115:
culture offered social advancement opportunities. Additionally, since no native language was universally understood by all
Mozambicans, Portuguese became the lingua franca of the country. Given the absence of written literature in native languages and the oral nature of their literary traditions, Portuguese emerged as the medium for creating a written national literature. Furthermore, Portuguese facilitated connections with other Portuguese-speaking countries like Angola, as well as former Portuguese colonies such as Brazil, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, and SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe. At the time of independence, Mozambique had the highest illiteracy rate (95%) among former African colonies. The Mozambique liberation movement (
948:
937:
struggle for independence and the consequences of colonialism are recurring themes in
Mozambican literature, as explored by writers like JosĂ© Craveirinha and LuĂs Bernardo Honwana. Decolonization is a pervasive theme in Mozambican literature, representing the historical, social, and cultural transformations that occurred during and after the struggle for independence. Through their literary works, Mozambican writers have contributed to the collective memory, understanding, and reflection on the process of decolonization and its ongoing significance for the nation.
163:
360:
818:
3119:
87:
414:". The NĂ©gritude understood music and dance as specific forms of expression of African culture. This essentialist, i.e., overemphasising the importance of skin colour for the development of a certain culture, view of African culture and "the African as such" ignored the social, economic, cultural and political peculiarities of the various African countries, but was extremely effective to arouse the emerging national feeling of the
60:, in 1918. However, it was not until the 1950s that a distinct Mozambican literary voice emerged, as writers began to challenge colonial oppression and assert their cultural identity. The period following Mozambique's independence in 1975 was a particularly fruitful time for Mozambican literature, with writers exploring themes of national identity, social justice, and
519:. He is considered the godfather of Mozambican literature, as his tenure stretched from the 1940s to his death in 2003. He shaped generations of Mozambican writers with his extensive work and was the most widely read author in Mozambique between 1945 and 1965. Craveirinha is now regarded as Mozambique's most significant poet and received the CamÔes Award in 1991.
534:(black) can often be found in the literature of this time. In addition to emphasising one's own Africanness, the black skin color, the literature now also took up African stylistic elements more than in the previous phase. She thereby articulated the rejection of colonialism and the desire for freedom and independence.
391:, between others. In the 19th century, the press and literature were close, the former being a professional alternative for writers who could not survive from literary production. José Craveirinha, considered the father of Mozambican literature. From 1945 to 1965 he was the most read author in Mozambique.
439:
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Cultural diversity is another important theme in
Mozambican literature. The country is home to numerous ethnic groups, each with its own traditions, languages, and customs. Writers have delved into the complexities of cultural interactions, highlighting the challenges and opportunities of building a
979:
Gender inequality and women's empowerment are also prominent themes in
Mozambican literature. Writers like Paulina Chiziane delve into the experiences of Mozambican women and challenge patriarchal norms. The Negritude movement, which celebrated black cultural identity, had a significant influence on
932:
Mozambican literature explores themes of independence, colonialism, cultural diversity, and gender inequality. Writers delve into the impact of colonialism on society, the challenges of multicultural nation-building, and the experiences of
Mozambican women who defy patriarchal norms. The development
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in 1933 and the subsequent censorship hindered the development of
Mozambican national literature. Freedom of expression and the press were severely restricted, especially when compared to French and British colonies. Consequently, Mozambican literary developments were scarcely recognized outside the
220:
Nonetheless, the generation of a local literature was not widespread during this time, except for the contributions of Campos
Oliveira. The true emergence of literary texts in Mozambique occurred at the beginning of the 20th century. Supported by an assimilated class of intellectuals in urban areas,
122:
During the period from 1964, when the armed struggle for national liberation commenced, until 1975, when
Mozambique attained political independence, literature focused on the country's historical events, armed struggle, and revolution. Works like Craveirinha's Chigubo, published in 1964, exemplified
196:
Since the introduction of the printing press to
Mozambique in 1854, printed literature made its debut in the mid-19th century. However, literary production in the colony was initially limited. One exception was Campos Oliveira (1847â1911), a Mozambican-born writer who published numerous poems while
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319:
During this period, Mozambicans, who were often looked down upon due to their limited proficiency in
Portuguese, sought to imitate European literature as closely as possible. This imitation extended to the choice of genres, with poet Rui de Noronha predominantly using the sonnet form in his works,
457:
can be considered a specific form of expression of negritude in Mozambique. After the Mozambican elite had hitherto largely adapted to the whites, they now increasingly advocated a separation of African and European ideas. Portuguese colonialism was increasingly rejected, including by whites like
114:
with limited written traditions, Portuguese became the "lĂngua de unidade nacional" or language of national unity. This adoption had historical and practical reasons. The Mozambican urban elite embraced Portuguese early on, as many intellectuals studied in Portugal and assimilation to Portuguese
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During the colonial period, the authorities imposed censorship restrictions and actively targeted writers with police forces, hindering the literary development. Only after World War II did individual Mozambicans have increased access to higher education opportunities in Europe and Brazil. The
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and the editor of the anthology over the question of who could be considered a European and who a Mozambican writer. The decisive factor is not the color of the skin, but the content of the works, which can be seen from the fact that numerous whites were involved in the freedom struggle of the
422:. To this day, the âoral traditionâ plays a central role in Mozambican literature. In addition to emphasizing one's Africanness, it is articulated by the rejection of colonialism and the desire for freedom and independence. The rejection of colonialism extended to Lusomo-Zambic authors such as
370:
The literature produced in Mozambique, like other African literature in countries colonized by Portugal, was an extension of Portuguese literature. In written form, literary production was consolidated from the 1940s onwards through periodicals published by intellectuals and writers, generally
449:
Prior to the 1940s, Mozambican literature was heavily influenced by European literature, but a comprehensive reorientation took place around 1946. Mozambican writers, influenced by Portuguese neorealism and the negritude movement, started focusing on the differences between Mozambique and the
106:
in Portugal in 1974 and 1975, respectively. Although Mozambique's statehood had been under colonial rule for centuries, the country did not experience a natural development of its national culture. Instead, Portuguese culture heavily influenced the Mozambican nation right from its inception.
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emerged. Couto is an influential figure in Mozambican literature, with his novels being translated into several languages, including Finnish. Couto's works often incorporate elements of magical realism and draw on Mozambican folklore and mythology. Couto was shortlisted for the
711:. It was a cultural association that sought study grants for black Mozambicans, organised lectures, panel discussions and film screenings and maintained its own library. From 1965, legal activity in the cultural field was no longer possible and the association was forbidden.
126:
Mozambican literature draws heavily from the rich storytelling tradition of its diverse peoples. Ancestral reverence holds significance for many ethnic groups, and folktales narrate the lives of previous generations with a blend of realism and mythology. For instance, the
729:, Tanzania. This Marxist-leaning party called for Mozambique's independence from Portugal and led the struggle against the colonial power from 1964 to 1975. Numerous writers sympathized with the movement and some took on posts within the party. Many writers, such as
269:. The authors affiliated with this journal openly advocated for the interests of black people in the colony, shaping a generation of writers and fostering African self-confidence. Many renowned writers published their poems and essays in this newspaper, including
545:
in his works and critiquing the negative aspects of colonialism. During the colonial period, Mozambican literature began to address nationalist themes. Many future writers pursued education abroad, primarily in Portugal and France. In 1941 the journalist
145:
The oral literary tradition of Mozambique is represented by fairy tales, proverbs, riddles and legends of different peoples of the country. People and animals act as heroes of folklore. Separately, it is worth noting the art of poets and musicians of the
678:. Contrary to the prevailing idea that Mozambique was part of Portugal, the title made it clear that Mozambique was seen as something in its own right. In the course of the publication of the new edition in 1962, a dispute arose between Rui Knopfli,
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emerged as one of the most prominent poets of that time. The struggle for independence marked a turning point in Mozambican literature. However, the armed war of independence that began in 1964 brought an end to this phase of Mozambican literature.
902:
688:
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have a tale about the "first Makonde," which explains why subsequent generations reside in the highlands rather than on the riverbanks. Thus, Mozambican literature reflects the cultural heritage and narrative traditions of its diverse population.
312:(1925), a collection of personal reflections, which marked the start of the second phase. While Juan Albasini's represented the opposing view where other authors aligned with the colonial authorities like Rodrigues Junior and
2205:
TRIGO, Salvato. âLiteratura Colonial - Literaturas Africanasâ. Literaturas Africanas de LĂngua Portuguesa â ColĂłquio sobre Literaturas dos PaĂses Africanos de LĂngua Portuguesa, Lisboa, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian
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TRIGO, Salvato. âLiteratura Colonial - Literaturas Africanasâ. Literaturas Africanas de LĂngua Portuguesa â ColĂłquio sobre Literaturas dos PaĂses Africanos de LĂngua Portuguesa, Lisboa, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian
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of literature in Mozambique was hindered by censorship and repression by colonial authorities. Opportunities for Mozambicans to pursue higher education in Europe and Brazil were limited until after World War II.
737:, were arrested by the Portuguese secret police (PIDE) because of their membership in FRELIMO. With the beginning of the armed war of independence in 1964, this phase of Mozambican literature ended. During
561:, an association of Portuguese, Angolan, Cape Verdean and Mozambican students in Lisbon that had existed since 1944 and campaigned for the interests of the colonies. From 1948, the nationalistically minded
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country. Nevertheless, the repression fueled the politicization of literature and the growth of an African consciousness. This phase concluded in 1946 with the posthumous publication of Rui de Noronha's
721:
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Mozambican literature during the 1960s and 1970s. In the post-independence period, the New Wave movement emerged, aiming to challenge traditional literary forms and explore new styles and themes.
98:
of the 19th century, the concept of national literature emerged, portraying literature as an expression of the "folk spirit" and national culture. Mozambique, a former Portuguese colony, achieved
580:, who although did not publish a book of his own, continuously published poetry in magazines. The already mentioned Rui Knopfli, whose first volume of poetry was published in 1959 with the title
282:
228:
Unlike later associations that were racially segregated, this association admitted both blacks and mulattoes. Numerous magazines were founded during this period, including the influential
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410:. Her central concern was the return to African culture. The fundamental difference between Africa and Europe was highlighted. Africa was seen as the antipode of Europe and idealised as "
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150:, who have retained their original poetic art, which originated before colonization. The performance of poems by Chopi is accompanied by the playing of national instruments -
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944:, according to which a literary system comes into being when a group of writers writes for an audience that reacts by influencing them to produce new works, and so on.
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criticized colonialism and was influenced by the oral tradition. Rui de Noronha emerged as a pioneer of truly Mozambican poetry, addressing the plight of blacks and
221:
predominantly mestizos and mulattoes, a genuinely Mozambican Portuguese-language literature began to flourish. In 1920, Mozambique's first cultural association, the
119:) selected Portuguese as the language for their literacy campaign during the struggle for independence, using it to disseminate their Marxist-nationalist ideology.
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1093:. Beihefte zu Lusorama Reihe 3, Studien zur Afrolusitanistik = Ser. 3, Estudos de AfrolusitanĂstica. Frankfurt am Main: DEE, Domus Ed. Europaea. p. 58.
1068:. Beihefte zu Lusorama Reihe 3, Studien zur Afrolusitanistik = Ser. 3, Estudos de AfrolusitanĂstica. Frankfurt am Main: DEE, Domus Ed. Europaea. p. 64.
245:
679:
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874:
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924:" even got into the top twelve works. However, only about 20 books are published annually in the country, and the editions are mostly only a few hundred.
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was created with the poets JosĂ© Craveirinha, Prize winner LuĂs de CamĂ”es, Albino Magaia, EusĂ©bio Sanjane and others. Notable contemporary authors include
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Due to the political repression, this phase of Mozambican literature is strongly marked by the formation of different groups. One such group was the
524:
329:
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published posthumously in 1952, is considered the first fictional work of Mozambican literature, in which poetry had previously dominated. The poet
241:
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554:(1941â1955), which deals with the social, literary and cultural problems of Mozambique and contributed to the emergence of a national identity.
511:". Her plea for an independent Mozambican literature had a strong influence on the Mozambican poets of the 1950s. Another representative of the
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878:
866:
110:
One notable aspect of this influence was the adoption of the Portuguese language. With over a dozen languages spoken in Mozambique, including
916:, in 2002 named among the laureates the works of such Mozambican writers as José Craveirinha, Luis Bernardo Onwana, Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa,
615:. The magazine was banned by the censors after the first issue because of its critical and nationalistic content. Next to the Mozambicans
3017:
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802:
734:
577:
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1985:
1907:
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304:
In the mid-20th century, Mozambican literature experienced different phases of development. It began with the posthumous publication of
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were also involved in the publication of Time Step. In addition to those mentioned, other magazines were founded that criticised the
3514:
197:
studying law in Portuguese India. Upon his return to Mozambique in 1866, he continued publishing and even founded magazines such as
68:, which celebrated black cultural identity, had a significant impact on Mozambican literature. In the post-independence period, the
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1810:
54:
Mozambican literature can be traced back to the early 20th century, with the publication of the country's first literary journal,
3264:
2887:
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265:"), where many important Mozambican writers published their first works, which included texts not only in Portuguese but also in
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47:. Mozambican literature is very young, as one can only speak of Mozambican national literature in the narrower sense since
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2360:"Fonseca, Maria NazarĂ© Soares, e Moreira, Terezinha Taborda em "PANORAMA DAS LITERATURAS AFRICANAS DE LĂNGUA PORTUGUESA""
2160:
3083:
1771:
1726:
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1953:
1932:
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have explored themes such as gender inequality, race relations, and the impact of colonialism on Mozambican society.
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692:(NESAM) (Circle of African Students of Mozambique) was founded in the Mozambique capital of Lourenço Marques (now
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One of the most important women writers was Noémia de Sousa. She is considered the main representative of the
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64:. Mozambican literature has also been influenced by various literary movements. In the 1960s and 1970s, the
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in 1960 published in Lisbon with 38 poems by 23 poets, edited by Mozambicans in Lisbon who had worked for
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Up to independence, Mozambique was still far from a "literary system", a concept created by the theorist
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Mosambikanische Literatur portugiesischer Sprache : Entstehung und Probleme einer Nationalliteratur
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Mosambikanische Literatur portugiesischer Sprache : Entstehung und Probleme einer Nationalliteratur
305:
285:
237:
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Mia Couto â Luandino Vieira: uma leitura em travessia pela escrita criativa ao serviço das identidades.
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Mia Couto â Luandino Vieira: uma leitura em travessia pela escrita criativa ao serviço das identidades.
1713:
Mia Couto â Luandino Vieira: uma leitura em travessia pela escrita criativa ao serviço das identidades.
1596:
Mia Couto â Luandino Vieira: uma leitura em travessia pela escrita criativa ao serviço das identidades.
1185:
993:
790:
399:
214:
40:
24:
3302:
3227:
2826:
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851:" was the first published novel by a Mozambican woman. Other notable authors from Mozambique include
794:
474:
were also important figures during this period, advocating for an independent Mozambican literature.
27:
This literature has been shaped by the country's diverse cultures and tumultuous history, including
3827:
3549:
3051:
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2073:
Mosambikanische Literatur portugiesischer Sprache: Entstehung und Probleme einer Nationalliteratur.
2043:
Mosambikanische Literatur portugiesischer Sprache: Entstehung und Probleme einer Nationalliteratur.
2022:
Mosambikanische Literatur portugiesischer Sprache: Entstehung und Probleme einer Nationalliteratur.
1946:
Mosambikanische Literatur portugiesischer Sprache: Entstehung und Probleme einer Nationalliteratur.
1787:
Mosambikanische Literatur portugiesischer Sprache: Entstehung und Probleme einer Nationalliteratur.
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Mosambikanische Literatur portugiesischer Sprache: Entstehung und Probleme einer Nationalliteratur.
1657:
Mosambikanische Literatur portugiesischer Sprache: Entstehung und Probleme einer Nationalliteratur.
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Mosambikanische Literatur portugiesischer Sprache: Entstehung und Probleme einer Nationalliteratur.
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Mosambikanische Literatur portugiesischer Sprache: Entstehung und Probleme einer Nationalliteratur.
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Mosambikanische Literatur portugiesischer Sprache: Entstehung und Probleme einer Nationalliteratur.
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Mosambikanische Literatur portugiesischer Sprache: Entstehung und Probleme einer Nationalliteratur.
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Mosambikanische Literatur portugiesischer Sprache: Entstehung und Probleme einer Nationalliteratur.
1044:
Mosambikanische Literatur portugiesischer Sprache: Entstehung und Probleme einer Nationalliteratur.
568:
In addition to these two great poets of the Moçambicanidade, the following authors were important:
273:, who edited the women's pages, and Marcelino dos Santos, who became a founding member of Frelimo.
3500:
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1091:
Mosambikanische Literatur portugiesischer Sprache: Entstehung und Probleme einer Nationalliteratur
1066:
Mosambikanische Literatur portugiesischer Sprache: Entstehung und Probleme einer Nationalliteratur
3401:
3381:
3335:
3212:
3176:
3149:
3127:
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313:
81:
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emerged, which sought to challenge traditional literary forms and explore new styles and themes.
61:
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3750:
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503:. She published all her poems between 1948 and 1951. When she had to leave the country due to
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1996:
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507:, she left a notebook with 43 poems, which were published in 1988 as an anthology entitled "
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8:
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824:, author of The Fight for Mozambique, one of Africa's 100 Best Books of the 20th Century
730:
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418:. A significant element of this movement was the valorisation of orality as a form of
270:
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and others. Critics also play an important role in Mozambican literature, among them
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69:
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2315:
1128:"ĐĐŸĐ·Đ°ĐŒĐ±ĐžĐșŃĐșĐ°Ń Đ»ĐžŃĐ”ŃĐ°ŃŃŃĐ° // ĐŃĐ°ŃĐșĐ°Ń Đ»ĐžŃĐ”ŃĐ°ŃŃŃĐœĐ°Ń ŃĐœŃĐžĐșĐ»ĐŸĐżĐ”ĐŽĐžŃ. Đą. 4. â 1967 (ŃĐ”ĐșŃŃ)"
3883:
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960:
917:
844:
821:
486:
3835:
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2416:
2322:
2217:
2183:"Discover the Nominees for the 23rd Biennial Neustadt Prize, Announced July 16th"
1911:
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1280:
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708:
190:
111:
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375:" that circulated in the country between 1918 and 1974 with texts by Rui Nogar,
281:
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612:
601:
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442:
427:
384:
266:
128:
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3056:
2549:
2514:"The Eurocentric Constant: An Approach to the Study of Mozambican Literature"
2466:
2139:
905:, played a significant role in promoting literature and cultural activities.
785:
726:
411:
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1282:
Imagining the Cape Colony: History, Literature, and the South African Nation
1265:
1171:
407:
359:
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964:
147:
1519:. InocĂȘncia Mata, Elsa Rodrigues dos Santos. Lisboa: Universidade Aberta.
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1514:
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817:
547:
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205:. Earlier, there were instances of writers residing in or visiting the
20:
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522:
This reorientation was also reflected in the literature. The motif of
438:
3819:
2564:
773:
757:
86:
753:
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2476:
764:", one of the top 12 "Africa's 100 Best Books of the 20th Century"
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1974:
Maria Nazareth Soares Fonseca / Terezinha Taborda Moreira: p. 27.
542:
116:
666:
The high point of this phase is the appearance of the anthology
3269:
2421:. Colecção horizonte da Palavra (1a ed.). Maputo: Ndjira.
1761:
Murphy, Alan et al.: Southern Africa, s. 243-244. Lonely planet
694:
186:
2219:
Voices from an Empire: A History of Afro-Portuguese Literature
1813:. mosambikilainen kustantamo. Plural Editores. Archived from
530:
182:
1156:. Patrick Chabal. London: Hurst & Co. 1996. p. 18.
1983:
Maria Nazareth Soares Fonseca / Terezinha Taborda Moreira:
1901:
Maria Nazareth Soares Fonseca / Terezinha Taborda Moreira:
1864:
Maria Nazareth Soares Fonseca / Terezinha Taborda Moreira:
2128:"How Mia Couto's Words Help Weave the Story of Mozambique"
2103:"Mozambican Literature: Mozambican Writers, MIA Couto, MâŠ"
714:
450:
Portuguese colonial rulers, gradually emancipated itself.
903:
NĂșcleo dos Estudantes SecundĂĄrios Africanos de Moçambique
689:
NĂșcleo dos Estudantes SecundĂĄrios Africanos de Moçambique
135:
123:
this trend, embodying the "war cry" in the local dialect.
1988:
Panorama das literaturas africanas de lĂngua portuguesa.
1904:
Panorama das literaturas africanas de lĂngua portuguesa.
1869:
Panorama das literaturas africanas de lĂngua portuguesa.
75:
745:
wrote and published numerous poems about their fight.
1776:(PDF; 700 kB) Universidade do Minho 2005, S. 16.
1731:(PDF; 700 kB) Universidade do Minho 2005, S. 15.
485:. Probably unaware of French NĂ©gritude, she combined
320:
following the European tradition. Other authors were
1392:
Vozes moçambicanas : literatura e nacionalidade
1309:
A Companion to Latin American Literature and Culture
897:
and others. Different groups and associations, like
865:
should be mentioned among other Mozambican writers,
725:(FRELIMO) (Mozambique Liberation Front) was held in
1339:. Frankfurt am Main: DEE, Domus Editoria Europaea.
1250:. Frankfurt am Main: DEE, Domus Editoria Europaea.
240:. After its sale in 1918, the brothers, along with
2518:Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry
3522:
2450:(1. publ ed.). London: Hurst & Company.
371:challenging Portuguese colonialism, such as the "
3920:
2448:The post-colonial literature of Lusophone Africa
2248:. Patrick Chabal. London: Hurst & Co. 1996.
2245:The post-colonial literature of Lusophone Africa
1716:(PDF; 700 kB) Universidade do Minho 2005, S. 15.
1599:(PDF; 700 kB) Universidade do Minho 2005, p. 16.
1457:
1455:
1153:The post-colonial literature of Lusophone Africa
19:refers to the body of written works produced in
1836:Vozes moçambicanas. Literatura e Nacionalidade.
1369:Vozes moçambicanas. Literatura e Nacionalidade.
1218:
1216:
565:magazine was published at irregular intervals.
232:(1909â1918), founded by the Albasini brothers,
43:until 1975, there are inevitable overlaps with
2161:"Mia Couto é o vencedor do Prémio CamÔes 2013"
1938:
1925:Literaturas Africanas de ExpressĂŁo Portuguesa.
1917:
1742:Literaturas Africanas de ExpressĂŁo Portuguesa.
1699:Literaturas Africanas de ExpressĂŁo Portuguesa.
1636:Literaturas Africanas de ExpressĂŁo Portuguesa.
1623:Literaturas Africanas de ExpressĂŁo Portuguesa.
1463:Literaturas Africanas de ExpressĂŁo Portuguesa.
1200:Literaturas Africanas de ExpressĂŁo Portuguesa.
1022:. Palavra africana. Lisboa: Vega. p. 15.
1020:Vozes moçambicanas: literatura e nacionalidade
984:national identity in a multicultural context.
812:
169:mastery of verse has been compared to that of
3508:
3011:
2580:
2292:"Africa's 100 best books of the 20th Century"
1516:Literaturas africanas de expressĂŁo portuguesa
1452:
1305:
1036:
433:
2418:Literatura moçambicana: as dobras da escrita
1213:
699:The main representatives of this group were
1332:
1243:
1088:
1063:
803:Neustadt International Prize for Literature
528:(Mother Africa) or the recurring adjective
3515:
3501:
3018:
3004:
2587:
2573:
1512:
1423:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
955:in 2014, with guests (from left to right)
611:appeared, which means an African dance in
276:
2539:
2529:
2392:"Literature in Translation in Mozambique"
719:In 1962, the first party congress of the
2464:
2414:
2215:
2180:
971:(Brazll), Marlene Tello (Colombia), and
946:
816:
752:
607:In 1952, the only issue of the magazine
437:
358:
280:
161:
90:The Portuguese colonial empire 1916-1974
85:
3025:
2497:Decolonisation in Mozambican Literature
2338:Decolonisation in Mozambican Literature
2158:
1770:Joana Daniela Martins Vilaça de Faria:
1725:Joana Daniela Martins Vilaça de Faria:
1710:Joana Daniela Martins Vilaça de Faria:
1593:Joana Daniela Martins Vilaça de Faria:
1278:
715:Struggle for independence (1964 â 1981)
3921:
2594:
2445:
1755:
1388:
1017:
772:ensued, during which new writers like
739:Mozambique's struggle for independence
136:Periodization of Mozambican literature
3496:
2999:
2568:
2512:Doval, Helena GonzĂĄlez (April 2023).
2511:
2125:
1805:
1803:
2503:(PhD thesis). Faculty of Economics,
2344:(PhD thesis). Faculty of Economics,
2309:
1122:
1120:
76:The concept of ânational literatureâ
2216:Hamilton, Russell G. (1975-07-24).
1549:"ĐĐĐĐĐĐĐĐ | ĐĐœŃĐžĐșĐ»ĐŸĐżĐ”ĐŽĐžŃ ĐŃŃĐłĐŸŃĐČĐ”Ń"
912:organized by the famous Africanist
334:A Perjura ou a Mulher de Duplo Amor
39:. Since Mozambique was part of the
13:
2439:
1800:
1306:Castro-Klaren, Sara (2013-03-21).
768:Following independence in 1974, a
722:Frente da Libertação de Moçambique
347:However, the establishment of the
14:
3950:
3099:United Nations Operation (ONUMOZ)
2493:
2334:
2159:Andrade, SĂ©rgio C. (2013-05-27).
1117:
140:
3683:Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen
3117:
2899:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2667:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2465:K. Jones, Eleanor (2017-04-28).
489:with concepts of North American
2408:
2384:
2352:
2328:
2284:
2236:
2209:
2199:
2174:
2152:
2119:
2095:
2086:
2065:
2056:
2035:
2014:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1895:
1858:
1849:
1828:
1779:
1764:
1734:
1719:
1704:
1691:
1670:
1649:
1628:
1615:
1602:
1587:
1566:
1541:
1506:
1485:
1476:
1431:
1382:
1361:
1326:
1299:
1272:
1237:
830:Mozambican Writers' Association
537:At the same time, in his poems
3876:VĂtor Manuel de Aguiar e Silva
1395:(1a edição ed.). Lisboa.
1285:. Edinburgh University Press.
1192:
1144:
1107:
1082:
1057:
1011:
899:Casa dos Estudantes do Império
559:Casa dos Estudantes do Império
157:
1:
2446:Chabal, Patrick, ed. (1996).
2296:African Studies Centre Leiden
1333:Schönberger, Gerhard (2002).
1244:Schönberger, Gerhard (2002).
1089:Schönberger, Gerhard (2002).
1064:Schönberger, Gerhard (2002).
1004:
951:Press Conference, during the
853:Heliodoro dos Santos Baptista
102:after a ten-year war and the
908:The Africa's 100 best books
633:Augusto dos Santos Abranches
505:political repression in 1951
398:had been founded in 1934 by
7:
3447:Water supply and sanitation
2126:Judah, Jacob (2023-03-11).
2092:Gerhard Schönberger: p. 94.
2075:Frankfurt a. M. 2002.
2062:Gerhard Schönberger: p. 91.
2045:Frankfurt a. M. 2002.
2024:Frankfurt a. M. 2002.
1965:Gerhard Schönberger: p. 87.
1811:"Writers: José Craveirinha"
1789:Frankfurt a. M. 2002.
1680:Frankfurt a. M. 2002.
1659:Frankfurt a. M. 2002.
1576:Frankfurt a. M. 2002.
1495:Frankfurt a. M. 2002.
1482:Gerhard Schönberger, p. 78.
1441:Frankfurt a. M. 2002.
1226:Frankfurt a. M. 2002.
1046:Frankfurt a. M. 2002.
987:
813:Modern literature (1982 â )
584:. In addition, the writers
10:
3955:
3094:Rome General Peace Accords
2011:(PDF; 245 kB), S. 27.
1892:(PDF; 245 kB), S. 28.
1513:Laranjeira, Pires (1995).
994:List of Mozambican writers
791:International Booker Prize
434:Emancipation (1946 â 1963)
79:
41:Portuguese colonial empire
3793:
3699:
3592:
3531:
3459:
3357:
3348:
3298:
3289:
3208:
3199:
3135:
3126:
3115:
3037:
2912:
2885:
2602:
2415:Mendonça, Fåtima (2011).
1312:. John Wiley & Sons.
927:
920:, and Mia Coutu's novel "
795:Confession of the Lioness
3828:Alberto da Costa e Silva
3611:JoĂŁo Cabral de Melo Neto
3052:Indian Ocean slave trade
2652:Central African Republic
2222:. U of Minnesota Press.
1389:Chabal, Patrick (1994).
1018:Chabal, Patrick (1994).
663:(1957â1961, 11 issues).
306:JoĂŁo dos Santos Albasini
286:JoĂŁo dos Santos Albasini
2181:wltadmin (2013-07-16).
1279:Johnson, David (2012).
849:Balada de Amor ao Vento
574:Godido e outros contos,
314:Manuel de Brito Camacho
277:Emergence (1925 â 1946)
82:Languages of Mozambique
51:from Portugal in 1975.
2276:: CS1 maint: others (
1184:: CS1 maint: others (
976:
825:
801:. In 2014, he won the
765:
446:
367:
301:
193:
91:
3939:Mozambican literature
3934:Culture of Mozambique
3742:Lygia Fagundes Telles
3585:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3533:Portuguese literature
2812:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2672:Republic of the Congo
2505:University of Coimbra
2346:University of Coimbra
2071:Gerhard Schönberger:
2041:Gerhard Schönberger:
2020:Gerhard Schönberger:
1948:Frankfurt a.M. 2002.
1944:Gerhard Schönberger:
1914:(PDF; 245 kB), p. 28.
1785:Gerhard Schönberger:
1676:Gerhard Schönberger:
1655:Gerhard Schönberger:
1608:Gerhard Schönberger:
1572:Gerhard Schönberger:
1491:Gerhard Schönberger:
1437:Gerhard Schönberger:
1222:Gerhard Schönberger:
1042:Gerhard Schönberger:
999:History of Mozambique
973:Patricia Hill Collins
957:Shirley Campbell Barr
950:
857:LuĂs Bernardo Honwana
820:
756:
683:colored Mozambicans.
604:should be mentioned.
550:founded the magazine
441:
362:
326:Symphonia conspirante
284:
215:TomĂĄs AntĂłnio Gonzaga
165:
89:
45:Portuguese literature
17:Mozambican literature
3761:AntĂłnio Lobo Antunes
3751:José Luandino Vieira
3718:Maria Velho da Costa
2494:PöysÀ, Anna Eerika.
2335:PöysÀ, Anna Eerika.
2316:Kun kirja ei kannata
953:Festival Latinidades
910:of the 20th Century,
797:and in 2013 won the
778:Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa
747:Marcelino dos Santos
668:Poetas de Moçambique
479:Moçambicanidade (or
377:Marcelino dos Santos
365:Marcelino dos Santos
207:Island of Mozambique
104:Carnation Revolution
3804:Manuel AntĂłnio Pina
3769:JoĂŁo Ubaldo Ribeiro
3734:Agustina Bessa-LuĂs
3079:War of independence
2942:Plazas de soberanĂa
2888:States with limited
2468:Battleground Bodies
2372:on 23 November 2015
969:Ana Maria Gonçalves
883:Malangatanu Ngwenya
855:, Rui Knopfli, and
762:Terra La sonnambula
657:A Voz de Moçambique
651:(supplement to the
338:Fibras d'um coração
3929:African literature
3710:Eugénio de Andrade
3326:Telecommunications
3074:Mozambique Company
3067:Colonial governors
2596:African literature
2531:10.1017/pli.2023.6
2396:Read African Books
2325:Kepa Kumppani 2006
2321:2011-07-20 at the
2132:The New York Times
1923:Pires Laranjeira:
1910:2015-11-23 at the
1855:Schönberger, p 73.
1740:Pires Laranjeira:
1697:Pires Laranjeira:
1634:Pires Laranjeira:
1621:Pires Laranjeira:
1461:Pires Laranjeira:
1198:Pires Laranjeira:
977:
875:Alberto di Lacerdu
826:
782:Heliodoro Babtista
766:
743:Frelimo guerrillas
497:Haitian Indigenism
447:
420:African literature
416:colonised Africans
396:NĂ©gritude movement
368:
302:
225:, was established.
194:
92:
66:Negritude movement
25:Mozambican authors
3916:
3915:
3892:Silviano Santiago
3635:Rachel de Queiroz
3627:VergĂlio Ferreira
3560:Equatorial Guinea
3523:Laureates of the
3490:
3489:
3455:
3454:
3397:Human trafficking
3344:
3343:
3285:
3284:
3265:Political parties
3218:Foreign relations
3195:
3194:
3109:RENAMO insurgency
2993:
2992:
2687:Equatorial Guinea
2486:978-1-78707-598-6
2471:. Peter Lang UK.
2457:978-1-85065-251-9
2428:978-90-247-9631-1
2229:978-0-8166-5781-0
1319:978-1-118-66135-2
1292:978-0-7486-4308-0
1100:978-3-927884-59-5
1075:978-3-927884-59-5
1029:978-972-699-438-1
871:Reinaldo Ferreiro
807:Sleepwalking Land
701:Marcelino Comiche
641:Reinaldo Ferreira
637:Cordeiro de Brito
631:, the Portuguese
586:VirgĂlio de Lemos
582:O paĂs dos outros
492:Black Renaissance
288:'s photograph in
70:New Wave movement
3946:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3884:Paulina Chiziane
3882:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3753:(declined award)
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3665:
3659:Eduardo Lourenço
3657:
3649:
3641:
3633:
3625:
3619:José Craveirinha
3617:
3609:
3601:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3475:
3468:
3355:
3354:
3321:
3296:
3295:
3206:
3205:
3133:
3132:
3121:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2997:
2996:
2986:
2985:(United Kingdom)
2981:Tristan da Cunha
2977:Ascension Island
2969:
2956:
2947:
2604:Sovereign states
2589:
2582:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2543:
2533:
2508:
2502:
2490:
2461:
2433:
2432:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2365:. Archived from
2364:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2332:
2326:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2267:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2039:
2033:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1995:. Archived from
1994:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1942:
1936:
1921:
1915:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1876:. Archived from
1875:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1834:Patrick Chabal:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1807:
1798:
1783:
1777:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1738:
1732:
1723:
1717:
1708:
1702:
1695:
1689:
1674:
1668:
1653:
1647:
1632:
1626:
1619:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1591:
1585:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1553:www.krugosvet.ru
1545:
1539:
1538:
1510:
1504:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1459:
1450:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1414:
1386:
1380:
1367:Patrick Chabal:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1241:
1235:
1220:
1211:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1175:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1061:
1055:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1015:
967:(USA), Unknown,
961:Paulina Chiziane
922:Terra Somnambula
918:Eduardo Mondlane
891:Paulin Schiziana
845:Paulina Chiziane
838:
822:Eduardo Mondlane
731:José Craveirinha
680:Rodrigues JĂșnior
676:O Brado Africano
659:(1960â1975) and
649:Moçambique 58/59
517:José Craveirinha
472:José Craveirinha
381:José Craveirinha
299:
291:O Brado Africano
259:
251:O Brado Africano
199:Revista Africana
62:post-colonialism
57:O Brado Africano
3954:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3904:
3896:
3888:
3880:
3872:
3864:
3860:Germano Almeida
3856:
3848:
3840:
3832:
3824:
3816:
3812:Dalton Trevisan
3808:
3800:
3789:
3785:Ferreira Gullar
3781:
3773:
3765:
3757:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3706:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3675:Antonio Candido
3671:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3639:
3631:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3599:
3588:
3527:
3521:
3491:
3486:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3451:
3432:Public holidays
3340:
3319:
3281:
3240:Law enforcement
3191:
3172:Protected areas
3122:
3113:
3033:
3024:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2967:
2954:
2945:
2923:
2918:
2908:
2892:
2889:
2881:
2598:
2593:
2500:
2487:
2458:
2442:
2440:Further reading
2437:
2436:
2429:
2413:
2409:
2400:
2398:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2369:
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2357:
2353:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2323:Wayback Machine
2314:
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2289:
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2256:
2242:
2241:
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2204:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2187:Neustadt Prizes
2179:
2175:
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2157:
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2144:
2142:
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1984:
1982:
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1943:
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1927:Lissabon 1995.
1922:
1918:
1912:Wayback Machine
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1838:Lissabon 1994.
1833:
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1820:
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1809:
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1801:
1784:
1780:
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1756:
1744:Lissabon 1995.
1739:
1735:
1724:
1720:
1709:
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1654:
1650:
1638:Lissabon 1995.
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1507:
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1477:
1465:Lissabon 1995.
1460:
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1416:
1415:
1403:
1387:
1383:
1371:Lissabon 1994.
1366:
1362:
1347:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1277:
1273:
1258:
1242:
1238:
1221:
1214:
1202:Lissabon 1995.
1197:
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1136:
1134:
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1058:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1016:
1012:
1007:
990:
942:Antonio CĂąndido
930:
895:Eugenio Lisbois
847:, whose novel "
832:
815:
717:
709:Armando Guebuza
621:Alberto Lacerda
617:Noémia de Sousa
513:Moçambicanidade
468:Noémia de Sousa
454:Moçambicanidade
436:
400:LĂ©opold Senghor
330:Augusto Conrado
293:
279:
271:Noémia de Sousa
253:
223:Grémio Africano
203:Almanac Popular
160:
143:
138:
112:Bantu languages
84:
78:
35:movements, and
12:
11:
5:
3952:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3779:
3777:Arménio Vieira
3771:
3763:
3755:
3744:
3736:
3728:
3720:
3712:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3691:Autran Dourado
3685:
3677:
3669:
3661:
3653:
3645:
3637:
3629:
3621:
3613:
3605:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3520:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3477:
3476:
3469:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3367:Child marriage
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3262:
3260:Prime minister
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3047:Mutapa kingdom
3043:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3023:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2970:
2957:
2948:
2930:Canary Islands
2926:
2924:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2524:(2): 198â216.
2509:
2491:
2485:
2477:10.3726/b11524
2462:
2456:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2407:
2383:
2351:
2327:
2308:
2283:
2254:
2235:
2228:
2208:
2198:
2173:
2151:
2118:
2094:
2085:
2064:
2055:
2034:
2013:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1937:
1916:
1894:
1857:
1848:
1827:
1799:
1778:
1763:
1754:
1733:
1718:
1703:
1690:
1669:
1648:
1627:
1614:
1601:
1586:
1565:
1540:
1525:
1505:
1484:
1475:
1451:
1430:
1401:
1381:
1360:
1345:
1325:
1318:
1298:
1291:
1271:
1256:
1236:
1212:
1191:
1162:
1143:
1116:
1106:
1099:
1081:
1074:
1056:
1035:
1028:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
996:
989:
986:
963:(Mozambique),
959:(Costa Rica),
929:
926:
887:Armand Guebuzu
814:
811:
805:for his novel
793:for his novel
716:
713:
645:Salazar regime
602:Orlando Mendes
598:AntĂłnio Bronze
594:Fonseca Amaral
539:Rui de Noronha
464:Orlando Mendes
443:Orlando Mendes
435:
432:
428:Orlando Mendes
389:VirgĂlio Lemos
385:Orlando Mendes
373:Literary Shout
310:O livro da dor
278:
275:
261:(1918â1974) ("
248:, established
211:LuĂs de CamĂ”es
167:LuĂs de CamĂ”es
159:
156:
142:
141:Oral tradition
139:
137:
134:
129:Makonde people
77:
74:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3951:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3900:JoĂŁo Barrento
3895:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3868:Chico Buarque
3863:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3852:Manuel Alegre
3847:
3845:
3844:Raduan Nassar
3839:
3837:
3836:HĂ©lia Correia
3831:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3745:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3726:Rubem Fonseca
3721:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3662:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3651:José Saramago
3646:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3565:Guinea Bissau
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3506:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3313:Food security
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3084:Communist era
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3057:Vasco da Gama
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3016:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:Guinea-Bissau
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2430:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2411:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2368:
2361:
2355:
2347:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2279:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2255:1-85065-250-3
2251:
2247:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2202:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2162:
2155:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2089:
2082:
2081:3-927884-59-6
2078:
2074:
2068:
2059:
2052:
2051:3-927884-59-6
2048:
2044:
2038:
2031:
2030:3-927884-59-6
2027:
2023:
2017:
2002:on 2015-11-23
1998:
1991:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1955:
1954:3-927884-59-6
1951:
1947:
1941:
1934:
1933:972-674-129-7
1930:
1926:
1920:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1883:on 2015-11-23
1879:
1872:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1845:
1844:972-699-438-1
1841:
1837:
1831:
1817:on 2014-12-27
1816:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1796:
1795:3-927884-59-6
1792:
1788:
1782:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1758:
1751:
1750:972-674-129-7
1747:
1743:
1737:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1694:
1687:
1686:3-927884-59-6
1683:
1679:
1673:
1666:
1665:3-927884-59-6
1662:
1658:
1652:
1645:
1644:972-674-129-7
1641:
1637:
1631:
1624:
1618:
1611:
1605:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1582:3-927884-59-6
1579:
1575:
1569:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1526:972-674-129-7
1522:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1502:
1501:3-927884-59-6
1498:
1494:
1488:
1479:
1472:
1471:972-674-129-7
1468:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1448:
1447:3-927884-59-6
1444:
1440:
1434:
1426:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1402:972-699-438-1
1398:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1378:
1377:972-699-438-1
1374:
1370:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1346:3-927884-59-6
1342:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1257:3-927884-59-6
1253:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1233:
1232:3-927884-59-6
1229:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1208:972-674-129-7
1205:
1201:
1195:
1187:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1163:1-85065-250-3
1159:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1110:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1052:3-927884-59-6
1049:
1045:
1039:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1010:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
985:
981:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
949:
945:
943:
938:
934:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:Albina Magaya
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
836:
831:
828:In 1982, the
823:
819:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
786:Eduardo White
783:
779:
775:
771:
763:
760:, author of "
759:
755:
751:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
727:Dar es Salaam
724:
723:
712:
710:
706:
705:Albino Magaia
702:
698:
696:
691:
690:
686:In 1963, the
684:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
625:Duarte GalvĂŁo
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
572:, whose work
571:
566:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
544:
540:
535:
533:
532:
527:
526:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:Cuban Negrism
498:
494:
493:
488:
484:
482:
481:Mozambicanism
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
455:
444:
440:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:Mother Africa
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
366:
361:
357:
355:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:Sousa Ribeiro
317:
315:
311:
307:
300:
297:
292:
287:
283:
274:
272:
268:
264:
263:Cry of Africa
260:
257:
252:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
224:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
155:
153:
149:
133:
130:
125:
120:
118:
113:
108:
105:
101:
97:
88:
83:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
58:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
3908:Adélia Prado
3794:2011âpresent
3749:
3603:Miguel Torga
3574:
3525:CamÔes Prize
3427:Prostitution
3406:
3377:Demographics
3223:Human rights
3164:
3062:Colonial era
2973:Saint Helena
2915:Dependencies
2837:South Africa
2827:Sierra Leone
2786:
2632:Burkina Faso
2521:
2517:
2496:
2467:
2447:
2417:
2410:
2399:. Retrieved
2395:
2386:
2374:. Retrieved
2367:the original
2354:
2337:
2330:
2311:
2300:. Retrieved
2298:. 2002-08-15
2295:
2286:
2244:
2238:
2218:
2211:
2201:
2190:. Retrieved
2186:
2176:
2165:. Retrieved
2154:
2143:. Retrieved
2131:
2121:
2110:. Retrieved
2106:
2097:
2088:
2072:
2067:
2058:
2042:
2037:
2021:
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
1997:the original
1987:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1945:
1940:
1924:
1919:
1903:
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1878:the original
1868:
1860:
1851:
1835:
1830:
1819:. Retrieved
1815:the original
1786:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1757:
1741:
1736:
1727:
1721:
1712:
1706:
1698:
1693:
1677:
1672:
1656:
1651:
1635:
1630:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1604:
1595:
1589:
1573:
1568:
1557:. Retrieved
1555:(in Russian)
1552:
1543:
1515:
1508:
1492:
1487:
1478:
1462:
1438:
1433:
1391:
1384:
1368:
1363:
1335:
1328:
1308:
1301:
1281:
1274:
1246:
1239:
1223:
1199:
1194:
1152:
1146:
1135:. Retrieved
1131:
1109:
1090:
1084:
1065:
1059:
1043:
1038:
1019:
1013:
982:
978:
965:Angela Davis
939:
935:
931:
909:
907:
879:Ruya Knopfli
867:Jorge Rebelo
861:
848:
841:LĂlia MomplĂ©
827:
799:CamÔes prize
767:
720:
718:
693:
687:
685:
675:
671:
667:
665:
660:
656:
652:
648:
608:
606:
581:
573:
567:
562:
556:
551:
536:
529:
523:
521:
512:
509:Sangue negro
508:
490:
478:
476:
451:
448:
404:Aimé Césaire
393:
372:
369:
353:
346:
341:
337:
333:
325:
318:
309:
303:
289:
262:
249:
242:EstĂĄcio Dias
229:
226:
222:
219:
202:
198:
195:
151:
148:Chopi people
144:
124:
121:
109:
100:independence
96:Romantic era
93:
55:
53:
49:independence
33:independence
16:
15:
3643:Jorge Amado
3303:Agriculture
3228:LGBT rights
3104:2000 floods
2921:territories
2890:recognition
2842:South Sudan
2732:Ivory Coast
2541:10347/30958
914:Ali Mazroui
833: [
661:Paralelo 20
548:Rui Knopfli
460:Rui Knopfli
445:'s Portrait
424:Rui Knopfli
349:Estado Novo
340:(1933) and
294: [
254: [
171:Shakespeare
158:1854 â 1924
29:colonialism
3923:Categories
3575:Mozambique
3555:East Timor
3550:Cape Verde
3407:Literature
3320:(currency)
3250:Parliament
3155:Ecoregions
3027:Mozambique
2955:(Portugal)
2904:Somaliland
2822:Seychelles
2787:Mozambique
2772:Mauritania
2757:Madagascar
2712:The Gambia
2647:Cape Verde
2401:2023-05-08
2302:2023-05-08
2192:2023-05-28
2167:2013-05-27
2145:2023-05-28
2112:2023-05-08
2006:2023-05-06
1887:2023-05-06
1821:2009-11-21
1559:2023-05-08
1137:2023-05-08
1132:feb-web.ru
1005:References
672:ItinerĂĄrio
629:Ruy Guerra
590:Ruy Guerra
552:ItinerĂĄrio
525:MĂŁe-Ăfrica
487:Neorealism
408:LĂ©on Damas
342:DivagaçÔes
246:Karel Pott
230:O Africano
209:, such as
80:See also:
21:Mozambique
3820:Mia Couto
3700:2001â2010
3593:1989â2000
3402:Languages
3382:Education
3336:Transport
3255:President
3213:Elections
3177:Provinces
3150:Districts
3128:Geography
3089:Civil War
2777:Mauritius
2558:258312911
2550:2052-2614
2376:7 January
2272:cite book
2163:. Publico
2140:0362-4331
2107:Goodreads
1935:, p. 257.
1752:, S. 270.
1646:, S. 260.
1473:, S. 257.
1419:cite book
1180:cite book
774:Mia Couto
770:civil war
758:Mia Couto
735:Rui Nogar
578:Rui Nogar
570:JoĂŁo Dias
344:(1938).
152:timbilash
37:civil war
3667:Pepetela
3580:Portugal
3482:Category
3437:Religion
3422:Polygamy
3318:Metical
3245:Military
3201:Politics
3187:Wildlife
3031:articles
2979: /
2975: /
2968:(France)
2962: /
2940: /
2936: /
2932: /
2877:Zimbabwe
2852:Tanzania
2702:Ethiopia
2697:Eswatini
2677:Djibouti
2642:Cameroon
2627:Botswana
2319:Archived
2264:35745806
2083:, S. 94.
2053:, S. 91.
2032:, S. 87.
1956:, S. 70.
1908:Archived
1846:, S. 40.
1797:, S. 82.
1688:, S. 81.
1667:, S. 90.
1584:, S. 78.
1535:35564908
1503:, S. 77.
1449:, S. 73.
1411:31922137
1379:, S. 40.
1355:51654947
1266:51654947
1234:, S. 70.
1210:, S. 18.
1172:35745806
1054:, S. 58.
988:See also
653:NotĂcias
563:Mensagem
543:mestizos
336:(1931),
328:(1928),
267:shironga
3466:Outline
3372:Culture
3350:Society
3331:Tourism
3291:Economy
3275:FRELIMO
3160:Islands
3145:Climate
3039:History
2964:RĂ©union
2960:Mayotte
2951:Madeira
2946:(Spain)
2938:Melilla
2862:Tunisia
2832:Somalia
2817:Senegal
2802:Nigeria
2792:Namibia
2782:Morocco
2747:Liberia
2742:Lesotho
2692:Eritrea
2662:Comoros
2637:Burundi
2612:Algeria
2206:(1987).
1701:p. 270.
1625:p. 260.
1114:(1987).
354:Sonetos
117:FRELIMO
94:In the
3545:Brazil
3540:Angola
3442:Sports
3387:Emblem
3362:Anthem
3308:Mining
3270:RENAMO
3182:Rivers
3166:Postos
3140:Cities
3029:
2983:
2966:
2953:
2944:
2919:other
2872:Zambia
2867:Uganda
2807:Rwanda
2762:Malawi
2722:Guinea
2617:Angola
2556:
2548:
2483:
2454:
2425:
2262:
2252:
2226:
2138:
2079:
2049:
2028:
1952:
1931:
1842:
1793:
1748:
1684:
1663:
1642:
1612:p. 82.
1580:
1533:
1523:
1499:
1469:
1445:
1409:
1399:
1375:
1353:
1343:
1316:
1289:
1264:
1254:
1230:
1206:
1170:
1160:
1097:
1072:
1050:
1026:
928:Themes
784:, and
695:Maputo
499:, and
187:Virgil
179:Vondel
175:Milton
23:or by
3570:Macau
3473:Index
3417:Music
3412:Media
2934:Ceuta
2847:Sudan
2797:Niger
2752:Libya
2737:Kenya
2717:Ghana
2707:Gabon
2682:Egypt
2622:Benin
2554:S2CID
2501:(PDF)
2370:(PDF)
2363:(PDF)
2342:(PDF)
2000:(PDF)
1993:(PDF)
1881:(PDF)
1874:(PDF)
975:(USA)
837:]
613:Chope
609:Msaho
531:negro
363:Poet
332:with
324:with
298:]
258:]
191:Dante
183:Homer
3905:2024
3897:2023
3889:2022
3881:2021
3873:2020
3865:2019
3857:2018
3849:2017
3841:2016
3833:2015
3825:2014
3817:2013
3809:2012
3801:2011
3782:2010
3774:2009
3766:2008
3758:2007
3747:2006
3739:2005
3731:2004
3723:2003
3715:2002
3707:2001
3688:2000
3680:1999
3672:1998
3664:1997
3656:1996
3648:1995
3640:1994
3632:1993
3624:1992
3616:1991
3608:1990
3600:1989
3392:Flag
2857:Togo
2767:Mali
2657:Chad
2546:ISSN
2481:ISBN
2452:ISBN
2423:ISBN
2378:2013
2278:link
2260:OCLC
2250:ISBN
2224:ISBN
2136:ISSN
2077:ISBN
2047:ISBN
2026:ISBN
1950:ISBN
1929:ISBN
1840:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1746:ISBN
1682:ISBN
1661:ISBN
1640:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1531:OCLC
1521:ISBN
1497:ISBN
1467:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1425:link
1407:OCLC
1397:ISBN
1373:ISBN
1351:OCLC
1341:ISBN
1314:ISBN
1287:ISBN
1262:OCLC
1252:ISBN
1228:ISBN
1204:ISBN
1186:link
1168:OCLC
1158:ISBN
1095:ISBN
1070:ISBN
1048:ISBN
1024:ISBN
901:and
843:and
733:and
707:and
674:and
639:and
627:and
600:and
515:was
470:and
462:and
452:The
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394:The
387:and
244:and
238:JoĂŁo
236:and
234:José
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