47:
806:
3505:
818:
923:
system used throughout the world. In this system, money is created whenever a bank gives out a new loan. This is because the loan, when drawn on and spent, mostly finishes up as a deposit back in the banking system and is counted as part of money supply. After putting aside a part of these deposits
1037:
for the inspiration behind his seminal 1939 contribution. The original
Samuelson multiplier-accelerator model (or, as he belatedly baptised it, the "Hansen-Samuelson" model) relies on a multiplier mechanism that is based on a simple Keynesian consumption function with a Robertsonian lag:
3320:
3206:
2018:
3107:
1507:
3532:
school of economics is credited as the "first precise formulation" of interdependent systems in economics and the origin of multiplier theory. In the tableau Ă©conomique, one sees variables in one period (time
2149:
1668:
2976:
1269:
2352:
2546:
1360:
2257:
3024:
2925:
2437:
3212:
1861:
1793:
1101:
3113:
2729:
2786:, it is impossible to calculate the effect of deficit-financed government spending on demand without specifying how people expect the deficit to be paid off in the future.
1163:
3433:
3397:
3361:
2778:
1274:
The first part is autonomous investment, the second is investment induced by interest rates and the final part is investment induced by changes in consumption demand (the "
1278:" principle). It is assumed that b > 0. As we are concentrating on the income-expenditure side, let us assume I(r) = 0 (or alternatively, constant interest), so that:
1549:
1731:
2656:
2628:
2600:
2573:
2467:
2179:
1698:
3035:
763:
848:
1869:
3453:
variables change in the short run, given a change in one or more exogenous variables. The comparative statics method is an application of the
2782:
Opponents of
Keynesianism have sometimes argued that Keynesian multiplier calculations are misleading; for example, according to the theory of
938:
The multiplier may vary across countries, and will also vary depending on what measures of money are being considered. For example, consider
1371:
943:
939:
4787:
4743:
989:
is 1.5. Other types of fiscal multipliers can also be calculated, like multipliers that describe the effects of changing taxes (such as
2931:
2033:
1557:
1172:). Here, t is the tax rate and m is the ratio of imports to GDP. Investment, in turn, is assumed to be composed of three parts:
931:, the balance is available for the making of further loans by the bank. This process continues multiple times, and is called the
2982:
2883:
382:
158:
3655:
841:
3791:
3714:
3476:+2, and so forth. A graph showing the impact on some endogenous variable, over time (that is, the multipliers for times
1178:
519:
367:
2265:
3643:
3403:
3367:
3331:
2472:
460:
1284:
3460:
Dynamic multipliers can also be calculated. That is, one can ask how a change in some exogenous variable in year
2184:
834:
4225:
2363:
1169:
981:
For example, if an increase in German government spending by €100, with no change in tax rates, causes German
4195:
4185:
3878:
565:
372:
4406:
1798:
4812:
4345:
4318:
2659:
1006:
965:
504:
492:
1736:
1044:
4772:
4753:
4330:
4175:
4141:
4126:
4105:
4100:
394:
224:
148:
76:
2668:
4747:
4323:
4013:
4003:
920:
514:
497:
377:
3893:
3666:
3454:
399:
1107:
4777:
4723:
4466:
4421:
4260:
4131:
4008:
3592:
3545:
2737:
588:
553:
389:
4481:
4431:
4265:
4255:
4245:
4235:
3973:
3963:
3923:
3913:
3786:
3707:
3670:
3582:
3315:{\displaystyle \Delta Y={c \over s+m}\cdot \Delta (-T)+{1 \over s+m}(\Delta I+\Delta G+\Delta X)}
558:
480:
475:
447:
30:
4601:
4446:
4306:
4249:
4205:
4168:
3918:
3858:
3833:
3803:
3776:
3587:
3450:
1515:
790:
541:
357:
352:
304:
163:
3685:
3681:
4733:
4416:
4391:
4376:
4350:
4289:
3968:
3908:
3888:
3883:
3565:
2835:
2783:
1703:
630:
605:
509:
442:
168:
131:
109:
104:
3521:
3509:
4782:
4486:
4230:
4200:
4153:
4116:
4042:
3993:
3958:
3898:
3863:
3798:
3781:
3493:
3201:{\displaystyle \Delta Y={s \over s+m}\cdot \Delta G+{1 \over s+m}\cdot (\Delta I+\Delta X)}
2634:
2606:
2578:
2551:
2445:
2157:
1676:
925:
548:
362:
207:
3731:
8:
4712:
4521:
4340:
4240:
4220:
4180:
4136:
4121:
4077:
4018:
3943:
3933:
3903:
3826:
3446:
2154:
The solution to this system then becomes elementary. The equilibrium level of Y (call it
2024:
1011:
870:
758:
635:
470:
432:
173:
136:
20:
4381:
3813:
3623:
3525:
3513:
595:
4767:
4738:
4696:
4501:
4210:
4190:
4158:
4072:
4067:
4047:
3998:
3938:
3928:
3873:
3868:
3700:
3577:
3541:+1), and a constant rate of flow yields geometric series, which computes a multiplier.
2844:
1275:
874:
710:
437:
404:
342:
4631:
4606:
4516:
4396:
4284:
4087:
4023:
3988:
3978:
3848:
959:
785:
773:
730:
575:
570:
294:
219:
4556:
645:
4681:
4626:
4611:
4596:
4581:
4511:
4491:
4471:
4426:
4033:
3983:
3953:
3948:
3838:
3764:
3553:
3489:
1015:
994:
720:
705:
231:
202:
190:
180:
116:
96:
66:
61:
4561:
3492:
The general method for calculating impulse response functions is sometimes called
4792:
4686:
4651:
4616:
4551:
4476:
4461:
4355:
4311:
4148:
4082:
4057:
4052:
4028:
3759:
3744:
3658:
3654:
The
Economic record, by the Economic Society of Australia and New Zealand, 1962,
3639:
3557:
1365:
Now, assuming away government and foreign sector, aggregate demand at time t is:
947:
822:
725:
685:
665:
531:
332:
327:
322:
289:
261:
121:
4706:
4691:
4656:
4641:
4621:
4591:
4411:
4062:
3771:
3739:
1030:
913:
862:
780:
695:
690:
347:
197:
153:
71:
46:
38:
4441:
3556:, and others, following earlier work in the 1890s by the Australian economist
615:
4806:
4671:
4661:
4636:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4546:
4536:
4506:
4496:
4401:
4301:
4274:
4038:
971:
928:
715:
700:
675:
660:
655:
650:
625:
620:
284:
246:
143:
4701:
4646:
4541:
4531:
4526:
4451:
4296:
3821:
3749:
3561:
2013:{\displaystyle Y_{t}=C_{0}+I_{0}+cY_{t-1}+b(C_{0}+cY_{t-1}-C_{0}-cY_{t-2})}
1034:
990:
810:
735:
680:
640:
427:
299:
266:
256:
214:
91:
86:
4676:
4666:
4456:
4335:
4279:
3754:
3529:
2814:
740:
251:
236:
3102:{\displaystyle \Delta Y={1 \over s+m}\cdot (\Delta I+\Delta G+\Delta X)}
4586:
4386:
4163:
946:
as a measure of the U.S. monetary base. If a $ 1 increase in M0 by the
670:
600:
536:
487:
2469:
is also easy to determine. Namely, we know that it will have the form
1026:
shifts left or right in response to an exogenous change in spending.)
4436:
4366:
3723:
1502:{\displaystyle Ytd=C_{t}+I_{t}=C_{0}+I_{0}+cY_{t-1}+b(C_{t}-C_{t-1})}
768:
610:
241:
126:
81:
4215:
3544:
The modern theory of the multiplier was developed in the 1930s, by
3445:
The general method for calculating short-run multipliers is called
1168:
so present consumption is a function of past income (with c as the
3504:
1014:
economists often calculate multipliers that measure the effect on
2662:(characteristic roots) of the following characteristic equation:
2794:
The three most known multiplier formula are as depicted, where:
950:
causes M2 to increase by $ 10, then the money multiplier is 10.
3549:
3449:. That is, comparative statics calculates how much one or more
817:
3671:
http://www.rba.gov.au/publications/rdp/2000/pdf/rdp2000-04.pdf
1023:
1000:
409:
185:
3692:
2144:{\displaystyle Y_{t}-(1+b)cY_{t-1}+bcY_{t-2}=(C_{0}+I_{0})}
1663:{\displaystyle Y_{t}=C_{0}+I_{0}+cY_{t-1}+b(C_{t}-C_{t-1})}
982:
975:
869:
is a factor of proportionality that measures how much an
2789:
970:
Multipliers can be calculated to analyze the effects of
2181:, the particular solution) is easily solved by letting
2023:
or, rearranging and rewriting as a second order linear
912:
Two multipliers are commonly discussed in introductory
3406:
3370:
3334:
3215:
3116:
3038:
2985:
2934:
2886:
2740:
2671:
2637:
2609:
2581:
2554:
2475:
2448:
2366:
2268:
2187:
2160:
2036:
1872:
1801:
1739:
1706:
1679:
1560:
1518:
1374:
1287:
1181:
1110:
1047:
919:
Commercial banks create money, especially under the
3537:) feeding into variables in the next period (time
3508:Illustration of the original visualisation of the
3427:
3391:
3355:
3314:
3200:
3101:
3018:
2970:
2919:
2772:
2723:
2650:
2622:
2594:
2567:
2540:
2461:
2431:
2346:
2251:
2173:
2143:
2012:
1855:
1787:
1725:
1692:
1662:
1543:
1501:
1354:
1263:
1157:
1095:
2971:{\displaystyle \Delta G>0\ ;\Delta G=\Delta T}
1264:{\displaystyle I_{t}=I_{0}+I(r)+b(C_{t}-C_{t-1})}
4804:
3614:, Chapter 1, page 2. Princeton University Press.
2602:are arbitrary constants to be defined and where
2870:Fiscal multiplier driven by an increase in tax
2347:{\displaystyle (1-c-bc+bc)Y_{p}=(C_{0}+I_{0})}
23:, a mathematical tool often used in economics.
3708:
2541:{\displaystyle Y_{c}=A_{1}r_{1}t+A_{2}r_{2}t}
974:, or other exogenous changes in spending, on
842:
1355:{\displaystyle I_{t}=I_{0}+b(C_{t}-C_{t-1})}
2252:{\displaystyle Y_{t}=Y_{t-1}=Y_{t-2}=Y_{p}}
942:as a measure of the U.S. money supply, and
3715:
3701:
3019:{\displaystyle \Delta T<0\ ;\Delta G=0}
2920:{\displaystyle \Delta G>0\ ;\Delta T=0}
1863:respectively, then substituting these in:
1001:Keynesian and Hansen–Samuelson multipliers
849:
835:
3528:(1758), which laid the foundation of the
2432:{\displaystyle Y_{p}=(C_{0}+I_{0})/(1-c)}
3628:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
3503:
2734:Thus, the entire solution is written as
873:changes in response to a change in some
3682:The origins of the Keynesian revolution
4805:
1856:{\displaystyle C_{t-1}=C_{0}+cY_{t-2}}
1512:assuming goods market equilibrium (so
159:Measures of national income and output
3696:
3626:(2008), 'Impulse response function'.
3464:affects endogenous variables in year
2873:Fiscal multiplier driven by tax cuts
2790:Multiplier formula in an open economy
953:
888:units, which causes another variable
3564:, and the German-American economist
1788:{\displaystyle C_{t}=C_{0}+cY_{t-1}}
1096:{\displaystyle C_{t}=C_{0}+cY_{t-1}}
3792:Agent-based computational economics
2852:for [[Marginal propensity to import
13:
3303:
3294:
3285:
3246:
3216:
3189:
3180:
3147:
3117:
3090:
3081:
3072:
3039:
3004:
2986:
2962:
2953:
2935:
2905:
2887:
2724:{\displaystyle r^{2}-(1+b)cr+bc=0}
14:
4824:
3440:
2878:The multiplier's characteristics
4250:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
1018:only. (To be precise, the usual
816:
804:
45:
2860:Multipliers in an open economy
3675:
3648:
3633:
3617:
3604:
3309:
3282:
3258:
3249:
3195:
3177:
3096:
3069:
2801:stands for government spending
2697:
2685:
2426:
2414:
2406:
2380:
2341:
2315:
2299:
2269:
2138:
2112:
2062:
2050:
2007:
1937:
1657:
1625:
1496:
1464:
1349:
1317:
1258:
1226:
1217:
1211:
1170:marginal propensity to consume
1158:{\displaystyle 1/(1-c(1-t)+m)}
1152:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1022:formulas measure how much the
985:to increase by €150, then the
907:
900:units. Then the multiplier is
880:For example, suppose variable
764:Publications in macroeconomics
1:
4186:Critique of political economy
3722:
3598:
3428:{\displaystyle {c \over s+m}}
3392:{\displaystyle {s \over s+m}}
3356:{\displaystyle {1 \over s+m}}
2773:{\displaystyle Y=Y_{c}+Y_{p}}
3684:, by Robert William Dimand,
2442:The complementary function,
1007:Multiplier-accelerator model
966:Transfer payments multiplier
19:Not to be confused with the
7:
3571:
10:
4829:
4324:Real business-cycle theory
3642:, by Hugo Hegeland, 1954,
3499:
3490:impulse-response function.
1673:But we know the values of
1004:
963:
957:
921:fractional-reserve banking
515:New neoclassical synthesis
498:Real business-cycle theory
18:
4764:
4722:
4364:
4098:
3847:
3812:
3730:
3667:Reserve Bank of Australia
3455:implicit function theorem
1544:{\displaystyle Y_{t}=Ytd}
3593:Social Multiplier Effect
3488:+2, etc.), is called an
2856:|propensity to import]]
1551:), then in equilibrium:
520:Saltwater and freshwater
3964:Industrial organization
3787:Computational economics
3610:James Hamilton (1994),
3583:Local multiplier effect
3560:, the Danish economist
1726:{\displaystyle C_{t-1}}
448:International economics
373:Overlapping generations
4169:Modern monetary theory
3834:Experimental economics
3804:Pluralism in economics
3777:Mathematical economics
3588:Multiplier uncertainty
3517:
3429:
3393:
3357:
3316:
3202:
3103:
3020:
2972:
2921:
2822:for private investment
2774:
2725:
2652:
2624:
2596:
2569:
2542:
2463:
2433:
2348:
2253:
2175:
2145:
2014:
1857:
1789:
1727:
1694:
1664:
1545:
1503:
1356:
1265:
1159:
1097:
791:Mathematical economics
542:Modern monetary theory
305:Universal basic income
16:A concept in economics
3640:The multiplier theory
3566:N. A. J. L. Johannsen
3507:
3430:
3394:
3358:
3317:
3203:
3104:
3021:
2973:
2922:
2867:Keynesian multiplier
2836:propensity to consume
2784:Ricardian equivalence
2775:
2726:
2653:
2651:{\displaystyle r_{2}}
2625:
2623:{\displaystyle r_{1}}
2597:
2595:{\displaystyle A_{2}}
2570:
2568:{\displaystyle A_{1}}
2543:
2464:
2462:{\displaystyle Y_{c}}
2434:
2349:
2254:
2176:
2174:{\displaystyle Y_{p}}
2146:
2015:
1858:
1790:
1728:
1695:
1693:{\displaystyle C_{t}}
1665:
1546:
1504:
1357:
1266:
1160:
1098:
631:Wesley Clair Mitchell
606:Thomas Robert Malthus
443:Development economics
4043:Social choice theory
3799:Behavioral economics
3782:Complexity economics
3669:, 2000, pages 34-7.
3663:Keynes and Australia
3612:Time Series Analysis
3524:(Economic Table) of
3494:comparative dynamics
3404:
3368:
3332:
3213:
3114:
3036:
2983:
2932:
2884:
2738:
2669:
2635:
2607:
2579:
2552:
2473:
2446:
2364:
2266:
2185:
2158:
2034:
1870:
1799:
1737:
1704:
1677:
1558:
1516:
1372:
1285:
1179:
1108:
1045:
1020:Keynesian multiplier
368:Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans
208:Liquidity preference
4813:Keynesian economics
4127:American (National)
3827:Economic statistics
3447:comparative statics
2861:
2025:difference equation
1029:American Economist
987:spending multiplier
871:endogenous variable
823:Business portal
759:Macroeconomic model
636:John Maynard Keynes
433:Economic statistics
378:General equilibrium
21:Lagrange multiplier
3578:Complex multiplier
3522:Tableau Ă©conomique
3518:
3510:tableau Ă©conomique
3425:
3389:
3353:
3312:
3198:
3099:
3016:
2968:
2917:
2859:
2845:propensity to save
2770:
2721:
2648:
2620:
2592:
2565:
2538:
2459:
2429:
2344:
2249:
2171:
2141:
2010:
1853:
1785:
1723:
1690:
1660:
1541:
1499:
1352:
1261:
1155:
1093:
995:proportional taxes
954:Fiscal multipliers
875:exogenous variable
711:Edward C. Prescott
438:Monetary economics
4800:
4799:
4331:New institutional
3438:
3437:
3423:
3387:
3351:
3326:Multiplier given
3280:
3241:
3172:
3142:
3064:
3000:
2949:
2901:
960:Fiscal multiplier
933:multiplier effect
859:
858:
786:Political economy
741:N. Gregory Mankiw
731:Thomas J. Sargent
576:Market monetarism
390:Endogenous growth
220:National accounts
4820:
4004:Natural resource
3839:Economic history
3765:Mechanism design
3717:
3710:
3703:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3679:
3673:
3652:
3646:
3637:
3631:
3624:Helmut LĂĽtkepohl
3621:
3615:
3608:
3526:François Quesnay
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3336:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3281:
3279:
3265:
3242:
3240:
3226:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3173:
3171:
3157:
3143:
3141:
3127:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3065:
3063:
3049:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
2998:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2947:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2899:
2862:
2858:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2756:
2755:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2681:
2680:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2508:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2485:
2484:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2392:
2391:
2376:
2375:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2327:
2326:
2311:
2310:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2235:
2234:
2216:
2215:
2197:
2196:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2124:
2123:
2108:
2107:
2083:
2082:
2046:
2045:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2005:
1984:
1983:
1971:
1970:
1949:
1948:
1930:
1929:
1908:
1907:
1895:
1894:
1882:
1881:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1830:
1829:
1817:
1816:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1762:
1761:
1749:
1748:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1637:
1636:
1618:
1617:
1596:
1595:
1583:
1582:
1570:
1569:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1528:
1527:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1476:
1475:
1457:
1456:
1435:
1434:
1422:
1421:
1409:
1408:
1396:
1395:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1329:
1328:
1310:
1309:
1297:
1296:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1238:
1237:
1204:
1203:
1191:
1190:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1118:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1070:
1069:
1057:
1056:
1016:aggregate demand
976:aggregate output
851:
844:
837:
821:
820:
811:Money portal
809:
808:
807:
721:William Nordhaus
706:Robert Lucas Jr.
596:François Quesnay
232:Nominal rigidity
203:Demand for money
181:Microfoundations
117:Financial crisis
97:Effective demand
67:Aggregate supply
62:Aggregate demand
49:
26:
25:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4793:Business portal
4760:
4759:
4758:
4718:
4482:von Böhm-Bawerk
4370:
4369:
4360:
4132:Ancient thought
4110:
4109:
4103:
4094:
4093:
4092:
3843:
3808:
3760:Contract theory
3745:Decision theory
3726:
3721:
3691:
3680:
3676:
3659:Donald Markwell
3653:
3649:
3638:
3634:
3622:
3618:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3574:
3558:Alfred De Lissa
3502:
3443:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3376:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3269:
3264:
3230:
3225:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3161:
3156:
3131:
3126:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3053:
3048:
3037:
3034:
3033:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2792:
2764:
2760:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2614:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2409:
2400:
2396:
2387:
2383:
2371:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2318:
2306:
2302:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2243:
2239:
2224:
2220:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2115:
2097:
2093:
2072:
2068:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
1995:
1991:
1979:
1975:
1960:
1956:
1944:
1940:
1919:
1915:
1903:
1899:
1890:
1886:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1841:
1837:
1825:
1821:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1773:
1769:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1645:
1641:
1632:
1628:
1607:
1603:
1591:
1587:
1578:
1574:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1467:
1446:
1442:
1430:
1426:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1387:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1337:
1333:
1324:
1320:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1081:
1077:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1009:
1003:
968:
962:
956:
948:Federal Reserve
910:
855:
815:
805:
803:
796:
795:
754:
746:
745:
726:Joseph Stiglitz
686:Milton Friedman
666:Friedrich Hayek
591:
581:
580:
463:
453:
452:
423:
415:
414:
400:Mundell–Fleming
395:Matching theory
333:Keynesian cross
318:
310:
309:
280:
272:
271:
57:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4826:
4816:
4815:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4741:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4258:
4253:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4196:Disequilibrium
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4111:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4009:Organizational
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3818:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3772:Macroeconomics
3769:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3740:Microeconomics
3736:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3720:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3697:
3690:
3689:
3674:
3647:
3632:
3616:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3573:
3570:
3501:
3498:
3442:
3441:General method
3439:
3436:
3435:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3399:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3363:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3208:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3109:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2978:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2927:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2854:
2853:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2808:
2802:
2791:
2788:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2732:
2731:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2645:
2641:
2617:
2613:
2589:
2585:
2562:
2558:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2456:
2452:
2440:
2439:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2355:
2354:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2168:
2164:
2152:
2151:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2021:
2020:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1687:
1683:
1671:
1670:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1510:
1509:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1363:
1362:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1272:
1271:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1166:
1165:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1031:Paul Samuelson
1005:Main article:
1002:
999:
991:lump-sum taxes
958:Main article:
955:
952:
914:macroeconomics
909:
906:
863:macroeconomics
857:
856:
854:
853:
846:
839:
831:
828:
827:
826:
825:
813:
798:
797:
794:
793:
788:
783:
781:Microeconomics
778:
777:
776:
766:
761:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
744:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
696:Lawrence Klein
693:
691:Paul Samuelson
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
646:Michał Kalecki
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
592:
587:
586:
583:
582:
579:
578:
573:
568:
566:Disequilibrium
563:
562:
561:
554:Post-Keynesian
551:
546:
545:
544:
534:
523:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
501:
500:
490:
485:
484:
483:
478:
464:
459:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
424:
422:Related fields
421:
420:
417:
416:
413:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
386:
385:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
348:Phillips curve
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
319:
316:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:
270:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
228:
227:
217:
212:
211:
210:
200:
198:Money creation
195:
194:
193:
183:
178:
177:
176:
171:
166:
156:
154:Liquidity trap
151:
146:
141:
140:
139:
134:
124:
119:
114:
113:
112:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
72:Business cycle
69:
64:
58:
56:Basic concepts
55:
54:
51:
50:
42:
41:
39:Macroeconomics
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4825:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4377:de Mandeville
4375:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4319:New classical
4317:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4275:Malthusianism
4273:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4236:Institutional
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4039:Public choice
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4014:Participation
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3974:Institutional
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3924:Expeditionary
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3914:Environmental
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3706:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3613:
3607:
3603:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3400:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3364:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3219:
3209:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3120:
3110:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3042:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2979:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2928:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2643:
2639:
2630:
2615:
2611:
2587:
2583:
2560:
2556:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2454:
2450:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2410:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2166:
2162:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1685:
1681:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
972:fiscal policy
967:
961:
951:
949:
945:
941:
936:
934:
930:
929:bank reserves
927:
922:
917:
915:
905:
903:
899:
895:
892:to change by
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
852:
847:
845:
840:
838:
833:
832:
830:
829:
824:
819:
814:
812:
802:
801:
800:
799:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
775:
772:
771:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
750:
749:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
716:Peter Diamond
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
701:Edmund Phelps
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
676:Richard Stone
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
661:Joan Robinson
659:
657:
656:Simon Kuznets
654:
652:
651:Gunnar Myrdal
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
626:Irving Fisher
624:
622:
621:Knut Wicksell
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
590:
585:
584:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
560:
557:
556:
555:
552:
550:
547:
543:
540:
539:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
528:
527:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
499:
496:
495:
494:
493:New classical
491:
489:
486:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
472:
469:
468:
467:
462:
457:
456:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
419:
418:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
384:
381:
380:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
314:
313:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
276:
275:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
247:Shrinkflation
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
226:
223:
222:
221:
218:
216:
213:
209:
206:
205:
204:
201:
199:
196:
192:
189:
188:
187:
184:
182:
179:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
144:Interest rate
142:
138:
135:
133:
130:
129:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
101:Expectations
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
4788:Publications
4744:Publications
4711:
4307:Neoclassical
4297:Mercantilism
4206:Evolutionary
4068:Sociological
4041: /
3939:Geographical
3919:Evolutionary
3894:Digitization
3859:Agricultural
3822:Econometrics
3750:Price theory
3677:
3662:
3650:
3635:
3627:
3619:
3611:
3606:
3562:Julius Wulff
3543:
3538:
3534:
3519:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3472:+1, in year
3469:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3444:
2855:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2810:
2807:for taxation
2804:
2798:
2793:
2781:
2733:
2658:are the two
2603:
2441:
2356:
2153:
2022:
1672:
1511:
1364:
1276:acceleration
1273:
1167:
1035:Alvin Hansen
1028:
1019:
1010:
986:
980:
969:
937:
932:
918:
911:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
879:
866:
860:
736:Paul Krugman
681:Hyman Minsky
641:Alvin Hansen
525:
524:
465:
428:Econometrics
405:Overshooting
358:Harrod–Domar
353:Arrow–Debreu
337:
300:Central bank
267:Unemployment
257:Supply shock
215:Money supply
92:Disinflation
87:Demand shock
4582:von Neumann
4351:Supply-side
4336:Physiocracy
4280:Marginalism
3969:Information
3909:Engineering
3889:Development
3884:Demographic
3755:Game theory
3732:Theoretical
2828:for exports
2815:nominal GDP
2660:eigenvalues
1733:are merely
908:Common uses
884:changes by
616:LĂ©on Walras
510:Supply-side
343:Accelerator
252:Stagflation
237:Price level
132:Demand-pull
4739:Economists
4612:Schumacher
4517:Schumpeter
4487:von Wieser
4407:von ThĂĽnen
4367:Economists
4266:Circuitism
4231:Humanistic
4226:Historical
4201:Ecological
4191:Democratic
4164:Chartalism
4154:Behavioral
4117:Mainstream
4078:Statistics
4073:Solidarity
3994:Managerial
3959:Humanistic
3954:Historical
3899:Ecological
3864:Behavioral
3630:, 2nd. ed.
3599:References
3530:Physiocrat
3468:, in year
3451:endogenous
964:See also:
867:multiplier
671:John Hicks
601:Adam Smith
559:Circuitism
549:Ecological
537:Chartalism
488:Monetarism
466:Mainstream
363:Solow–Swan
338:Multiplier
295:Commercial
191:Endogenous
149:Investment
4657:Greenspan
4622:Samuelson
4602:Galbraith
4572:Tinbergen
4512:von Mises
4507:Heckscher
4467:Edgeworth
4346:Stockholm
4341:Socialist
4241:Keynesian
4221:Happiness
4181:Classical
4142:Mutualism
4137:Anarchist
4122:Heterodox
4019:Personnel
3979:Knowledge
3944:Happiness
3934:Financial
3904:Education
3879:Democracy
3814:Empirical
3724:Economics
3304:Δ
3295:Δ
3286:Δ
3253:−
3247:Δ
3244:⋅
3217:Δ
3190:Δ
3181:Δ
3175:⋅
3148:Δ
3145:⋅
3118:Δ
3091:Δ
3082:Δ
3073:Δ
3067:⋅
3040:Δ
3005:Δ
2987:Δ
2963:Δ
2954:Δ
2936:Δ
2906:Δ
2888:Δ
2683:−
2421:−
2282:−
2276:−
2229:−
2210:−
2102:−
2077:−
2048:−
2000:−
1986:−
1973:−
1965:−
1924:−
1846:−
1811:−
1778:−
1716:−
1650:−
1639:−
1612:−
1489:−
1478:−
1451:−
1342:−
1331:−
1251:−
1240:−
1138:−
1126:−
1086:−
1033:credited
1012:Keynesian
769:Economics
611:Karl Marx
526:Heterodox
505:Stockholm
471:Keynesian
242:Recession
137:Cost-push
127:Inflation
82:Deflation
4807:Category
4768:Category
4748:journals
4734:Glossary
4687:Stiglitz
4652:Rothbard
4632:Buchanan
4617:Friedman
4607:Koopmans
4597:Leontief
4577:Robinson
4462:Marshall
4312:Lausanne
4216:Georgism
4211:Feminist
4159:Buddhist
4149:Austrian
4048:Regional
4024:Planning
3999:Monetary
3929:Feminist
3874:Cultural
3869:Business
3572:See also
3030:Formula
1024:IS curve
926:mandated
753:See also
532:Austrian
290:Monetary
279:Policies
110:Rational
105:Adaptive
31:a series
29:Part of
4783:Outline
4754:Schools
4746: (
4707:Piketty
4702:Krugman
4567:Kuznets
4557:Kalecki
4532:Polanyi
4422:Cournot
4417:Bastiat
4402:Ricardo
4392:Malthus
4382:Quesnay
4285:Marxian
4176:Chicago
4106:history
4101:Schools
4088:Welfare
4058:Service
3849:Applied
3514:Quesnay
3500:History
896:×
774:Applied
571:Marxian
461:Schools
4692:Thaler
4672:Ostrom
4667:Becker
4662:Sowell
4642:Baumol
4547:Myrdal
4542:Sraffa
4537:Frisch
4527:Knight
4522:Keynes
4497:Fisher
4492:Veblen
4477:Pareto
4457:Menger
4452:George
4447:Jevons
4442:Walras
4432:Gossen
4356:Thermo
4034:Public
4029:Policy
3984:Labour
3949:Health
3686:p. 117
3554:Giblin
3550:Keynes
3516:, 1758
2999:
2948:
2900:
2548:where
2259:, or:
589:People
317:Models
285:Fiscal
262:Saving
122:Growth
4778:Lists
4773:Index
4724:Lists
4697:Hoppe
4682:Lucas
4647:Solow
4637:Arrow
4627:Simon
4592:Lange
4587:Hicks
4562:Röpke
4552:Hayek
4502:Pigou
4472:Clark
4387:Smith
4302:Mixed
4261:Post-
4083:Urban
4063:Socio
4053:Rural
3656:p. 74
410:NAIRU
328:AD–AS
323:IS–LM
186:Money
4713:more
4437:Marx
4427:Mill
4412:List
4290:Neo-
4246:Neo-
3644:p. 1
3546:Kahn
3520:The
3484:+1,
2993:<
2942:>
2894:>
2843:for
2834:for
2813:for
2631:and
2575:and
2357:so:
1795:and
1700:and
865:, a
476:Neo-
383:DSGE
77:CAGR
4677:Sen
4397:Say
4256:New
3989:Law
3512:by
997:).
993:or
983:GDP
924:as
861:In
481:New
225:SNA
174:NNI
169:GNI
164:GDP
4809::
3665:,
3661:,
3568:.
3552:,
3548:,
3496:.
3480:,
3457:.
2027::
978:.
944:M0
940:M2
935:.
916:.
904:.
877:.
33:on
4750:)
4252:)
4248:(
4108:)
4104:(
3716:e
3709:t
3702:v
3539:t
3535:t
3486:t
3482:t
3478:t
3474:t
3470:t
3466:t
3462:t
3420:m
3417:+
3414:s
3410:c
3384:m
3381:+
3378:s
3374:s
3348:m
3345:+
3342:s
3338:1
3310:)
3307:X
3301:+
3298:G
3292:+
3289:I
3283:(
3277:m
3274:+
3271:s
3267:1
3262:+
3259:)
3256:T
3250:(
3238:m
3235:+
3232:s
3228:c
3223:=
3220:Y
3196:)
3193:X
3187:+
3184:I
3178:(
3169:m
3166:+
3163:s
3159:1
3154:+
3151:G
3139:m
3136:+
3133:s
3129:s
3124:=
3121:Y
3097:)
3094:X
3088:+
3085:G
3079:+
3076:I
3070:(
3061:m
3058:+
3055:s
3051:1
3046:=
3043:Y
3014:0
3011:=
3008:G
3002:;
2996:0
2990:T
2966:T
2960:=
2957:G
2951:;
2945:0
2939:G
2915:0
2912:=
2909:T
2903:;
2897:0
2891:G
2850:m
2841:s
2832:c
2826:X
2820:I
2811:Y
2805:T
2799:G
2766:p
2762:Y
2758:+
2753:c
2749:Y
2745:=
2742:Y
2719:0
2716:=
2713:c
2710:b
2707:+
2704:r
2701:c
2698:)
2695:b
2692:+
2689:1
2686:(
2678:2
2674:r
2644:2
2640:r
2616:1
2612:r
2588:2
2584:A
2561:1
2557:A
2536:t
2531:2
2527:r
2521:2
2517:A
2513:+
2510:t
2505:1
2501:r
2495:1
2491:A
2487:=
2482:c
2478:Y
2455:c
2451:Y
2427:)
2424:c
2418:1
2415:(
2411:/
2407:)
2402:0
2398:I
2394:+
2389:0
2385:C
2381:(
2378:=
2373:p
2369:Y
2342:)
2337:0
2333:I
2329:+
2324:0
2320:C
2316:(
2313:=
2308:p
2304:Y
2300:)
2297:c
2294:b
2291:+
2288:c
2285:b
2279:c
2273:1
2270:(
2245:p
2241:Y
2237:=
2232:2
2226:t
2222:Y
2218:=
2213:1
2207:t
2203:Y
2199:=
2194:t
2190:Y
2167:p
2163:Y
2139:)
2134:0
2130:I
2126:+
2121:0
2117:C
2113:(
2110:=
2105:2
2099:t
2095:Y
2091:c
2088:b
2085:+
2080:1
2074:t
2070:Y
2066:c
2063:)
2060:b
2057:+
2054:1
2051:(
2043:t
2039:Y
2008:)
2003:2
1997:t
1993:Y
1989:c
1981:0
1977:C
1968:1
1962:t
1958:Y
1954:c
1951:+
1946:0
1942:C
1938:(
1935:b
1932:+
1927:1
1921:t
1917:Y
1913:c
1910:+
1905:0
1901:I
1897:+
1892:0
1888:C
1884:=
1879:t
1875:Y
1849:2
1843:t
1839:Y
1835:c
1832:+
1827:0
1823:C
1819:=
1814:1
1808:t
1804:C
1781:1
1775:t
1771:Y
1767:c
1764:+
1759:0
1755:C
1751:=
1746:t
1742:C
1719:1
1713:t
1709:C
1686:t
1682:C
1658:)
1653:1
1647:t
1643:C
1634:t
1630:C
1626:(
1623:b
1620:+
1615:1
1609:t
1605:Y
1601:c
1598:+
1593:0
1589:I
1585:+
1580:0
1576:C
1572:=
1567:t
1563:Y
1539:d
1536:t
1533:Y
1530:=
1525:t
1521:Y
1497:)
1492:1
1486:t
1482:C
1473:t
1469:C
1465:(
1462:b
1459:+
1454:1
1448:t
1444:Y
1440:c
1437:+
1432:0
1428:I
1424:+
1419:0
1415:C
1411:=
1406:t
1402:I
1398:+
1393:t
1389:C
1385:=
1382:d
1379:t
1376:Y
1350:)
1345:1
1339:t
1335:C
1326:t
1322:C
1318:(
1315:b
1312:+
1307:0
1303:I
1299:=
1294:t
1290:I
1259:)
1254:1
1248:t
1244:C
1235:t
1231:C
1227:(
1224:b
1221:+
1218:)
1215:r
1212:(
1209:I
1206:+
1201:0
1197:I
1193:=
1188:t
1184:I
1153:)
1150:m
1147:+
1144:)
1141:t
1135:1
1132:(
1129:c
1123:1
1120:(
1116:/
1112:1
1089:1
1083:t
1079:Y
1075:c
1072:+
1067:0
1063:C
1059:=
1054:t
1050:C
902:M
898:k
894:M
890:y
886:k
882:x
850:e
843:t
836:v
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