20 May 1979).
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1487:Audio engineer
1484:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1420:New musicology
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
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1296:
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1269:
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1265:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1226:Rhythm section
1223:
1218:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
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1165:
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1155:
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1128:
1127:
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1117:
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1107:
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1097:
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1087:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
946:
944:
935:
934:
929:
928:
927:
917:
912:
907:
902:
896:
894:
888:
887:
880:
879:
872:
865:
857:
851:
850:
832:
810:
807:
806:
805:
796:
787:
778:
761:
744:
736:
717:
708:
691:
687:Hoffmann (2003
682:
669:
650:
647:
645:
644:
632:
620:
608:
588:
576:
564:
552:
540:
528:
516:
504:
492:
480:
468:
456:
444:
429:
417:
399:
397:
394:
393:
392:
387:
381:
374:
371:
345:Heinrich Laube
341:Richard Wagner
331:Heinrich Heine
321:Hector Berlioz
297:and edited by
270:The Harmonicon
217:
214:
200:Italian operas
180:Charles Avison
109:
106:
104:
101:
81:
78:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2937:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2905:
2904:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2881:
2879:
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2867:
2866:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2834:Music therapy
2832:
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2827:
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2818:
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2697:
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2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2637:United States
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
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2600:
2598:
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2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
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2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
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2555:
2553:
2550:
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2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
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2468:
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2325:
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2300:
2298:
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2275:
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2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
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2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:Liechtenstein
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
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2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2052:Guinea-Bissau
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
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1933:
1930:
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1925:
1923:
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1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1538:Cultural and
1534:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1465:Extended play
1463:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1435:Zoomusicology
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1410:Ecomusicology
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1395:Biomusicology
1393:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1368:Music history
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1304:Improvisation
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1253:Lead vocalist
1251:
1250:
1249:
1248:Military band
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:Hip hop music
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1090:Country music
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1020:Ottoman music
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
945:
943:
939:
933:
930:
926:
923:
922:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
895:
893:
889:
885:
878:
873:
871:
866:
864:
859:
858:
855:
847:
846:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:
802:
797:
793:
788:
784:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
758:
757:0 521 23520 0
754:
750:
745:
742:
737:
733:
732:0-333-23111-2
729:
725:
724:
718:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
688:
683:
679:
675:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
652:
641:
636:
629:
624:
617:
616:Taruskin 2010
612:
605:
601:
597:
592:
585:
580:
573:
572:Hoffmann 2003
568:
561:
556:
549:
544:
537:
536:Charlton 2003
532:
525:
520:
513:
508:
501:
496:
489:
488:Taruskin 2010
484:
477:
472:
465:
464:Taruskin 2010
460:
453:
448:
441:
436:
434:
426:
421:
414:
409:
407:
405:
400:
391:
388:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
370:
369:
367:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:
332:
328:
327:
322:
318:
317:Franz Brendel
314:
310:
306:
305:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:
278:
277:
272:
271:
266:
262:
258:
257:
251:
249:
242:
240:
236:
230:
228:
223:
213:
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
173:
168:
167:Denis Diderot
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:According to
127:
125:
121:
120:
115:
100:
97:
93:
87:
77:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:
47:
43:
37:
33:
19:
2896:
2882:
2868:
2657:Vatican City
2607:Turkmenistan
2507:South Africa
2477:Sierra Leone
2457:Saudi Arabia
1832:Burkina Faso
1492:Record label
1378:Music school
1238:Concert band
1148:Angular harp
1075:Circus music
960:Arabic music
843:
828:the original
800:
791:
782:
765:
748:
740:
721:
712:
695:
673:
661:Downloadable
656:
640:Davison 1912
635:
623:
611:
591:
579:
567:
555:
543:
531:
519:
507:
495:
483:
471:
459:
447:
420:
364:
356:
348:
347:'s magazine
339:, the young
334:
324:
302:
290:
280:
274:
268:
259:, edited by
254:
253:In 1798 the
252:
244:
238:
232:
219:
210:
207:performance.
205:
183:
177:
170:
142:
138:
128:
117:
111:
89:
71:
58:
52:
51:
18:Music critic
2761:Terminology
2741:Instruments
2547:Switzerland
2517:South Sudan
2512:South Korea
2437:Saint Lucia
2392:Philippines
2337:North Korea
2317:New Zealand
2312:Netherlands
2117:Ivory Coast
1957:El Salvador
1702:Afghanistan
1669:Micronesian
1470:Compilation
1383:Composition
1278:Composition
1243:Disc jockey
1216:Backup band
1143:Arched Harp
900:Prehistoric
803:9/2, 78–99.
794:29, 127–34.
659:. London.
596:Conway 2012
548:Conway 2012
524:Avison 1752
500:Avison 1752
222:Romanticism
92:Winton Dean
2647:Uzbekistan
2567:Tajikistan
2472:Seychelles
2452:San Marino
2287:Mozambique
2277:Montenegro
2247:Mauritania
2212:Madagascar
2207:Luxembourg
2162:Kyrgyzstan
2137:Kazakhstan
1942:East Timor
1892:Costa Rica
1857:Cape Verde
1767:Bangladesh
1752:Azerbaijan
1674:Polynesian
1664:Melanesian
1446:Production
1425:Organology
1390:Musicology
1125:Soul music
1080:Folk music
1065:Vernacular
628:Urban 1843
604:Weber 2003
600:Weber 2001
359:. In 1835
301:, and the
299:A. B. Marx
188:Palestrina
84:See also:
2782:Album era
2662:Venezuela
2527:Sri Lanka
2482:Singapore
2367:Palestine
2322:Nicaragua
2252:Mauritius
2202:Lithuania
2087:Indonesia
2042:Guatemala
1742:Australia
1732:Argentina
1652:Caribbean
1606:Southeast
1331:and study
1329:Education
1319:Technique
1200:Ensembles
1110:Pop music
942:Art music
920:Religious
816:Page, Tim
584:Graf 1948
560:Dean 1980
512:Dean 1980
476:Dean 1980
452:Dean 1980
440:Dean 1980
425:Dean 1980
413:Bujic n.d
366:The Times
248:Beethoven
175:(1761).
2919:Category
2903:Category
2716:Timeline
2687:Zimbabwe
2577:Thailand
2572:Tanzania
2537:Suriname
2492:Slovenia
2487:Slovakia
2402:Portugal
2382:Paraguay
2357:Pakistan
2272:Mongolia
2227:Maldives
2222:Malaysia
2147:Kiribati
2067:Honduras
1982:Ethiopia
1977:Eswatini
1932:Dominica
1927:Djibouti
1882:Colombia
1847:Cameroon
1842:Cambodia
1827:Bulgaria
1812:Botswana
1772:Barbados
1659:Oceanian
1613:European
1569:Southern
1502:Sampling
1299:Notation
1233:Big band
1195:Musician
925:Biblical
689:, 1–22).
598:, 50–1;
574:, 222–3.
490:, 441–2.
373:See also
235:symphony
57:defines
2812:Warfare
2711:Outline
2667:Vietnam
2652:Vanuatu
2642:Uruguay
2622:Ukraine
2597:Tunisia
2502:Somalia
2462:Senegal
2417:Romania
2332:Nigeria
2297:Namibia
2292:Myanmar
2282:Morocco
2262:Moldova
2187:Liberia
2182:Lesotho
2177:Lebanon
2122:Jamaica
2102:Ireland
2077:Iceland
2072:Hungary
2037:Grenada
2022:Germany
2017:Georgia
1997:Finland
1972:Estonia
1967:Eritrea
1947:Ecuador
1922:Denmark
1897:Croatia
1887:Comoros
1837:Burundi
1802:Bolivia
1782:Belgium
1777:Belarus
1762:Bahrain
1757:Bahamas
1747:Austria
1737:Armenia
1717:Andorra
1712:Algeria
1707:Albania
1586:Central
1554:Central
1549:African
932:Secular
915:Martial
905:Ancient
792:Poetics
649:Sources
550:, 11–2.
454:, 46–7.
289:), the
265:Leipzig
192:Raphael
147:Hamburg
103:History
96:plastic
2721:Albums
2682:Zambia
2617:Uganda
2612:Tuvalu
2602:Turkey
2562:Taiwan
2542:Sweden
2467:Serbia
2427:Rwanda
2422:Russia
2397:Poland
2372:Panama
2347:Norway
2267:Monaco
2257:Mexico
2217:Malawi
2172:Latvia
2157:Kuwait
2152:Kosovo
2132:Jordan
2107:Israel
2057:Guyana
2047:Guinea
2032:Greece
2012:Gambia
2002:France
1907:Cyprus
1852:Canada
1822:Brunei
1817:Brazil
1797:Bhutan
1787:Belize
1722:Angola
1693:
1623:Nordic
1618:Balkan
1453:Single
1358:Method
1309:Lyrics
1273:Theory
772:
755:
730:
702:
630:, 442.
618:, 673.
466:, 571.
2756:Songs
2706:Index
2699:Lists
2677:Yemen
2587:Tonga
2552:Syria
2532:Sudan
2522:Spain
2447:Samoa
2407:Qatar
2362:Palau
2327:Niger
2307:Nepal
2302:Nauru
2237:Malta
2192:Libya
2142:Kenya
2127:Japan
2112:Italy
2082:India
2062:Haiti
2027:Ghana
2007:Gabon
1952:Egypt
1877:China
1872:Chile
1792:Benin
1601:South
1581:Asian
1564:North
1527:Remix
1522:Cover
1480:Remix
1294:Genre
1163:Nafir
1085:Blues
1067:music
910:Dance
884:Music
665:IMSLP
663:from
562:, 38.
538:, 10.
526:, 73.
514:, 37.
502:, 37.
478:, 39.
442:, 45.
427:, 44.
396:Notes
239:opera
202:, of
114:Plato
63:music
2849:Folk
2582:Togo
2387:Peru
2352:Oman
2232:Mali
2167:Laos
2097:Iraq
2092:Iran
1992:Fiji
1902:Cuba
1867:Chad
1591:East
1574:West
1559:East
1475:Live
1314:Song
1289:Form
1105:Jazz
770:ISBN
753:ISBN
728:ISBN
700:ISBN
642:, v.
311:and
190:and
157:and
119:Laws
1353:PhD
169:'s
137:'s
116:'s
2921::
842:.
822:.
676:,
602:;
432:^
403:^
329:,
126:.
76:.
69:.
876:e
869:t
862:v
848:.
776:.
759:.
734:.
706:.
667:.
606:.
586:.
415:.
368:.
38:.
20:)
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