Moorgate tube crash

688:. She added "there are so many unknown factors here that it is difficult to be precise and definite. One has to make a number of assumptions", although she stated that it was likely that he had been drinking. 80 mg/100 ml was—and, as at 2022, still is—the legal limit in England for driving. It was the highest reading of four samples taken from Newson's body; the lowest was 20 mg/100 ml. Newson's widow stated that her husband drank spirits only rarely; David Paul agreed that it was out of character with all he had heard, and agreed that further tests could be run on Newson's samples. On the final day of the inquiry, Roy Goulding, a specialist in the forensic examination of poisons, stated that while he reached the same results of 80 mg/100 ml, his conclusions differed from Robinson's; Goulding stated that as alcohol was naturally produced in the blood after death, it was not possible to confirm that Newson had been drinking prior to the crash. Several of Newson's colleagues reported that they had no suspicions that Newson had been drinking, and that his behaviour on the morning of the crash was normal. David Paul asked Simpson to comment on the findings relating to alcohol levels. He informed the coroner that "it is generally accepted that as much as 80 mg/100ml may make its appearance in a decomposing body after four days in a high temperature". The jury returned verdicts of 824: 31: 836: 407: 660:, instructed McNaughton to undertake an investigation of the crash. McNaughton's inquiry began on 13 March and was paused after a day and a half; during that time it was established that the mechanics of the train were in working order and that there were no known problems with Newson's health, although the results of pathological tests were still awaited. McNaughton said he was perplexed as to the causes of the crash, but that he would proceed with the next part of his inquiry, which was to undertake further enquiries and to consider measures so the accident could not be repeated. 235: 385:

a driver waiting to go on duty took his place until his arrival. Newson and Harris made three further return trips before the train undertook its final journey from Drayton Park at 8:38 am, thirty seconds late. The train carried approximately 300 passengers; it was a Friday and, as it was the peak of rush hour, most of the travellers were commuters. As the exit from platform 9 was next to the overrun tunnel, the first two carriages were more popular with commuters and more full than the remaining four. Although pupils from the nearby

766: 734:, where the brain continues to function and the individual remains aware, although not being able to move physically. There was no evidence to indicate either condition: to positively diagnose akinesis with mutism would depend on a microscopic examination of the brain, which was not possible because of decomposition, and transient global amnesia leaves no traces. McNaughton's report found that there was insufficient evidence to say if the accident was due to a deliberate act or a medical condition. 502:

estimated that there were still 50 people trapped and warned that "this incident will be protracted". To make a clear passage through the wreckage for equipment, the emergency services and injured commuters, a circular route was organised through the carriages. Firemen cut holes in parts of the structure, including in the floors and ceilings of the carriages through which it was possible to move, even if it meant crawling through some areas. At 10:00 am a medical team arrived from

4509: 3213: 4504: 3208: 582: 381:(driver). On 28 February he carried a bottle of milk, sugar, his rule book, and a notebook in his work satchel; he also had £270 in his jacket to buy a second-hand car for his daughter after work. According to staff on duty his behaviour appeared normal. Before his shift began he had a cup of tea and shared his sugar with a colleague; he jokingly said to the colleague "Go easy on it, I shall want another cup when I come off duty". 310: 419:

crushed into 0.61 metres (2 ft). The second coach was forced under the rear of the first, which buckled at three points into the shape of a V with a tail, and had its rear forced into the tunnel roof. With the weight of the train piling up behind it, the 16-metre-long (52 ft) front coach was crushed to 6.1 metres (20 ft). The third car was damaged at both ends, more significantly at the leading end as it

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the sand drag, and from between the two metal layers of the tube carriages. Everything was covered with a thick layer of the residue which was easily disturbed. The lamps and cutting gear used by the fire brigade raised the temperature to over 49 °C (120 °F) and oxygen levels began to drop. In the deep lines at Moorgate, ventilation is produced by the

527:, created by trains forcing air through the tube lines. With services stopped since the crash, no fresh air was reaching platforms 9 and 10. A large electric fan was placed at the top of the escalators in an attempt to remedy the situation, but soot and dirt was disturbed and little draught was created; the machine was soon turned off. 606:

Inspecting Officer of Railways, examined the driver's cab; normally 91 centimetres (3 ft) deep, it had been crushed to 15 centimetres (6 in). They ascertained that Newson was at his controls, although his head had been forced through the front window. Hafter reported his examination about Newson to the subsequent inquiry:

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tangled together, and everything was covered with a thick layer of black dust. Many of the victims were writhing in agony and were screaming for individual attention. It was obvious from an early stage that the main problem was the disentanglement of a heap of people, many of whom appeared to be in imminent danger of suffocation.

538:. They were in the front part of the first carriage at the time of the crash and ended up trapped together, pinned down under the girders of the carriage's structure. The Fire Brigade worked for several hours to release Benton, but it became apparent that Liles needed to be removed first, which could only be done by 594:

or tunnel were restricted to 20-minute spells working, followed by 40 minutes' recovery time on the surface. All workers had to wear gloves and masks; any cuts had to be reported, and no-one with a cut was allowed to be involved in the extrication of a body. Temperatures improved after a company donated an

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speed. These showed that because of the station lighting, it was impossible to clearly see the driver's eyes. Witnesses standing on the platform saw Newson sitting upright and facing forward, his uniform neat and still wearing his hat; his hands appeared to be on the train's controls as far as they could tell.

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Given the inquest findings relating to alcohol in Newson's bloodstream, McNaughton examined the possibility that Newson was drunk. He received expert advice that even if Newson had drunk sufficient alcohol to achieve a blood alcohol level of 80 mg/100 ml, it would not account for the crash.

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at the time of the post-mortem was 80 mg/100 ml. Robinson stated that there were several biological processes that produced alcohol in the body after death, and it was not possible to reach a definite conclusion as to whether this was the result of consumption of alcohol or a product of the

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her left foot. She was finally removed from the wreckage after the procedure at 8.55 pm; Benton was removed at 10:00 pm. As soon as Benton had been removed, all equipment was turned off and silence was ordered among the emergency services. Shouts were made for any people trapped to respond;

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Platform 9 was 21 metres (70 ft) underground, and fire and ambulance crews had to carry all the equipment they needed through the station and down to the scene of the accident. The depth at which they were operating, and the shielding effect of the soil and concrete, meant their radios could not

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on duty later reported that the train appeared to be accelerating as it passed along the platform. A passenger waiting to take the return journey stated that Newson appeared "to be staring straight ahead and to be somewhat larger than life". Tests were later done on trains entering platform 9 at slow

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is applied. Resistors were placed in the traction supply of trains, to prevent a train accelerating when entering the platform, although the value of these resistors had to be changed after installation. Relays switch the resistors out when the train is permitted to leave. The system was operational

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McNaughton investigated the possibility that Newson may have been daydreaming or distracted to the point that he did not realise the train was entering Moorgate. McNaughton concluded that as the train went over the scissor crossing before the platform, it would have brought the driver to his senses.

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into "the doctor wants an empty box". The fire brigade deployed a small team with "Figaro", an experimental radio system that worked in deep locations. Working conditions for the emergency services became increasingly difficult throughout the day. The crash had thrown soot and dirt into the air from

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After the train departed Old Street on its 56-second journey to Moorgate, Harris was bored and left his position at the guard's control panel—which contained the controls for the emergency brake—at the front of the rear carriage and walked to the back of the train to look for a newspaper. He did not

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The first return trips of the day between Drayton Park and Moorgate, which started at 6:40 am, passed without incident. Robert Harris, the 18-year-old guard who had started working for London Underground in August 1974, was late and joined the train when it returned to Moorgate at 6:53 am;

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This accident also led to changes in signalling. Previously it had always been standard policy for the last signal indication before a buffer-stop or bay platform to indicate "clear" (green) light to the train driver and "caution" (single-yellow) light if the platform was partly occupied. Following

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London Underground services into Moorgate on the Northern City Line had previously been scheduled to be replaced by British Rail services from Welwyn Garden City and Hertford; the accident did not change the plan. The last London Underground services on the Northern City Line ran into Moorgate on 4

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hours. During the inquest Harris testified that Newson had also overshot a platform three or four days before the accident, and a passenger had also reported a second overshoot by Newson that week. The suicide expert Bruce Danto stated of the overshoots, "that does not sound like misjudgment to me.

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Newson's body was removed at 8:05 pm on 4 March; the Fire Brigade cleared the remainder of the wreckage by 5:00 am on 5 March and handed control of the platform back to London Underground. The rescue and clean-up operation involved the efforts of 1,324 firemen, 240 policemen, 80 ambulance

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The use of the flame cutting equipment had a detrimental effect on the atmosphere on the platform. Oxygen levels dropped from the norm of 21 per cent to 16 per cent and the smell of decomposition from the bodies trapped in the wreckage was noticed by workers. Those working on the platform

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Just above my newspaper I saw a lady sitting opposite me and then the lights went out. I have the image of her face to this day. She died. As darkness came, there was a very loud noise of the crash, metal and glass breaking, no screams, all in the fraction of the second, one takes to breathe in. It

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and many of the surrounding roads had been cordoned off to allow space for the co-ordination teams above ground to manage the flow of vehicles—particularly for ambulances taking casualties to hospitals. A message was sent from the London Fire Brigade headquarters to all fire stations in London; it

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would normally have been on the service at that time, the pupils had a day's holiday as the school was in use for external examinations. The journalist Sally Holloway, in her history of the crash, observes that the number of casualties could have been higher if the girls had been attending school.

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On 28 February 1975 the first shift of the Northern City Line service was driven by Leslie Newson, 56, who had worked for London Transport since 1969 and been driving on the Northern City Line for the previous three months. Newson was known by his colleagues as a careful and conscientious motorman

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I must conclude, therefore, that the cause of this accident lay entirely in the behaviour of Motorman Newson during the final minute before the accident occurred. Whether his behaviour was deliberate or whether it was the result of a suddenly arising physical condition not revealed as a result of

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it was clear that at the moment of the crash Newson's hand was on the dead man's handle. There were no electrical burns on his skin or clothing to indicate an electrical fault. McNaughton observed that because of Harris's lack of experience, he could not have taken any action to stop the accident

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The front carriage was an indescribable tangle of twisted metal and in it the living and the dead were heaped together, intertwined among themselves and the wreckage. It was impossible to estimate the number involved with any degree of accuracy because the lighting was poor, the victims were all

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It was also likely that Newson would have realised his circumstances before the train hit the wall, and would have thrown his hands up in front of his face in a reflex action. Medical evidence presented to the inquiry raised the possibility that the driver had been affected by conditions such as

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Newson used the notebook to record how to deal with train defects, and notes on how to be a better driver. He had covered both the notebook and manual in plastic to protect them, something the subsequent investigation thought "underlined the fact that Motorman Newson conducted himself in a most

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When platform 9 reopened there had been changes introduced to aid drivers. The back wall of the tunnel was painted white and a large, heavy-duty buffer preceded the sand drag. Shortly after the crash, London Underground imposed a speed limit of 10 mph (16 km/h) for all trains entering

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at 10:00 pm on 2 March, which forced the crews to evacuate the station. The last passenger was removed from the front carriage at 3:20 pm on 4 March, which left only the driver's body. Gordon Hafter, London Underground's chief engineer, and Lieutenant Colonel Ian McNaughton, the Chief

468:. Donald Dean and a team of two doctors and two nurses walked around to the station to assist, and were the first medical assistance at the scene. After assessing the situation, Dean realised that he did not have enough painkillers with him, or in BP stores, so he went to the Moorgate branch of 418:

was still depressed when the train entered the overrun tunnel, throwing up sand from the drag; when the driver's cab crashed into the hydraulic buffer, the carriage was separated from its bogie and the coachwork was forced into the end wall and the roof. The first 15 seats of the carriage were

855:, 410 metres (450 yd) north of Moorgate station, a memorial lists those who died. Measuring 1.2 by 0.9 metres (4 ft × 3 ft), it was unveiled in July 2013 after a long campaign by relatives of the victims and supporters. On 28 February 2014 a memorial plaque was unveiled by 344:

placed to stop overrunning trains. The drag was 11 metres (36 ft) long, of which 5.8 metres (19 ft) was on the tracks in front of the platform, and 5.2 metres (17 ft) was inside an overrun tunnel that was 20.3 metres (67 ft) long, 4 metres (13 ft) high and 4.9 metres

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pushing air into the station, ventilation was poor and temperatures in the tunnel rose to over 49 °C (120 °F). It took a further four days to extract the last body, that of Newson; his cab, normally 91 centimetres (3 ft) deep, had been crushed to 15 centimetres (6 in).

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His left hand was close to, but not actually on the driver's brake handle and his right arm was hanging down to the right of the main controller. His head was to the left of the dead man's handle which had been forced upwards, beyond its normal travel, and was resting on his right

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post-mortem examination, there is not sufficient evidence to examine, but I am satisfied that no part of the responsibility for the accident rests with any other person and that there was no fault or condition of the train, track or signalling that in any way contributed to it.

480:. The Fire Brigade undertook a brief inspection of the site and, once they saw what they were dealing with, the status was updated to a Major Accident event; additional ambulances and fire tenders were soon sent. One of the doctors from Barts later described the scene: 757:

terminal platforms. Operating instructions were changed so that the protecting signal at terminal platforms was held at danger until trains approaching were travelling slowly, or had been brought to a stop, although this caused delays and operating problems.

456:(Barts) that "a tube train had hit the buffers" at Moorgate, but there was no indication at that stage of the seriousness of the crash. A small assessment team comprising a casualty officer and a medical student was sent from the hospital; 15 minutes later a 810:

the Moorgate accident, signalling was changed to give an approach-controlled delayed yellow aspect when the line was clear to the buffer-stops and red plus a subsidiary aspect (two white lights at 45 degrees) when the line or platform was partly occupied.

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equipment. After the third carriage was cut free from the second, at 1:00 am on 1 March the third carriage began to be winched back down the track; as it began moving a body that no-one had seen fell from the wreckage and onto the track. According to

223:. Northern City Line services into Moorgate ended in October 1975 and British Rail services started in August 1976. After a long campaign by relatives of the dead, two memorials were unveiled near the station, one in July 2013 and one in February 2014. 711:

McNaughton also examined the possibility of suicide by Newson, but considered it unlikely, given other indications, including Newson's plans for purchasing a car later in the day and that he had driven the route without error for the preceding 2

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On arrival at Moorgate at 8:46 am, the train, which comprised two units of three connected cars, did not slow. It was still under power and no brakes were applied; it passed through the station at 30–40 mph (48–64 km/h). The

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The crash forced the first carriage into the roof of the tunnel at the front and back, but the middle remained on the trackbed; the 16-metre-long (52 ft) coach was crushed to 6.1 metres (20 ft). The second carriage was

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of the London Fire Brigade, the body gave "the first indication of how protracted would be the work ahead". Once the carriage had been removed, a doctor again checked for further signs of living casualties; none were found.

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were installed; the first at the scissors crossing, the second at the start of the platform and the third halfway down the platform. If the train passes any of these at more than 12.5 miles per hour (20.1 km/h) the

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on Newson showed no medical reason to explain the crash. A cause has never been established, and theories include suicide, that he may have been distracted, or that he was affected by conditions such as

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was still depressed when the train crashed. It took 13 hours to remove the injured, many of whom had to be cut free from the wreckage. With no services running into the adjoining platform to produce the

777:, London Underground had been introducing speed controls at such locations. By the time of the Moorgate crash, 12 of the 19 locations had the equipment installed. In July 1978, approval was given for 707:

from happening, although he thought the young man "displayed himself as idle and undisciplined". He concluded that "the accident was solely due to a lapse on the part of the driver, Motorman Newson".

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was located just prior to platforms 9 and 10. There was a speed limit of 40 miles per hour (64 km/h) on the line, and a limit of 15 miles per hour (24 km/h) on entry into Moorgate station.

204:. The subsequent inquest established that Newson had also inexplicably overshot platforms on the same route on two other occasions earlier in the week of the accident. Tests showed that Newson had a 601:

During 1 and 2 March the wreckage of the second carriage was cut away in sections and winched free; clearance of the carriages continued round the clock until a break was forced by a telephoned

340:, and numbers 9 and 10 are used for the Northern City Line service. At the end of platform 9 in 1975 was a red warning light atop a post, situated in front of a 61-centimetre-high (2 ft) 2689: 353:, which had once been hydraulic, but had not been functioning as such for some time prior to the crash, was at the end of the tunnel, in front of a solid wall. The approach to Moorgate from 619:

Services on the line had been suspended on the day of the crash. A shuttle service between Drayton Park and Old Street was used from 1 March 1975 until normal traffic returned on 10 March.

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Work on removing the bodies and clearing the wreckage from the tunnel began after the last casualty had been removed. With no casualties remaining, the Fire Brigade were able to use

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McNaughton published his report almost a year later, on 4 March 1976. He wrote that tests showed no equipment fault on the train, and that the dead man's handle had no defect. From

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was held between 14 and 18 April 1975. David Paul, the coroner, was unhappy that a government inquiry had already begun, as evidence was in the public domain, and could affect the

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get through to the surface. Messages and requests for further supplies were passed by runners, which led to mistakes: one doctor requested further supplies of the pain-killing gas

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Forty-two passengers and the driver died; seventy-four people were treated in hospital for their injuries. It was, and remains, the worst peacetime accident on the Underground.

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In the aftermath of the crash, London Underground introduced a safety system that automatically stops a train when it is travelling too fast. This became known informally as

649:, that would have explained the crash. Initial findings showed no drugs or alcohol in Newson's bloodstream, and there was no evidence of liver damage from heavy drinking. 1986: 3050: 368:. Weekly checks were made on the stock's brakes, doors and compressors; all equipment on the train was examined on a six-week basis and the cars were lifted from their 357:, the stop prior to the terminus, was on a falling gradient of 1 in 150 for 196 metres (642 ft) before levelling out for 71 metres (233 ft) to platform 9; a 162:, and crashed into its end wall. It is considered the worst peacetime accident on the London Underground. No fault was found with the train, and the inquiry by the 337: 2771:

Jordan, Philip; McHardy, Anne; Smith, Alan; Tickell, Tom; Chippindale, Peter; Redden, Richard; Mogul, Rafiq; Mackie, Lindsay (1 March 1975). "13-hour struggle".

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The dead man's handle must have continual downward pressure applied to it to run. If the pressure is reduced, the train's brakes are automatically applied.

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unit was sent, although the hospital staff were still unaware of the scale of the problem. The City of London Police also contacted the medical unit of

336:. Moorgate is an interchange between the Underground network and suburban overground services. The station contains ten platforms; numbers 7 to 10 are 4714: 3518: 976:

who had worked for London Underground for nearly thirty years. He oversaw maintenance of the company's rolling stock. McNaughton had served with the

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soon after being released from the wreckage. Benton also died of crush syndrome, in hospital on 27 March 1975, despite initially good progress.

531: 298:; that year three million people used the service each day. The Tube was one of the safest methods of transport in Britain in 1975. Apart from 4753: 4763: 4702: 4366: 4119: 3616: 3256: 138: 530:

By 12:00 noon only five live casualties were left to be extracted; by 3:15 pm only two were left: Margaret Liles, a 19-year-old

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there were no responses and the site medical officer declared that all the remaining bodies in the wreckage were dead. During the day

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the second. Javier Gonzalez, a passenger who was travelling in the front carriage, described the moment the train crashed:

3554: 3465: 3109: 3014: 4536: 4426: 4033: 3872: 3530: 699:, London, attended by 2,000 mourners, including representatives of the emergency services and Newson's widow and family. 3720: 4778: 3610: 3581: 3506: 3702: 3678: 2744:

Jones, Tim (19 April 1975b). "Moorgate Tube Crash Inquest Fails to Establish Whether Train Driver had Drunk Alcohol".

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documentary broadcast on 4 June 2006; he stated that he believed the crash was due to suicide by Newson. In 2009 the

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Scale drawing of the crash, showing the size and position of the front three carriages before and after the impact

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The rear of the first carriage, forced into the roof of the tunnel, after the second carriage had been removed

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Since the death of a driver in 1971, when an empty stock train crashed into buffers in a tunnel siding near

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By around 9:00 am the last casualty had been removed from the third carriage. By 9:30 am

441: 197: 158:; 43 people died and 74 were injured after a train failed to stop at the line's southern terminus, 2400: 1812: 302:, there were only 14 deaths on the Underground between 1938 and 1975, 12 of which occurred in the 4758: 4631: 4176: 4170: 4069: 3289: 3118: 2271: 981: 973: 802: 420: 394:

find one and spent his time reading the advertisements on the walls at the rear of the carriage.

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rolling stock and so was wider than the standard tube tunnel width of 3.7 metres (12 ft). A

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concluded that the accident was caused by the actions of Leslie Newson, the 56-year-old driver.

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October 1975 and British Rail services started in August 1976, having previously terminated at

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Prosser, Tony (November 2008). "Going Underground: a Complete History of Tunnel Disasters".

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Gilbert, Gerard (2 June 2006). "Reviews: A Son Rises from the Darkness; The Weekend's TV".

960: 903:, aired on BBC One, recorded survivors meeting the firemen who cut them from the wreckage. 860: 797: 586: 415: 303: 291: 179: 2832:"Suicide by the Driver in Moorgate Tube Train Disaster is a Possibility, Inspector Says". 1993:"Suicide by the Driver in Moorgate Tube Train Disaster is a Possibility, Inspector Says". 8: 4676: 4621: 4456: 4402: 4164: 3953: 3741: 3191: 680: 445: 346: 205: 3860: 2807: 4438: 4295: 4283: 4271: 4015: 3813: 3628: 2780:

Leigh, David (15 April 1975). "Coroner Complains of Ministry Inquiry into Tube Crash".

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That sounds like a man who is getting the feeling of how to run a train into a wall".

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Tendler, Stewart (1 March 1975). "Doctors Toil in Sweltering Heat to Help Victims".

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unit, which was installed at ground level, and the air piped down into the tunnel.

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Report on the Accident that occurred on 28th February 1975 at Moorgate Station

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indicates railway accidents and incidents resulting in at least 20 fatalities

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the same year, and was made the Chief Inspecting Officer of Railways in 1972.

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McHardy, Anne (6 March 1975). "Healthy driver throws doubt on crash cause".

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Jones, Tim (18 April 1975a). "Toxicologist Stands by Moorgate Test Result".

2589: 1123: 1004:"An overview of the rail industry in Great Britain", Office of Rail and Road 675:. Sixty-one witnesses gave evidence. An analysis of Newson's kidneys by the 294:

opened in 1863 and by 1975 the network contained 250 miles (400 km) of

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The first call to the emergency services was received at 8:48 am; the

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examined whether an accident like Moorgate could happen again. The writer

957: 892: 856: 635: 632: 628: 350: 192: 2597: 2546: 1617: 2919: 1974: 1203: 602: 539: 2137:"Signals Passed at Danger on London Underground". Transport for London 1593: 1327: 1325: 581: 345:(16 ft) wide. The tunnel had been designed to accommodate larger 3947: 3056:. Parliamentary Advisory Council for Transport Safety. Archived from 2662: 2635: 2220: 1316: 1036: 888: 477: 341: 2918: 2523:"Moorgate Tube Train Disaster: Part I: Response of Medical Services" 2247: 2185:"Moorgate Tube crash memorial unveiled in Finsbury Square". BBC News 2120: 2118: 1677: 1512: 1510: 1322: 1219: 498: 473: 469: 309: 62: 2849: 2762:

Jordan, Philip (15 March 1975b). "Moorgate Crash Inquiry Halted".

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of 80 mg/100 ml—the level at which one can be prosecuted for

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system serving London and some parts of the adjacent counties of

3051:"Fifty Years of the Breathalyser – Where Now for Drink Driving?" 2997: 2954: 2690:"Plaque is Unveiled in Memory of Moorgate Tube Disaster victims" 2277: 2142: 2115: 2064: 2052: 2028: 2019: 1950: 1507: 1430: 1406: 1394: 506:

and set up a makeshift operating theatre on a platform near the

2076: 2040: 2001: 1962: 1938: 1737: 1725: 1344:"Remembering the 1975 Moorgate tube crash". London Fire Brigade 642: 518:, but by the time the request reached the surface, it had been 507: 2166: 1878: 1267: 1187: 1147: 2938: 2753:

Jordan, Philip (1 March 1975a). "The Odds Against Disaster".

2521:

Medical Staff of Three London Hospitals (27 September 1975).

2262: 703: 369: 283: 4497:

indicates the deadliest railway accident in British history

2103: 1788: 1075: 641:

on 4 March 1975. He found no physical conditions, such as a

547:

had been needed to save two people, and two victims died of

178:

the rear of the second. The brakes were not applied and the

2325:

Rails Through the Clay: A History of London's Tube Railways

925:

conscientious manner in respect of his job on the railway".

872: 2808:"Moorgate Tube Crash Memorial Unveiled in Finsbury Square" 1031:"A brief history of the Underground", Transport for London 472:

where the pharmacist gave him the shop's entire supply of

212:—though the alcohol may have been produced by the natural 174:

at the front as it collided with the first, and the third

2770: 2190: 1605: 1599: 1459: 1111: 2823:

Smith, Alan (20 March 1975). "Moorgate 'Ray of Light'".

2451:"The Role of Hospital Medical Teams at a Major Accident" 1471: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1839: 1689: 1583: 1581: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1135: 1014: 1012: 461: 274:—also known as the Underground or the Tube—is a public 2229: 1778: 1776: 1761: 1749: 1713: 1701: 1665: 1641: 1629: 1566: 1554: 1522: 1483: 1418: 980:

until 1963, specialising in transportation. He joined

863:, on the side of the station building, in Moor Place. 3257:

Railway accidents and incidents in the United Kingdom

2154: 1890: 1495: 1349: 1255: 1099: 3153: 2966: 2574:"Dead Sober or Dead Drunk? May Be Hard to Determine" 2094: 1827: 1800: 1653: 1578: 1442: 1087: 1009: 150:

occurred on 28 February 1975 at 8:46 am on the

2980:"An Overview of the Rail Industry in Great Britain" 2724:"Memorial for victims of Tube crash that killed 43" 1914: 1902: 1773: 1366: 589:

is incorporated in the main controller on the right

2379: 2172: 1926: 1851: 3048: 2448: 1884: 1623: 1516: 1436: 1400: 1384: 1159: 4745: 3031:"Signals Passed at Danger on London Underground" 2305:London's Railways 1967–1977: A Snap Shot in Time 2202: 3049:Tunbridge, Rob; Harrison, Katy (October 2017). 883:, whose father died in the disaster, presented 2308:. Barnsley, S Yorks: Pen and Sword Transport. 899:examined the causes of the crash, and in 2015 364:From November 1966 the Northern City Line ran 328:, was the terminus at the southern end of the 216:process over four days at a high temperature. 4537: 3241: 3139: 2722:Gruner, Peter; Blunden, Mark (14 June 2013). 2721: 2322: 2196: 2124: 2109: 1794: 448:at 8:57 am. At around the same time the 4551: 2399:McNaughton, Lt Col I. K. A. (4 March 1976). 622: 2449:Finch, Philip; Nancekiecill, David (1975). 2408:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 695:On 19 March a memorial service was held at 4769:February 1975 events in the United Kingdom 4544: 4530: 3248: 3234: 3146: 3132: 3015:"Remembering the 1975 Moorgate tube crash" 2859: 2398: 2380:Kichenside, G. M.; Williams, Alan (1978). 2148: 2070: 2058: 2046: 2034: 2007: 1980: 1968: 1956: 1944: 1743: 1731: 1331: 1304: 1273: 1249: 1181: 1153: 1129: 1081: 1054: 1042: 585:Motorman's cab of 1938 rolling stock; the 534:(WPC), and Jeff Benton, who worked at the 29: 16:1975 train crash on the London Underground 2605: 2554: 2466: 2442: 2427:. Hersham, Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing. 2327:(2 ed.). London: Capital Transport. 1067:Medical staff of Three London Hospitals, 2985:. Office of Rail and Road. February 2016 2360: 2323:Croome, Desmond; Jackson, Alan (1993) . 1845: 1767: 1719: 1707: 1695: 1683: 1671: 1647: 1635: 1611: 1572: 1560: 1544: 1528: 1489: 1465: 1424: 1412: 1388: 1245: 1229: 1213: 1141: 1117: 764: 580: 482: 405: 372:for a thorough examination once a year. 308: 220: 3088:. Bridlington, Yorkshire: Lodge Books. 3017:. London Fire Brigade. 28 February 2016 2898: 2840: 2788: 2761: 2752: 2712: 2622: 2571: 2422: 2363:Moorgate: Anatomy of a Railway Disaster 2341: 2235: 2160: 1896: 1833: 1806: 1782: 1548: 1501: 1360: 1300: 1261: 1241: 1225: 1177: 1105: 1093: 1018: 956:The resuscitation unit consisted of an 906: 4746: 3086:End of the Line: The Moorgate Disaster 2974:(Television production). 4 March 1976. 2743: 2734: 2504: 2483: 1920: 1908: 1755: 1659: 1587: 1540: 1477: 1453: 1372: 1209: 1197: 1193: 963:, a surgical registrar and two nurses. 760: 658:Secretary of State for the Environment 4525: 3229: 3127: 2962:(Television production). 4 June 2006. 2881: 2822: 2779: 2301: 2082: 1932: 1857: 1165: 4754:1975 disasters in the United Kingdom 4703:Rail accidents in the United Kingdom 3036:. Transport for London. 20 July 2010 2867:"A brief history of the Underground" 2687: 2572:Pounder, Derrick (10 January 1988). 2508:(June 1975). "A Struggle for Life". 2208: 1252:, pp. 8 and 9, paras 41 and 49. 1132:, pp. 4 and 5, paras 16 and 18. 616:men, 16 doctors and several nurses. 414:The brakes were not applied and the 4764:Disasters on the London Underground 2899:Heather, Chris (28 February 2015). 2486:"Moorgate...the unresolved tragedy" 2384:(4th ed.). London: Ian Allan. 1057:, pp. 3 and 21, paras 2 and 3. 13: 3077: 2942:. In Living Memory, series 11. BBC 2679:"Brake Mystery in Tube Disaster". 2468:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1975.tb00929.x 1286:"Brake mystery in Tube disaster", 14: 4795: 3103: 2940:"The 1975 Moorgate tube disaster" 2484:Foster, Stefanie (4 March 2015). 2344:The Story of London's Underground 2342:Day, John R.; Reed, John (2008). 787:Trains Entering Terminal Stations 139:List of UK rail accidents by year 4507: 4502: 3211: 3206: 3110:BBC News account of the accident 2656: 834: 829:Memorial on the station building 822: 796:At Moorgate's platform 9, three 631:was undertaken on Newson by the 444:arrived at 8:54 am and the 241: 240: 233: 4784:Transport in the City of London 1317:"1975: Horror Underground". BBC 966: 950: 941: 928: 918: 866: 387:City of London School for Girls 317:, the type present in the crash 35:Dead-end tunnel at platform 9, 2173:Kichenside & Williams 1978 2100:, Event occurs at 18:25–19:00. 2025:, Event occurs at 25:23–28:43. 1983:, p. 13, paras 82 and 83. 1045:, pp. 2–3, paras 1 and 2. 559: 1: 4774:History of the City of London 2365:. London: David and Charles. 2346:. London: Capital Transport. 1885:Tunbridge & Harrison 2017 1624:Finch & Nancekiecill 1975 1517:Finch & Nancekiecill 1975 1437:Finch & Nancekiecill 1975 1401:Finch & Nancekiecill 1975 1385:Finch & Nancekiecill 1975 991: 226: 164:Department of the Environment 114: 4607:Harrow and Wealdstone (1952) 2802:. 16 April 1975. p. 24. 2798:"Moorgate Alcohol Finding". 2643:. No. 2800. 9 July 1977 1870:"Moorgate Alcohol Finding", 851:In the south-west corner of 813: 554: 545:mouth-to-mouth resuscitation 7: 2578:The British Medical Journal 2527:The British Medical Journal 1686:, pp. 74–75 and 85–86. 1069:The British Medical Journal 10: 4800: 2854:. 8 March 1975. p. 1. 2688:Dean, Jon (5 March 2014). 2683:. 1 March 1975. p. 1. 2664:"1975: Horror Underground" 2382:British Railway Signalling 2289: 2085:, pp. 11, 20 and 128. 1334:, p. 2, Introduction. 806:in all locations by 1984. 4779:Railway accidents in 1975 4700: 4557: 4487: 4367:Victoria & Paddington 4347: 4204: 4138:King's Cross & Euston 4106: 3978: 3853: 3671: 3603: 3499: 3374: 3264: 3201: 3166: 3154:Railway accidents in 1975 2901:"The Moorgate Tube crash" 2836:. 5 June 1976. p. 2. 2197:Gruner & Blunden 2013 2125:Croome & Jackson 1993 2110:Croome & Jackson 1993 1795:Croome & Jackson 1993 743: 679:Anne Robinson showed his 623:Investigation and inquiry 454:St Bartholomew's Hospital 435: 137: 129: 121: 110: 102: 97: 89: 79: 69: 58: 48: 43: 28: 23: 4682:Spa Road Junction (1999) 4552:Rail accidents in London 3192:Nuneaton, United Kingdom 3180:Moorgate, United Kingdom 2810:. BBC News. 28 July 2013 2423:Vaughan, Adrian (2003). 2361:Holloway, Sally (1988). 2295: 1415:, pp. 14–15 and 18. 911: 728:transient global amnesia 442:London Ambulance Service 428:was all over in no time. 375: 198:transient global amnesia 4662:Clapham Junction (1988) 4637:Eltham Well Hall (1972) 4577:Norwood Junction (1891) 3891:Harrow & Wealdstone 3543:Parkgate & Rawmarsh 3186:Žasliai, Lithuanian SSR 3119:London Transport Museum 3084:Jones, Richard (2015). 2956:Me, My Dad and Moorgate 2882:Clark, Gregory (2018). 2860:Websites and television 2728:London Evening Standard 2590:10.1136/bmj.316.7125.87 2278:"Real Lives Reunited". 2151:, p. 19, para 128. 2073:, p. 19, para 126. 2061:, p. 16, para 104. 2037:, p. 16, para 101. 2021:Me, My Dad and Moorgate 1959:, p. 16, para 103. 1626:, pp. 670 and 671. 982:HM Railway Inspectorate 885:Me, My Dad and Moorgate 4657:Wembley Central (1984) 4189:Paisley Gilmour Street 3115:Photos of the wreckage 2869:. Transport for London 2539:10.1136/bmj.3.5986.727 2443:Journals and magazines 2049:, p. 13, para 83. 2010:, p. 15, para 99. 1971:, p. 15, para 96. 1947:, p. 12, para 75. 1746:, p. 10, para 62. 1734:, p. 10, para 59. 770: 741: 613: 590: 532:Woman Police Constable 495: 488: 430: 411: 318: 4687:Ladbroke Grove (1999) 4587:Battersea Park (1937) 4028:Knowle & Dorridge 3992:Severn Railway Bridge 3519:Birmingham New Street 2999:"Real Lives Reunited" 2905:The National Archives 1307:, p. 5, para 20. 1276:, p. 4, para 14. 1184:, p. 7, para 31. 1156:, p. 8, para 44. 938:measure of inflation. 768: 736: 608: 584: 536:London Stock Exchange 490: 486: 450:City of London Police 425: 409: 312: 93:Driver failed to stop 4672:Cannon Street (1991) 4627:Dagenham East (1958) 4602:South Croydon (1947) 3582:Glasgow Queen Street 2263:"In Living Memory". 2248:"In Living Memory". 1216:, pp. 9 and 68. 1084:, p. 3, para 2. 936:Consumer Price Index 907:Notes and references 861:Lord Mayor of London 769:Train stop equipment 751:Broad Street station 732:akinesis with mutism 464:at Britannic House, 304:1953 Stratford crash 256:class=notpageimage| 202:akinesis with mutism 4726: / 4632:Hither Green (1967) 4597:King's Cross (1945) 4572:Kentish Town (1861) 4022:Coppenhall Junction 3906:Irk Valley Junction 3823:Manchester Victoria 2302:Blake, Jim (2015). 2127:, pp. 400–401. 1106:Day & Reed 2008 901:Real Lives Reunited 779:Moorgate protection 761:Moorgate protection 697:St Paul's Cathedral 681:blood alcohol level 504:The London Hospital 446:London Fire Brigade 315:1938 stock carriage 221:Moorgate protection 206:blood alcohol level 148:Moorgate tube crash 24:Moorgate tube crash 4730:51.5182°N 0.0886°W 4114:Audenshaw Junction 3948:Chapel-en-le-Frith 3942:Welwyn Garden City 3844:Penmanshiel Tunnel 3635:Welwyn Garden City 3063:on 8 February 2018 2926:. 28 November 2009 2920:"In Living Memory" 2700:on 24 October 2020 2425:Tracks to Disaster 2223:BBC Genome Project 1600:Jordan et al. 1975 1480:, pp. ii–iii. 974:Chartered Engineer 771: 591: 575:chief fire officer 489: 412: 366:1938 rolling stock 359:scissors crossover 355:Old Street station 330:Northern City Line 319: 272:London Underground 156:Northern City Line 152:London Underground 84:London Underground 74:Northern City Line 4709: 4708: 4519: 4518: 4463:Spa Road Junction 4332:Glasgow Bellgrove 3838:Stockport Viaduct 3694:Norton Fitzwarren 3594:Combe Down Tunnel 3460:St Bedes Junction 3223: 3222: 3167:Location and date 3095:978-1-3262-1141-7 2694:Islington Gazette 2533:(5986): 727–729. 2434:978-0-7110-2985-9 2415:978-0-11-550398-6 2372:978-0-7153-8913-3 2353:978-1-85414-316-7 2334:978-1-85414-151-4 2315:978-1-4738-3384-5 1614:, pp. 66–67. 1468:, pp. 28–29. 1391:, pp. 14–15. 1120:, pp. 94–95. 798:timed train stops 587:dead man's handle 416:dead man's handle 180:dead man's handle 144: 143: 52:28 February 1975 4791: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4735:51.5182; -0.0886 4731: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4612:Stratford (1953) 4546: 4539: 4532: 4523: 4522: 4511: 4506: 4317:Clapham Junction 4150:Watford Junction 4132:Eltham Well Hall 4120:Sheerness-on-Sea 4058:Connington South 3918:Sutton Coldfield 3912:Watford Junction 3730:Catterick Bridge 3617:Leighton Buzzard 3278:Glasgow St Enoch 3250: 3243: 3236: 3227: 3226: 3215: 3210: 3161: 3159: 3148: 3141: 3134: 3125: 3124: 3099: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3062: 3055: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3035: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2984: 2975: 2963: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2886:. 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4248:Wrawby Junction 4200: 4126:Chester General 4102: 3974: 3849: 3667: 3599: 3525:Birkenhead Park 3495: 3406:Ditton Junction 3370: 3326:Elliot Junction 3260: 3254: 3224: 3219: 3197: 3174:Tretten, Norway 3162: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3106: 3096: 3083: 3080: 3078:Further reading 3075: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3020: 3018: 3004: 3002: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2945: 2943: 2929: 2927: 2909: 2907: 2889: 2887: 2872: 2870: 2862: 2813: 2811: 2715:The Independent 2703: 2701: 2669: 2667: 2659: 2646: 2644: 2495: 2493: 2445: 2435: 2416: 2405: 2392: 2373: 2354: 2335: 2316: 2298: 2292: 2287: 2276: 2272: 2261: 2257: 2246: 2242: 2234: 2230: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2149:McNaughton 1976 2147: 2143: 2139:, pp. 1–2. 2135: 2131: 2123: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2077: 2071:McNaughton 1976 2069: 2065: 2059:McNaughton 1976 2057: 2053: 2047:McNaughton 1976 2045: 2041: 2035:McNaughton 1976 2033: 2029: 2018: 2014: 2008:McNaughton 1976 2006: 2002: 1991: 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3727: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3691: 3682: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3644: 3641:Battersea Park 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3487: 3484:Little Salkeld 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3394:Hawes Junction 3391: 3388:Coulsdon North 3385: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3323: 3317: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3261: 3253: 3252: 3245: 3238: 3230: 3221: 3220: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3151: 3150: 3143: 3136: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3112: 3105: 3104:External links 3102: 3101: 3100: 3094: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3073: 3046: 3027: 3011: 2995: 2976: 2964: 2952: 2936: 2916: 2896: 2879: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2847: 2838: 2829: 2820: 2804: 2795: 2786: 2777: 2768: 2759: 2750: 2741: 2732: 2719: 2710: 2685: 2676: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2633: 2631:(1310): 22–24. 2620: 2569: 2518: 2516:(840): i–viii. 2506:Milner, Joseph 2502: 2481: 2461:(5): 666–676. 2444: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2433: 2420: 2414: 2396: 2390: 2377: 2371: 2358: 2352: 2339: 2333: 2320: 2314: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2285: 2270: 2255: 2240: 2228: 2213: 2201: 2189: 2177: 2165: 2153: 2141: 2129: 2114: 2112:, p. 401. 2102: 2098:, 4 March 1976 2087: 2075: 2063: 2051: 2039: 2027: 2012: 2000: 1985: 1973: 1961: 1949: 1937: 1925: 1913: 1901: 1889: 1877: 1862: 1850: 1848:, p. 118. 1838: 1826: 1811: 1799: 1797:, p. 400. 1787: 1772: 1760: 1748: 1736: 1724: 1712: 1700: 1698:, p. 132. 1688: 1676: 1664: 1652: 1640: 1628: 1616: 1604: 1592: 1577: 1565: 1553: 1547:, p. 43; 1533: 1521: 1519:, p. 670. 1506: 1494: 1482: 1470: 1458: 1441: 1439:, p. 669. 1429: 1417: 1405: 1403:, p. 666. 1393: 1377: 1365: 1348: 1336: 1321: 1309: 1303:, p. 25; 1293: 1278: 1266: 1254: 1248:, p. 11; 1244:, p. 24; 1234: 1228:, p. 23; 1218: 1202: 1186: 1180:, p. 23; 1170: 1158: 1146: 1134: 1122: 1110: 1108:, p. 166. 1098: 1086: 1074: 1072:, p. 278. 1059: 1047: 1035: 1023: 1008: 995: 993: 990: 987: 986: 965: 949: 940: 927: 916: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 881:Laurence Marks 868: 865: 840: 833: 832: 828: 821: 820: 819: 818: 817: 815: 812: 762: 759: 745: 742: 673:inquest's jury 624: 621: 561: 558: 556: 553: 549:crush syndrome 437: 434: 377: 374: 326:City of London 313:Interior of a 292:The first line 264:City of London 254: 253: 247: 246: 239: 238: 232: 231: 230: 228: 225: 142: 141: 135: 134: 131: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 112: 108: 107: 104: 100: 99: 95: 94: 91: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 71: 67: 66: 60: 56: 55: 50: 46: 45: 41: 40: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4796: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4742: 4739: 4704: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4667:Purley (1989) 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4642:Ealing (1973) 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4617:Barnes (1955) 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4592:Ilford (1944) 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4582:Ilford (1915) 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4562:Harrow (1838) 4560: 4559: 4556: 4547: 4542: 4540: 4535: 4533: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4385:London Bridge 4383: 4380: 4379:Severn Tunnel 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4361:Cannon Street 4359: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4284:Summit Tunnel 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4272:Oxford Circus 4270: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4034:Cheadle Hulme 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3963:Dagenham East 3961: 3959: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3805:South Croydon 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3721:Bethnal Green 3719: 3717: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3662:Charing Cross 3660: 3657: 3656:Charing Cross 3654: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3611:Lawrence Hill 3609: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3576:London Bridge 3574: 3572: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3507:Littlehampton 3505: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3382:Braunton Road 3380: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3305:Charing Cross 3303: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3251: 3246: 3244: 3239: 3237: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3182:(28 February) 3181: 3178: 3176:(22 February) 3175: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3149: 3144: 3142: 3137: 3135: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3097: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3081: 3059: 3052: 3047: 3032: 3028: 3016: 3012: 3000: 2996: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2941: 2937: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2885: 2880: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2757:. p. 11. 2756: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2717:. p. 22. 2716: 2711: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2657:News articles 2642: 2638: 2637:"Red Alert 2" 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2584:(7,125): 87. 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2446: 2436: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2404: 2403: 2397: 2393: 2391:0-7110-0898-1 2387: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2282: 2281: 2274: 2267: 2266: 2259: 2252: 2251: 2244: 2238:, p. 22. 2237: 2232: 2225: 2224: 2221:"Red Alert". 2217: 2210: 2205: 2198: 2193: 2186: 2181: 2174: 2169: 2163:, p. 26. 2162: 2157: 2150: 2145: 2138: 2133: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2111: 2106: 2099: 2097: 2091: 2084: 2079: 2072: 2067: 2060: 2055: 2048: 2043: 2036: 2031: 2024: 2023:, 4 June 2006 2022: 2016: 2009: 2004: 1997: 1996: 1989: 1982: 1977: 1970: 1965: 1958: 1953: 1946: 1941: 1934: 1929: 1922: 1917: 1910: 1905: 1899:, p. 87. 1898: 1893: 1886: 1881: 1874: 1873: 1866: 1859: 1854: 1847: 1846:Holloway 1988 1842: 1835: 1830: 1823: 1822: 1815: 1808: 1803: 1796: 1791: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1770:, p. 89. 1769: 1768:Holloway 1988 1764: 1757: 1752: 1745: 1740: 1733: 1728: 1722:, p. 88. 1721: 1720:Holloway 1988 1716: 1710:, p. 90. 1709: 1708:Holloway 1988 1704: 1697: 1696:Holloway 1988 1692: 1685: 1684:Holloway 1988 1680: 1674:, p. 86. 1673: 1672:Holloway 1988 1668: 1662:, p. vi. 1661: 1656: 1650:, p. 76. 1649: 1648:Holloway 1988 1644: 1638:, p. 66. 1637: 1636:Holloway 1988 1632: 1625: 1620: 1613: 1612:Holloway 1988 1608: 1601: 1596: 1590:, p. iv. 1589: 1584: 1582: 1575:, p. 63. 1574: 1573:Holloway 1988 1569: 1563:, p. 60. 1562: 1561:Holloway 1988 1557: 1550: 1546: 1545:Holloway 1988 1543:, p. 2; 1542: 1537: 1531:, p. 23. 1530: 1529:Holloway 1988 1525: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1504:, p. 22. 1503: 1498: 1492:, p. 29. 1491: 1490:Holloway 1988 1486: 1479: 1474: 1467: 1466:Holloway 1988 1462: 1456:, p. ii. 1455: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1438: 1433: 1427:, p. 17. 1426: 1425:Holloway 1988 1421: 1414: 1413:Holloway 1988 1409: 1402: 1397: 1390: 1389:Holloway 1988 1386: 1381: 1374: 1369: 1363:, p. 25. 1362: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1345: 1340: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1318: 1313: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1290: 1289: 1282: 1275: 1270: 1264:, p. 24. 1263: 1258: 1251: 1247: 1246:Holloway 1988 1243: 1238: 1232:, p. 11. 1231: 1230:Holloway 1988 1227: 1222: 1215: 1214:Holloway 1988 1212:, p. i; 1211: 1206: 1199: 1196:, p. 1; 1195: 1190: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1167: 1162: 1155: 1150: 1143: 1142:Holloway 1988 1138: 1131: 1126: 1119: 1118:Holloway 1988 1114: 1107: 1102: 1096:, p. 21. 1095: 1090: 1083: 1078: 1071: 1070: 1063: 1056: 1051: 1044: 1039: 1032: 1027: 1021:, p. 11. 1020: 1015: 1013: 1005: 1000: 996: 983: 979: 975: 972:Hafter was a 969: 962: 959: 953: 944: 937: 931: 921: 917: 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 864: 862: 858: 854: 844: 837: 825: 811: 807: 804: 799: 794: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 767: 758: 754: 752: 740: 735: 733: 729: 723: 708: 705: 700: 698: 693: 691: 687: 686:decomposition 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 661: 659: 655: 650: 648: 644: 640: 639:Keith Simpson 637: 634: 630: 620: 617: 612: 607: 604: 599: 597: 588: 583: 579: 576: 572: 571:Joseph Milner 567: 566:flame cutting 552: 550: 546: 541: 537: 533: 528: 526: 525:piston effect 521: 517: 511: 509: 505: 500: 494: 485: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 458:resuscitation 455: 451: 447: 443: 433: 429: 424: 422: 417: 408: 404: 401: 395: 391: 388: 382: 373: 371: 367: 362: 360: 356: 352: 348: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 316: 311: 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 288:Hertfordshire 285: 281: 277: 276:rapid transit 273: 265: 261: 257: 236: 224: 222: 217: 215: 214:decomposition 211: 210:drink-driving 207: 203: 199: 194: 189: 186: 185:piston effect 181: 177: 173: 167: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 113: 109: 105: 101: 96: 92: 88: 85: 82: 78: 75: 72: 68: 64: 61: 57: 51: 47: 42: 38: 32: 27: 22: 19: 4711: 4646: 4513:2000–present 4494: 4489: 4478: 4320: 4311: 4308:King's Cross 4159: 4155: 4073: 4070:Hither Green 3957: 3894: 3832: 3817: 3808: 3775: 3766: 3757:King's Cross 3751: 3724: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3688: 3679:Bounds Green 3650: 3570: 3549:Hull Paragon 3490:Paddock Wood 3478:Bere Ferrers 3448: 3445: 3442:Quintinshill 3329: 3314: 3293: 3179: 3085: 3065:. Retrieved 3058:the original 3038:. Retrieved 3019:. Retrieved 3003:. Retrieved 2987:. Retrieved 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2944:. Retrieved 2928:. Retrieved 2923: 2908:. Retrieved 2904: 2888:. Retrieved 2871:. Retrieved 2852:The Guardian 2851: 2845:. p. 3. 2842: 2833: 2827:. p. 6. 2825:The Guardian 2824: 2812:. Retrieved 2800:The Guardian 2799: 2793:. p. 6. 2791:The Guardian 2790: 2784:. p. 2. 2781: 2775:. p. 1. 2773:The Guardian 2772: 2766:. p. 5. 2764:The Guardian 2763: 2755:The Guardian 2754: 2748:. p. 2. 2745: 2739:. p. 2. 2736: 2727: 2714: 2702:. Retrieved 2698:the original 2693: 2681:The Guardian 2680: 2668:. Retrieved 2645:. Retrieved 2640: 2628: 2624: 2581: 2577: 2530: 2526: 2513: 2509: 2494:. Retrieved 2489: 2458: 2454: 2424: 2401: 2381: 2362: 2343: 2324: 2304: 2279: 2273: 2264: 2258: 2249: 2243: 2236:Gilbert 2006 2231: 2222: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2180: 2168: 2161:Vaughan 2003 2156: 2144: 2132: 2105: 2095: 2090: 2078: 2066: 2054: 2042: 2030: 2020: 2015: 2003: 1994: 1988: 1976: 1964: 1952: 1940: 1935:, p. 6. 1928: 1923:, p. 2. 1916: 1911:, p. 2. 1904: 1897:Pounder 1988 1892: 1887:, p. 6. 1880: 1872:The Guardian 1871: 1865: 1860:, p. 2. 1853: 1841: 1836:, p. 5. 1834:Jordan 1975b 1829: 1821:The Guardian 1820: 1814: 1809:, p. 6. 1807:McHardy 1975 1802: 1790: 1783:Heather 2015 1763: 1751: 1739: 1727: 1715: 1703: 1691: 1679: 1667: 1655: 1643: 1631: 1619: 1607: 1602:, p. 1. 1595: 1568: 1556: 1551:, p. 3. 1549:Tendler 1975 1536: 1524: 1502:Prosser 2008 1497: 1485: 1473: 1461: 1432: 1420: 1408: 1396: 1380: 1375:, p. i. 1368: 1361:Vaughan 2003 1339: 1312: 1301:Vaughan 2003 1296: 1288:The Guardian 1287: 1281: 1269: 1262:Vaughan 2003 1257: 1242:Vaughan 2003 1237: 1226:Vaughan 2003 1221: 1205: 1200:, p. i. 1189: 1178:Vaughan 2003 1173: 1161: 1149: 1137: 1125: 1113: 1101: 1094:Vaughan 2003 1089: 1077: 1068: 1062: 1050: 1038: 1026: 1019:Jordan 1975a 999: 968: 952: 943: 930: 920: 900: 896: 884: 876: 871:In 1977 the 870: 867:In the media 850: 841:Memorial in 808: 795: 790: 786: 782: 778: 772: 755: 747: 737: 724: 709: 701: 694: 677:toxicologist 662: 651: 647:heart attack 626: 618: 614: 609: 600: 592: 563: 529: 512: 496: 491: 439: 431: 426: 413: 396: 392: 383: 379: 363: 334:Drayton Park 320: 269: 218: 190: 172:concertinaed 168: 147: 145: 54:8:46 am 18: 4733: / 4477:(Oct 1999) 4338:West Ealing 4319:(Dec 1988) 4310:(Nov 1987) 4195:Invergowrie 4158:(Feb 1975) 4072:(Nov 1967) 3956:(Dec 1957) 3893:(Oct 1952) 3861:Penmaenmawr 3831:(Apr 1948) 3816:(Oct 1947) 3807:(Oct 1947) 3795:(July 1947) 3781:Potters Bar 3774:(Jan 1946) 3765:(Sep 1945) 3750:(Jan 1945) 3723:(Mar 1943) 3714:(Dec 1941) 3705:(Jan 1941) 3696:(Nov 1940) 3687:(Oct 1940) 3649:(Dec 1937) 3623:Raynes Park 3569:(Jun 1928) 3444:(May 1915) 3424:Burntisland 3359:Bournemouth 3328:(Dec 1906) 3313:(Jul 1906) 3292:(Jul 1905) 3259:, 1900–1999 3005:14 February 2946:14 February 2930:19 February 2910:11 February 2704:13 February 2647:14 February 2641:Radio Times 2492:. p. 2 2455:Anaesthesia 1921:Jones 1975b 1909:Jones 1975a 1756:Milner 1975 1660:Milner 1975 1588:Milner 1975 1541:Foster 2015 1478:Milner 1975 1454:Milner 1975 1373:Milner 1975 1210:Milner 1975 1198:Milner 1975 1194:Foster 2015 958:anaesthetic 893:BBC Radio 4 857:Fiona Woolf 684:process of 636:pathologist 633:Home Office 629:post-mortem 560:Clearing up 351:buffer stop 296:route track 193:post-mortem 4748:Categories 4718:51°31′06″N 4471:(Jun 1999) 4465:(Jan 1999) 4459:(Sep 1997) 4453:(Feb 1997) 4447:(Nov 1996) 4441:(Aug 1996) 4435:(Mar 1996) 4429:(Jul 1995) 4423:(Jan 1995) 4417:(Oct 1994) 4411:(Jun 1994) 4405:(Jun 1994) 4399:(Sep 1993) 4393:(Nov 1992) 4387:(Feb 1992) 4381:(Dec 1991) 4375:(Jul 1991) 4369:(Feb 1991) 4363:(Jan 1991) 4357:(Aug 1990) 4340:(Aug 1989) 4334:(Mar 1989) 4328:(Mar 1989) 4304:(Oct 1987) 4298:(Sep 1986) 4292:(Jul 1986) 4290:Lockington 4286:(Dec 1984) 4280:(Dec 1984) 4274:(Nov 1984) 4268:(Oct 1984) 4262:(Jul 1984) 4256:(Jun 1984) 4250:(Dec 1983) 4244:(Dec 1981) 4242:Seer Green 4238:(Dec 1981) 4232:(Jul 1980) 4226:(Apr 1980) 4220:(Feb 1980) 4214:(Jan 1980) 4197:(Oct 1979) 4191:(Apr 1979) 4185:(Jul 1978) 4179:(Mar 1976) 4173:(Oct 1975) 4171:Green Park 4167:(Jun 1975) 4152:(Jan 1975) 4146:(Dec 1973) 4140:(Sep 1973) 4134:(Jun 1972) 4128:(May 1972) 4122:(Feb 1971) 4116:(May 1970) 4099:(May 1969) 4093:(Jan 1969) 4087:(Sep 1968) 4085:Castlecary 4081:(Jan 1968) 4066:(Jul 1967) 4060:(Mar 1967) 4054:(Feb 1967) 4048:(Jun 1965) 4042:(Jan 1965) 4040:Coton Hill 4036:(May 1964) 4030:(Aug 1963) 4024:(Dec 1962) 4018:(Jun 1962) 4012:(Jul 1961) 4006:(Feb 1961) 4000:(Feb 1961) 3994:(Oct 1960) 3988:(Jan 1960) 3971:(Aug 1958) 3969:Eastbourne 3965:(Jan 1958) 3950:(Feb 1957) 3944:(Jan 1957) 3938:(Dec 1955) 3932:(Dec 1955) 3926:(Nov 1955) 3920:(Jan 1955) 3914:(Feb 1954) 3908:(Aug 1953) 3902:(Apr 1953) 3887:(Sep 1951) 3881:(Aug 1951) 3875:(Jul 1951) 3873:Huntingdon 3869:(Mar 1951) 3863:(Aug 1950) 3846:(Jun 1949) 3840:(Nov 1948) 3825:(Dec 1947) 3801:(Aug 1947) 3793:Polesworth 3789:(May 1947) 3783:(Feb 1946) 3763:Bourne End 3759:(Feb 1945) 3744:(Jun 1944) 3738:(Jan 1944) 3732:(Feb 1944) 3681:(Oct 1940) 3664:(May 1938) 3658:(Mar 1938) 3647:Castlecary 3643:(Apr 1937) 3637:(Jun 1935) 3631:(Sep 1934) 3625:(May 1933) 3619:(Mar 1931) 3613:(Jan 1930) 3596:(Nov 1929) 3590:(Oct 1928) 3584:(Oct 1928) 3578:(Jul 1928) 3567:Darlington 3563:(Aug 1927) 3557:(Feb 1927) 3551:(Feb 1927) 3545:(Nov 1926) 3539:(Nov 1924) 3533:(Feb 1923) 3527:(Dec 1922) 3521:(Nov 1921) 3515:(Jan 1921) 3509:(Aug 1920) 3492:(May 1919) 3486:(Jan 1918) 3480:(Sep 1917) 3474:(Jan 1917) 3468:(Feb 1916) 3462:(Dec 1915) 3456:(Aug 1915) 3438:(Jan 1915) 3432:(Jun 1914) 3430:Carrbridge 3426:(Apr 1914) 3420:(Sep 1913) 3414:(Feb 1913) 3408:(Sep 1912) 3402:(Jan 1911) 3400:Pontypridd 3396:(Dec 1910) 3390:(Jan 1910) 3384:(Jan 1910) 3367:(Mar 1909) 3361:(May 1908) 3355:(Oct 1907) 3353:Shrewsbury 3349:(Oct 1907) 3343:(Oct 1907) 3341:Birmingham 3337:(Sep 1907) 3322:(Sep 1906) 3307:(Dec 1905) 3301:(Sep 1905) 3286:(Feb 1904) 3280:(Jul 1903) 3274:(Jun 1900) 3067:7 February 3040:8 February 2989:28 January 2968:Nationwide 2924:BBC Genome 2890:30 January 2873:28 January 2814:8 February 2496:2 February 2250:BBC Genome 2096:Nationwide 2083:Blake 2015 1933:Smith 1975 1858:Leigh 1975 1166:Clark 2018 992:References 895:programme 875:programme 603:bomb scare 540:amputating 338:deep level 227:Background 111:Passengers 98:Statistics 4721:0°05′19″W 4500:1815–1899 4236:Ulleskelf 4052:Stechford 4004:Baschurch 3900:Stratford 3879:Newcastle 3867:Doncaster 3799:Doncaster 3772:Lichfield 3588:Charfield 3561:Sevenoaks 3555:Penistone 3466:Penistone 3365:Tonbridge 3311:Salisbury 3290:Hall Road 3188:(4 April) 2960:Channel 4 2843:The Times 2834:The Times 2782:The Times 2746:The Times 2737:The Times 2209:Dean 2014 1995:The Times 961:registrar 889:Channel 4 877:Red Alert 814:Memorials 611:shoulder. 555:Aftermath 478:pethidine 421:rode over 400:signalman 347:main line 342:sand drag 324:, in the 262:, in the 176:rode over 4469:Winsford 4457:Southall 4433:Stafford 4421:Ais Gill 4403:Greenock 4355:Stafford 4212:Dunmurry 4177:West Ham 4165:Nuneaton 4156:Moorgate 4046:Winsford 3954:Lewisham 3829:Winsford 3787:Grayrigg 3513:Abermule 3418:Ais Gill 3412:Chumhill 3320:Grantham 3284:Gomshall 3194:(6 June) 3021:9 August 2670:24 March 2598:25176680 2547:20406944 499:Moorgate 474:morphine 300:suicides 260:Moorgate 248:Moorgate 80:Operator 65:, London 63:Moorgate 59:Location 4439:Watford 4409:Morpeth 4391:Morpeth 4296:Colwich 4260:Polmont 4254:Morpeth 4230:Holborn 4183:Taunton 4097:Morpeth 4016:Lincoln 3814:Goswick 3629:Winwick 3531:Retford 3335:Newport 3156: ( 3117:at the 2972:BBC One 2616:9462305 2607:2665406 2565:1174871 2556:1674657 2477:1190404 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BBC 2594:JSTOR 2543:JSTOR 2406:(PDF) 2296:Books 912:Notes 470:Boots 376:Crash 284:Essex 90:Cause 3703:Bank 3347:Dore 3217:1976 3204:1974 3158:1975 3090:ISBN 3069:2018 3042:2018 3023:2021 3007:2018 2991:2018 2948:2018 2932:2022 2912:2018 2892:2018 2875:2018 2816:2018 2706:2018 2672:2018 2649:2018 2625:Fire 2612:PMID 2561:PMID 2510:Fire 2498:2018 2490:Rail 2473:PMID 2429:ISBN 2410:ISBN 2386:ISBN 2367:ISBN 2348:ISBN 2329:ISBN 2310:ISBN 887:, a 873:BBC1 791:TETS 663:The 627:The 476:and 286:and 270:The 191:The 146:The 70:Line 49:Date 2629:101 2602:PMC 2586:doi 2582:316 2551:PMC 2535:doi 2463:doi 2280:BBC 2265:BBC 785:or 730:or 667:'s 645:or 200:or 154:'s 117:300 4750:: 2970:. 2958:. 2922:. 2903:. 2726:. 2692:. 2639:. 2627:. 2610:. 2600:. 2592:. 2580:. 2576:. 2559:. 2549:. 2541:. 2529:. 2525:. 2514:68 2512:. 2488:. 2471:. 2459:30 2457:. 2453:. 2117:^ 1775:^ 1580:^ 1509:^ 1444:^ 1351:^ 1324:^ 1011:^ 781:, 753:. 692:. 462:BP 306:. 290:. 282:, 133:74 125:43 115:c. 4545:e 4538:t 4531:v 4495:§ 4490:‡ 4479:‡ 4321:‡ 4312:‡ 4160:‡ 4074:‡ 3958:‡ 3895:‡ 3833:‡ 3818:‡ 3809:‡ 3776:‡ 3767:‡ 3752:‡ 3725:‡ 3716:‡ 3707:‡ 3698:‡ 3689:‡ 3651:‡ 3571:‡ 3449:§ 3446:‡ 3330:‡ 3315:‡ 3294:‡ 3249:e 3242:t 3235:v 3160:) 3147:e 3140:t 3133:v 3098:. 3071:. 3044:. 3025:. 3009:. 2993:. 2950:. 2934:. 2914:. 2894:. 2877:. 2818:. 2730:. 2708:. 2674:. 2651:. 2618:. 2588:: 2567:. 2537:: 2531:3 2500:. 2479:. 2465:: 2437:. 2418:. 2394:. 2375:. 2356:. 2337:. 2318:. 2283:. 2268:. 2253:. 2226:. 2211:. 2199:. 2187:. 2175:. 1998:. 1875:. 1824:. 1785:. 1346:. 1319:. 1291:. 1168:. 1033:. 1006:. 789:( 718:2 714:1 106:1

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