932:
137:
884:
1553:
108:
119:
1363:. The Mongols ransacked Delhi and its neighbourhoods, but ultimately retreated after being unable to breach Siri. This close encounter with the Mongols prompted Alauddin to strengthen the forts and the military presence along their routes to India. He also implemented a series of economic reforms to ensure sufficient revenue inflows for maintaining a strong army.
1326:
attacked the Mongol army without his permission. The
Mongols feigned a retreat, and tricked Zafar Khan's contingent into following them. Zafar Khan and his men were killed after inflicting heavy casualties on the invaders. The Mongols retreated a couple of days later: their leader Qutlugh Khwaja was
958:
master, Otochi, and his brother Namo arrived at the court of Ăgedei. Another Mongol general named
Pakchak attacked Peshawar and defeated the army of tribes who had deserted Jalal ad-Din but were still a threat to the Mongols. These men, mostly Khaljis, escaped to Multan and were recruited into the
1461:. Only refugees under Ramacandra, commander in chief of the king, in the fort of Lar remained safe. The invaders continued to pillage for eight months until the commencement of winter. When Zulju was departing via Brinal, he lost most of his men and prisoners due to a severe snowfall in
1388:
and western khanates that had lasted for the better part of a half century. Soon after, he proposed a joint attack on India, but the campaign did not materialize. In
December 1305, Duwa sent another 30,000 to 50,000 strong army that bypassed the heavily guarded city of
1213:
or by Mongol divisional commanders; the size of such armies was always between 10,000 and 30,000 cavalry although the chroniclers of Delhi exaggerated the number to 100,000-200,000 cavalry. The 4,000 Mongol captives of the advance guard converted to
1610:
and the regions beyond under his control. He launched an invasion of the Delhi
Sultanate and sacked the capital. Timur's empire broke up and his descendants failed to hold on to Central Asia, which split up into numerous principalities.
1899:
J.A. Boyle, "The Mongol
Commanders in Afghanistan and India According to the Tabaqat-I-Nasiri of Juzjani," Islamic Studies, II (1963); reprinted in idem, The Mongol World Empire (London: Variorum, 1977), see ch. IX, p.
1526:
No more large-scale invasions or raids into India were launched after
Tamashirin's siege of Delhi. However, small groups of Mongol adventurers hired out their swords to the many local powers in the northwest.
1083:
invasion. For this cause he organized and disciplined his army to the highest point of efficiency; for this he made away with disaffected or jealous chiefs, and steadily refused to entrust authority to
1909:
Although Muslim historians claimed
Mongols were outnumbered and their army ranged from 100,000 to 200,000, their force was not enough to cow down Delhi mamluks in reality. See John Masson Smith, Jr.
1322:
near Delhi, and tried to delay the battle, hoping that the
Mongols would retreat amid a scarcity of provisions and that he would receive reinforcements from his provinces. However, his general
846:
and defeated a Mongol division under Turtai, which had been assigned the task of hunting him down. The victorious allies quarreled over the division of the captured booty; subsequently the
1453:
without meeting any serious resistance. The
Kashmiri king, Suhadeva, tried to persuade Zulju to withdraw by paying a large ransom. After he failed to organize resistance, Suhadeva fled to
1205:. A count of the Mongol commanders named in the sources as participating in the various invasions might give a better indication of the numbers involved, as these commanders probably led
449:
1189:. The medieval sources claim invasions by hundreds of thousands of Mongols, numbers approximating (and probably based on) the size of the entire cavalry armies of the Mongol realms of
1543:
337:
971:. However, on December 30, 1241, the Mongols under Munggetu butchered the town before withdrawing from the Delhi Sultanate. At the same time the Great Khan Ăgedei died (1241).
1359:
managed to reach Delhi before the invaders, but did not have enough time to prepare for a strong defence. He took shelter in a heavily guarded camp at the under construction
1054:. Hulagu led a strong force under Sali Noyan into Sindh. In the winter of 1257 - beginning of 1258, Sali Noyan entered Sind in strength and dismantled the fortifications of
2683:
442:
2611:
435:
330:
1425:
died and in the dispute over his succession this spate of Mongol raids into India already ended. Taking advantage of this situation, Alauddin's general
1294:
269:
origin. The
Mongols occupied parts of the subcontinent for decades. As the Mongols progressed into the Indian hinterland and reached the outskirts of
2678:
986:. Sali invaded Kashmir, killing the king, and put down the rebellion, after which the country remained subject to the Mongol Empire for many years.
3554:
3017:
982:
and Takudar, to replace the court and appointed the Buddhist master, Otochi, as darugachi of Kashmir. However, the Kashmiri king killed Otochi at
791:(20,000 soldiers) under commanders Dorbei the Fierce and Bala to continue the chase. The Mongol commander Bala chased Jalal ad-Din throughout the
1426:
1413:, ransacking the territories along the way. This army included three contingents, led by Kopek, Iqbalmand, and Tai-Bu. Alauddin's forces, led by
931:
323:
2162:
The Chaghadaids and Islam: the conversion of Tarmashirin Khan (1331-34). The Journal of the American Oriental Society, October 1, 2002. Biran
1402:
3652:
803:. Jalal ad-Din regrouped, forming a small army from survivors of the battle and sought an alliance, or even an asylum, with the Sultan of
3637:
3647:
3642:
3161:
725:
300:
surrounded by heathens to its north and south, it ignored the fact that a large number of the sultanate's elites and monarchs were of
2929:
2921:
518:
492:
386:
903:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
3632:
2408:
1630:
2227:
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954:(administrative governor) there for several years, and Kashmir became a Mongolian dependency. Around the same time, a Kashmiri
730:
3225:
2358:
2332:
750:
3252:
3201:
3177:
2976:
2942:
2626:
1261:
on 6 February 1298, where quite a large number of them were taken prisoner. Later in 1298â1299, a Mongol army (possibly
745:
735:
578:
523:
1409:. A large number of Mongols were taken captive and killed. In 1306, another Mongol army sent by Duwa advanced up to the
2960:
2913:
1303:(one-fifth of the share of loot). The mutiny was crushed, and the mutineers' families in Delhi were severely punished.
568:
487:
2994:
3209:
3137:
3121:
2259:
1773:
1258:
918:
719:
674:
669:
366:
3193:
3153:
1458:
715:
704:
694:
480:
3627:
3622:
3217:
3145:
3051:
2887:
1504:
1418:
708:
700:
626:
3268:
3113:
3025:
2950:
2621:
1457:, leaving the people of Kashmir to the mercy of Zulju. The Mongols burned the dwellings, massacred the men and
1352:
1202:
1073:
and a few years later diplomatic correspondence between the two rulers confirmed the growing desire for peace.
684:
622:
573:
563:
535:
459:
415:
403:
28:
3598:
3324:
3295:
3185:
2668:
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2191:. Vol. 5: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
740:
136:
3105:
2903:
2646:
2631:
1620:
689:
595:
3617:
3276:
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3095:
3043:
2895:
2401:
1344:
1323:
1254:
1019:
651:
616:
540:
513:
508:
217:
2381:
2272:(1964). "The Mongol Commanders in Afghanistan and India According to the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri of Juzjani".
897:
867:
1804:
3129:
3087:
3004:
2984:
2968:
2730:
2318:
660:
600:
590:
585:
1812:
1293:. When this army was returning from Gujarat to Delhi, some of its Mongol soldiers (former captives)
1274:
892:
558:
391:
1484:, who had sent envoys to Delhi to negotiate peace the previous year, sacked the frontier towns of
3035:
1686:"The Ignored Elites: Turks, Mongols and a Persian Secretarial Class in the Early Delhi Sultanate"
1181:
with his force in 1292, but his advance guard under Ulghu was defeated and taken prisoner by the
755:
632:
1197:. The number of 150,000 Mongol invaders during 1292 opposed by Jalaluddin were also recorded in
2673:
2394:
2204:
936:
772:
241:
2322:
3416:
3360:
2693:
3316:
3308:
2788:
1576:
1536:
1497:
1286:
1209:, units nominally of 10,000 men. These invasions were led by either various descendants of
827:
376:
237:
205:
2213:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
1006:, Jalal al-Din Masud attended the ceremony and asked for help from Möngke. Möngke ordered
8:
3564:
2518:
2207:(1992). "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.).
1230:
1186:
1160:
381:
284:'s primary duties. While the sultanate's chroniclers described the conflicts between the
277:
of India led a campaign against them in which the Mongol army suffered serious defeats.
258:
209:
2440:
1116:
1088:; for this he stayed near his capital and would not be tempted into distant campaigns.
883:
297:
3386:
2718:
2658:
2753:
2354:
2328:
2306:
2269:
2255:
2236:
2214:
2192:
1769:
1731:
Chormaqan Noyan: The First Mongol Military Governor in the Middle East by Timothy May
1697:
293:
2347:
2286:
1552:
1010:
to assist him to recover his ancestral realm. Sali Noyan made successive attacks on
3300:
3260:
2713:
1740:
1599:
1595:
1520:
1508:
1477:
1406:
1327:
seriously wounded, and died during the return journey. In the winter of 1302â1303,
1226:. Chagatai tumens were defeated by the Delhi Sultanate several times in 1296â1297.
1140:
1132:
530:
409:
254:
221:
173:
164:
156:
122:
2342:
1876:
3394:
2300:
2208:
2186:
1763:
1716:
1560:
1394:
1356:
1328:
1315:
1234:
1070:
1002:
in seizing the throne from his elder brother in 1248. When Möngke was crowned as
960:
940:
819:
804:
780:
361:
274:
213:
140:
1588:
679:
427:
2663:
2178:
1469:
1450:
1398:
1319:
1311:
1182:
1030:, accompanied the Mongols. Jalal al-Din Masud was installed as client ruler of
847:
839:
835:
609:
397:
301:
152:
3407:
3381:
2375:
999:
975:
855:
107:
3611:
3468:
3399:
2706:
2524:
2417:
2310:
1701:
1528:
1496:. The Tughlaq rulers of the Sultanate tried to save it from further ravages.
1336:
1270:
1242:
1198:
1178:
1174:
1136:
792:
250:
111:
3463:
2218:
2196:
1377:
315:
3368:
2808:
2725:
2701:
2616:
2550:
2473:
2453:
2182:
1607:
1568:
1532:
1442:
1385:
1371:
1210:
1206:
1194:
1190:
1144:
1108:
964:
788:
784:
262:
127:
118:
2813:
371:
3534:
3483:
3443:
3412:
2513:
2247:
2075:
2039:
1668:
1584:
1481:
1430:
1414:
1156:
1063:
1047:
229:
200:
190:
1921:
1919:
1721:. Boston University School of Theology. London, Religious Tract Society.
1685:
3579:
3488:
2838:
2823:
2560:
1625:
1410:
1282:
1250:
1223:
1007:
994:
The Delhi prince Jalal al-Din Masud, traveled to the Mongol capital at
979:
951:
859:
233:
72:
60:
2229:
Chormaqan Noyan: The First Mongol Military Governor in the Middle East
1281:
as captives. At this time, the main branch of Alauddin's army, led by
1050:, Möngke's brother, and sought Mongol protection from his overlord in
850:, Turkoman, and Ghori tribesmen deserted Jalal ad-Din and returned to
3448:
3438:
2803:
2783:
2778:
2737:
2296:
2210:
A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)
2099:
2063:
2051:
2027:
2003:
1991:
1979:
1943:
1916:
1580:
1572:
1360:
1307:
1079:(reigned: 1266â1287) one absorbing preoccupation was the danger of a
995:
866:
sent by the Khan attacked and defeated Jalal ad-Din, thus ending the
863:
808:
776:
551:
501:
270:
2111:
826:
and he immediately set out for that place, passing through southern
280:
Delhi Sultanate officials viewed war with the Mongols as one of the
3574:
2793:
2653:
2535:
1512:
1454:
1340:
1332:
1262:
1222:
as "new Muslims". The suburb they lived in was appropriately named
983:
955:
851:
285:
52:
2177:
A. B. M. Habibullah (1992) . "The Khaljis: Jalaluddin Khalji". In
3544:
3539:
3529:
3514:
2818:
2773:
2768:
2555:
2545:
2483:
1648:
1591:(Emperor Huizong). The gifts he was to take included 200 slaves.
1485:
1473:
1462:
1446:
1381:
1290:
1237:
were major Mongol conquests. In the winter of 1297, the Chagatai
1229:
Unlike the previous invasions, the invasions during the reign of
1170:
1167:
1120:
1080:
947:
305:
289:
266:
2386:
2123:
2087:
2015:
1931:
1542:
3524:
3498:
3493:
2828:
2798:
2758:
2508:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2448:
1967:
1955:
1752:
André Wink-Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, p.208
1535:. He also sent several thousand troops to aid the Delhi sultan
1501:
1489:
1429:
regularly raided the Mongol territories located in present-day
1374:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1076:
1059:
1055:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1015:
1011:
1003:
968:
843:
800:
796:
308:
ethnicity or had previously served in their armed contingents.
281:
64:
56:
3569:
3549:
3478:
3458:
3453:
3433:
3373:
2540:
2530:
2478:
1603:
1556:
1546:
1516:
1493:
1390:
1348:
1299:
1278:
1266:
1246:
1238:
1219:
1215:
1152:
1051:
1043:
1027:
1023:
815:
68:
2954:(1205 / 1207 / 1209â10 / 1225â27)
2135:
261:
from 1221 to 1327, with many of the later raids made by the
3519:
3473:
2833:
2763:
1567:
The Delhi sultans had developed cordial relations with the
1422:
1367:
1148:
1112:
1091:
Large-scale Mongol invasions of India ceased and the Delhi
1058:; his forces may also have infested the island fortress of
831:
823:
1384:
was declared, bringing an end to the conflict between the
3559:
1563:, Nasir Al-Din Mahmud Tughluq, in the winter of 1397â1398
1507:
to form an alliance against Tarmashirin, who had invaded
1100:
978:, who became Great Khan in 1251, appointed his generals,
830:
on the way. Jalal ad-Din was also joined by forces from
1069:
But Hulagu refused to sanction a grand invasion of the
2203:
2105:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2009:
1997:
1985:
1949:
1925:
1511:, but an attack didn't materialize. Tarmashirin was a
842:, and Ghori tribes. With his new allies he marched on
2684:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
2324:
The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History
1765:
Medieval India: Under Mohammedan Rule (A.D. 712-1764)
1539:
in suppressing the rebellion in his country in 1350.
989:
2349:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
1813:"M ONGOL -AFGHAN CONFLICT DURING THE DELHI S ULTANS"
1468:
The next major Mongol invasion took place after the
1095:
used the respite to recover the frontier towns like
2176:
1810:
1654:
1575:in Persia and the Middle East. Around 1338, Sultan
1380:, and around 1304 a general peace among the Mongol
296:terms, with the Delhi Sultanate being an island of
2377:Khilji - The Man who Defeated the Mongols 6 times!
2346:
946:Some time after 1235 another Mongol force invaded
2679:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
2295:
2129:
2117:
1973:
1961:
457:
3609:
1277:: a number of them were arrested and brought to
1126:
3099:(1220â22 / 1226â31 / 1237â64)
1666:
2153:Mohibbul Hasan-Kashmir Under the Sultans, p.36
1863:The Mongol Commanders in Afghanistan and India
963:. In winter 1241 the Mongol force invaded the
2402:
2341:
2317:
2291:(Thesis). University of California, Berkeley.
2141:
2093:
2021:
1937:
1874:
1743:-Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia, p.84
873:
862:of the Mongol Empire. A Mongol general named
814:While fighting against the local governor of
443:
345:
331:
2582:
1370:sought to end the ongoing conflict with the
1820:Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan
1598:had split up by this time and an ambitious
1401:. Alauddin's 30,000-strong cavalry, led by
1159:, and attempted to extend Mongol rule into
818:, Jalal ad-Din heard of an uprising in the
2409:
2395:
1868:
1761:
1523:were a divisive factor among the Mongols.
450:
436:
338:
324:
974:The Kashmiris revolted in 1254â1255, and
919:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Series of military offensives (1221â1327)
2284:
1551:
1541:
1436:
930:
858:, third son of Genghis Khan, had become
1714:
1631:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
834:and Peshawar, including members of the
3610:
3029:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
2988:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
1826:(1). Research Society of Pakistan: 245
1587:an ambassador to the Yuan court under
1476:dynasty in the Sultanate. In 1327 the
157:
3348:
2859:
2581:
2428:
2390:
2268:
1683:
1115:who had joined hands with either the
431:
319:
2860:
2612:Administrative divisions and vassals
2246:
1877:"Muslims in the Indian Subcontinent"
1788:Rashid ad-Din - The history of World
1606:claiming Mongol descent had brought
1173:governor Abdullah, who was a son of
877:
3653:Wars involving the Chagatai Khanate
2879:
2225:
1241:Kadar led an army that ravaged the
799:, and even sacked the outskirts of
13:
3638:Wars involving the Delhi Sultanate
2302:History of the Khaljis (1290-1320)
2288:Mongol Armies and Indian Campaigns
1911:Mongol Armies and Indian Campaigns
1859:Mongol Armies and Indian Campaigns
1846:Mongol Armies and Indian Campaigns
1799:Mongol Armies and Indian Campaigns
1762:Lane-Poole, Stanley (March 2019).
1351:unprotected, the Mongols launched
1331:dispatched an army to ransack the
990:Intrusion into the Delhi Sultanate
14:
3664:
3648:14th century in the Mongol Empire
3643:13th century in the Mongol Empire
2416:
2369:
1579:of the Delhi Sultanate appointed
1393:, and proceeded southeast to the
1147:which leader since the 1280s was
89:Mongol forces expelled from India
2252:Genghis Khan: Emperor of All Men
2188:A Comprehensive History of India
882:
135:
117:
106:
2429:
2305:. Allahabad: The Indian Press.
2156:
2147:
1903:
1893:
1851:
1838:
1791:
1531:raided northern India with his
1257:, defeated the invaders on the
1151:, who was second in command of
1046:offered his entire province to
795:and attacked outlying province
3633:Invasions by the Mongol Empire
2327:. Cambridge University Press.
1782:
1755:
1746:
1734:
1725:
1708:
1677:
1660:
1571:in Mongolia and China and the
1459:made women and children slaves
1445:under Zulju (Dulucha) entered
1405:, defeated the Mongols at the
1203:The Cambridge History of India
29:Mongol invasions and conquests
1:
3599:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
3296:Division of the Mongol Empire
1875:Dr. A. Zahoor (21 May 2002).
1636:
1127:Chagatai Khanate-Dehlavi Wars
311:
2353:. Rutgers University Press.
1811:Himayatullah Yaqubi (2014).
1641:
1519:. Religious tensions in the
7:
2546:Manghit / Mangudai
2106:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
2082:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
2070:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
2058:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
2046:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
2034:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
2010:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
1998:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
1986:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
1950:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
1926:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
1614:
1269:, and occupied the fort of
1177:'s great-grandson, invaded
1020:Shams-uddin Muhammad Kurt I
10:
3669:
3349:
3325:Esen BuqaâAyurbarwada war
2169:
1249:. Alauddin's army, led by
1107:, and to punish the local
1042:. In 1257 the governor of
998:to seek the assistance of
874:Mongol conquest of Kashmir
714:Hungary and Croatia (
3596:
3507:
3426:
3359:
3355:
3344:
3288:
3237:
3140:(1223 / 1236â40)
3086:
3063:
3046:(1257 / 1284â88)
3016:
2941:
2886:
2875:
2855:
2746:
2692:
2669:ByzantineâMongol Alliance
2604:
2600:
2577:
2492:
2439:
2435:
2424:
1472:had been replaced by the
1245:, and advanced as far as
779:and defeating him at the
699:Poland and Bohemia (
666:
659:
640:
608:
550:
500:
479:
474:
469:
357:
349:Mongol invasions of India
288:Mongols and a monolithic
146:
100:
34:
26:
22:Mongol invasions of India
21:
2235:(Thesis). Archived from
1655:A. B. M. Habibullah 1992
1621:IndiaâMongolia relations
2622:Invasions and conquests
2541:Paiza / Gerege
2274:Central Asiatic Journal
1857:John Masson Smith, Jr.
1844:John Masson Smith, Jr.
1797:John Masson Smith, Jr.
1715:Gilmour, James (n.d.).
1515:who later converted to
891:Some of this article's
811:, but was turned down.
84:Delhi Sultanate victory
3628:14th-century conflicts
3623:13th-century conflicts
3279:(1260 / 1301)
3007:(1274 / 1281)
2674:Franco-Mongol alliance
2205:Banarsi Prasad Saksena
2130:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
2118:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
1974:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
1962:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
1564:
1549:
1275:defeated by Zafar Khan
1259:Battle of Jaran-Manjur
1077:Ghiyas ud din Balban's
943:
937:Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu
935:Artist's depiction of
242:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
147:Commanders and leaders
2226:May, Timothy (1996).
1684:Kumar, Sunil (2009).
1667:Herbert M. J. Loewe.
1555:
1545:
1437:Late Mongol invasions
1419:defeated the invaders
1273:. These Mongols were
1155:. Duwa was active in
934:
868:KhwÄrazm-ShÄh dynasty
822:province of southern
42:24 November 1221-1327
3170:Serbia and Bulgaria
2285:Masson Smith, John.
1690:Modern Asian Studies
1577:Muhammad bin Tughluq
1537:Muhammad bin Tughluq
1498:Muhammad bin Tughluq
1355:around August 1303.
1218:and came to live in
460:Mongol invasions and
298:Islamic civilization
238:Nusrat Khan Jalesari
206:Ghiyas ud din Balban
3417:Khagans of the Yuan
3146:Poland and Bohemia
2922:Khwarazmian Empire
2647:Society and economy
2242:on 6 February 2006.
2183:Khaliq Ahmad Nizami
2120:, pp. 171â172.
2096:, pp. 227â228.
2084:, pp. 392â393.
2048:, pp. 369â370.
2024:, pp. 221â222.
1940:, pp. 219â220.
1399:Himalayan foothills
1366:Shortly afterward,
1310:dispatched his son
1265:fugitives) invaded
1026:(ruling prince) of
731:Bulgaria and Serbia
259:Indian subcontinent
210:Jalal-ud-Din Khalji
3618:Invasions of India
3162:Holy Roman Empire
2617:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
2270:Boyle, John Andrew
2142:Peter Jackson 2003
2094:Peter Jackson 2003
2022:Peter Jackson 2003
1938:Peter Jackson 2003
1768:. Alpha Editions.
1565:
1550:
1345:marched to Chittor
1314:to conquer Delhi.
1139:in the 1260s, the
944:
939:fleeing after the
253:launched numerous
3605:
3604:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3317:KaiduâKublai war
3309:BerkeâHulagu war
3301:Toluid Civil War
3082:
3081:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2654:House of Borjigin
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2360:978-0-8135-1304-1
2334:978-0-521-54329-3
2297:Kishori Saran Lal
1718:Among the Mongols
1339:dynasty) capital
1289:was busy raiding
1135:broke out in the
929:
928:
921:
768:
767:
763:
762:
726:Holy Roman Empire
425:
424:
247:
246:
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95:
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3387:Töregene Khatun
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2883:
2877:
2876:
2857:
2856:
2819:Shangdu (Xanadu)
2809:Sarai Batu/Berke
2714:Chagatai Khanate
2602:
2601:
2579:
2578:
2437:
2436:
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2019:
2013:
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1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1914:
1907:
1901:
1897:
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1890:
1888:
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1882:. pp. 58â59
1881:
1872:
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1861:and J.A. Boyle,
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1789:
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1750:
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1741:Thomas T. Allsen
1738:
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1602:chieftain named
1596:Chagatai Khanate
1521:Chagatai Khanate
1407:Battle of Amroha
1353:another invasion
1318:led his army to
1297:over payment of
1141:Chagatai Khanate
924:
917:
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910:
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886:
878:
775:into India from
746:Byzantine Thrace
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387:Punjab (1297â98)
352:
350:
340:
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226:
189:Abdullah son of
178:
169:
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123:Chagatai Khanate
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110:
36:
35:
19:
18:
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2977:Southern China
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2871:
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2719:House of Ăgedei
2688:
2659:House of Ăgedei
2627:Destructiveness
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1561:Sultan of Delhi
1439:
1395:Gangetic plains
1316:Alauddin Khalji
1295:staged a mutiny
1129:
1071:Delhi Sultanate
992:
961:Delhi Sultanate
950:, stationing a
941:Battle of Indus
925:
914:
908:
905:
902:
887:
876:
854:. By this time
805:Delhi Sultanate
781:battle of Indus
771:After pursuing
769:
764:
641:Other invasions
465:
461:
458:
456:
426:
421:
353:
348:
346:
344:
314:
275:Delhi Sultanate
240:
236:
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214:Alauddin Khalji
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208:
199:
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141:Delhi Sultanate
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3400:Oghul Qaimish
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2666:
2664:Mongol Armenia
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2370:External links
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2179:Mohammad Habib
2173:
2171:
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2146:
2144:, p. 229.
2134:
2132:, p. 175.
2122:
2110:
2108:, p. 393.
2098:
2086:
2074:
2072:, p. 373.
2062:
2060:, p. 372.
2050:
2038:
2036:, p. 368.
2026:
2014:
2012:, p. 341.
2002:
2000:, p. 340.
1990:
1988:, p. 338.
1978:
1966:
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1952:, p. 336.
1942:
1930:
1928:, p. 332.
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1657:, p. 317.
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1616:
1613:
1480:Mongols under
1438:
1435:
1378:TemĂŒr ĂljeyitĂŒ
1343:, and himself
1312:Qutlugh Khwaja
1306:In late 1299,
1128:
1125:
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988:
927:
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893:listed sources
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2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2261:0-88411-798-7
2257:
2253:
2250:(June 1986).
2249:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2159:
2150:
2143:
2138:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2107:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2083:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1976:, p. 88.
1975:
1970:
1964:, p. 87.
1963:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1912:
1906:
1896:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1847:
1841:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1794:
1785:
1777:
1775:9789353601669
1771:
1767:
1766:
1758:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:Chagatai Turk
1597:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:Amir Qazaghan
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1492:and besieged
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:Jehlam Valley
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1427:Malik Tughluq
1424:
1420:
1417:, decisively
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1253:and probably
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:Punjab region
1240:
1236:
1233:'s successor
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:Wolseley Haig
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:Chagatai Khan
1172:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:Mongol Empire
1134:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:, the client
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
987:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
967:and besieged
966:
962:
957:
953:
949:
942:
938:
933:
923:
920:
912:
900:
899:
894:
889:
885:
880:
879:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
793:Lahore region
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
721:
717:
713:
710:
706:
702:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
665:
662:
658:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
643:
639:
634:
631:
628:
624:
620:
618:
615:
614:
613:
611:
607:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
560:
557:
556:
555:
553:
549:
542:
539:
538:
537:
534:
532:
529:
525:
522:
521:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
505:
503:
499:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
484:
482:
478:
473:
468:
463:
453:
448:
446:
441:
439:
434:
433:
430:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
382:Punjab (1292)
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
356:
351:
341:
336:
334:
329:
327:
322:
321:
318:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
292:community in
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:Mongol Empire
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
225:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:
202:
192:
179:
177:
170:
168:
163:Ali beg
160:
154:
151:
150:
145:
142:
138:
134:
129:
126:
124:
120:
116:
115:
113:
112:Mongol Empire
109:
105:
104:
99:
88:
87:
85:
82:
79:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
49:
46:
45:
41:
38:
37:
33:
30:
25:
20:
3369:Genghis Khan
3138:Kievan Rus'
3116:(1237â1300s)
3108:(1237â1300s)
3070:
2952:Western Xia
2914:Qara Khitai
2747:Major cities
2726:Golden Horde
2702:Yuan dynasty
2589:Organization
2523:
2474:Khong Tayiji
2348:
2323:
2301:
2287:
2277:
2273:
2251:
2248:Lamb, Harold
2237:the original
2228:
2209:
2187:
2158:
2149:
2137:
2125:
2113:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1993:
1981:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1910:
1905:
1895:
1884:. Retrieved
1870:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1828:. Retrieved
1823:
1819:
1806:
1798:
1793:
1784:
1764:
1757:
1748:
1736:
1727:
1717:
1710:
1696:(1): 45â77.
1693:
1689:
1679:
1669:
1662:
1650:
1608:Central Asia
1593:
1589:Toghon TemĂŒr
1569:Yuan dynasty
1566:
1559:defeats the
1525:
1467:
1441:In 1320 the
1440:
1386:Yuan dynasty
1365:
1305:
1298:
1228:
1211:Genghis Khan
1195:Western Asia
1191:Central Asia
1165:
1145:Central Asia
1130:
1090:
1075:
1068:
993:
973:
965:Indus valley
959:army of the
945:
915:
906:
895:
813:
785:Genghis Khan
773:Jalal ad-Din
770:
736:Latin Empire
646:
524:Nizari state
481:Central Asia
347:
279:
248:
223:
175:
172:Tartaq
166:
101:Belligerents
83:
27:Part of the
3444:Sartaq Khan
3413:Kublai Khan
3408:Möngke Khan
3382:Ăgedei Khan
3361:Great Khans
3327:(1314â1318)
3319:(1268â1301)
3271:(1260â1323)
3255:(1253â1256)
3238:Middle East
3132:(1238â1239)
3073:(1221â1327)
2932:(1219â1256)
2924:(1219â1221)
2906:(1264â1308)
2898:(1207-1308)
2764:Azov (Azaq)
2430:Terminology
1670:The Mongols
1585:Ibn Battuta
1482:Tarmashirin
1431:Afghanistan
1415:Malik Kafur
1403:Malik Nayak
1287:Nusrat Khan
1201:'s work of
1157:Afghanistan
1143:controlled
1117:Khwarazmian
1048:Hulagu Khan
1000:Möngke Khan
976:Möngke Khan
909:August 2018
896:may not be
856:Ăgedei Khan
828:Baluchistan
574:Eastern Xia
564:Western Xia
488:Qara Khitai
230:Malik Kafur
201:Tarmashirin
191:Hulagu Khan
51:Modern-day
3612:Categories
3580:Nogai Khan
3464:Ăzbeg Khan
3395:GĂŒyĂŒk Khan
3289:Civil wars
3277:Palestine
3186:Lithuania
3106:Circassia
2839:Xacitarxan
2824:Soltaniyeh
2561:Darughachi
2280:: 235â247.
1886:2015-08-20
1637:References
1626:Sali Noyan
1500:asked the
1465:district.
1421:. In 1307
1411:Ravi River
1397:along the
1347:. Finding
1324:Zafar Khan
1283:Ulugh Khan
1255:Zafar Khan
1251:Ulugh Khan
1231:Jalaluddin
1224:Mughalpura
1187:Jalaluddin
1153:Kaidu Khan
1123:invaders.
1008:Sali Noyan
1004:Great Khan
952:darughachi
860:Great Khan
685:Durdzuketi
670:Kievan Rus
377:Beas river
312:Background
234:Ulugh Khan
218:Zafar Khan
73:Ravi River
71:; Amroha;
61:Beas River
3449:Orda Khan
3439:Batu Khan
3303:(1260â64)
3247:(1241â43)
3245:Anatolia
3220:(1287â88)
3212:(1285â86)
3204:(1264â65)
3196:(1259â60)
3188:(1258â59)
3164:(1241â42)
3156:(1241â42)
3148:(1240â41)
3124:(1229â36)
3114:Chechnya
3054:(1300â02)
3018:Southeast
2997:(1253â56)
2979:(1235â79)
2971:(1231â60)
2963:(1211â34)
2916:(1216â18)
2904:Sakhalin
2864:Campaigns
2814:Saray-JĂŒk
2804:Samarkand
2779:Karakorum
2738:Ilkhanate
2496:Political
2311:685167335
1702:0026-749X
1642:Citations
1583:traveler
1573:Ilkhanate
1533:Qara'unas
1505:Abu Sa'id
1443:Qara'unas
1368:Duwa Khan
1361:Siri Fort
1308:Duwa Khan
1271:Shivistan
1149:Duwa Khan
1133:civil war
996:Karakorum
864:Chormaqan
809:Iltutmish
787:sent two
783:in 1221,
777:Samarkand
741:Lithuania
690:Circassia
552:East Asia
541:Palestine
509:Caucassus
502:West Asia
462:conquests
394:(1298â99)
263:Qara'unas
257:into the
255:invasions
187:Iqbalmand
128:Qara'unas
3575:Boroldai
3555:Khubilai
3535:Bo'orchu
3508:Military
3402:(regent)
3389:(regent)
3376:(regent)
3261:Baghdad
3210:Hungary
3154:Hungary
3097:Georgia
3044:Vietnam
2896:Siberia
2794:Maragheh
2694:Khanates
2642:Religion
2637:Military
2586:Politics
2536:Kurultai
2499:Military
2345:(1970).
2321:(2003).
2299:(1950).
2219:31870180
2197:31870180
2185:(eds.).
1830:13 March
1615:See also
1581:Moroccan
1513:Buddhist
1509:Khorasan
1478:Chagatai
1455:Kishtwar
1382:khanates
1357:Alauddin
1341:Warangal
1333:Kakatiya
1329:Alauddin
1263:Neguderi
1235:Alauddin
1171:Negudari
984:Srinagar
956:Buddhist
898:reliable
852:Peshawar
840:Turkoman
596:Sakhalin
514:Anatolia
493:Khwarezm
181:Taraghai
67:; Kili;
53:Pakistan
47:Location
3545:Boroqul
3540:Guo Kan
3530:Negudar
3515:Subutai
3415: (
3253:Alamut
3226:Serbia
3218:Poland
3202:Thrace
3194:Poland
3130:Alania
2995:Yunnan
2930:Persia
2888:Central
2867:Battles
2774:Bolghar
2769:Bukhara
2754:Almalik
2556:Kheshig
2484:Tarkhan
2382:YouTube
2170:Sources
1486:Lamghan
1474:Tughlaq
1470:Khaljis
1463:Divasar
1449:by the
1447:Kashmir
1291:Gujarat
1185:sultan
1119:or the
1093:sultans
1062:on the
948:Kashmir
756:Gazaria
680:Cumania
652:Siberia
621:Burma (
617:Vietnam
531:Baghdad
224:†
176:†
167:†
155: (
3525:Muqali
3499:Ghazan
3494:Arghun
3484:Hulegu
3374:Tolui
3350:People
3311:(1262)
3269:Syria
3263:(1258)
3228:(1291)
3180:(1242)
3172:(1242)
3088:Europe
3071:India
3052:Burma
3038:(1293)
3027:Burma
3005:Japan
2986:Tibet
2969:Korea
2829:Tabriz
2799:Qarshi
2759:Avarga
2605:Topics
2509:Jarlig
2469:Jinong
2464:Khanum
2459:Khatun
2449:Khagan
2441:Titles
2357:
2331:
2309:
2258:
2217:
2195:
1772:
1700:
1502:Ilkhan
1490:Multan
1337:Telugu
1207:tumens
1183:Khalji
1179:Punjab
1168:Muslim
1131:After
1121:Mongol
1105:Lahore
1103:, and
1097:Multan
1086:Hindus
1081:Mongol
1060:Bukkur
1056:Multan
1040:Sodhra
1036:Kunjah
1032:Lahore
1016:Lahore
1012:Multan
969:Lahore
848:Khalji
844:Ghazni
836:Khalji
820:Kirman
801:Lahore
797:Multan
789:tumens
751:Serbia
720:Second
705:Second
695:Alania
661:Europe
627:Second
536:Levant
519:Persia
418:(1306)
412:(1305)
410:Amroha
406:(1303)
400:(1299)
372:Multan
367:Lahore
306:Mongol
302:Turkic
294:binary
290:Muslim
282:sultan
273:, the
267:Mongol
220:
194:Targhi
185:Hiljak
80:Result
65:Punjab
57:Multan
3570:Kadan
3565:Bayan
3550:Jelme
3489:Abaqa
3479:Kebek
3459:Toqta
3454:Berke
3434:Jochi
3427:Khans
3064:South
3036:Java
2789:Majar
2731:Wings
2551:TĂŒmen
2531:Yassa
2514:Ărtöö
2479:Noyan
2240:(PDF)
2233:(PDF)
1880:(PDF)
1816:(PDF)
1604:Timur
1557:Timur
1547:Timur
1517:Islam
1494:Delhi
1391:Delhi
1349:Delhi
1300:khums
1279:Delhi
1267:Sindh
1247:Kasur
1239:noyan
1220:Delhi
1216:Islam
1161:India
1109:ranas
1064:Indus
1052:Delhi
1044:Sindh
1028:Herat
1024:malik
816:Sindh
716:First
709:Third
701:First
647:India
623:First
601:Japan
591:Korea
586:Tibet
559:China
404:Delhi
392:Sindh
362:Indus
286:pagan
271:Delhi
198:Zulju
196:Saldi
183:Kopek
69:Delhi
3520:Jebe
3474:Duwa
2943:East
2880:Asia
2834:Ukek
2784:Dadu
2592:Life
2519:Orda
2454:Khan
2355:ISBN
2329:ISBN
2307:OCLC
2256:ISBN
2215:OCLC
2193:OCLC
1832:2024
1770:ISBN
1698:ISSN
1594:The
1488:and
1423:Duwa
1375:Khan
1372:Yuan
1320:Kili
1285:and
1166:The
1113:rais
1111:and
1038:and
1014:and
980:Sali
832:Ghor
824:Iran
633:Java
579:Song
475:Asia
416:Ravi
398:Kili
249:The
39:Date
3560:Aju
2380:on
1900:239
1335:(a
1193:or
1163:.
1101:Uch
569:Jin
265:of
158:DOW
3614::
2276:.
2254:.
2181:;
1918:^
1824:51
1822:.
1818:.
1694:43
1692:.
1688:.
1433:.
1099:,
1066:.
1034:,
1018:.
870:.
838:,
807:,
718:,
707:,
703:,
625:,
63:;
59:;
55:;
3419:)
2410:e
2403:t
2396:v
2363:.
2337:.
2313:.
2278:9
2264:.
2221:.
2199:.
1913:.
1889:.
1865:.
1848:.
1834:.
1801:.
1778:.
1704:.
1673:.
922:)
916:(
911:)
907:(
901:.
722:)
711:)
629:)
451:e
444:t
437:v
339:e
332:t
325:v
304:/
161:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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