748:
is within a range of 24 to 30 °C (75 to 86 °F), depending on resource availability. As temperatures rise above or dip below this range, growth rates decrease. Consistent temperatures at or above 35 °C (95 °F) are typically lethal, while growth stops when temperatures are at or below 10 °C (50 °F). For male mosquitofish, sexual maturity is reached in about 43 to 62 days, but maturation age is also dependent on temperature and resources. Female mosquitofish reach sexual maturity in about 21 to 28 days if born early within the reproductive season. The lifespan of a mosquitofish averages less than a year and the maximum is about 1.5 years. However, mosquitofish kept as pets can live much longer, with owners reporting lifespans of over three years. Male mosquitofish lifespans are considerably shorter than females.
581:. They are found most abundantly in shallow water protected from larger fish. Mosquitofish can survive relatively inhospitable environments, and are resilient to low oxygen concentrations, high salt concentrations (up to twice that of sea water), and temperatures up to 42 °C (108 °F) for short periods. Because of their notable adaptability to harsh conditions and their global introduction into many habitats for mosquito control, they have been described as the most widespread freshwater fish in the world. Some of their natural predators include the bass, catfish and bluegill.
105:
56:
80:
590:
545:
606:
populations, and introducing mosquitofish has been harmful to indigenous aquatic life. Mosquitofish introduction outside of their native range can also be harmful to ecosystems. Mosquitofish can consume or injure other small fish or otherwise harm them through competition. The ecological impacts of mosquitofish are partly dictated by their sex ratio, which can vary dramatically across their introduced range.
42:
524:, meaning "useless". The common name, mosquitofish, is derived from their use for biological control of mosquitoes, which itself was based on early observations that, in certain circumstances, they can reduce mosquito abundances. Classification of the western mosquitofish has been difficult due to their similarity to the eastern mosquitofish, and according to
747:
After birth, newborn mosquitofish are about 8 to 9 mm (0.31 to 0.35 in) in length. As juveniles, they grow at a rate of about 0.2 mm (0.0079 in) per day, but growth is highly temperature-dependent. Growth rates of juvenile mosquitofish reach their peak when the water temperature
664:
exhibit significant niche expansions beyond their natural climatic ranges, with a notable shift towards tropical regions in Asia. These findings highlight the ecological flexibility of these species, contributing to their extensive success and posing a substantial risk for further range expansion.
560:
material. Mosquitofish feed on mosquito larvae at all stages of life, if mosquito larvae are available in the environment. Adult females can consume up to hundreds of mosquito larvae in one day. Maximum consumption rate in a day by one mosquitofish has been observed to be from 42%â167% of its own
705:
is less than 12.5 hours long, the next clutch of oocytes develops. In one reproductive season, a female may fertilize, with stored milt, two to six broods of embryos, with the size of the brood decreasing as the season progresses. Reproduction rates are highly dependent on temperature and ration
605:
Mosquitofish were intentionally introduced in many areas with large mosquito populations to decrease the population of mosquitoes by eating the mosquito larvae. However, retrospectively, many introductions could be considered ill-advised; in most cases native fishes supplied control of mosquito
426:
are classified as a noxious pest and may have exacerbated the mosquito problem in many areas by outcompeting native invertebrate predators of mosquito larvae. Several counties in
California distribute mosquitofish at no charge to residents with human-made fish ponds and pools as part of their
468:, while the anal fins of adult males are pointed. This pointed fin, referred to as a gonopodium, is used to deposit milt inside the female. Adult female mosquitofish can be identified by a gravid spot they possess on the posterior of their abdomens. Other species considered similar to
610:
are considered noxious pests where they pose a threat to native fish and frog populations and little evidence indicates they have controlled mosquito populations or mosquito-borne diseases. They have been dubbed by scientists as "one of the most problematic animals on the planet".
706:
level. As temperature increases from 20 to 30 °C, mean age at first reproduction decreases from 191 to 56 days, and brood size and mass of offspring increase significantly. Interbrood interval estimates at 25 and 30 °C are 23 and 19 days, respectively.
734:
side of the body wall. Brood size of females depends on the size of the given female; larger females are more capable of a larger brood quantity than smaller females. Many females have a brood quantity of up to or more than 60 young. Mosquitofish are
561:
body weight. However, they can suffer mortality if fed only mosquito larvae, and survivors of this diet shows poor growth and maturation. As generalists, mosquitofish have also shown cannibalistic behavior on the young of their own species.
446:
within 43 to 62 days. The females, if born early in the reproductive season, reach sexual maturity within 21 to 28 days; females born later in the season reach sexual maturity the next season, in six to seven months.
459:
is seen; mature females reach a maximum overall length of 7 cm (2.8 in), while males reach only 4 cm (1.6 in). Sexual dimorphism is also seen in the physiological structures of the body. The
696:
and gestation occur within the ovary of a female mosquitofish. Inside the female, sperm from multiple males can be stored to later fertilize ova. Based on laboratory experiments, female mosquitofish become
954:
Fryxell, David C.; Moffett, Emma R.; Kinnison, Michael T.; Simon, Kevin S.; Palkovacs, Eric P. (2022). "From southern swamps to cosmopolitan model: Humanity's unfinished history with mosquitofish".
387:, with females reaching a maximum length of 7 cm (2.8 in) and males a maximum length of 4 cm (1.6 in). The female can be distinguished from the male by her larger size and a
427:
mosquito abatement programs. The fish are made available to residents only and are intended to be used solely on their own property, not introduced into natural habitat. On 24 February 2014,
701:
when springtime temperatures reach 14 °C (57 °F), and then the oocytes mature when the average temperature reaches about 18 °C (64 °F). Then late in the summer when the
1947:
677:
of the gonopodium (modified anal fin) into a slight tube. The male mosquitofish uses this tubular fin to secrete milt into the female's genital aperture in the process of
552:
Mosquitofish are diet generalists, but they are considered "larvivorous" because they consume the larvae of mosquitoes and other aquatic insects. Their diet consists of
1032:
1195:
1086:
1401:
739:, which means after the gestation of a brood, the female will have live birth. In most cases, the newborn brood will have an equal male to female sex ratio.
2320:
891:
1003:
2125:
1124:
2315:
1561:
2300:
2200:
2290:
1672:
455:
Mosquitofish are small and of a dull grey coloring, with a large abdomen, and have rounded dorsal and caudal fins and an upturned mouth.
1433:
2086:
395:
larvae, and has been used more than any other fishes for the biological control of mosquitoes. Gambusia typically eat zooplankton,
653:, mosquitofish were bred in aquariums so people could stock stagnant pools of water with the mosquitofish to reduce the number of
2151:
1830:
Campton, D. E.; Gall, G. A. E. (1988). "Effect of individual and group rearing on age and size at maturity of male mosquitofish,
525:
1926:
819:
730:. If the gestation period is shorter, each newborn will at birth still have a yolk sac connected through a slit located on the
731:
2236:
1901:
1875:
2156:
1381:
577:, throughout the Mississippi River and its tributary waters, to as far south as the Gulf Coast in the northeastern parts of
1569:
2305:
1867:
Culex pipiens pipiens mosquitoes: taxonomy, distribution, ecology, physiology, genetic, applied importance and control
1599:
1504:
Fryxell, David C.; Arnett, Heather A.; Apgar, Travis M.; Kinnison, Michael T.; Palkovacs, Eric P. (22 October 2015).
614:
However, from the 1920s to the 1950s, mosquitofish were considered by some to be a significant factor in eradicating
1059:"Notes on the Habits, Morphology of the Reproductive Organs, and Embryology of the Viviparous Fish Gambusia affinis"
681:. The female's genital aperture is located just behind the anal fin and is an opening for the milt to fertilize the
2262:
2099:
2205:
1408:
2310:
1816:
645:
Mosquitofish are still employed for biological control of mosquitoes in some places. In 2008, in some parts of
431:
in India introduced western mosquitofish in 660 ponds to control the mosquito population in freshwater bodies.
422:
to lower mosquito populations which in turn negatively affected many other species in each distinct bioregion.
1624:
220:
1000:
2138:
2034:
2039:
639:
2012:
1655:
Koya, Y; Kamiya, E (2000). "Environmental
Regulation of Annual Reproductive Cycle in the Mosquitofish,
1954:
1132:
2267:
2215:
1386:
665:
Furthermore, it is assumed that the species will continue to spread in the course of climate change.
607:
423:
104:
1694:
Schindler, Joachim; Hamlett, William (1993). "Maternalâembryonic relations in viviparous teleosts".
788:
1157:
2192:
1058:
532:(eastern mosquitofish) may be an invalid taxonomic name, and could be considered a subspecies of
216:
1292:
Dionne, Michele (1985). "Cannibalism, Food
Availability, and Reproduction in the Mosquito Fish (
2179:
2130:
1974:
1253:
678:
674:
442:. Within 16 to 28 days after mating, the female gives birth to about 60 young. The males reach
1865:
486:
324:
199:
2254:
2169:
1506:"Sex ratio variation shapes the ecological effects of a globally introduced freshwater fish"
2021:
1752:
Grier, HJ; Grier, HJ (2010). "Oogenesis of microlecithal oocytes in the viviparous teleost
1470:
1447:
627:
20:
1222:
8:
2026:
480:
428:
391:
at the posterior of her abdomen. The name "mosquitofish" was given because the fish eats
301:
69:
24:
1847:
1781:
1738:
1538:
1505:
1360:
1321:
1313:
971:
939:
910:
509:
474:
376:
320:
229:
156:
99:
765:
418:
Mosquitofish were introduced directly into ecosystems in many parts of the world as a
2295:
2249:
2047:
1897:
1871:
1773:
1721:
Campton, D. E.; Gall, G. A. E. (1988). "Growth and reproduction of the mosquitofish,
1676:
1595:
1543:
1525:
1427:
975:
865:
456:
1785:
1592:
Blue
Ribbons Bitter Bread, the Story of Joice Loch, Australia's Most Decorated Woman
1325:
290:
2052:
1843:
1812:
1765:
1734:
1703:
1668:
1533:
1517:
1352:
1305:
963:
934:
926:
783:
715:
499:
2104:
2223:
1007:
654:
630:
were distributed through Greece, Serbia and the Middle east. On the coast of the
506:
443:
384:
1894:
Reproductive
Biology and Early Life History of Fishes in the Ohio River Drainage
1800:
1339:
Krumholz, Louis (1944). "Northward
Acclimatization of the Western Mosquitofish,
1725:, in relation to temperature and ration level: consequences for life history".
719:
698:
146:
2284:
2164:
1997:
1922:
1801:"Growth and activity of juvenile mosquitofish: temperature and ratio effects"
1529:
1220:
815:
774:
619:
517:
89:
84:
1673:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(20000201)286:2<204::AID-JEZ12>3.0.CO;2-G
2143:
1777:
1707:
1680:
1547:
1521:
412:
2228:
1478:
2187:
2112:
2006:
1562:"Robot fish scare off invasive species in Australian waters, study finds"
702:
553:
502:
388:
355:
166:
1252:
Nico, Leo; Fuller, Pam; Jacobs, Greg; Cannister, Matt (19 August 2009).
55:
2091:
2078:
1769:
1364:
1317:
1039:. Press Trust of India. 23 February 2014 – via Business Standard.
736:
686:
646:
465:
439:
419:
1020:
967:
930:
911:"Off to new shores: Climate niche expansion in invasive mosquitofish (
2117:
2060:
1958:
1123:
Whiteside, Bobby; Bonner, Timothy; Thomas, Chad; Whiteside, Carolyn.
689:
631:
589:
404:
116:
1968:
1356:
673:
Reproduction of the mosquitofish starts with the male arranging the
2073:
2065:
1991:
1935:
1917:
1309:
828:
727:
584:
570:
557:
461:
392:
176:
136:
692:
and as all teleosts, mosquitofish lack a uterus, so production of
544:
723:
693:
623:
615:
598:
574:
2241:
660:
Through species distribution models, it has been revealed that
650:
635:
578:
569:
The native range of the mosquitofish is from southern parts of
400:
396:
126:
41:
722:, which means during gestation, nutrients are provided to the
415:; mosquito larvae make up only a small portion of their diet.
594:
363:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1095:
Journal of the Inland
Fisheries Society of India Barrackpore
1033:"Mosquitofish introduced in ponds to tackle mosquito menace"
989:
1943:
953:
757:
682:
435:
408:
1963:
1817:
10.1577/1548-8659(1983)112<653:GAAOJM>2.0.CO;2
1616:
1503:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
859:
1643:
1251:
1019:
Contra Costa County
Mosquito and Vector Control District
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
1440:
1105:
1221:
Regional Office for the
Eastern Mediterranean (2003).
909:
Jourdan, Jonas; Riesch, RĂŒdiger; Cunze, Sarah (2021).
836:
358:
fish, also known commonly, if ambiguously, as simply
597:
honouring the western mosquito fish for eradicating
438:
into the genital aperture of the female through his
1080:
1078:
1076:
490:; they are commonly misidentified as mosquitofish.
383:Mosquitofish are small in comparison to many other
1745:
1485:. North American Native Fishes Association (NANFA)
908:
1091:(Baird and Girard) (Atheriniformes: Poeciliidae)"
1063:Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries
2282:
1693:
1631:. San Francisco, California: SFGate. p. Bâ1
1073:
585:Global invasion history and environmental impact
374:. Its sister species, the eastern mosquitofish (
789:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T166562A58317114.en
1805:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
1799:Wurtsbaugh, Wayne A.; Cech, Joseph J. (1983).
1798:
1087:"Trophic microvilli of the belated embryos of
685:within the ovary. Mosquitofish are within the
1955:Using Mosquitofish to Control Mosquito Larvae
434:Fertilization is internal; the male secretes
1458:. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
1010:. Santa Clara County Vector Control District
1891:
1863:
1829:
1720:
1610:
1182:
810:
808:
806:
763:
528:(Integrated Taxonomic Information System),
1751:
1654:
1456:Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
1282:. Milton: John Wiley and Sons, 1986. 7-25.
988:Alameda County Mosquito Abatement Program
78:
54:
40:
1792:
1714:
1687:
1537:
938:
904:
902:
900:
787:
1338:
1332:
1272:
1131:. Texas State University. Archived from
1084:
803:
588:
543:
1921:
1823:
1247:
1245:
1230:. World Health Organization. p. 15
1152:
1150:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
814:
640:is commemorated for eradicating malaria
556:, small insects and insect larvae, and
2283:
1622:
1432:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1376:
1374:
1291:
1285:
1214:
1176:
897:
493:
380:) is also referred to by these names.
2321:Taxa named by Charles Frédéric Girard
2316:Taxa named by Spencer Fullerton Baird
1973:
1972:
1864:Vinogradova, Elena Borisovna (2000).
1056:
863:
2301:Freshwater fish of the United States
2216:6cb6eccb-8daa-4f95-9d6e-ddc8066e4c7c
1892:Wallus, Robert; Simon, T.P. (1990).
1625:"Heat wave adds to West Nile danger"
1476:
1242:
1188:
1147:
1043:
982:
498:The mosquitofish is a member of the
2291:IUCN Red List least concern species
1661:The Journal of Experimental Zoology
1570:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1371:
1021:http://www.contracostamosquito.com/
1013:
994:
775:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
1848:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05463.x
1739:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05463.x
1164:. Global Invasive Species Database
1069:. Department of Commerce: 181â190.
714:Mosquitofish have a 16- to 28-day
14:
2332:
1911:
1594:. 2000. Pirgos Press, Melbourne.
354:) is a North American freshwater
335:(D.S. Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)
1224:Use of Fish For Mosquito Control
103:
1857:
1727:Environmental Biology of Fishes
1696:Journal of Experimental Zoology
1604:
1584:
1554:
1497:
1394:
1025:
890:Lund, Mark (16 November 2005).
668:
266:(S.F. Baird & Girard, 1853)
258:(S.F. Baird & Girard, 1853)
1623:Russel, Sabin (12 July 2008).
947:
884:
464:on adult females resemble the
450:
1:
1296:): A Laboratory Experiment".
1280:The Ecology of Exotic Animals
751:
709:
250:S.F. Baird & Girard, 1853
892:Mosquitofish: Friend or Foe?
242:S.F Baird & Girard, 1853
7:
1448:"Aquatic Invasive Species:
10:
2337:
564:
18:
2306:Freshwater fish of Mexico
1981:
1964:Gambusia Control Homepage
1387:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
990:http://www.mosquitoes.org
872:. Smithsonian Institution
742:
608:Mosquitofish in Australia
424:Mosquitofish in Australia
235:
228:
205:
198:
100:Scientific classification
98:
76:
67:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
1925:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1896:. Taylor & Francis.
1479:"Adverse Assessments of
1341:Gambusia affinis affinis
818:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
642:by a monument in Sochi.
593:Monument constructed in
370:, or by the common name
19:Not to be confused with
1836:Journal of Fish Biology
1629:San Francisco Chronicle
1298:The American Naturalist
1183:Wallus & Simon 1990
1037:Business Standard India
894:Edith Cowan University.
626:. Mosquitofish bred by
622:, southern Russia, and
539:
309:Zygonectes brachypterus
2311:Fish described in 1853
1870:. Pensoft Publishers.
1708:10.1002/jez.1402660506
1522:10.1098/rspb.2015.1970
1057:Kuntz, Albert (1913).
832:. August 2019 version.
782:: e.T166562A58317114.
679:internal fertilization
602:
549:
1390:(in Russian). Moscow.
1129:western mosquitofish"
919:Ecology and Evolution
649:and in Clark County,
592:
547:
487:Xiphophorus maculatus
247:Heterandria patruelis
1477:Rupp, Henry (1995).
1278:Kitching, R.l., ed.
1085:Rajkumar, R (1987).
764:NatureServe (2019).
516:is derived from the
346:western mosquitofish
298:Haplochilus melanops
263:Zygonectes patruelis
21:eastern mosquitofish
1754:Heterandria formosa
1590:De Vries, Susanna.
1006:9 June 2012 at the
638:, the mosquitofish
494:Naming and taxonomy
481:Poecilia reticulata
429:Chennai Corporation
279:Zygonectes gracilis
239:Heterandria affinis
70:Conservation status
25:Heterandria formosa
1770:10.1002/jmor.10912
1572:. 17 December 2021
1516:(1817): 20151970.
1414:on 31 October 2020
1198:Gambusia holbrooki
956:Fish and Fisheries
603:
550:
510:Cyprinodontiformes
475:Poecilia latipinna
377:Gambusia holbrooki
255:Gambusia patruelis
157:Cyprinodontiformes
2278:
2277:
2250:Open Tree of Life
1975:Taxon identifiers
1903:978-0-8493-1921-1
1877:978-954-642-103-6
968:10.1111/faf.12604
931:10.1002/ece3.8427
512:. The genus name
457:Sexual dimorphism
342:
341:
336:
328:
317:Zygonectes inurus
313:
305:
294:
283:
275:
271:Gambusia gracilis
267:
259:
251:
243:
93:
2328:
2271:
2270:
2258:
2257:
2245:
2244:
2232:
2231:
2219:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2196:
2195:
2183:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2160:
2159:
2147:
2146:
2134:
2133:
2121:
2120:
2108:
2107:
2095:
2094:
2082:
2081:
2069:
2068:
2056:
2055:
2043:
2042:
2030:
2029:
2027:Gambusia_affinis
2017:
2016:
2015:
2013:Gambusia affinis
2002:
2001:
2000:
1983:Gambusia affinis
1970:
1969:
1949:Gambusia affinis
1940:
1929:Gambusia affinis
1907:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1852:
1851:
1832:Gambusia affinis
1827:
1821:
1820:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1723:Gambusia affinis
1718:
1712:
1711:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1657:Gambusia affinis
1652:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1620:
1614:
1611:Vinogradova 2000
1608:
1602:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1541:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1481:Gambusia affinis
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1452:(Mosquito fish)"
1450:Gambusia affinis
1444:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1407:. Archived from
1406:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1294:Gambusia affinis
1289:
1283:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1256:Gambusia affinis
1249:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1229:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1160:Gambusia affinis
1154:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1135:on 25 April 2012
1127:Gambusia affinis
1120:
1103:
1102:
1089:Gambusia affinis
1082:
1071:
1070:
1054:
1041:
1040:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
998:
992:
986:
980:
979:
951:
945:
944:
942:
906:
895:
888:
882:
881:
879:
877:
868:Gambusia affinis
861:
834:
833:
822:Gambusia affinis
812:
801:
800:
798:
796:
791:
768:Gambusia affinis
761:
716:gestation period
351:Gambusia affinis
334:
319:
311:
300:
289:
287:Gambusia humilis
281:
273:
265:
257:
249:
241:
211:
209:Gambusia affinis
108:
107:
87:
82:
81:
58:
44:
32:
31:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2266:
2261:
2253:
2248:
2240:
2235:
2227:
2224:Observation.org
2222:
2214:
2212:
2204:
2199:
2191:
2186:
2178:
2176:
2168:
2163:
2155:
2150:
2142:
2137:
2129:
2124:
2116:
2111:
2103:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2064:
2059:
2051:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1977:
1914:
1904:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1860:
1855:
1828:
1824:
1797:
1793:
1750:
1746:
1719:
1715:
1692:
1688:
1653:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1510:Proc. R. Soc. B
1502:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1402:"Archived copy"
1400:
1399:
1395:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1357:10.2307/1438757
1337:
1333:
1290:
1286:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1250:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1121:
1106:
1083:
1074:
1055:
1044:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1008:Wayback Machine
999:
995:
987:
983:
952:
948:
925:: 18369â18400.
907:
898:
889:
885:
875:
873:
862:
837:
813:
804:
794:
792:
762:
758:
754:
745:
712:
671:
655:West Nile virus
587:
567:
548:Mosquito larvae
542:
496:
453:
444:sexual maturity
385:freshwater fish
332:Fundulus inurus
224:
213:
207:
194:
191:G. affinis
102:
94:
83:
79:
72:
28:
17:
16:Species of fish
12:
11:
5:
2334:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2259:
2246:
2233:
2220:
2210:
2197:
2184:
2174:
2161:
2148:
2135:
2122:
2109:
2096:
2083:
2070:
2057:
2044:
2031:
2018:
2003:
1987:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1952:
1941:
1923:Froese, Rainer
1913:
1912:External links
1910:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1889:
1876:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1842:(2): 203â212.
1822:
1811:(5): 653â660.
1791:
1744:
1713:
1702:(5): 378â393.
1686:
1642:
1615:
1603:
1583:
1553:
1496:
1469:
1439:
1393:
1370:
1331:
1310:10.1086/284392
1284:
1271:
1241:
1213:
1187:
1175:
1146:
1104:
1072:
1042:
1024:
1012:
993:
981:
946:
896:
883:
864:Masterson, J.
835:
816:Froese, Rainer
802:
755:
753:
750:
744:
741:
720:lecithotrophic
711:
708:
670:
667:
586:
583:
566:
563:
541:
538:
495:
492:
452:
449:
340:
339:
338:
337:
329:
314:
306:
295:
284:
282:(Girard, 1859)
276:
268:
260:
252:
244:
233:
232:
226:
225:
214:
203:
202:
196:
195:
188:
186:
182:
181:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
147:Actinopterygii
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
96:
95:
77:
74:
73:
68:
65:
64:
60:
59:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2333:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1764:(2): 241â57.
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1667:(2): 204â11.
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1613:, p. 187
1612:
1607:
1601:
1600:0-86806-691-5
1597:
1593:
1587:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1484:
1482:
1473:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1429:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1275:
1259:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1201:
1200:Girard, 1859"
1199:
1191:
1185:, p. 175
1184:
1179:
1163:
1161:
1153:
1151:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1009:
1005:
1002:
997:
991:
985:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
950:
941:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
914:
905:
903:
901:
893:
887:
871:
869:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
831:
830:
825:
823:
817:
811:
809:
807:
790:
785:
781:
777:
776:
771:
769:
760:
756:
749:
740:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
707:
704:
700:
695:
691:
688:
684:
680:
676:
666:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:South America
617:
612:
609:
601:in the region
600:
596:
591:
582:
580:
576:
572:
562:
559:
555:
546:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
518:Cuban Spanish
515:
511:
508:
504:
501:
491:
489:
488:
483:
482:
477:
476:
471:
467:
463:
458:
448:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
425:
421:
416:
414:
413:invertebrates
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
378:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:
347:
333:
330:
326:
322:
318:
315:
310:
307:
303:
299:
296:
292:
288:
285:
280:
277:
272:
269:
264:
261:
256:
253:
248:
245:
240:
237:
236:
234:
231:
227:
222:
218:
212:
210:
204:
201:
200:Binomial name
197:
193:
192:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
106:
101:
97:
91:
86:
85:Least Concern
75:
71:
66:
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
35:Mosquitofish
33:
30:
26:
22:
1982:
1948:
1934:
1928:
1893:
1881:. Retrieved
1866:
1858:Bibliography
1839:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1733:(1): 45â57.
1730:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1633:. Retrieved
1628:
1618:
1606:
1591:
1586:
1574:. Retrieved
1565:
1556:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1480:
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1455:
1449:
1442:
1416:. Retrieved
1409:the original
1396:
1385:
1351:(2): 82â85.
1348:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1304:(1): 16â23.
1301:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1255:
1232:. Retrieved
1223:
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1197:
1190:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1159:
1137:. Retrieved
1133:the original
1126:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1066:
1062:
1036:
1027:
1015:
1001:Mosquitofish
996:
984:
959:
955:
949:
922:
918:
912:
886:
874:. Retrieved
867:
827:
821:
793:. Retrieved
779:
773:
767:
759:
746:
713:
699:vitellogenic
672:
669:Reproduction
661:
659:
644:
613:
604:
568:
551:
533:
530:G. holbrooki
529:
521:
513:
497:
485:
479:
473:
469:
454:
433:
417:
411:, and other
382:
375:
371:
367:
360:mosquitofish
359:
350:
349:
345:
343:
331:
316:
308:
297:
286:
278:
274:Girard, 1859
270:
262:
254:
246:
238:
208:
206:
190:
189:
177:
29:
2188:NatureServe
2113:iNaturalist
2007:Wikispecies
1576:17 December
1206:30 December
1101:(1): 32â36.
962:: 143â161.
795:19 November
718:. They are
703:photoperiod
554:zooplankton
503:Poeciliidae
466:dorsal fins
451:Description
405:caddisflies
389:gravid spot
321:D.S. Jordan
217:S. F. Baird
167:Poeciliidae
2285:Categories
1758:J. Morphol
1418:28 October
1382:"ĐĐ°ĐŒĐ±ŃĐ·ĐžŃ"
1264:25 October
1168:21 October
1139:25 October
876:21 October
752:References
737:viviparous
710:Embryology
687:infraclass
662:G. affinis
647:California
628:Joice Loch
534:G. affinis
470:G. affinis
440:gonopodium
420:biocontrol
362:or by its
312:Cope, 1880
1959:About.com
1635:3 January
1530:0962-8452
1489:2 January
1462:2 January
1234:2 January
976:239088797
690:Teleostei
632:Black Sea
522:gambusino
462:anal fins
356:poeciliid
185:Species:
123:Kingdom:
117:Eukaryota
2296:Gambusia
2193:2.103578
2131:10726511
2074:FishBase
1992:Wikidata
1936:FishBase
1918:FishBase
1883:29 April
1786:37006846
1778:21210493
1681:10617862
1566:ABC News
1548:26490793
1428:cite web
1326:84921196
1004:Archived
913:Gambusia
829:FishBase
728:yolk sac
571:Illinois
558:detritus
514:Gambusia
472:include
401:mayflies
393:mosquito
368:Gambusia
230:Synonyms
178:Gambusia
163:Family:
137:Chordata
133:Phylum:
127:Animalia
113:Domain:
90:IUCN 3.1
2092:2350580
1998:Q723904
1539:4633880
1365:1438757
1318:2461558
1162:(fish)"
940:8717293
732:ventral
724:embryos
694:oocytes
657:cases.
624:Ukraine
616:malaria
599:malaria
575:Indiana
565:Habitat
397:beetles
372:gambezi
364:generic
325:Gilbert
291:GĂŒnther
223:, 1853)
173:Genus:
153:Order:
143:Class:
88: (
49:Female
2268:159325
2255:617445
2242:159325
2229:597571
2213:NZOR:
2170:166562
2157:165878
2066:GAMBAF
1900:
1874:
1784:
1776:
1679:
1598:
1546:
1536:
1528:
1363:
1345:Copeia
1324:
1316:
1260:. USGS
1202:. ITIS
974:
937:
915:spp.)"
743:Growth
651:Nevada
636:Russia
579:Mexico
500:family
484:, and
366:name,
327:, 1882
323:&
304:, 1870
293:, 1866
221:Girard
219:&
2263:WoRMS
2206:33528
2177:NAS:
2144:82079
2126:IRMNG
2118:59115
2053:6K97T
2040:10908
1782:S2CID
1412:(PDF)
1405:(PDF)
1361:JSTOR
1322:S2CID
1314:JSTOR
1228:(PDF)
972:S2CID
726:by a
595:Sochi
520:term
507:order
409:mites
63:Male
2237:OBIS
2201:NCBI
2165:IUCN
2152:ITIS
2100:GISD
2087:GBIF
2079:3215
2061:EPPO
2035:BOLD
1944:ITIS
1898:ISBN
1885:2011
1872:ISBN
1774:PMID
1677:PMID
1637:2012
1596:ISBN
1578:2021
1544:PMID
1526:ISSN
1491:2012
1464:2012
1434:link
1420:2020
1349:1944
1266:2011
1236:2012
1208:2011
1170:2011
1141:2011
878:2011
797:2021
780:2019
675:rays
573:and
540:Diet
526:ITIS
436:milt
344:The
302:Cope
2180:846
2139:ISC
2105:126
2048:CoL
2022:ADW
1957:at
1844:doi
1834:".
1813:doi
1809:112
1766:doi
1762:272
1756:".
1735:doi
1704:doi
1700:266
1669:doi
1665:286
1659:".
1534:PMC
1518:doi
1514:282
1353:doi
1343:".
1306:doi
1302:126
964:doi
935:PMC
927:doi
784:doi
683:ova
634:in
618:in
505:of
23:or
2287::
2265::
2252::
2239::
2226::
2203::
2190::
2167::
2154::
2141::
2128::
2115::
2102::
2089::
2076::
2063::
2050::
2037::
2024::
2009::
1994::
1946::
1933:.
1920::
1840:33
1838:.
1807:.
1803:.
1780:.
1772:.
1760:.
1731:21
1729:.
1698:.
1675:.
1663:.
1645:^
1627:.
1568:.
1564:.
1542:.
1532:.
1524:.
1512:.
1508:.
1454:.
1430:}}
1426:{{
1384:.
1373:^
1359:.
1347:.
1320:.
1312:.
1300:.
1244:^
1149:^
1107:^
1099:19
1097:.
1093:.
1075:^
1067:33
1065:.
1061:.
1045:^
1035:.
970:.
960:23
958:.
933:.
923:11
921:.
917:.
899:^
838:^
826:.
805:^
778:.
772:.
536:.
478:,
407:,
403:,
399:,
1939:.
1931:"
1927:"
1906:.
1887:.
1850:.
1846::
1819:.
1815::
1788:.
1768::
1741:.
1737::
1710:.
1706::
1683:.
1671::
1639:.
1580:.
1550:.
1520::
1493:.
1483:"
1466:.
1436:)
1422:.
1367:.
1355::
1328:.
1308::
1268:.
1258:"
1254:"
1238:.
1210:.
1196:"
1172:.
1158:"
1143:.
1125:"
978:.
966::
943:.
929::
880:.
870:"
866:"
824:"
820:"
799:.
786::
770:"
766:"
348:(
215:(
92:)
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
