Motion Picture Association

418:. The Code consisted of moral guidelines regarding what was acceptable to include in films. Unlike the "Dont's and Be Carefuls", which the studios had ignored, the Production Code was endorsed by studio executives. The Code incorporated many of the "Don'ts and Be Carefuls" as specific examples of what could not be portrayed. Among other rules, the code prohibited inclusion of "scenes of passion" unless they were essential to a film's plot; "pointed profanity" in either word or action; "sex perversion"; justification or explicit coverage of adultery; sympathetic treatment of crime or criminals; dancing with "indecent" moves; and white slavery. Because studio executives had been involved in the decision to adopt the code, MPPDA-member studios were more willing to submit scripts for consideration. However, the growing economic impacts of the 62: 789: 743: 1183:. The system used a third-party service to identify content being distributed illegally. Users were then informed that their accounts were being used for possible copyright infringement and were provided with information about ways to get authorized content online. Users who received multiple notices of infringement faced "mitigations measures", such as temporary slowing of their Internet service, but the system did not include termination of subscriber accounts. Subscribers facing such action had a right to appeal to the 720: 766: 697: 1396: 1205:(ITC)'s decision to consider electronic transmissions to the U.S. as "articles" so that it could prevent the importation of digital files of counterfeit goods. While the case being considered by the ITC involved dental appliances, the ITC could have also used such authority to bar the importation of pirated movies and TV shows from rogue foreign websites that traffic in infringing content. The Federal Circuit Court of Appeals took up the matter, and ultimately ruled against the ITC. 512: 1382: 498: 540:, in order to limit censorship of Hollywood films and provide parents with information about the appropriateness of films for children. In addition to concerns about protecting children, Valenti stated in his autobiography that he sought to ensure that American filmmakers could produce the films they wanted, without the censorship that existed under the Production Code that had been in effect since 1934. 1198:, a file hosting website, the MPAA colluded with Hotfile to misrepresent the settlement so that the case would serve as a deterrent. The settlement was previously believed to be $ 80 million and was widely reported; however, Hotfile only paid the studios $ 4 million and agreed to have the $ 80 million figure recorded as the judgment and the website shut down. 575:. During his tenure, Glickman focused on tax issues, content protection efforts, and increasing U.S. studios' access to international markets. He led lobbying efforts that resulted in $ 400 million in federal tax incentives for the film industry, and also supported a law which created federal oversight of anti-piracy efforts. Glickman stepped down in 2010. 398:

onscreen portrayal of violence and sexuality, among other topics. This resulted in negative publicity for the studios and decreasing numbers of theater goers, who were uninterested in films that were sometimes so severely edited that they were incoherent. In 1929, more than 50 percent of American moviegoers lived in a location overseen by such a board.

372:, while simultaneously ensuring that American films had a "clean moral tone". The MPPDA also instituted a code of conduct for Hollywood's actors in an attempt to govern their behavior offscreen. Finally, the code sought to protect American film interests abroad by encouraging film studios to avoid racist portrayals of foreigners. 479:

In 1956, Johnston oversaw the first major revision of the Production Code since it was created in 1930. This revision allowed the treatment of some subjects which had previously been forbidden, including abortion and the use of narcotics, so long as they were "within the limits of good taste". At the

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as its head. Unlike previous attempts at self-censorship, PCA decisions were binding—no film could be exhibited in an American theater without a stamp of approval from the PCA, and any producer attempting to do so faced a fine of $ 25,000. After ten years of unsuccessful voluntary codes and expanding

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was first introduced in November 1968, it has gone through several changes, including the addition of a PG-13 rating. The ratings system is completely voluntary, and ratings have no legal standing. Instead, the American film industry enforces the MPAA film ratings after they have been assigned, with

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complaint, coupled with Dodd's efforts, contributed to the United States' agreement with China in 2012 to open China's film market to more Hollywood films and to increase U.S. studios' share of box-office revenues in China. In addition to this agreement with China, the U.S. signed more than 20 memos

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At the time of the MPPDA's founding, there was no national censorship, but some state and municipal laws required movies to be censored, a process usually overseen by a local censorship board. As such, in certain locations in the U.S., films were often edited to comply with local laws regarding the

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was approved as a new member in January 2019, making it the first non-studio and the first streaming service to be part of the organization. The addition of Netflix also helped to maintain the number of members after the acquisition of 20th Century Fox by Disney. The MPA aims to recruit additional

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He also created the Motion Picture Export Association (MPEA) to promote American films abroad by opposing production company monopolies in other countries. In 1947 the MPEA voted to discontinue film shipments to Britain after the British government imposed an import tax on American films. Johnston

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regarding potential problems. Again, despite Hays' efforts, studios largely ignored the "Don'ts and Be Carefuls", and by the end of 1929, the MPPDA received only about 20 percent of Hollywood scripts prior to production, and the number of regional and local censorship boards continued to increase.

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In 1924, Hays instituted "The Formula", a loose set of guidelines for filmmakers, in an effort to get the movie industry to self-regulate the issues that the censorship boards had been created to address. "The Formula" requested that studios send synopses of films being considered to the MPPDA for

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In 2015, theaters began airing the MPAA's "I Make Movies" series, an ad campaign intended to combat piracy by highlighting the stories of behind-the-scenes employees in the film and television industry. The series pointed audiences to the MPAA's "WhereToWatch" website (later dubbed "The Credits")

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In September 2019, the association updated its branding to reflect the global nature of the film, television, and streaming industry, officially changing its name to the Motion Picture Association (MPA), a name which it has used internationally since 1994. An updated logo also went into effect at

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For nearly three years, studios complied with the Code. By 1938, however, as the threat of war in Europe loomed, movie producers began to worry about the possibility of decreased profits abroad. This led to a decreased investment in following the strictures of the code, and occasional refusals to

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In the years that immediately followed the adoption of the Code, Breen often sent films back to Hollywood for additional edits, and in some cases, simply refused to issue PCA approval for a film to be shown. At the same time, Hays promoted the industry's new focus on wholesome films and continued

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In 1968, the MPAA established the Code and Rating Administration, or CARA (later renamed the Classification and Rating Administration), which began issuing ratings for films exhibited and distributed commercially in the United States to help parents determine what films are appropriate for their

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Johnston was well-liked by studio executives, and his political connections helped him function as an effective liaison between Hollywood and Washington. In 1963, while still serving as president of the MPAA, Johnston died of a stroke. For three years, the MPAA operated without a president while

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In 2005, the MPAA commissioned a study to examine the effects of file sharing on film industry profitability. The study concluded that the industry lost $ 6.1 billion per year to piracy, and that up to 44 percent of domestic losses were due to file sharing by college students. In 2008, the MPAA

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began in 1975 with the establishment of the Film Security Office, which sought to recover unauthorized recordings of films in order to prevent duplication. The MPA has continued to pursue a number of initiatives to combat illegal distribution of films and TV shows, especially in response to new

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In 2012, the MPAA launched the Diversity and Multicultural Outreach program, as part of an effort to increase diversity in the television and film industry both through employment and representation on screen. Since its inception, the Diversity and Multicultural and Outreach group has conducted

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to replace Glickman in March 2011. In his role as president, Dodd focused on content protection, trade, and improving Hollywood's image. He traveled to China in 2011 in an effort to encourage the Chinese government to both crack down on piracy and further open its film market. A settlement of a

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alleged that the MPAA gave preferential treatment to member studios during the process of assigning ratings, as well as criticizing the rating process for its lack of transparency. In response, the MPAA posted its ratings rules, policies, and procedures, as well as its appeals process, online.

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called Forest Blog accused the MPAA of violating the license for the platform, which required that users link back to the Forest Blog website. The MPAA had used the platform for its own blog, but without linking back to the Forest Blog website. The MPAA subsequently took the blog offline, and

1259:". This slogan appeared in messages that replaced file-sharing websites after they had been shut down through MPAA legal action. It also appeared in posters and videos distributed to video stores by the MPAA. Also in 2004, the MPAA partnered with the Federation Against Copyright Theft and the 405:

In 1927, Hays oversaw the creation of a code of "Don'ts and Be Carefuls" for the industry. This list outlined the issues that movies could encounter in different localities. Hays also created a Studio Relations Department (SRD) with staff available to the studios for script reviews and advice

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In 1975, Valenti established the Film Security Office, an anti-piracy division at the MPAA, which sought to recover unauthorized recordings of films to prevent duplication. Valenti continued to fight piracy into the 1980s, asking Congress to install chips in VCRs that would prevent illegal

3844: 1308:, which stipulates that the source code of any projects using the distribution be made available to third parties. The source code for the MPAA's toolkit, however, was not made available. When the MPAA was made aware of the violation, the software toolkit was removed from their website. 1269:", a trailer that was shown before films in theaters equating piracy with car theft. The trailer was later placed at the beginning of the video on many DVDs in many cases as an unskippable clip (not being able to skip or fast-forward), which triggered criticism and a number of parodies. 3744: 3714: 1335:

called "rich irony". The MPAA subsequently claimed that it had the legal right to copy the film despite this being counter to the filmmaker's explicit request, because the documentary's exploration of the MPAA's ratings board was potentially a violation of the board members' privacy.

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would join the MPA as its seventh member starting October 1, the second non-studio to do so after Netflix in 2019; this would also mark a return to the MPA for MGM, currently a division of Amazon MGM Studios, after it lost membership in 2005 following a buyout led by Sony.

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many theaters refusing to exhibit non-rated films. For example, it is against the American film industry's policy to admit unaccompanied children to an R-rated film. An unrated film is often denoted by "NR", such as in newspapers, although this is not a formal MPAA rating.

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revised the percentage of loss due to college students down to 15 percent, citing human error in the initial calculations of this figure. Beyond the percentage of the loss that was attributable to college students, however, no other errors were found in the study.

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distribution of video tapes. Valenti also oversaw a major change in the ratings system that he had helped create—the removal of the "X" rating, which had come to be closely associated with pornography. It was replaced with a new rating, "NC-17", in 1990.

379:, and the MPPDA worked to raise support from the general public for the film industry's efforts against such censorship. Large portions of the public opposed censorship, but also decried the lack of morals in movies. The organisation also had formed a 4268: 430:, along with a number of Protestant and women's groups, launched plans to boycott films that they deemed immoral. In order to avert boycotts which might further harm the profitability of the film industry, the MPPDA created a new department, the 1031:. In 1986, the MPAA asked Congress to pass a law that would require VCRs to come equipped with a chip to prevent them from making copies. Legal efforts at stopping homemade copies of broadcast television largely ended, however, when the 4933: 1252:

advertising campaign in 2003 highlighted workers in the film industry describing how piracy affected them. The video spots ran as trailers before films, and as television advertisements. In 2004, the MPAA began using the slogan

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In 1994, the Motion Picture Export Association of America changed its name to the Motion Picture Association to more accurately reflect the global nature of audiovisual entertainment in today's international marketplace.

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joined the MPAA in 1995, but was purchased in 1996 by Time Warner. The number of members dropped to six in 2005, following Sony's failed attempt to acquire MGM. The MPAA's member companies remained intact until the 2019

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of the early 1930s increased pressure on studios to make films that would draw the largest possible audiences, even if it meant taking their chances with local censorship boards by disobeying the Code.

1187:. In January 2017, the Copyright Alert System was discontinued. While no official reason was given, the MPAA's general counsel stated that the system had not been equipped to stop repeat infringers. 2919: 1919: 2980: 599:(PIPA). After the two bills were shelved in early 2012, Dodd indicated that Hollywood might cut off campaign contributions to politicians who failed to support anti-piracy efforts in the future. 1588: 5051: 4481: 4419: 4388: 4180: 2504: 1808: 1724: 4990: 4088: 3254: 4923: 4118: 4057: 3680: 2538: 3223: 3192: 2435: 456:. In 1945, after nearly 24 years as president, Hays stepped down from his position at the MPPDA, although he continued to act as an advisor for the Association for the next five years. 472:, to replace Hays. During his first year as president, Johnston rebranded the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America as the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). 2095: 2065: 2826: 3099: 2470: 2027: 1971: 1941: 1872: 1842: 1746: 1654: 603:

outreach and partnered with more than 20 multicultural groups and national civil rights organizations in sponsoring film screenings, festivals, and other diversity-themed events.

4754: 1686: 1149:. The following year, the MPAA expanded its legal actions to include lawsuits against individuals who downloaded and distributed copyrighted material via peer-to-peer networks. 625: 1141:

In late 2004, the MPAA changed course and filed lawsuits in a concerted effort to address copyright infringement on a number of large online file-sharing services, including

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The MPA has continued to support law enforcement efforts to prevent illegal distribution of copyrighted materials online. The MPA and its British counterpart, the

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of member motion picture companies. At its founding, MPPDA member companies produced approximately 70 to 80 percent of the films made in the United States. Former

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comply with PCA demands. That same year, responding to trends in European films in the run-up to the war, Hays spoke out against using movies as a vehicle for

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After serving as president of the MPAA for 38 years, Valenti announced that he would step down in 2004. In September of that year, he was replaced by former

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review. This effort largely failed, however, as studios were under no obligation to send their scripts to Hays's office, nor to follow his recommendations.

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local censorship boards, the studio approved and agreed to enforce the codes, and the nationwide "Production Code" was enforced starting on July 1, 1934.

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This article is about the group that represents Hollywood studios and assigns ratings for movies. For their guidelines and a list of their ratings, see

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Also in 2007, the MPAA released a software toolkit for universities to help identify cases of file sharing on campus. The software used parts of the

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same time, the revisions added a number of new restrictions to the code, including outlawing the depiction of blasphemy and mercy killings in films.

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file-sharing website in May 2006. Swedish officials have acknowledged that part of the motivation for the raid was the threat of sanctions from the

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In 2019, the MPA released an overview of the piracy markets in contravention of the US Government. Added to the list were Chinese hosting service

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The MPA strives to protect the creative rights of the large corporate film makers. Its counterpart has come up with infamous slogans such as "

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Throughout his tenure at the MPAA, Dodd also highlighted the need for film studios to embrace technology as a means of distributing content.

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United Artists briefly resigned from the organization in 1956 over a ratings dispute, although they rejoined later in the decade. By 1966,

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succeeded Chris Dodd as CEO on September 5, 2017, and as chairman effective December 6, 2017. On January 25, 2019, film streaming service

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According to a 2015 study commissioned by CARA, ninety-three percent of parents in the U.S. find the rating system to be a helpful tool.

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Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) was an MPAA member until 2005, shortly after Sony Pictures Entertainment's failed attempt to buy that studio.

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of understanding with foreign governments regarding the enforcement of intellectual property rights during Dodd's tenure at the MPAA.

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letters to discourage such activity. In the first six months of 2002, the MPAA sent more than 18,000 such letters to

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In 2001, Valenti established the Digital Strategy Department at the MPAA to specifically address issues surrounding

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The main focus of the MPPDA in its early years was on producing a strong public relations campaign to ensure that

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The MPAA itself has been accused of copyright infringement on multiple occasions. In 2007, the creator of a

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The MPA has advocated for the motion picture and television industry, with the goals of promoting effective

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As of 1995, the MPAA members were MGM—which included United Artists after their 1981 merger, Paramount,

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In the early 2000s, the MPAA began focusing its efforts to curb copyright infringement specifically on

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The MPA was founded as the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) in 1922 as a

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MPA EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa), which has anti-piracy programs in 17 European countries

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explained that the software had been used on a test basis and the blog had never been publicized.

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and the threat that the MPA believed they represented to the movie industry, with MPAA president

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and the major studios in 2008 over the legality of the software, accusing them of violating the

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had joined the original members. In the following decade, new members joining the MPAA included

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announced that it had joined the MPAA in an effort to identify itself among the major studios.

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reproduction of video cassettes, and in the 1990s supported law enforcement efforts to stop

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negotiated with the British government to end the tax in 1948, and film shipments resumed.

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revealed that following a lawsuit in which the MPAA won a multimillion judgment against

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Hollywood V. Hard Core: How the Struggle Over Censorship Saved the Modern Film Industry

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became a MPAA member, but was later replaced in 1986 along with Avco Embassy when the

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In 1930, the MPPDA introduced the Motion Picture Production Code, commonly called the

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into the 1990s, and in 2000 took successful legal action against individuals posting

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Jack Valenti was the president of Motion Picture Association of America for 38 years.

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after their 1989 acquisition, 20th Century Fox, Universal, Disney, and Warner Bros.

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in 1968, which is managed by the Classification and Rating Administration (CARA).

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MPA Latin America, which has anti-piracy programs in two Latin-American countries

1146: 1077:. The judgment found there were no grounds for the antitrust claim and dismissed 3309:"CinemaCon: MPAA Tweaks Movie Ratings System in Wake of Newtown School Shooting" 613:(ACE), a coalition of entertainment companies, including the six major studios, 5382: 4203: 3471: 2761: 2213:"MPEA Approves Johnston's Agreement; To Lift Film Embargo After British Ratify" 964: 921: 905: 672:

According to the MPA, the ratings are made by an independent group of parents.

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as a major piracy threat; the website was then blocked in the United Kingdom.

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in 1928. Then came the 1935 merger of Fox Film and 20th Century Pictures into

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Motion Picture Association of America. Production Code Administration records

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in 1930. This code, also known as the Hays Code, was replaced by a voluntary

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After a search which lasted over a year, the MPAA hired former U.S. Senator

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which provides attention to the behind-the-scenes creativity involved in

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The MPAA has also produced publicity campaigns to discourage piracy. The

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MPPDA - MPAA - The Motion Picture Production Code film numbers to 52000

5426:, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 3573:

Movers and Shakers: The 100 Most Influential Figures in Modern Business

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On the box: "Some material may be inappropriate for children under 13"

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The Dame in the Kimono: Hollywood, Censorship, and the Production Code

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On the box: "Under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian"

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From the early days of the association, Hays spoke out against public

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Lost Illusions: American Cinema in the Shadow of Wtergate and Vietnam

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Politics and Film: The Political Culture of Film in the United States

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Around the world, the MPA helps with local law enforcement to combat

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Guy Wright (July 1, 2004). "Jack Valenti Steps Down from MPAA/MPA".

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Freedom and Entertainment: Rating the Movies in an Age of New Media

3092:"Hollywood And Digital Companies Forge Global Anti-Piracy Alliance" 1453: 1081:. The court later found that the RealNetworks product violated the 1036: 956: 893: 388: 322:, including attempts to limit the sharing of copyrighted works via 158: 5399: 1905:

Controlling Hollywood: Censorship and Regulation in the Studio Era

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Former U.S. Ambassador to France and Assistant Secretary of State

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drawing a parallel between the threat of the VCR and that of the

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Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (1922-1945)

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remained financially stable and able to attract investment from

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Motion Picture Association film rating system § Criticisms

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In a case resolved in 2015, the MPAA and others supported the

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The ratings currently used by the MPA's voluntary system are:

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Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs

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Hollywood Censored: Morality Codes, Catholics, and the Movies

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The MPA continued to support law enforcement efforts to stop

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The original MPAA members were the "Big Eight" film studios:

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On the box: "Some material may not be suitable for children"

710:"Nothing that would offend parents for viewing by children." 3340:"Weinstein Co. to Release Unrated 'Bully' in Protest of 'R'" 2728: 2370:"Valenti retires, Glickman named Hollywood's Washington man" 4869: 16:

Trade organization representing major American film studios

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In 2006, the MPAA admitted having made illegal copies of

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as one of the "top 5 rogue cyberlocker services" to the

4261:"RealNetworks Drops Fight to Sell DVD Copying Software" 2336:. Motion Picture Association of America. Archived from 1138:

to forward to users engaged in copyright infringement.

5333:); published January 24, 2006; retrieved June 11, 2014 3674:"Jack Valenti, pres of Motion Picture Assn of Amer..." 2702: 1366:, which has anti-piracy programs in 14 Asian countries 5385:; published January 26, 2006; retrieved June 11, 2014 5358:; published January 24, 2006; retrieved June 11, 2014 2850:"MPAA's Chris Dodd Presses China to Open Film Market" 2497:"Movie Producers Want Anti-Copy Device On VCR Makers" 1508: 2594:"Big-name Hollywood directors join battle over MPAA" 1477: 1466:

United States Motion Picture Production Code of 1930

1377: 281:

Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America

4471: 4204:"RealNetworks accuses MPAA of antitrust violations" 2729:Jim Puzzanghera; Claudia Eller (October 20, 2009). 609:In June 2017, the MPAA supported the launch of the 47:

Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers

5436:The Production Code of the Motion Picture Industry 4047: 3932:"Disney Closes $ 71 Billion 21st Century Fox Deal" 3564: 2786:Richard Verrier; Jim Puzzanghera (March 2, 2011). 2406:. New York: Three Rivers Press. pp. 302–306. 2118: 1873:"Producers Adopt Code of Conduct For Screen Shows" 4567:"US threatened Sweden with sanctions over piracy" 3436: 3337: 3306: 2847: 2816: 2560:Melina Gerosa; Anne Thompson (October 12, 1990). 1901: 1548:"MPAA Rebrands to Reflect International Monicker" 1517:"Motion Picture Association Unifies Global Brand" 1019:technologies. In the 1980s, it spoke out against 249:Motion Picture Association of America (1945-2019) 5442: 5407:Motion Picture Association of America (mpaa.org) 3898:"MPAA ( Motion Picture Association of America )" 3640:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 3576:. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. 2003. p. 253. 3213: 2455: 2453: 1790: 1214:Office of the United States Trade Representative 4502: 4289: 2531:"MPAA Bags Some 50,000 Bogus Vids in N.Y. Bust" 1539: 1422:: decryption program for DVD video discs using 1152:The MPAA also played a role in encouraging the 591:In 2011, the MPAA supported the passage of the 521:became the chairman and CEO of the MPAA in 2017 5041: 4595: 4474:"MPAA Anti-Piracy Lawsuits Target Individuals" 4139: 3798: 3466: 3464: 3182: 3058: 2940: 2524: 2522: 2494: 2490: 2488: 2050: 1964: 1934: 1230: 1046:production and distribution of videotapes and 484:studio executives searched for a replacement. 5486:Trade associations based in the United States 4980: 4598:"MPAA-Backed Copyright Alert System Unveiled" 4440: 4409: 4227: 4201: 4078: 3737:"Movie Group's Meeting At Cannes Is Canceled" 3401: 2810: 2759: 2722: 2450: 2367: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2278:. New York: Three Rivers Press. p. 271. 2267: 1681: 1679: 1629:Leff, Leonard J.; Simmons, Jerold L. (2001). 1009: 649:Motion Picture Association film rating system 409: 361:was named the association's first president. 21:Motion Picture Association film rating system 5466:Arts organizations based in Washington, D.C. 5255: 5102: 5035: 4626: 4533: 4505:"Sweden Pressured to take Pirate Bay Action" 4378: 4170: 3430: 3331: 2698: 2696: 2586: 2401: 2397: 2395: 2292: 2273: 2183:"Film Group Votes Ban On Movies for England" 2002:"Will Hays Gets Italy to Lift Film Blockage" 1994: 1908:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 1835: 1203:United States International Trade Commission 802:"Clearly adult. Children are not admitted." 5316: 5314: 5133: 4718: 4629:"The new copyright alert system is running" 4323:"MPAA Trains Dogs to Sniff Out Pirate DVDs" 4320: 4283: 4133: 4103: 3461: 3275: 2703:Anne Schroeder Mullins (October 19, 2009). 2519: 2485: 2322: 2080: 2020: 1895: 1628: 1339: 804:On the box: "No One 17 and Under Admitted" 563: 26:"MPAA" redirects here. For other uses, see 5136:"MPAA admits mistake on downloading study" 4719:Van der Sar, Ernesto (December 24, 2014). 4564: 4496: 4434: 4372: 4195: 4164: 3986: 3500: 3244: 3207: 2841: 2753: 2654: 2618: 2528: 2352: 2245:"Motion Picture Code Made 'More Flexible'" 2151:"Movies Begin to Fight Foreign Monopolies" 2110: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1676: 1655:"Hays Attacks Censors; Says Film Men O.K." 459: 60: 5343:MPAA admits to unauthorized movie copying 5286: 5249: 5096: 5078:Intellectual Property Office of Singapore 4974: 4589: 4465: 4403: 4221: 4041: 3964:. Motion Picture Association of America. 3929: 3866:Fabrikant, Geraldine (October 11, 1996). 3865: 3859: 3700: 3698: 3395: 3269: 3089: 3005:. Motion Picture Association of America. 2878: 2779: 2693: 2428:"Film Ratings System Adopted By Industry" 2392: 2175: 2116: 1865: 1739: 1647: 1261:Intellectual Property Office of Singapore 1177:Recording Industry Association of America 1059:Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Reimerdes 997:In September 2024, it was announced that 985:acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney 611:Alliance for Creativity and Entertainment 487: 275:, as well as the video streaming service 5456:1922 establishments in the United States 5432:—Includes a downloadable Excel worksheet 5336: 5311: 5227:"MPAA: We Were Only Testing Forest Blog" 4863: 4651: 4558: 4527: 4351: 3868:"Holders Back Time Warner-Turner Merger" 3368: 3238: 3003:"Inclusion & Multicultural Outreach" 2553: 2420: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1575: 1573: 1545: 1014:The MPA's concerted efforts at fighting 5496:Film organizations in the United States 5280: 5164: 5127: 5066: 4832: 4801: 4687: 4472:Bary Alyssa Johnson (August 29, 2005). 4230:"Judge Slams MPAA 'Cartel' Allegations" 4072: 4019: 3987:McClintock, Pamela (January 22, 2019). 3834: 3828: 3501:McClintock, Pamela (December 3, 2015). 3257:from the original on September 27, 2013 3151: 3120: 3052: 2934: 2705:"Glickman says he'll step down in 2010" 1769: 1527:from the original on September 29, 2020 1483: 442: 346:Foundation and early history: 1922–1929 5443: 5361: 5237:from the original on February 16, 2018 5177:from the original on February 16, 2018 5005: 4921: 4894: 4845:from the original on February 16, 2018 4814:from the original on February 16, 2018 4731:from the original on February 16, 2018 4700:from the original on February 16, 2018 4314: 4271:from the original on February 16, 2018 3878:from the original on February 14, 2015 3704: 3695: 3671: 3665: 3633: 3627: 3531: 3525: 3513:from the original on February 16, 2018 3482:from the original on November 19, 2021 3437:Pamela McClintock (January 16, 2007). 3071:from the original on December 16, 2019 3027: 2909: 2648: 1847:The Telegraph-Herald and Times-Journal 1444:National Association of Theatre Owners 1241: 1118: 5115:from the original on December 9, 2012 4962:from the original on January 24, 2021 4577:from the original on November 1, 2009 4422:from the original on December 2, 2013 4391:from the original on December 2, 2013 4302:from the original on December 2, 2013 4183:from the original on December 2, 2013 4121:from the original on December 3, 2013 4091:from the original on December 2, 2013 4060:from the original on December 3, 2013 4048:William D. Marbach (April 26, 1982). 4001:from the original on January 22, 2019 3930:Littleton, Cynthia (March 19, 2019). 3816:from the original on October 19, 2021 3786:from the original on January 24, 2016 3615:from the original on October 13, 2018 3278:"Law limits some violent video games" 3214:Charles Champlin (January 29, 1970). 3176: 3164:from the original on October 10, 2020 2891:from the original on January 21, 2022 2788:"MPAA hires former Sen. Dodd as head" 2663: 2541:from the original on December 2, 2013 2507:from the original on December 2, 2013 2495:Bill McCloskey (September 23, 1986). 2205: 2143: 1709: 1603: 1570: 1558:from the original on December 7, 2019 1546:Eggerton, John (September 18, 2019). 1496:from the original on October 10, 2020 1285:Accusations of copyright infringement 1164:, along with a letter from the MPAA. 642: 289:Motion Picture Association of America 43:Motion Picture Corporation of America 5481:Film censorship in the United States 5105:"Getting inside a downloader's head" 5042:Greg Hernandez (November 17, 2004). 4936:from the original on August 31, 2017 4665:. Center for Copyright Information. 4596:Sean J. Miller (February 26, 2013). 4352:Doctorow, Cory (February 11, 2005). 4258: 3835:Wharton, Dennis (January 25, 1995). 3765: 3759: 3552:from the original on August 26, 2021 3338:Pamela McClintock (March 26, 2012). 3307:Pamela McClintock (March 16, 2013). 2237: 2088:"Johnston Named Motion Picture Czar" 1717:"Hays Says Public Censors Will Fail" 1581:"Ultimatum by Hays to Purify Movies" 1514: 1415:British Board of Film Classification 1092:(FACT), also funded the training of 1035:ruled that such copying constituted 5321:MPAA finds itself accused of piracy 5013:"Movie body hits peer-to-peer nets" 4903:from the original on August 4, 2020 4802:Gardner, Eriq (February 19, 2015). 4783:from the original on April 20, 2021 4757:from the original on April 20, 2021 4536:"U.S. Joins Industry in Piracy War" 4441:Fred Locklear (December 14, 2004). 4360:from the original on August 4, 2020 4333:from the original on August 4, 2020 4290:David Lieberman (January 4, 2013). 4020:Johnson, Ted (September 19, 2024). 3942:from the original on March 20, 2019 3729: 3597: 3350:from the original on April 17, 2020 3288:from the original on August 4, 2020 3216:"Film Ratings Plan Will Be Revised" 3185:"Film Classification Starts Nov. 1" 3183:Richard L. Coe (October 14, 1968). 3152:Johnson, Ted (September 18, 2019). 3059:Alex Ben Block (October 26, 2011). 2953:from the original on April 17, 2020 2941:Alex Ben Block (January 17, 2012). 2860:from the original on April 17, 2020 2848:Jonathan Landreth (June 13, 2011). 2829:from the original on April 17, 2020 2817:Pamela McClintock (April 5, 2012). 2681:from the original on April 20, 2021 2671:"Hollywood chief Valenti to retire" 2461:"Movie industry fights film piracy" 2028:"Hays Scores Propaganda On Screens" 1972:"Newest Pictures Based on Classics" 1484:Johnson, Ted (September 18, 2019). 1434:Entertainment Software Rating Board 1356:Motion Picture Association – Canada 39:Motion Picture Association – Canada 13: 5476:Entertainment rating organizations 5419:MPPDA Digital Archives (1922–1939) 5368:Sundance #7: Film ratings exposed! 5256:Brett Thomas (February 19, 2007). 5207:from the original on July 23, 2020 5054:from the original on April 7, 2014 4993:from the original on April 7, 2014 4983:"H'wood steps up antipiracy fight" 4895:Prabhu, Vijay (October 17, 2016). 4876:from the original on March 9, 2018 4833:Johnson, Ted (November 10, 2015). 4639:from the original on July 26, 2020 4627:Sarah Laskow (February 28, 2013). 4608:from the original on July 24, 2020 4546:from the original on April 4, 2017 4515:from the original on April 7, 2014 4484:from the original on April 7, 2014 4416:Townsville Bulletin/Townsville Sun 4379:Dan Atkinson (December 10, 2003). 4240:from the original on March 3, 2012 4228:David Kravets (January 11, 2010). 4171:Sam Costella (September 6, 2000). 4152:from the original on July 16, 2022 4050:"Putting the Bite On the Home VCR" 3968:from the original on April 9, 2020 3847:from the original on July 16, 2022 3747:from the original on July 16, 2022 3717:from the original on July 16, 2022 3683:from the original on April 7, 2014 3439:"MPAA, NATO reform ratings system" 3418:from the original on June 19, 2017 3226:from the original on July 24, 2020 3195:from the original on July 24, 2020 3133:from the original on June 10, 2019 3102:from the original on July 24, 2020 3090:Lieberman, David (June 13, 2017). 3040:from the original on July 24, 2020 3009:from the original on July 26, 2020 2983:from the original on July 24, 2020 2879:Faughnder, Ryan (April 28, 2017). 2798:from the original on July 26, 2020 2760:Greg Sandoval (January 22, 2010). 2741:from the original on July 26, 2020 2606:from the original on July 24, 2020 2473:from the original on July 24, 2020 2438:from the original on July 24, 2020 2380:from the original on June 29, 2020 2310:from the original on July 24, 2020 2255:from the original on July 24, 2020 2225:from the original on April 7, 2014 2193:from the original on July 24, 2020 2163:from the original on July 23, 2018 2098:from the original on July 24, 2020 2068:from the original on July 24, 2020 2038:from the original on July 24, 2020 1982:from the original on July 24, 2020 1952:from the original on July 24, 2020 1922:from the original on June 24, 2021 1883:from the original on July 24, 2020 1853:from the original on July 24, 2020 1811:from the original on April 7, 2022 1757:from the original on July 24, 2020 1727:from the original on July 23, 2018 1697:from the original on July 24, 2020 1664:from the original on July 24, 2020 1591:from the original on July 23, 2018 1351:The MPA offices in the world are: 1090:Federation Against Copyright Theft 787: 764: 752:PG-13 – Parents Strongly Cautioned 741: 718: 695: 538:a system of voluntary film ratings 332:United States Ambassador to France 14: 5507: 5491:Organizations established in 1922 5391: 5299:from the original on July 8, 2017 5023:from the original on June 7, 2013 4864:Sandoval, Greg (March 31, 2012). 4688:Johnson, Ted (January 27, 2017). 4669:from the original on May 23, 2013 4503:Thomas Mennecke (June 20, 2006). 4453:from the original on July 8, 2017 3908:from the original on June 3, 2021 3449:from the original on July 4, 2017 3245:Hal Lipper (September 29, 2009). 3121:Johnson, Ted (January 22, 2019). 2910:Petski, Denise (April 28, 2017). 1304:distribution, released under the 1256:You can click, but you can't hide 1112:You can click, but you can't hide 961:De Laurentiis Entertainment Group 470:United States Chamber of Commerce 448:promoting American films abroad. 5258:"MPAA violates software license" 5219: 5189: 5158: 5134:Justin Pope (January 23, 2008). 4948: 4915: 4888: 4857: 4826: 4795: 4769: 4743: 4712: 4681: 4620: 4079:Malcolm Jones (April 26, 1987). 3672:Weiler, A H (January 26, 1975). 3402:Peter Travers (August 3, 2006). 3319:from the original on May 8, 2020 2922:from the original on May 2, 2020 2762:"MPAA's Dan Glickman steps down" 1687:"Czar of Movies Hits Censorship" 1633:. University Press of Kentucky. 1515:Zigo, Tom (September 18, 2019). 1394: 1380: 1185:American Arbitration Association 1169:Center for Copyright Information 1083:Digital Millennium Copyright Act 920:(formed by the merger of Loews, 729:PG – Parental Guidance Suggested 712:On the box: "All ages admitted" 510: 496: 5165:Sneider, Jeff (June 25, 2015). 5080:. July 27, 2004. Archived from 4981:Brooks Boliek (July 23, 2003). 4345: 4252: 4140:Seth Goldstein (May 21, 1994). 4013: 3980: 3954: 3923: 3890: 3494: 3362: 3300: 3145: 3114: 3083: 3021: 2995: 2965: 2903: 2872: 1823: 1410:Australian Classification Board 1179:, and five of the US's largest 326:networks and by streaming from 5287:Ryan Paul (December 4, 2007). 5103:Finlo Rohrer (June 18, 2009). 4534:Frank Ahrens (June 15, 2006). 4410:Simon Woolley (June 3, 2002). 4202:Greg Sandoval (May 13, 2009). 4173:"Content de-scrambling fought" 3705:Arnold, Gary (April 5, 1980). 3028:Garcia, Tonya (June 3, 2015). 2368:Jeff Clabaugh (July 1, 2004). 2058:"Eric Johnston to Rule Movies" 1797:. Cambridge University Press. 987:, including 20th Century Fox. 432:Production Code Administration 301:Motion Picture Production Code 1: 5048:The Daily News of Los Angeles 4922:Bolton, Doug (May 26, 2016). 4659:"Copyright Alert System FAQs" 4259:Goel, Vindu (March 3, 2010). 3605:"The Man with the Golden Arm" 1471: 974:—which included Columbia and 792:NC-17 rating symbol and block 746:PG-13 rating symbol and block 468:, four-time president of the 387:Independents and enforce the 4565:Adam Ewing (June 21, 2006). 4321:Jeremy Kirk (May 11, 2006). 3369:Franklin, Daniel P. (2006). 3276:Dan Richman (May 20, 2003). 3247:"At last, an adult decision" 1223:, and Russian gambling firm 1071:DVD Copy Control Association 786: 763: 740: 717: 694: 85:; 102 years ago 7: 5461:Arts and media trade groups 2529:Paul Verna (May 18, 1991). 2374:Washington Business Journal 1373: 1231:Criticism and controversies 1208:In 2016, the MPAA reported 1061:. Following the release of 1033:United States Supreme Court 723:PG- rating symbol and block 532:, former aide to President 10: 5512: 5451:Motion Picture Association 4633:Columbia Journalism Review 4081:"The invasion of the VCRs" 3406:This Film Is Not Yet Rated 3282:Seattle Post-Intelligencer 2300:"Eric Johnston Dies at 66" 1902:Matthew Bernstein (2000). 1521:Motion Picture Association 1314:This Film Is Not Yet Rated 1234: 1190:On December 24, 2014, the 1181:internet service providers 1136:internet service providers 1010:Content protection efforts 930:Louis B. Mayer Productions 811: 668:This Film Is Not Yet Rated 646: 428:Catholic Legion of Decency 410:Production Code: 1930–1934 340: 257:Motion Picture Association 55:Motion Picture Association 36: 25: 18: 5044:"MPAA Files Piracy Suits" 2657:Digital Producer Magazine 1791:Gregory D. Black (1996). 769:R rating symbol and block 700:G rating symbol and block 624:Former U.S. diplomat and 560:distribution and piracy. 337:is the chairman and CEO. 324:peer-to-peer file sharing 279:. Founded in 1922 as the 241: 227: 215: 172: 150: 140: 129: 119: 107: 97: 79: 71: 59: 4663:copyrightinformation.org 3962:"Who We Are – Our Story" 3634:Vaughn, Stephen (2006). 3375:Rowman & Littlefield 1946:Lewiston Morning Tribune 1877:The Calgary Daily Herald 1552:Broadcasting & Cable 1340:International activities 1327:explicitly described as 1266:You Wouldn’t Steal A Car 1162:World Trade Organization 1158:a raid of the Pirate Bay 967:joined the MPAA roster. 955:in 1979. The next year, 585:World Trade Organization 570:Secretary of Agriculture 564:Modern era: 2004–present 464:In 1945 the MPPDA hired 37:Not to be confused with 5352:, by Eric Bangeman, at 5323:, by John Horn; at the 3837:"Turner Pix Joins MPAA" 3609:American Film Institute 3535:Images of American Life 2709:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 2092:Spokane Daily Chronicle 1976:Spokane Daily Chronicle 1424:Content Scramble System 945:Allied Artists Pictures 460:Johnston era: 1945–1963 318:and has worked to curb 269:five major film studios 5373:June 22, 2019, at the 5074:"Be HIP at the Movies" 4987:The Hollywood Reporter 4808:The Hollywood Reporter 3994:The Hollywood Reporter 3812:. September 27, 1989. 3507:The Hollywood Reporter 3344:The Hollywood Reporter 3313:The Hollywood Reporter 3065:The Hollywood Reporter 2947:The Hollywood Reporter 2854:The Hollywood Reporter 2823:The Hollywood Reporter 2125:. NYU Press. pp. 2094:. September 19, 1945. 2064:. September 20, 1945. 1306:General Public License 1173:Copyright Alert System 1016:copyright infringement 793: 770: 747: 724: 701: 593:Stop Online Piracy Act 488:Valenti era: 1966–2004 426:In 1933 and 1934, the 320:copyright infringement 314:protection, expanding 297:American film industry 102:Non-profit corporation 5348:July 8, 2017, at the 5233:. February 28, 2007. 5084:on September 24, 2008 5019:. February 11, 2005. 4779:. December 24, 2014. 3532:Spring, Joel (1992). 3220:The Victoria Advocate 2404:This Time, This Place 2402:Jack Valenti (2007). 2330:"History of the MPAA" 2276:This Time, This Place 2274:Jack Valenti (2007). 2251:. December 17, 1956. 2249:Eugene Register Guard 2006:The Milwaukee Journal 1075:Sherman Antitrust Act 791: 768: 745: 722: 706:G – General Audiences 699: 28:MPAA (disambiguation) 5413: (archive index) 5268:on November 10, 2013 4177:InfoWorld Daily News 4115:Communications Daily 4085:St. Petersburg Times 3766:Cook, David (2000). 3251:St. Petersburg Times 2979:. January 19, 2012. 2636:on February 20, 2015 2567:Entertainment Weekly 2562:"How the X Got Axed" 2501:The Associated Press 2432:St. Petersburg Times 2304:St. Petersburg Times 2062:The Spokesman-Review 2032:The Pittsburgh Press 1693:. January 25, 1924. 1691:The Spokesman-Review 1402:United States portal 1364:MPA Asia and Pacific 980:Turner Entertainment 916:in 1924, along with 443:War years: 1934–1945 32:MPA (disambiguation) 5146:on February 7, 2008 4540:The Washington Post 2434:. October 8, 1968. 2306:. August 23, 1963. 2008:. November 25, 1936 1832:, October 29, 1925. 1242:Publicity campaigns 1119:Online file sharing 1098:Labrador Retrievers 1057:on the Internet in 1055:decryption software 953:Walt Disney Studios 918:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 858:Walt Disney Studios 798:NC-17 – Adults Only 684:Rating block/symbol 528:The MPAA appointed 287:) and known as the 202:Walt Disney Studios 56: 4265:The New York Times 4027:Deadline Hollywood 3743:. April 29, 1986. 2574:on January 6, 2015 2469:. April 14, 1975. 2221:. March 19, 1948. 2218:The New York Times 2189:. August 7, 1947. 2156:The New York Times 2117:Jon Lewis (2002). 2034:. March 30, 1938. 1978:. March 26, 1935. 1830:The New York Times 1721:The New York Times 1585:The New York Times 1490:Deadline Hollywood 1459:Pre-Code Hollywood 1449:Operation Red Card 1192:Sony Pictures hack 1154:Swedish government 999:Amazon MGM Studios 902:Universal Pictures 890:Paramount Pictures 838:Universal Pictures 828:Paramount Pictures 822:Year of induction 794: 771: 748: 725: 702: 690:MPA's explanation 665:In 2006, the film 643:Film rating system 356:Postmaster General 305:film rating system 197:Universal Pictures 187:Paramount Pictures 54: 5326:Los Angeles Times 4117:. April 3, 1987. 2885:Los Angeles Times 2792:Los Angeles Times 2735:Los Angeles Times 2602:. July 31, 1990. 2599:Spokane Chronicle 2159:. April 5, 1946. 1948:. July 15, 1934. 1942:"Pictures Purged" 1879:. April 1, 1930. 1849:. April 2, 1930. 1723:. July 25, 1922. 1321:) — an act which 1291:blogging platform 1249:Who Makes Movies? 1106:Who Makes Movies? 914:Columbia Pictures 886: 885: 809: 808: 352:trade association 267:representing the 265:trade association 263:) is an American 253: 252: 5503: 5403: 5402: 5400:Official website 5386: 5365: 5359: 5340: 5334: 5318: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5264:. Archived from 5253: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5142:. 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July 6, 1922. 1743: 1737: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1683: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1660:. May 26, 1922. 1658:The Evening News 1651: 1645: 1644: 1626: 1601: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1587:. 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