674:
Biebesheimer, Ellie J.; Cramer, Bradley D.; Calner, Mikael; Barnett, Bruce A.; Oborny, Stephan C.; Bancroft, Alyssa M. (2021). "Asynchronous δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg records during the onset of the Mulde (Silurian) positive carbon isotope excursion from the
Altajme core, Gotland, Sweden".
589:
Samtleben, C.; Munnecke, A.; Bickert, T. (2000). "Development of facies and C/O-isotopes in transects through the Ludlow of
Gotland: Evidence for global and local influences on a shallow-marine environment".
744:
541:
Munnecke, A.; Samtleben, C.; Bickert, T. (2003). "The
Ireviken Event in the lower Silurian of Gotland, Sweden-relation to similar Palaeozoic and Proterozoic events".
478:
Higher resolution δC isotope analysis identifies differences in the organic and carbonate carbon isotope curves (ΔC), allowing the inference of a sustained drop in CO
49:
737:
475:
fauna, however, likely represent a change in the depositional environment of sedimentary sequences rather than a genuine biological extinction.
730:
966:
42:
635:"Harnessing stratigraphic bias at the section scale: Conodont diversity in the Homerian (Silurian) of the Midland Platform, England"
892:
414:
954:
942:
35:
832:
856:
880:
868:
918:
1258:
1248:
514:
Jeppsson, L.; Calner, M. (2007). "The
Silurian Mulde Event and a scenario for secundo—secundo events".
978:
844:
1253:
930:
784:
456:
period. It coincided with a global drop in sea level, and is closely followed by an excursion in
808:
904:
684:
633:
Jarochowska, Emilia; Ray, David C; Röstel, Philipp; Worton, Graham; Munnecke, Axel (2017).
599:
8:
482:
levels coincident with the extinction once sedimentological data are taken into account.
688:
603:
464:
708:
656:
615:
554:
497:
The
Ireviken, Mulde, and Lau events were all closely followed by isotopic excursions.
820:
712:
700:
660:
619:
433:
753:
692:
646:
607:
550:
523:
241:
696:
437:
441:
399:
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Earth and
Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1242:
1046:
704:
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651:
634:
611:
316:
274:
212:
1091:
1001:
796:
449:
363:
288:
202:
722:
588:
540:
1073:
1064:
1037:
1028:
1010:
472:
453:
309:
302:
281:
232:
222:
1100:
1055:
568:
468:
460:
16:
Anoxic event causing mass extinctions during the
Silurian period
673:
632:
463:. Its onset is synchronous with the deposition of the
513:
18:
436:, and marked the second of three relatively minor
543:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1240:
584:
582:
738:
413:Subdivision of the Silurian according to the
43:
579:
575:. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
534:
507:
420:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
745:
731:
50:
36:
650:
490:
1241:
410:
752:
726:
28:
492:
389:
371:
353:
21:
13:
14:
1270:
1227:Millions of years before present
471:. Perceived extinction in the
667:
626:
561:
352:
1:
697:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120256
555:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00304-3
500:
7:
411:
197:
23:Silurian graphical timeline
10:
1275:
1146:
760:
528:10.1017/S0263593300000377
485:
60:
193:−418 —
183:−420 —
173:−422 —
163:−424 —
153:−426 —
143:−428 —
133:−430 —
123:−432 —
113:−434 —
103:−436 —
93:−438 —
83:−440 —
73:−442 —
63:−444 —
967:Cretaceous–Paleogene
573:www.stratigraphy.org
919:Ordovician-Silurian
893:Cambrian-Ordovician
833:Cenomanian-Turonian
689:2021ChGeo.57620256B
604:2000Faci...43....1S
452:events) during the
1259:Isotope excursions
857:Rainforest collaps
652:10.1111/pala.12326
612:10.1007/BF02536983
569:"Chart/Time Scale"
1249:Extinction events
1236:
1235:
955:Triassic–Jurassic
881:Smithian-Spathian
809:Toarcian turnover
754:Extinction events
426:
425:
406:
405:
388:
387:
370:
369:
1266:
993:
988:
981:
976:
969:
964:
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677:Chemical Geology
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623:
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531:
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465:Fröjel Formation
438:mass extinctions
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194:
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52:
45:
38:
32:
19:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1254:Silurian events
1239:
1238:
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1232:
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1225:
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1218:
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1103:
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962:
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831:
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751:
721:
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672:
668:
631:
627:
587:
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567:
566:
562:
539:
535:
522:(02): 135–154.
512:
508:
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393:
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366:
357:
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62:
56:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1219:
1215:
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1149:
1147:
1140:
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1126:
1125:
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1120:Neoproterozoic
1119:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1099:
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1097:
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1089:
1088:
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1080:
1079:
1072:
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1061:
1054:
1053:
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1036:
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1034:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
985:
984:
973:
972:
961:
960:
949:
948:
943:Permo-Triassic
937:
936:
925:
924:
913:
912:
911:
899:
898:
887:
886:
875:
874:
863:
862:
851:
850:
845:Middle Miocene
839:
838:
827:
826:
815:
814:
803:
802:
791:
790:
785:End-Ediacaran?
779:
778:
767:
766:
765:
764:
763:
762:
761:
758:
757:
750:
749:
742:
735:
727:
719:
718:
666:
625:
578:
560:
533:
505:
504:
502:
499:
487:
484:
479:
424:
423:
408:
407:
404:
403:
400:Ireviken event
398:
396:
386:
385:
380:
378:
368:
367:
362:
360:
351:
347:
346:
342:
341:
337:
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322:
321:
315:
314:
308:
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209:
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198:
196:
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176:
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156:
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146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
58:
57:
55:
54:
47:
40:
29:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1271:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1047:Carboniferous
1039:
1030:
1021:
1012:
1003:
992:
980:
968:
956:
944:
932:
931:Late Devonian
920:
906:
894:
882:
870:
858:
846:
834:
822:
810:
798:
786:
774:
759:
755:
748:
743:
741:
736:
734:
729:
728:
725:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
670:
662:
658:
653:
648:
644:
640:
639:Palaeontology
636:
629:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
585:
583:
574:
570:
564:
556:
552:
549:(1): 99–124.
548:
544:
537:
529:
525:
521:
517:
510:
506:
498:
495:
494:
483:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
418:
417:, as of 2021.
416:
409:
401:
397:
392:
391:
383:
379:
374:
373:
365:
361:
356:
355:
318:
311:
304:
297:
290:
283:
276:
269:
261:
252:
243:
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234:
226:
224:
215:
214:
206:
204:
59:
53:
48:
46:
41:
39:
34:
33:
27:
20:
991:Major events
990:
773:Minor events
772:
680:
676:
669:
642:
638:
628:
595:
591:
572:
563:
546:
542:
536:
519:
515:
509:
491:
489:
477:
445:
434:anoxic event
429:
427:
412:
381:
296:Sheinwoodian
231:
220:
211:
200:
598:(1): 1–38.
458:geochemical
430:Mulde event
382:Mulde event
31:This box:
1243:Categories
1110:Quaternary
1083:Cretaceous
1020:Ordovician
869:Capitanian
683:: 120256.
501:References
317:Ludfordian
275:Rhuddanian
242:Llandovery
213:Ordovician
1127:Palæozoic
1092:Paleogene
1002:Ediacaran
797:Lau event
713:234817512
705:0009-2541
661:135200300
645:: 57–76.
620:130640332
364:Lau event
289:Telychian
203:Paleozoic
1141:Cenozoic
1134:Mesozoic
1074:Jurassic
1065:Triassic
1038:Devonian
1029:Silurian
1011:Cambrian
979:Holocene
473:conodont
461:isotopes
454:Silurian
442:Ireviken
310:Gorstian
303:Homerian
282:Aeronian
233:Devonian
223:Silurian
1101:Neogene
1056:Permian
905:Olson's
685:Bibcode
600:Bibcode
469:Gotland
432:was an
394:←
376:←
358:←
268:Přídolí
251:Wenlock
188:–
178:–
168:–
158:–
148:–
138:–
128:–
118:–
108:–
98:–
88:–
78:–
68:–
987:
821:Aptian
769:
711:
703:
659:
618:
592:Facies
448:, and
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
260:Ludlow
709:S2CID
657:S2CID
616:S2CID
486:Notes
446:Mulde
440:(the
1210:−100
1204:−150
1198:−200
1192:−250
1186:−300
1180:−350
1174:−400
1168:−450
1162:−500
1156:−550
1150:−600
701:ISSN
428:The
51:edit
44:talk
37:view
1216:−50
693:doi
681:576
647:doi
608:doi
551:doi
547:195
524:doi
467:in
450:Lau
415:ICS
1245::
707:.
699:.
691:.
679:.
655:.
643:61
641:.
637:.
614:.
606:.
596:43
594:.
581:^
571:.
545:.
520:93
518:.
493:^1
444:,
1222:0
1220:│
1214:│
1208:│
1202:│
1196:│
1190:│
1184:│
1178:│
1172:│
1166:│
1160:│
1154:│
1148:│
975:↓
963:↓
951:↓
939:↓
927:↓
915:↓
901:↓
889:↓
877:↓
865:↓
853:↓
841:↓
829:↓
817:↓
805:↓
793:↓
781:↓
746:e
739:t
732:v
715:.
695::
687::
663:.
649::
622:.
610::
602::
557:.
553::
530:.
526::
480:2
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