2670:
2660:
237:) put forward a similar "model template view" (MTV) take on the pattern, in which a view retrieves data from models and passes it to templates for display. Both Rails and Django debuted with a strong emphasis on rapid deployment, which increased MVC's popularity outside the traditional enterprise environment in which it has long been popular.
112:
the user interface that lays out and coordinates multiple Views on the screen, and which receives user input and sends the appropriate messages to its underlying Views. This design also includes an Editor as a specialized kind of controller used to modify a particular view, and which is created through that view.
336:", which maps the request to a specific method of a specific controller. Within that method, the controller interacts with the request data and any relevant model objects and prepares a response using a view. Conventionally, each view has an associated controller; for example, if the application had a
319:
A Smalltalk-80 controller handles user input events, such as button presses or mouse movement. At any given time, each controller has one associated view and model, although one model object may hear from many different controllers. Only one controller, the "active" controller, receives user input at
299:
templates, so in their scheme a view specifies an in-browser user interface rather than representing a user interface widget directly. (Django opts to call this kind of object a "template" in light of this.) This approach puts relatively less emphasis on small, composable views; a typical Rails view
287:
In
Smalltalk-80, a view is just a visual representation of a model, and does not handle user input. With WebObjects, a view represents a complete user interface element such as a menu or button, and does receive input from the user. In both Smalltalk-80 and WebObjects, however, views are meant to be
111:
In their final design, a model represents some part of the program purely and intuitively. A view is a visual representation of a model, retrieving data from the model to display to the user and passing requests back and forth between the user and the model. A controller is an organizational part of
163:
and methodology" for
Smalltalk-80 developers. However, their scheme differed from both Reenskaug et al.'s and that presented by the Smalltalk-80 reference books. They defined a view as covering any graphical concern, with a controller being a more abstract, generally invisible object that receives
221:, which presented MVC as a pattern where an "input controller" receives a request, sends the appropriate messages to a model object, takes a response from the model object, and passes the response to the appropriate view for display. This is close to the approach taken by the
307:
Smalltalk-80 views communicate with both a model and a controller, whereas with WebObjects, a view talks only to a controller, which then talks to a model. With Rails and Django, a view/template is used by a controller/view when preparing a response to the client.
328:
In WebObjects, the views handle user input, and the controller mediates between the views and the models. There may be only one controller per application, or one controller per window. Much of the application-specific logic is found in the controller.
1245:
In Rails, web requests are handled by action controller and action view. Typically, action controller is concerned with communicating with the database and performing CRUD actions where necessary. Action View is then responsible for compiling the
260:, independent of the user interface. It directly manages the data, logic and rules of the application. In Smalltalk-80, the design of a model type is left entirely to the programmer. With WebObjects, Rails, and Django, a model type typically
1261:
1128:
823:
324:
object is responsible for setting the current active controller. If user input prompts a change in a model, the controller will signal the model to change, but the model is then responsible for telling its views to update.
374:
As with other software patterns, MVC expresses the "core of the solution" to a problem while allowing it to be adapted for each system. Particular MVC designs can vary significantly from the traditional description here.
347:
Django calls the object playing this role a "view" instead of a controller. A Django view is a function that receives a web request and returns a web response. It may use templates to create the response.
1453:: "Since the origin of MVC, there have been many interpretations of the pattern. The concept has been adapted and applied in very different ways to a wide variety of systems and architectures."
370:
The controller responds to the user input and performs interactions on the data model objects. The controller receives the input, optionally validates it and then passes the input to the model.
78:
One of the seminal insights in the early development of graphical user interfaces, MVC became one of the first approaches to describe and implement software constructs in terms of their
1353:
1207:
1050:
998:
886:
620:
Burbeck (1992): "... the user input, the modeling of the external world, and the visual feedback to the user are explicitly separated and handled by three types of object."
396:
Trygve
Reenskaug, originator of MVC at PARC, has written that "MVC was conceived as a general solution to the problem of users controlling a large and complex data set."
387:
wrote in 2003, the original motivation behind the MVC was to allow creation of a graphical interface for any object. That was outlined in detail in
Richard Pawson's book
477:(or other document) from the view; the model exists entirely on the server. Later frameworks have allowed the MVC components to execute partly on the client, using
2205:
1262:"Django FAQ: Django appears to be a MVC framework, but you call the Controller the "view", and the View the "template". How come you don't use the standard names?"
1129:"Django FAQ: Django appears to be a MVC framework, but you call the Controller the "view", and the View the "template". How come you don't use the standard names?"
824:"Django FAQ: Django appears to be a MVC framework, but you call the Controller the "view", and the View the "template". How come you don't use the standard names?"
202:(that borrowed heavily from Smalltalk) and helped enforce MVC principles. Later, the MVC pattern became popular with Java developers when WebObjects was ported to
150:. The Smalltalk-80 environment also includes an "MVC Inspector", a development tool for viewing the structure of a given model, view, and controller side-by-side.
268:. The model is essential for keeping the data organized and consistent. It ensures that the application's data behaves according to the defined rules and logic.
1314:
The controller is responsible for interfacing between the user and the model/view. It interprets keyboard characters along with mouse movements and clicking.
2695:
777:
2674:
1116:
A template contains the static parts of the desired HTML output as well as some special syntax describing how dynamic content will be inserted.
1273:
In Django, a 'view' describes which data is presented, but a view normally delegates to a template, which describes how the data is presented.
896:
In WebObjects, a model establishes and maintains a correspondence between an enterprise object class and data stored in a relational database.
2198:
1038:
permits views to be used as parts for assembly into larger units; new kinds of views can be constructed using existing views as subviews.
844:
688:
229:
view, these requests are handled by a controller on the server, and the controller communicates with the appropriate model objects. The
96:(PARC) in the late 1970s. He wanted a pattern that could be used to structure any program where users interact with a large, convoluted
506:
168:
1560:
536:
280:, diagram or table. Multiple views of the same information are possible, such as a bar chart for management and a tabular view for
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1284:
588:
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approach that placed almost the entire model, view and controller logic on the server. In this approach, the client sends
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79:
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407:
computer science professors Wilf LaLonde and John Pugh described the advantages of
Smalltalk-80-style MVC as:
364:
The model is responsible for managing the data of the application. It receives user input from the controller.
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vary in their interpretations, mainly in the way that the MVC responsibilities are divided between the
172:
70:. Popular programming languages have MVC frameworks that facilitate the implementation of the pattern.
609:
More deeply, the framework exists to separate the representation of information from user interaction.
1974:
1969:
1796:
1217:
Acting as a mediator between Model objects and View objects in an application is a
Controller object.
225:
web application framework (August 2004), which has the client send requests to the server via an in-
2410:
2014:
1979:
1946:
1596:
1546:
63:
344:
controller as well. However, developers are free to make other kinds of controllers if they wish.
146:
is also coupled to a model object, but the structure of that object is left up to the application
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357:
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In addition to dividing the application into a model, a view and a controller component, the MVC
27:
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1821:
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1606:
1008:
View objects represent things visible on the user interface (windows, for example, or buttons).
541:
526:
425:
230:
34:
that divides the related program logic into three interconnected elements. These elements are:
2482:
2172:
2075:
1921:
1901:
1846:
778:
A Description of the Model–View–Controller User
Interface Paradigm in the Smalltalk-80 System
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675:
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1984:
1941:
1936:
1926:
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1400:
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8:
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2259:
2024:
2009:
2004:
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1746:
1692:
567:
404:
762:"A cookbook for using the model–view controller user interface paradigm in Smalltalk-80"
332:
In Rails, requests arriving at the on-server application from the client are sent to a "
115:
Smalltalk-80 supports a version of MVC that evolved from this one. It provides abstract
2453:
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2146:
2125:
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independence of presentation and data, e.g. multiple views on one model simultaneously,
333:
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View objects tend to be very reusable and so provide consistency between applications.
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1285:
Simple
Example of MVC (Model–View–Controller) Architectural Pattern for Abstraction
546:
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85:
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1021:
969:
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187:
127:
67:
1088:
Action View templates are written using embedded Ruby in tags mingled with HTML.
761:
126:
as well as various concrete subclasses of each that represent different generic
2515:
2497:
2090:
1951:
1654:
1639:
845:
Applications
Programming in Smalltalk-80:How to use Model–View–Controller (MVC)
442:
321:
257:
108:, he and the rest of the group settled on model, view, and controller instead.
93:
31:
1388:
Typically, the views share their name with the associated controller action...
1165:
Typically, the views share their name with the associated controller action...
789:
2689:
2614:
2265:
1911:
1756:
1717:
1664:
450:
389:
289:
222:
2594:
1526:. IEEE Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference. pp. 118–127.
986:
The view is responsible for providing a visual representation of the object.
414:
composable presentation widgets, e.g. one view used as a subview of another,
210:(released in October 2002), continued the strong bond between Java and MVC.
2629:
2609:
2589:
2167:
2130:
2019:
1994:
1786:
1538:
2336:
1524:
Web-Application
Development Using the Model/View/Controller Design Pattern
417:
switchable input modes, by swapping one controller out for another during
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2563:
2553:
2548:
2464:
2398:
2297:
2120:
2095:
2080:
1999:
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462:
226:
199:
51:, the interface that presents information to and accepts it from the user
104:, view, thing, and editor. After discussing it with the other Smalltalk
2472:
2364:
473:
submissions to the controller and then receives a complete and updated
470:
281:
251:
195:
147:
256:
The central component of the pattern. It is the application's dynamic
167:
The MVC pattern subsequently evolved, giving rise to variants such as
2290:
2214:
2100:
466:
89:
687:"A note on DynaBook requirements", Trygve Reenskaug, 22 March 1979,
164:
user input and interacts with one or many views and only one model.
2558:
2436:
2356:
2223:
589:"The DCI Architecture: A New Vision of Object-Oriented Programming"
474:
384:
265:
97:
802:
580:
367:
The view renders presentation of the model in a particular format.
572:
418:
316:
Accepts input and converts it to commands for the model or view.
134:
represents some way of displaying information to the user, and a
1195:...the view knows explicitly about the model and the controller.
2275:
360:
defines the interactions between these three components :
2281:
277:
101:
40:
1215:. Cupertino, CA: Apple Computer, Inc. May 2001. p. 28.
1058:. Cupertino, CA: Apple Computer, Inc. May 2001. p. 28.
1006:. Cupertino, CA: Apple Computer, Inc. May 2001. p. 28.
894:. Cupertino, CA: Apple Computer, Inc. May 2001. p. 28.
1361:. Cupertino, CA: Apple Computer, Inc. May 2001. p. 28.
296:
191:
183:(MVVM), and others that adapted MVC to different contexts.
159:(JOT) by two ex-PARC employees presented MVC as a general "
568:"The Principles of Clean Architecture by Uncle Bob Martin"
2507:
295:
With Rails and Django, the role of the view is played by
1498:. Vol. 2. U.S.A.: Prentice-Hall Inc. pp. 8–9.
1451:
Professional Rich Internet Applications: Ajax and Beyond
956:
Generally, each model maps to a single database table.
587:
Reenskaug, Trygve; Coplien, James O. (20 March 2009).
1256:
1254:
737:
Smalltalk-80: The Interactive Programming Environment
424:
independence of input and output processing, via the
1522:
Leff, Avraham; Rayfield, James T. (September 2001).
780:" (Report), ParcPlace Systems; Retrieved 2012-06-05.
760:
Krasner, Glenn E.; Pope, Stephen T. (Aug–Sep 1988).
138:
represents some way for the user to interact with a
2213:
1251:
928:model, mapped to a products table at the database.
453:have been created that enforce the pattern. These
66:(GUIs), this pattern became popular for designing
2687:
874:The model can be any object without restriction.
725:
586:
790:The evolution of MVC and other UI architectures
709:Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture
657:. C2.com (2012-05-11). Retrieved on 2013-12-09.
219:Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
441:, MVC has been widely adopted as a design for
2199:
1554:
699:
697:
44:, the internal representations of information
1568:
1521:
340:view, it would typically have an associated
276:Any representation of information such as a
1491:
1325:
1295:
1176:
1019:
967:
855:
759:
660:
2206:
2192:
1561:
1547:
694:
432:
1468:"is squeak really object oriented ?"
1332:. U.S.A.: Prentice-Hall Inc. p. 11.
198:in 1996, which was originally written in
92:-79 as a visiting scientist at the Xerox
2696:Architectural pattern (computer science)
2531:
1492:LaLonde, Wilf R.; Pugh, John R. (1991).
1465:
1326:LaLonde, Wilf R.; Pugh, John R. (1991).
1302:. U.S.A.: Prentice-Hall Inc. p. 8.
1296:LaLonde, Wilf R.; Pugh, John R. (1991).
1183:. U.S.A.: Prentice-Hall Inc. p. 9.
1177:LaLonde, Wilf R.; Pugh, John R. (1991).
1026:. U.S.A.: Prentice-Hall Inc. p. 8.
1020:LaLonde, Wilf R.; Pugh, John R. (1991).
974:. U.S.A.: Prentice-Hall Inc. p. 8.
968:LaLonde, Wilf R.; Pugh, John R. (1991).
862:. U.S.A.: Prentice-Hall Inc. p. 8.
856:LaLonde, Wilf R.; Pugh, John R. (1991).
731:
1517:
1515:
678:from Trygve Reenskaug, inventor of MVC.
100:. His design initially had four parts:
2688:
1426:Pattern-Oriented Software Architecture
783:
703:
2187:
1542:
1461:
1459:
681:
206:. Later frameworks for Java, such as
1512:
1418:
753:
1431:
13:
1456:
507:Hierarchical model–view–controller
437:Although originally developed for
169:hierarchical model–view–controller
14:
2712:
629:
2669:
2668:
2658:
767:The Journal of Object Technology
537:Presentation–abstraction–control
156:The Journal of Object Technology
2059:Enterprise Integration Patterns
1534:
1485:
1443:
1393:
1365:
1346:
1319:
1289:
1278:
1222:
1200:
1170:
1142:
1121:
1093:
1065:
1043:
1013:
991:
961:
933:
901:
879:
849:
837:
816:
795:
632:"What Are The Benefits of MVC?"
502:Entity-Control-Boundary pattern
351:
190:grew after the introduction of
62:Traditionally used for desktop
58:, the software linking the two.
1472:Squeak Foundation mailing list
774:(3). SIGS Publications: 26–49.
676:Notes and Historical documents
648:
623:
614:
560:
461:. Early MVC frameworks took a
186:The use of the MVC pattern in
1:
655:Model–View–Controller History
553:
378:
311:
264:a table in the application's
240:
88:created MVC while working on
30:commonly used for developing
7:
2152:Portland Pattern Repository
1437:Gamma, Erich et al. (1994)
484:
10:
2717:
1449:Moore, Dana et al. (2007)
1355:WebObjects System Overview
1209:WebObjects System Overview
1052:WebObjects System Overview
1000:WebObjects System Overview
888:WebObjects System Overview
711:. Pearson Education, Inc.
304:with a controller action.
249:
233:framework (July 2005, for
73:
2642:
2524:
2490:
2481:
2463:
2411:Graphical user interfaces
2409:
2379:
2306:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2160:
2139:
2068:
2043:
1960:
1845:
1745:
1673:
1625:
1587:
1576:
428:of controllers and views.
426:separate responsibilities
320:any given time; a global
94:Palo Alto Research Center
64:graphical user interfaces
2701:Software design patterns
1777:Event-based asynchronous
1570:Software design patterns
1466:Alan Kay (23 May 2003).
1424:Buschmann, Frank (1996)
245:
1683:Chain of responsibility
492:Action–domain–responder
433:Use in web applications
302:one-to-one relationship
271:
153:In 1988, an article in
28:software design pattern
16:Software design pattern
1822:Scheduled-task pattern
1772:Double-checked locking
1373:"Action View Overview"
1230:"Action View Overview"
1150:"Action View Overview"
1073:"Action View Overview"
909:"Active Record Basics"
843:Burbeck, Steve (1992)
803:"Ruby on Rails Guides"
542:Separation of concerns
527:Multitier architecture
445:applications in major
2419:Model–view–controller
2173:Architectural pattern
2076:Christopher Alexander
481:to synchronize data.
447:programming languages
20:Model–view–controller
2654:Open-source software
2217:programming language
1985:Dependency injection
1942:Inversion of control
1937:Data transfer object
1837:Thread-local storage
1405:Django Documentation
1105:Django Documentation
945:Django Documentation
522:Model–view–viewmodel
517:Model–view–presenter
399:In their 1991 guide
288:general-purpose and
181:model–view–viewmodel
177:model–view–presenter
161:programming paradigm
130:. In this scheme, a
1990:Intercepting filter
924:This will create a
792:from Martin Fowler.
776:Also published as "
576:. 15 December 2015.
455:software frameworks
405:Carleton University
2147:The Hillside Group
1932:Data access object
1782:Guarded suspension
1767:Binding properties
739:. Addison-Wesley.
512:Model–view–adapter
173:model–view–adapter
2683:
2682:
2638:
2637:
2580:
2579:
2432:
2431:
2375:
2374:
2254:Dolphin Smalltalk
2181:
2180:
1975:Business delegate
1907:Publish–subscribe
1741:
1740:
459:client and server
439:desktop computing
2708:
2672:
2671:
2662:
2620:Trygve Reenskaug
2605:Mark P. McCahill
2539:L. Peter Deutsch
2529:
2528:
2488:
2487:
2344:Pocket Smalltalk
2323:Little Smalltalk
2238:
2237:
2229:
2228:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2185:
2184:
1980:Composite entity
1857:Front controller
1597:Abstract factory
1585:
1584:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1495:Inside Smalltalk
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1463:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1329:Inside Smalltalk
1323:
1317:
1316:
1299:Inside Smalltalk
1293:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1180:Inside Smalltalk
1174:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1125:
1119:
1118:
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1111:
1097:
1091:
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1069:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1023:Inside Smalltalk
1017:
1011:
1010:
1005:
995:
989:
988:
971:Inside Smalltalk
965:
959:
958:
953:
951:
937:
931:
930:
927:
921:
919:
905:
899:
898:
893:
883:
877:
876:
859:Inside Smalltalk
853:
847:
841:
835:
834:
832:
830:
820:
814:
813:
811:
809:
799:
793:
787:
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729:
723:
722:
701:
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685:
679:
673:
658:
652:
646:
645:
643:
642:
636:Internet Alchemy
627:
621:
618:
612:
611:
606:
604:
599:on 23 March 2009
595:. Archived from
593:Artima Developer
584:
578:
577:
564:
547:Strategy pattern
532:Observer pattern
497:Bistro Framework
401:Inside Smalltalk
343:
339:
188:web applications
145:
141:
137:
133:
122:
118:
86:Trygve Reenskaug
80:responsibilities
68:web applications
2716:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2657:
2634:
2600:Julian Lombardi
2576:
2520:
2477:
2459:
2428:
2405:
2393:Croquet Project
2381:Virtual reality
2371:
2302:
2233:Implementations
2218:
2212:
2182:
2177:
2156:
2135:
2126:Douglas Schmidt
2106:Ward Cunningham
2064:
2052:Design Patterns
2039:
2030:Method chaining
1962:
1956:
1917:Service locator
1848:
1841:
1812:Read–write lock
1748:
1737:
1728:Template method
1669:
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1520:
1513:
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1474:
1464:
1457:
1448:
1444:
1439:Design Patterns
1436:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1401:"Writing views"
1399:
1398:
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2266:GNU Smalltalk
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2117:
2116:Robert Martin
2114:
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2111:Martin Fowler
2109:
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2086:Ralph Johnson
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390:Naked Objects
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223:Ruby on Rails
220:
216:
215:Martin Fowler
211:
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43:
42:
37:
36:
35:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2673:
2663:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2630:Larry Tesler
2610:Andreas Raab
2590:Gilad Bracha
2471:
2418:
2397:
2391:
2363:
2355:
2343:
2337:OMeta/Squeak
2335:
2321:
2315:
2289:
2264:
2168:Anti-pattern
2131:Linda Rising
2057:
2050:
1995:Lazy loading
1927:Identity map
1894:
1866:
1578:Gang of Four
1535:Bibliography
1523:
1494:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1425:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1404:
1395:
1387:
1380:. Retrieved
1377:Rails Guides
1376:
1367:
1354:
1348:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1298:
1291:
1280:
1272:
1265:. Retrieved
1244:
1237:. Retrieved
1234:Rails Guides
1233:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1202:
1194:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1157:. Retrieved
1154:Rails Guides
1153:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1123:
1115:
1108:. Retrieved
1104:
1095:
1087:
1080:. Retrieved
1077:Rails Guides
1076:
1067:
1059:
1051:
1045:
1037:
1022:
1015:
1007:
999:
993:
985:
970:
963:
955:
948:. Retrieved
944:
935:
923:
916:. Retrieved
913:Rails Guides
912:
903:
895:
887:
881:
873:
858:
851:
839:
827:. Retrieved
818:
806:. Retrieved
797:
785:
771:
765:
755:
736:
727:
708:
683:
650:
639:. Retrieved
635:
630:Davis, Ian.
625:
616:
608:
601:. Retrieved
597:the original
592:
582:
571:
562:
469:requests or
436:
400:
398:
395:
388:
382:
373:
355:
352:Interactions
346:
331:
327:
318:
315:
306:
294:
286:
275:
255:
218:
212:
185:
166:
154:
152:
114:
110:
84:
77:
61:
55:
48:
39:
23:
19:
18:
2625:David Smith
2569:David Ungar
2564:Diana Merry
2554:Ted Kaehler
2549:Dan Ingalls
2512:Object Arts
2465:Workstation
2399:Open Cobalt
2298:VisualWorks
2272:Smalltalk/X
2140:Communities
2121:Jim Coplien
2096:Grady Booch
2081:Erich Gamma
2025:Type tunnel
2010:Object pool
2005:Null object
2000:Mock object
1862:Interceptor
1832:Thread pool
1747:Concurrency
1693:Interpreter
1410:October 27,
1382:October 27,
1267:October 27,
1239:October 27,
1159:October 27,
1134:October 27,
1110:October 27,
1101:"Templates"
1082:October 27,
950:October 27,
918:October 27,
463:thin client
282:accountants
200:Objective-C
2690:Categories
2595:Urs Hölzle
2516:Xerox PARC
2473:Xerox Alto
2443:GemStone/S
2365:Strongtalk
2260:GemStone/S
2035:Delegation
1970:Blackboard
1675:Behavioral
1627:Structural
1589:Creational
1477:26 October
689:SysReq.pdf
641:2016-11-29
554:References
449:. Several
379:Motivation
312:Controller
290:composable
262:represents
252:Data model
250:See also:
241:Components
217:published
196:WebObjects
148:programmer
136:controller
121:controller
106:developers
56:controller
2532:Designers
2483:Community
2384:platforms
2293:Smalltalk
2291:VisualAge
2215:Smalltalk
2101:Kent Beck
1827:Semaphore
1817:Scheduler
1660:Flyweight
1650:Decorator
1645:Composite
1617:Singleton
1612:Prototype
1246:response.
829:March 19,
808:March 19,
467:hyperlink
213:In 2003,
90:Smalltalk
2675:Category
2585:Lars Bak
2559:Alan Kay
2503:Gemstone
2491:Business
2437:AIDA/Web
2357:StepTalk
2330:Newspeak
2316:F-Script
2308:Dialects
2224:Software
2161:See also
1963:patterns
1849:patterns
1802:Proactor
1749:patterns
1723:Strategy
1713:Observer
1703:Mediator
1698:Iterator
1580:patterns
941:"Models"
735:(1984).
707:(2003).
603:3 August
485:See also
475:web page
385:Alan Kay
266:database
171:(HMVC),
98:data set
2645:Italics
2454:Seaside
2424:Morphic
2015:Servant
1947:Model 2
1807:Reactor
1797:Monitor
1762:Balking
1733:Visitor
1708:Memento
1688:Command
1635:Adapter
1602:Builder
926:Product
573:YouTube
419:runtime
342:Clients
227:browser
179:(MVP),
175:(MVA),
128:widgets
124:classes
74:History
26:) is a
2525:People
2276:Squeak
2069:People
1952:Broker
1655:Facade
1640:Bridge
1502:
1336:
1306:
1187:
1030:
978:
866:
743:
715:
338:client
334:router
300:has a
235:Python
231:Django
208:Spring
2448:Moose
2282:Pharo
2248:Amber
2241:Major
2044:Books
1961:Other
1897:-tier
1718:State
1665:Proxy
1359:(PDF)
1213:(PDF)
1056:(PDF)
1004:(PDF)
892:(PDF)
421:, and
278:chart
246:Model
102:Model
41:model
2665:Book
2652:° =
2396:° →
2350:Self
2020:Twin
1877:MVVM
1792:Lock
1787:Join
1500:ISBN
1479:2021
1412:2022
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