Mobile telephony - Knowledge

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January 1, 2009) makes it an infraction to write, send, or read text-based communication on an electronic wireless communications device, such as a cell phone, while driving a motor vehicle. Two additional laws dealing with the use of wireless telephones while driving went into effect July 1, 2008. The first law prohibits all drivers from using a handheld wireless telephone while operating a motor vehicle. The law allows a driver to use a wireless telephone to make emergency calls to a law enforcement agency, a medical provider, the fire department, or other emergency services agency. The base fine for the FIRST offense is $ 20 and $ 50 for subsequent convictions. With penalty assessments, the fine can be more than triple the base fine amount. According to California Vehicle Code §23123, Motorists 18 and over may use a “hands-free device". The second law effective July 1, 2008, prohibits drivers under the age of 18 from using a wireless telephone or hands-free device while operating a motor vehicle (VC §23124). The consistency of increased crash risk between hands-free and hand-held phone use is at odds with legislation in over 30 countries that prohibit hand-held phone use but allow hands-free. Scientific literature is mixed on the dangers of talking on a phone versus those of talking with a passenger, with the Accident Research Unit at the

357: 397:. The first call on a handheld mobile phone was made on April 3, 1973, by Martin Cooper, then of Motorola to his opposite number in Bell Labs who were also racing to be first. Bell Labs went on to install the first trial cellular network in Chicago in 1978. This trial system was licensed by the FCC to ATT for commercial use in 1982 and, as part of the divestiture arrangements for the breakup of ATT, the AMPS technology was distributed to local telcos. The first commercial system opened in Chicago in October 1983. A system designed by Motorola also operated in the Washington D.C./Baltimore area from summer 1982 and became a full public service later the following year. Japan's first commercial radiotelephony service was launched by 494: 374:

dropped. Both problems were solved by Bell Labs employee Amos Joel who, in 1970 applied for a patent for a mobile communications system. However, a business consulting firm calculated the entire U.S. market for mobile telephones at 100,000 units and the entire worldwide market at no more than 200,000 units based on the ready availability of pay telephones and the high cost of constructing cell towers. As a consequence, Bell Labs concluded that the invention was "of little or no consequence," leading it not to attempt to commercialize the invention. The invention earned Joel induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2008.

293: 316:, United States in 1946 whilst other countries followed in the succeeding decades. The UK introduced its 'System 1' manual radiotelephone service as the South Lancashire Radiophone Service in 1958. Calls were made via an operator using handsets identical to ordinary phone handsets. The phone itself was a large box located in the boot (trunk) of the vehicle containing valves and other early electronic components. Although an uprated manual service ('System 3') was extended to cover most of the UK, automation did not arrive until 1981 with 'System 4'. Although this non-cellular service, based on German 623:(for example, in a road tunnel), when the signal is re-established, the phone sends out a 're-connect' signal to the nearest cell-tower, identifying itself and signalling that it is again ready to transmit. With the proper equipment, it is possible to intercept the re-connect signal and encode the data it contains into a 'blank' phone—in all respects, the 'blank' is then an exact duplicate of the real phone and any calls made on the 'clone' will be charged to the original account. This problem was widespread with the first generation analogue technology, however the modern digital standards such as 1126:

the AeroMobile system to be used on Emirates. Passengers were able to make and receive voice calls as well as use text messaging. The system automatically came into operation as the Airbus A340-300 reached cruise altitude. Passengers wanting to use the service received a text message welcoming them to the AeroMobile system when they first switched their phones on. The approval by EASA has established that GSM phones are safe to use on airplanes, as the AeroMobile system does not require the modification of aircraft components deemed "sensitive," nor does it require the use of modified phones.

919: 5128: 4133: 1161: 41: 886:, warned about the radiation from mobile phones. He stated that there was no definitive proof of the link between mobile phones and brain tumors but there was enough studies that mobile phone usage should be reduced as a precaution. To reduce the amount of radiation being absorbed hands free devices can be used or texting could supplement calls. Calls could also be shortened or limit mobile phone usage in rural areas. Radiation is found to be higher in areas that are located away from mobile phone towers. 612: 33: 6199: 4144: 1218: 6209: 6188: 5117: 4121: 6219: 590:("Conférence Européenne des Postes et Telecommunications", European Postal and Telecommunications conference). The Franco-German R&D cooperation demonstrated the technical feasibility, and in 1987 a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between 13 European countries who agreed to launch a commercial service by 1991. The first version of the GSM (=2G) standard had 6,000 pages. The IEEE/RSE awarded to 974:

communications. Shut-off mobile phones do not interfere with aircraft avionics. The recommendation why phones should not be used during take-off and landing, even on planes that allow calls or messaging, is so that passengers pay attention to the crew for any possible accident situations, as most aircraft accidents happen on take-off and landing.

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traffic will reach by 10 billion connections with 94% traffic comes from smartphones, laptops and tablets. Also 69% of mobile traffic will be from videos since we have high definition screens available in smart phones and 176.9 wearable devices to be at use. Apparently, 4G will be dominating the traffic by 51% of total mobile data by 2018.

704:. Many remote regions in the third world went from having no telecommunications infrastructure to having satellite based communications systems. At present, Africa has the largest growth rate of cellular subscribers in the world, its markets expanding nearly twice as fast as Asian markets. The availability of 958:), offering text messaging via e-mail in Japan, South Korea, China, and India. Most mobile internet access is much different from computer access, featuring alerts, weather data, e-mail, search engines, instant messages, and game and music downloading; most mobile internet access is hurried and short. 1273:

One disadvantage of the receiving party pays systems is that phone owners keep their phones turned off to avoid receiving unwanted calls, which results in the total voice usage rates (and profits) in Calling Party Pays countries outperform those in Receiving Party Pays countries. To avoid the problem

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There are more than 500 million used mobile phones in the US sitting on shelves or in landfills, and it is estimated that over 125 million will be discarded this year alone. The problem is growing at a rate of more than two million phones per week, putting tons of toxic waste into landfills daily.

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In many markets from Japan and South Korea, to Europe, to Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong, most children age 8-9 have mobile phones and the new accounts are now opened for customers aged 6 and 7. Where mostly parents tend to give hand-me-down used phones to their youngest children, in Japan

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system was launched in Sweden. The early efforts to develop mobile telephony faced two significant challenges: allowing a great number of callers to use the comparatively few available frequencies simultaneously and allowing users to seamlessly move from one area to another without having their calls

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a major cause in the collapse of bee populations, with controlled experiments demonstrating a rapid and catastrophic effect on individual hives near masts. Mobile phones were in fact not covered in the study, and the original researchers have since emphatically disavowed any connection between their

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There are over five hundred million active mobile phone accounts in China, as of 2007, but the total penetration rate there still stands below 50%. The total number of mobile phone subscribers in the world was estimated at 2.14 billion in 2005. The subscriber count reached 2.7 billion by end of 2006

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at 158 mobile subscriptions per 100 people, closely followed by Lithuania and Italy. In Hong Kong the penetration rate reached 139.8% of the population in July 2007. Over 50 countries have mobile phone subscription penetration rates higher than that of the population and the Western European average

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In Hong Kong, Singapore, Canada, and the United States, it is common for the party receiving the call to be charged per minute, although a few carriers are beginning to offer unlimited received phone calls. This is called the "Receiving Party Pays" model. In China, it was reported that both of its

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On March 20, 2008, an Emirates flight was the first time voice calls have been allowed in-flight on commercial airline flights. The breakthrough came after the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the United Arab Emirates-based General Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA) granted full approval for

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Driving while using a hands-free device is not safer than driving while using a hand-held phone, as concluded by case-crossover studies. epidemiological studies, simulation studies, and meta-analysis. Even with this information, California initiated new Wireless Communications Device Law (effective

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A working group made up of Finnish telephone companies, public transport operators and communications authorities has launched a campaign to remind mobile phone users of courtesy, especially when using mass transit—what to talk about on the phone, and how to. In particular, the campaign wants

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Law enforcement have used mobile phone evidence in a number of different ways. Evidence about the physical location of an individual at a given time can be obtained by triangulating the individual's cellphone between several cellphone towers. This triangulation technique can be used to show that an

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for their contributions to the first digital mobile telephone standard. In 2018, the GSM was used by over 5 billion people in over 220 countries. The GSM (2G) has evolved into 3G, 4G and 5G. The standardisation body for GSM started at the CEPT Working Group GSM (Group Special Mobile) in 1982 under

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As of 2007, several airlines are experimenting with base station and antenna systems installed on the airplane, allowing low power, short-range connection of any phones aboard to remain connected to the aircraft's base station. Thus, they would not attempt connection to the ground base stations as

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Since the world is operating quickly to 3G and 4G networks, mobile traffic through video is heading high. It is expected that by the end of 2018, the global traffic will reach an annual rate of 190 exabytes/year. This is the result of people shifting to smartphones. It is predicted by 2018, mobile

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cellphones which must have the transmission antenna held inches from the user's skull are limited to a maximum transmission power of 0.6 watts ERP. Regardless of the potential biological effects, the reduced transmission range of modern handheld phones limits their usefulness in rural locations as

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was the first to propose a cellular radio telephone network. The primary innovation was the development of a network of small overlapping cell sites supported by a call switching infrastructure that tracks users as they move through a network and passes their calls from one site to another without

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Many US cities with subway transit systems underground are studying or have implemented mobile phone reception in their tunnels for their riders, and trains, particularly those involving long-distance services, often offer a "quiet carriage" where phone use is prohibited, much like the designated

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The use of mobile phones by people who are driving has become increasingly common, for example as part of their job, as in the case of delivery drivers who are calling a client, or socially as for commuters who are chatting with a friend. While many drivers have embraced the convenience of using

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is starting to be allowed with several airlines already offering the ability to use phones during flights. Mobile phone use during flights used to be prohibited and many airlines still claim in their in-plane announcements that this prohibition is due to possible interference with aircraft radio

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Between the 1980s and the 2000s, the mobile phone has gone from being an expensive item used by the business elite to a pervasive, personal communications tool for the general population. In most countries, mobile phones outnumber land-line phones, with fixed landlines numbering 1.3 billion but

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that was charged with the specification and development tasks but latterly as the 'Global System for Mobile Communications'. The GSM standard eventually spread outside Europe and is now the most widely used cellular technology in the world and the de facto standard. The industry association, the

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18 studies have been conducted on the link between cell phones and brain cancer; A review of these studies found that cell phone use of 10 years or more "give a consistent pattern of an increased risk for acoustic neuroma and glioma". The tumors are found mostly on the side of the head that the

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created usage controls that meter service and can switch phones off, so that children could get some sleep. There have also been attempts to limit use by persons operating moving trains or automobiles, coaches when writing to potential players on their teams, and movie theater audiences. By one

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Since the introduction of mobile phones, concerns (both scientific and public) have been raised about the potential health impacts from regular use. But by 2008, American mobile phones transmitted and received more text messages than phone calls. Numerous studies have reported no significant

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into the use of evidence from mobile phone devices, prompting leading mobile telephone forensic specialists to identify forensic techniques available in this area. NIST have published guidelines and procedures for the preservation, acquisition, examination, analysis, and reporting of digital

893:, The British Association of Dermatologists is warning of a rash occurring on people's ears or cheeks caused by an allergic reaction from the nickel surface commonly found on mobile devices’ exteriors. There is also a theory it could even occur on the fingers if someone spends a lot of time 1242:

Pay as you go (also known as "pre-pay" or "prepaid") accounts were invented simultaneously in Portugal and Italy and today form more than half of all mobile phone subscriptions. USA, Canada, Costa Rica, Japan, Israel and Finland are among the rare countries left where most phones are still

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has announced plans to allow limited mobile phone usage on some flights. However, in the past, commercial airlines have prevented the use of cell phones and laptops, due to the assertion that the frequencies emitted from these devices may disturb the radio waves contact of the airplane.

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research, mobile phones, and CCD, specifically indicating that the Independent article had misinterpreted their results and created "a horror story". While the initial claim of damage to bees was widely reported, the corrections to the story were almost non-existent in the media.

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of users keeping their phone turned off, most Receiving Party Pays countries have either switched to Calling Party Pays, or their carriers offer additional incentives such as a large number of monthly minutes at a sufficiently discounted rate to compensate for the inconvenience.

946:" sub-culture amongst younger users. In December 1993, the first person-to-person SMS text message was transmitted in Finland. Currently, texting is the most widely used data service; 1.8 billion users generated $ 80 billion of revenue in 2006 (source ITU). Many phones offer 1592: 662: 771:

card in the corresponding mobile phone gave the first serious lead about the terrorists to investigators. By tracking the whereabouts of the SIM card and correlating other mobile phones that had been registered in those areas, police were able to locate the terrorists.

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according to Information, and 3.3 billion by November, 2007, thus reaching an equivalent of over half the planet's population. Around 80% of the world's population has access to mobile phone coverage, as of 2006. This figure is expected to increase to 90% by 2010.

1566: 804:, as the radio signal of a cellphone attempting to connect to a base station can be detected by overflying rescue aircraft with special detection gear. Also, users in the United States can sign up through their provider for free text messages when an 539:, or switch, with its unique identifiers, and can then be alerted by the mobile switch when there is an incoming telephone call. The handset constantly listens for the strongest signal being received from the surrounding base stations, and is able to 1238:

where bills are paid by regular intervals after the service has been consumed. It is increasingly common for a consumer to purchase a basic package and then bolt-on services and functionality to create a subscription customised to the users needs.

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have relatively low-power (often only one or two watts) radio transmitters which broadcast their presence and relay communications between the mobile handsets and the switch. The switch in turn connects the call to another subscriber of the same

1176:. There have been reports that warning lights on cellular masts, TV-towers and other high structures can attract and confuse birds. US authorities estimate that millions of birds are killed near communication towers in the country each year. 931:

already new cameraphones are on the market whose target age group is under 10 years of age, introduced by KDDI in February 2007. The USA also lags on this measure, as in the US so far, about half of all children have mobile phones. In many

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prohibiting the use of mobile phones, due to possible safety issues. However, it is unlikely that mobile phone use can cause any problems, and in fact "petrol station employees have themselves spread the rumour about alleged incidents."

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was established and all CEPT standardization activities were transferred to ETSI. Working Group GSM became Technical Committee GSM. In 1991, it became Technical Committee SMG (Special Mobile Group) when ETSI tasked the committee with UMTS

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has adopted. The technologies are grouped by generation. The first-generation systems started in 1979 with Japan, are all analog and include AMPS and NMT. Second-generation systems, started in 1991 in Finland, are all digital and include

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technology, was expanded rapidly throughout the UK between 1982 and 1985 and continued in operation for several years before finally closing in Scotland, it was overtaken by the introduction in January 1985 of two cellular systems - the

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during takeoff and landing. Simultaneously, airlines may offer phone services to their travelling passengers either as full voice and data services, or initially only as SMS text messaging and similar services. The Australian airline

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of 0.08% to those conversing on a cell phone, and after controlling for driving difficulty and time on task, the study concluded that cell phone drivers exhibited greater impairment than intoxicated drivers. Meta-analysis by The

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may allow the use of mobile phones immediately after landing on a domestic flight within the US, whereas they may state "not until the doors are open" on an international flight arriving in the Netherlands. In April 2007 the US

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The dialogue between the handset and the cell site is a stream of digital data that includes digitised audio (except for the first generation analog networks). The technology that achieves this depends on the system which the

1186:(CCD) which has reduced bee hive numbers by up to 75% in many areas, especially near cities in the US. The Independent newspaper cited a scientific study claiming it provided evidence for the theory that mobile phone masts 759:

were crucial to the police investigation. In particular, calls made on two mobile phones which were tracked from south of the Irish border to Omagh and back on the day of the bombing, were considered of vital importance.

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An increasing number of countries, particularly in Europe, now have more mobile phones than people. According to the figures from Eurostat, the European Union's in-house statistical office, Luxembourg had the highest

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In an effort to limit the potential harm from having a transmitter close to the user's body, the first fixed/mobile cellular phones that had a separate transmitter, vehicle-mounted antenna, and handset (known as

447:) technology. The advent of cellular technology encouraged European countries to co-operate in the development of a pan-European cellular technology to rival those of the US and Japan. This resulted in the 1195:

Several companies offer to buy back and recycle mobile phones from users. In the United States many unwanted but working mobile phones are donated to women's shelters to allow emergency communication.

460:" (although some users have multiple subscriptions, or inactive subscriptions), which also makes the mobile phone the most widely spread technology and the most common electronic device in the world. 512:. These sites are usually mounted on a tower, pole or building, located throughout populated areas, then connected to a cabled communication network and switching system. The phones have a low-power 1182:

An example of the way mobile phones and mobile networks have sometimes been perceived as a threat is the widely reported and later discredited claim that mobile phone masts are associated with the

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to communicate with a cell tower far outside of normal range, and a repeater to rebroadcast on a small short-range local antenna that allows any cellphone within a few meters to function properly.

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non-smoking carriage of the past. Most schools in the United States and Europe and Canada have prohibited mobile phones in the classroom, or in school in an effort to limit class disruptions.

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Public mobile phone systems were first introduced in the years after the Second World War and made use of technology developed before and during the conflict. The first system opened in

1263:. As mobile phone adoption rates increased, competition between operators meant that some decided not to charge for incoming calls in some markets (also called "calling party pays"). 715:

On a numerical basis, India is the largest growth market, adding about 6 million mobile phones every month. It currently has a mobile subscriber base of 937.06 million mobile phones.

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notifies the company if the user is safe or in distress. In Finland rescue services suggest hikers carry mobile phones in case of emergency even when deep in the forests beyond

467:, was released in 1996, creating a new category of multi-use devices called smartphones. In 1999 the first mobile internet service was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan under the 1051:. Officials from these jurisdictions argue that using a mobile phone while driving is an impediment to vehicle operation that can increase the risk of road traffic accidents. 961:

Because mobile phones are often used publicly, social norms have been shown to play a major role in the usage of mobile phones. Furthermore, the mobile phone can be a fashion

2295: 935:' households it has supplanted the land-line phone. Mobile phone usage is banned in some countries, such as North Korea and restricted in some other countries such as Burma. 297: 965:

custom-decorated to reflect the owner's personality and may be a part of their self-identity. This aspect of the mobile telephony business is, in itself, an industry, e.g.

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Listening to Cell Phone Warnings: Researchers Working Overtime to Find Out If the Greatest Tool of Business is Causing Brian Cancer in Those Who Use it Constantly

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The Finnish government decided in 2005 that the fastest way to warn citizens of disasters was the mobile phone network. In Japan, mobile phone companies provide

562:, which includes the networks of other wireless carriers. Many of these sites are camouflaged to blend with existing environments, particularly in scenic areas. 456:

GSMA, now represents 219 countries and nearly 800 mobile network operators. There are now estimated to be over 5 billion phone subscriptions according to the "

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The European market adopted a calling party pays model throughout the GSM environment and soon various other GSM markets also started to emulate this model.

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Like all high structures, cellular antenna masts pose a hazard to low flying aircraft. Towers over a certain height or towers that are close to airports or

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individual's cellphone was at a certain location at a certain time. The concerns over terrorism and terrorist use of technology prompted an inquiry by the

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discussed developing a wireless phone in 1915, but were afraid that deployment of the technology could undermine its monopoly on wired service in the U.S.

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In any case, there are inconsistencies between practices allowed by different airlines and even on the same airline in different countries. For example,

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measure, nearly 40% of automobile drivers aged 16 to 30 years old text while driving, and by another, 40% of teenagers said they could text blindfolded.

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compared to car/bag phones, and handhelds require that cell towers are spaced much closer together to compensate for their lack of transmission power.

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started to work on this vision in 1966, and is considered as the father of the NMT system and some also consider him the father of the cellular phone.

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Mobile phone use can be an important matter of social discourtesy: phones ringing during funerals or weddings; in toilets, cinemas and theatres. Some

700:, mobile phone use has quadrupled in the last decade. The rise of mobile phone technology in developing countries is often cited as an example of the 4723: 2768: 1622: 811:

However, most mobile phone networks operate close to capacity during normal times, and spikes in call volumes caused by widespread emergencies often

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higher than normal driving (i.e., an average driver, while talking on a cell phone, has response times of a driver in roughly the 40th percentile).

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that transmits voice and data to the nearest cell sites, normally not more than 8 to 13 km (approximately 5 to 8 miles) away. In areas of low

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finding that the number of utterances was usually higher for mobile calls when compared to blindfolded and non-blindfolded passengers, but the

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services, where the subscriber is not committed to a long-term contract, has helped fuel this growth in Africa as well as in other continents.

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relationship between mobile phone use and health, but the effect of mobile phone usage on health continues to be an area of public concern.

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Further example of criminal investigations using mobile phones is the initial location and ultimate identification of the terrorists of the

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crews can locate trapped or injured people using the signals from their mobile phones. An interactive menu accessible through the phone's

4270: 2522: 1738: 301: 1690: 905:, Rhode Island, and his colleagues tested 22 popular handsets from eight different manufacturers and found nickel on 10 of the devices. 356: 2462: 1027:

their cellphone while driving, some jurisdictions have made the practice against the law, such as Australia, the Canadian provinces of

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Given the high levels of societal mobile phone service penetration, it is a key means for people to communicate with each other. The

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as well as the United Kingdom, consisting of a zero-tolerance system operated in Scotland and a warning system operated in England,

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Some cellular antenna towers have been camouflaged to make them less obvious on the horizon, and make them look more like a tree.

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service. By 2007 over 798 million people around the world accessed the internet or equivalent mobile internet services such as

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Burger, Christoph; Riemer, Valentin; Grafeneder, Jürgen; Woisetschläger, Bianca; Vidovic, Dragana; Hergovich, Andreas (2010).

1924: 6160: 6150: 6130: 5932: 4500: 111: 60: 2269: 4956: 4397: 4052: 3368: 3133: 1644: 767:. In the attacks, mobile phones had been used to detonate the bombs. However, one of the bombs failed to detonate, and the 233:). Telephony is supposed to specifically point to a voice-only service or connection, though sometimes the line may blur. 17: 5297: 6222: 6155: 6001: 4588: 4167: 4042: 3595: 3224:, vol. 309, no. 11 (4 November 2019), pp. 27–30. The multifarious abuses perpetrated by individuals, organizations, 2993: 1234:

model where conversation time is purchased and added to a phone unit via an Internet account or in shops or ATMs, or the

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meta-analysis concluding that passenger conversations were just as costly to driving performance as cell phone ones.

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The nature of cellular technology renders many phones vulnerable to 'cloning': anytime a cell phone moves out of

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Visited and evaluated by a group of (soon-to-be) British Telecoms staff (including writer) in September 1982.

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Mobile Phones and Service Stations: Rumour, Risk and Precaution, by Adam Burgess (2007) Diogenes 213 54: 1

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prohibit their use, so that other patrons will not be disturbed by conversations. Some facilities install

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McEvoy, Suzanne; Stevenson, MR; McCartt, AT; Woodward, M; Haworth, C; Palamara, P; Cercarelli, R (2005).

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Booth presenting the first Dutch vehicle or watercraft telephone ("Mobilofoon"), a collaboration of the

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In the UK in 2000 it was claimed that recordings of mobile phone conversations made on the day of the

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charged for all air time consumed by the mobile phone user, which included both outbound and inbound

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just when it is needed the most. Examples reported in the media where this has occurred include the

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found that response time while using both hands-free and hand-held phones was approximately 0.5

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In a similar vein, signs are put up in many countries, such as Canada, the UK and the U.S., at

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to prevent their use, although in many countries, including the US, such equipment is illegal.

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Laberge-Nadeau, Claire (September 2003). "Wireless telephones and the risk of road crashes".

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telecommunications towards the end of the 20th century, primarily due to the introduction of

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is the first airline to run a test aeroplane in this configuration in the autumn of 2007.

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information present on mobile phones can be found under the NIST Publication SP800-101.

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frenzy might not be fundamentally always at odds with human flourishing." (p. 30.)

3040: 2968: 2869: 2703: 2678: 2649: 2545: 2361: 1118: 1066: 693: 475:

and i-Mode at least occasionally using a mobile phone rather than a personal computer.

464: 386: 2742: 2003: 1825: 1797: 6046: 5968: 5882: 5865: 5828: 5674: 5504: 5473: 5339: 5233: 5132: 4137: 4095: 3930: 3886: 3709: 3702: 3560: 3319: 2972: 2861: 2746: 2708: 2641: 1648: 1484:

Starting with EVDO the following techniques can also be used to improve performance:

1294: 1062:

found RR, when adjusted for crash-risk exposure, of 1.11 for men and 1.21 for women.

947: 828: 801: 793: 521: 444: 5714: 2653: 2549: 1896: 1689:

Article by Larry Kahaner and Alan Green in the Chicago Tribune of December 22, 1983

6051: 5991: 5958: 5887: 5845: 5759: 5614: 5599: 5574: 5549: 5509: 5359: 5218: 5203: 5046: 4941: 4818: 4260: 4190: 4032: 3977: 3843: 3809: 3719: 3654: 3455: 3309: 3292: 2960: 2873: 2853: 2738: 2698: 2690: 2633: 2537: 2199: 1921: 1508: 1448: 1155: 1048: 1028: 993: 898: 789: 547:" are performed to allow the device to switch sites without interrupting the call. 484: 390: 237: 151: 2383: 2233:, Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, May 2007. 2025: 1285:

apply to all calls received, regardless of the model adopted in the home country.

1160: 922:

Cellular phones allow people to communicate from almost anywhere at their leisure.

40: 5679: 5534: 5302: 5277: 5265: 4990: 3871: 3861: 3836: 3819: 3796: 3626: 3621: 3514: 2437: 2426: 2273: 1928: 1513: 1208: 1142: 1130: 846:, regardless of the presence of a SIM card or the payment status of the account. 812: 701: 249: 2694: 2637: 2400: 1008:

to impact loud mobile phone usage as well as calls regarding sensitive matters.

5877: 5749: 5724: 5684: 5654: 5529: 5364: 5317: 5292: 5250: 5081: 5076: 4905: 4522: 4211: 3853: 3826: 3804: 3538: 3215: 2857: 2769:"Fatal Distraction? A Comparison Of The Cell-Phone Driver And The Drunk Driver" 1458: 1260: 894: 697: 463:

The first mobile phone to enable internet connectivity and wireless email, the

345:' (from voice + data + phone) service. These cellular systems were based on US 230: 161: 2964: 611: 6237: 6026: 5799: 5789: 5704: 5594: 5589: 5579: 5564: 5386: 5245: 5086: 4159: 3967: 3616: 3580: 3531: 3519: 2541: 1055: 950:

services for simple, easy texting. Mobile phones have Internet service (e.g.

756: 32: 2203: 1941: 1668: 1270:

two operators will adopt the caller-pays approach as early as January 2007.

5904: 5744: 5689: 5619: 5584: 5519: 5418: 5408: 5260: 5061: 4808: 4792: 4425: 3999: 3962: 3896: 3606: 3497: 3284: 2911: 2865: 2750: 2712: 2619:"Association Between Cellular-Telephone Calls And Motor Vehicle Collisions" 1518: 1443: 1345: 1319: 1059: 943: 580: 529: 525: 241: 226: 147: 143: 84: 2946:"Regulating conversation during driving: a problem for mobile telephones?" 2944:

David Crundall; Manpreet Bains; Peter Chapman; Geoffrey Underwood (2005).

2645: 1768: 497:

Mobile phone subscriptions, not subscribers, per 100 inhabitants 1997-2007

6104: 5754: 5664: 5649: 5609: 5569: 5428: 4890: 4839: 4749: 4737: 3987: 3952: 3901: 3876: 3438: 3378: 3244: 3233: 3225: 3211: 3115:"Wireless: Case of the disappearing bees creates a buzz about cellphones" 1496: 1282: 1036: 805: 797: 591: 535:

When the mobile phone or data device is turned on, it registers with the

513: 342: 165: 115: 842:

Under FCC regulations, all mobile telephones must be capable of dialing

6109: 5816: 5514: 5423: 5379: 5349: 5327: 4075: 3891: 3866: 3763: 3674: 3631: 3570: 3240: 3220: 989: 951: 785: 4516: 3185: 3134:"Researchers: Often-cited study doesn't relate to bee colony collapse" 1138:

officially prohibited passengers' use of cell phones during a flight.

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MOSFET Technologies for Double-Pole Four-Throw Radio-Frequency Switch

1217: 1212: 1169: 1021: 550: 506: 502: 365: 326: 253: 245: 222: 2520: 6089: 6079: 5996: 5821: 5644: 4869: 4773: 4672: 4595: 4562: 3982: 3754: 3361: 3351: 3346: 3237: 3229: 3020: 2355:

Steinhauser, Jennifer & Holson, Laura M. (September 19, 2008).

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to their customers free of charge. In the event of an emergency,

6084: 6069: 5287: 5103: 4633: 4600: 4475: 4406: 4340: 4335: 4255: 3881: 3659: 3336: 2516: 2514: 1855: 1523: 1371: 1324: 1278: 890: 781: 615:

Mr Dupuis and Mr Haug during a GSM meeting in Belgium, April 1992

544: 440: 413: 330: 3253: 2953:

Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour

501:

Mobile phones receive and send radio signals with any number of

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There are two principal ways to pay for mobile telephony: the

6099: 6036: 5344: 4900: 4885: 4848: 4835: 4754: 4732: 4538: 4330: 2774:. University of Utah Department of Psychology. Archived from 1875:"Duke of Cambridge Presents Maxwell Medals to GSM Developers" 1478: 1453: 1407: 1388: 1293:

The list below is a non-comprehensive attempt at listing the

1044: 962: 932: 509: 2617:

Redelmeier, Donald; Tibshirani, Robert (February 13, 1997).

1877:. IEEE United Kingdom and Ireland Section. September 1, 2018 6041: 5066: 4764: 4578: 4446: 4373: 3356: 2296:"New Japanese phones offer Earthquake early warning alerts" 1488: 1418: 1413: 1360: 1339: 1334: 661: 627:

greatly improve security and make cloning hard to achieve.

604: 586:

The GSM standard is a European initiative expressed at the

576: 559: 543:

between sites. As the user moves around the network, the "

4486: 4461: 4382: 4369: 4345: 4067: 3492: 2933:

videos about California cellular phone laws; with caption

2836: 2463:"Mobile Phones for Kids Under 15: a Responsible Question" 1329: 685:

penetration rate was 110% in 2007 (source Informa 2007).

624: 572: 448: 3053:"Communication Towers and the Fish and Wildlife Service" 869:

For example, at the request of some of their customers,

4864: 4787: 4557: 4359: 4280: 3465: 3460: 3450: 3433: 3428: 3417: 1922:

Office of the Telecommunications Authority in Hong Kong

1471: 1430: 1353: 1312: 1306: 405: 349:(AMPS) technology, the modified technology being named 265:

five billion mobile cellular subscriptions in the world

171: 157: 139: 121: 103: 80: 2910:. California, USA: State of California. Archived from 1704:"Mobile Phone History - Invention of the Mobile Phone" 992:, libraries, bathrooms, cinemas, doctors' offices and 3082:

Lean, Geoffrey; Shawcross, Harriet (April 15, 2007).

2767:

Strayer, David; Drews, Frank; Crouch, Dennis (2003).

2724: 2722: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2170:"Supplementary memorandum submitted by Gregory Smith" 927:

mobile subscriptions 3.3 billion at the end of 2007.

897:

on metal menu buttons. In 2008, Lionel Bercovitch of

260:(PSTN) to allow any phone in the world to be dialed. 2852:(1). Human Factors and Ergonomics Society: 196–205. 2837:

Horrey, William; Christopher Wickens (Spring 2006).

2616: 2425:

Rachel Lieberman, Brandel France de Bravo, MPH, and

1765:"Mobile and technology: The Basics of Mobile Phones" 1669:"30th Anniversary of First Wireless Cell Phone Call" 878:

mobile phone is in contact with. In July 2008, Dr.

2994:"Europe closer to allowing in-flight cellphone use" 2814:. CAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. Archived from 1978:"Up to 90 percent of globe to have mobile coverage" 1739:"Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology" 458:

List of countries by number of mobile phones in use

3172:Amy Gu, "Mainland mobile services to be cheaper", 2803:Jeffrey K. Caird; et al. (October 25, 2004). 2766: 2719: 2341: 1637:Srivastava, Viranjay M.; Singh, Ghanshyam (2013). 524:may be used, which uses a long-distance high-gain 1980:. Textually.org. October 17, 2006. Archived from 1623:List of National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees 669:trains in North America uses cellular technology. 6235: 3236:to muse whether "a technical complex born... of 2802: 1691:Reach out and touch someone--by land, sea or air 1069:Professor David Strayer compared drivers with a 2357:"Text Messages Seen as Dangerously Distracting" 2045:"Phone revolution makes Africa upwardly mobile" 1636: 4189: 2728: 2191:Ayers, Richard; Jansen, Wayne (May 30, 2007). 2131: 1164:Cellular antenna disguised to look like a tree 236:Modern mobile phones connect to a terrestrial 5157: 4175: 3269: 3131: 3081: 2612: 2610: 1851:"Global cellphone penetration reaches 50 pct" 808:goes out for a missing person in their area. 360:Use of an early mobile phone in Austria, 1964 199: 3112: 2390:. May 31, 2008. Retrieved November 20, 2008. 1845: 1843: 1632: 1630: 6172:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 2465:. Point.com. April 13, 2006. Archived from 2190: 2107:"The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India" 2071:"The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India" 302:Netherlands Postal, Telegraph and Telephone 256:. Both networks are interconnected to the 6208: 5164: 5150: 4182: 4168: 3276: 3262: 2762: 2760: 2607: 2450:Doctors warn of rash from mobile phone use 1964:"Total mobile subscribers top 1.8 billion" 1613:Patent No. 3,663,762, issued May 16, 1972. 206: 192: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2702: 2672: 2670: 1840: 1627: 969:sales amounted to $ 3.5 billion in 2005. 884:University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute 727: 451:system, the initials originally from the 435:, driven by the development of low-cost, 27:Provision of telephone services to phones 3084:"Are mobile phones wiping out our bees?" 2937: 2798: 2796: 2452:Reuters.com. Retrieved October 17, 2008. 2168:The Committee Office, House of Commons. 1591:. Imagelibrary.btplc.com. Archived from 1565:. Imagelibrary.btplc.com. Archived from 1246: 1216: 1159: 1149: 917: 660: 610: 492: 355: 291: 39: 31: 2908:California Department of Motor Vehicles 2757: 1767:. Sharelie-download.com. Archived from 1315:networks (the first digital networks): 14: 6236: 5171: 5052:Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service 3017:"FCC Says No To Cell Phones On Planes" 2825: 2667: 2602:campaign to promote cell phone manners 2562: 1942:"500 mln cell phone accounts in China" 1701: 913: 369:dropping the connection. In 1956, the 5145: 4163: 3257: 3014: 2793: 1645:Springer Science & Business Media 1295:technologies used in mobile telephony 393:led to the development of affordable 6218: 5010:Spectral efficiency comparison table 3166: 2320: 2193:"Guidelines on Cell Phone Forensics" 2042: 1915: 1863:from the original on April 26, 2023. 1288: 1054:Studies have found vastly different 849: 775: 639:) were limited to a maximum 3 watts 229:rather than fixed-location phones ( 2626:The New England Journal of Medicine 2489:"Rise in executions for mobile use" 1741:. Tekniskamuseet.se. Archived from 478: 281:History of the prepaid mobile phone 263:In 2010 there were estimated to be 24: 4106:USA use restrictions while driving 4081:Legality of recording by civilians 3205: 2901: 2731:Accident Analysis & Prevention 2244:"Mobile phones key to Omagh probe" 2004:"Cell phone use booming worldwide" 1897:"Europeans hang up on fixed lines" 1542: 1225: 1101: 908: 732: 696:with little "landline" telephone 416:. The Swedish electrical engineer 306:Amsterdam International Motor Show 287:American Telephone & Telegraph 25: 6260: 3283: 3197:REGULATORY AND MARKET ENVIRONMENT 3148:"Study: Cell Phone Waste Harmful" 2026:"Mobile growth fastest in Africa" 1589:"Asset Bank | Image Details" 1563:"Asset Bank | Image Details" 1205:GSM services § Voice charges 1136:Federal Communications Commission 1011: 861:Mobile phone radiation and health 351:Total Access Communication System 258:public switched telephone network 6217: 6207: 6198: 6197: 6186: 5807:Free-space optical communication 5126: 5115: 4201:List of mobile phone generations 4143: 4142: 4131: 4119: 3132:Chloe Johnson (April 22, 2007). 2563:Aquino, Grace (April 28, 2006). 2431:Can Cell Phones Harm Our Health? 1706:. Ideafinder.com. Archived from 1198: 1018:Mobile phones and driving safety 675:List of mobile network operators 3190: 3179: 3154:. Associated Press. May 7, 2002 3140: 3125: 3113:Eric Sylvers (April 22, 2007). 3106: 3075: 3045: 3034: 3008: 2986: 2926: 2595: 2582: 2556: 2495:. June 15, 2007. Archived from 2481: 2455: 2443: 2419: 2393: 2376: 2314: 2288: 2272:. Nokia-n98.org. Archived from 2262: 2236: 2184: 2161: 2099: 2063: 2036: 2018: 1996: 1970: 1956: 1934: 1889: 1867: 1814: 1783: 1757: 1731: 1722: 1076:Canadian Automobile Association 854: 656: 603:the umbrella of CEPT. In 1988, 44:Mobile telephone antennas tower 3057:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2530:Social Science Computer Review 1824:. Gsmworld.com. Archived from 1695: 1683: 1661: 1616: 1607: 1581: 1555: 1536: 1253:early days of mobile telephony 1172:are normally required to have 837:2007 Minnesota bridge collapse 13: 1: 3232:and mobile telephony, prompt 3228:, and governments, using the 3176:, December 18, 2006, Page A1. 2743:10.1016/S0001-4575(02)00043-X 2590:"Mastertones ring up profits" 1529: 1283:international roaming tariffs 749:Home Affairs Select Committee 682:mobile phone penetration rate 347:Advanced Mobile Phone Service 285:According to internal memos, 61:Wireless network technologies 6193:Telecommunication portal 5974:Telecommunications equipment 5122:Telecommunication portal 4126:Telecommunication portal 3214:, "The Confidence Game: How 3119:International Herald Tribune 3015:Clark, Amy (April 3, 2007). 2996:. Engadget. October 18, 2007 2323:"Cellular Phones and Cancer" 2172:. Publications.parliament.uk 1065:A simulation study from the 977: 971:Mobile phone use on aircraft 665:This Railfone found on some 437:very large-scale integration 423:There was a rapid growth of 7: 5710:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 2695:10.1136/bmj.38537.397512.55 2638:10.1056/NEJM199702133360701 2043:Rice, Xan (March 4, 2006). 1502: 1309:networks (analog networks) 1221:Mobile phone shop in Uganda 844:emergency telephone numbers 298:Royal Dutch Automobile Club 10: 6265: 5414:Telecommunications history 4619:CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Release 0 4048:Phantom vibration syndrome 4043:Mental health from overuse 2858:10.1518/001872006776412135 2436:February 24, 2015, at the 1822:"Full Members ~ GSM World" 1202: 1153: 1105: 1015: 981: 858: 833:2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake 817:September 11, 2001 attacks 765:2004 Madrid train bombings 736: 718: 672: 505:base stations fitted with 482: 404:The first fully automatic 274: 270: 6244:Mobile telecommunications 6181: 6123: 6060: 6022:Public Switched Telephone 5982: 5946: 5903: 5844: 5834:telecommunication circuit 5795:Fiber-optic communication 5778: 5540:Francis Blake (telephone) 5487: 5335:Optical telecommunication 5179: 5112: 4934: 4914: 4878: 4863: 4828: 4801: 4786: 4763: 4722: 4693: 4643: 4632: 4611: 4571: 4556: 4531: 4509: 4501:EDGE/EGPRS - Evolved EDGE 4485: 4474: 4434: 4426:D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136) 4415: 4396: 4368: 4358: 4313: 4289: 4279: 4207: 4198: 4114: 4066: 4013: 3943: 3852: 3795: 3762: 3749: 3727:Open-source mobile phones 3688: 3640: 3590: 3579: 3478: 3397: 3305: 3291: 2965:10.1016/j.trf.2005.01.003 2565:"Cell Phone Fashion Show" 1543:Wu, Tim (June 10, 2008). 1303:(mobile radio telephone) 1108:Mobile phones on aircraft 1041:Newfoundland and Labrador 825:2005 London Tube bombings 600:James Clerk Maxwell medal 556:wireless service provider 537:mobile telephone exchange 429:digital signal processing 379:metal–oxide–semiconductor 182:Mobile telecommunications 5933:Orbital angular-momentum 5370:Satellite communications 5209:Communications satellite 3174:South China Morning Post 2542:10.1177/0894439309353099 1791:"Facts about the Mobile" 1184:Colony Collapse Disorder 1092:University of Nottingham 998:signal-jamming equipment 821:2003 Northeast blackouts 746:British House of Commons 651: 641:Effective Radiated Power 560:public telephone network 408:cellular system was the 333:' service and the Racal/ 277:History of mobile phones 5812:Molecular communication 5635:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 5464:Undersea telegraph line 5199:Cable protection system 4957:Comparison of standards 4596:UTRA-TDD LCR / TD-SCDMA 4091:Photography and the law 4086:Mobile phones in prison 2592:, USA Today, 11/29/2006 2204:10.6028/NIST.SP.800-101 433:wireless communications 410:Nordic Mobile Telephone 383:large-scale integration 5954:Communication protocol 5740:Charles Sumner Tainter 5555:Walter Houser Brattain 5500:Edwin Howard Armstrong 5308:Information revolution 4962:Channel access methods 4601:UTRA-TDD HCR / TD-CDMA 3243:and mainstreamed in a 2270:"Communication safety" 2219:Cite journal requires 1944:. ITFacts Mobile usage 1927:March 9, 2009, at the 1467:(never commercialized) 1465:Ultra Mobile Broadband 1461:(WirelessMAN-Advanced) 1277:Note that when a user 1222: 1165: 1096:University of Illinois 1080:University of Illinois 923: 782:immediate notification 728:By government agencies 670: 616: 498: 361: 309: 45: 37: 5928:Polarization-division 5660:Narinder Singh Kapany 5625:Erna Schneider Hoover 5545:Jagadish Chandra Bose 5525:Alexander Graham Bell 5256:online video platform 5133:Telephones portal 4241:MTA - MTB - MTC - MTD 4138:Telephones portal 4101:Texting while driving 4038:External power supply 3737:Windows Phone devices 2821:on February 16, 2008. 2139:"Mobile Network 2018" 1247:Incoming call charges 1220: 1163: 1150:Environmental impacts 1071:blood alcohol content 942:feature spawned the " 921: 664: 614: 568:mobile phone operator 496: 453:Groupe Spécial Mobile 395:mobile communications 359: 295: 43: 35: 5770:Vladimir K. Zworykin 5730:Almon Brown Strowger 5700:Charles Grafton Page 5355:Prepaid mobile phone 5283:Electrical telegraph 4750:iBurst (IEEE 802.20) 4523:CDMA2000 1X Advanced 4053:Radiation and health 3369:Standards comparison 3218:broke the economy", 3090:. UK. Archived from 2883:on February 25, 2009 2663:on January 18, 2009. 2321:Campbell, Jonathan. 2276:on December 24, 2008 2083:on February 25, 2009 2006:. September 15, 2007 1281:in another country, 1257:operators (carriers) 984:Cell Phone Etiquette 694:developing countries 489:Cellular frequencies 252:connect to orbiting 221:is the provision of 18:Mobile communication 6249:American inventions 5720:Johann Philipp Reis 5479:Wireless revolution 5441:The Telephone Cases 5298:Hydraulic telegraph 4636:(3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G) 4478:(2.5G, 2.75G, 2.9G) 4246:Mobile TeleSeratout 2329:on January 20, 1998 2302:on January 21, 2008 2119:on February 8, 2015 1903:. November 28, 2007 1745:on October 22, 2008 1084:standard deviations 914:Culture and customs 813:overload the system 739:Lawful interception 391:cellular networking 377:The development of 314:St. Louis, Missouri 5918:Frequency-division 5895:Telephone exchange 5765:Charles Wheatstone 5695:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 5670:Innocenzo Manzetti 5605:Reginald Fessenden 5340:Optical telegraphy 5173:Telecommunications 5124: 4710:(TIA/EIA/IS-856-B) 4704:(TIA/EIA/IS-856-A) 4702:1xEV-DO Revision A 3136:. Foster's Online. 2499:on August 17, 2007 2382:Hamilton, Tyler. " 2362:The New York Times 2250:. October 10, 2000 1803:on August 13, 2010 1223: 1166: 1067:University of Utah 924: 882:, director of the 671: 617: 499: 465:Nokia Communicator 387:information theory 385:(LSI) technology, 362: 310: 304:(PTT) at the 1948 223:telephone services 46: 38: 36:Mobile phone tower 6231: 6230: 5969:Store and forward 5964:Data transmission 5878:Network switching 5829:Transmission line 5675:Guglielmo Marconi 5640:Internet pioneers 5505:Mohamed M. Atalla 5474:Whistled language 5139: 5138: 4942:Cellular networks 4930: 4929: 4859: 4858: 4782: 4781: 4628: 4627: 4584:UTRA-FDD / W-CDMA 4552: 4551: 4519:(TIA/EIA/IS-2000) 4470: 4469: 4354: 4353: 4157: 4156: 4096:Telephone tapping 3939: 3938: 3887:Instant messaging 3745: 3744: 3474: 3473: 3063:on August 5, 2007 2982:on June 16, 2007. 2914:on August 7, 2013 2781:on April 11, 2009 2588:Gundersen, Edna, 2149:on April 29, 2015 1289:Technologies used 994:places of worship 948:Instant Messenger 850:Impact on society 829:Hurricane Katrina 802:cellular coverage 794:disaster response 790:natural disasters 776:Disaster response 541:switch seamlessly 522:cellular repeater 445:complementary MOS 443:(radio-frequency 216: 215: 16:(Redirected from 6256: 6221: 6220: 6211: 6210: 6201: 6200: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6062:Notable networks 6052:Wireless network 5992:Cellular network 5984:Types of network 5959:Computer network 5846:Network topology 5760:Thomas A. Watson 5615:Oliver Heaviside 5600:Philo Farnsworth 5575:Daniel Davis Jr. 5550:Charles Bourseul 5510:John Logie Baird 5219:Data compression 5214:Computer network 5166: 5159: 5152: 5143: 5142: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5047:Mobile broadband 4947:Mobile telephony 4935:Related articles 4876: 4875: 4819:LTE Advanced Pro 4799: 4798: 4714:EV-DO Revision C 4708:EV-DO Revision B 4641: 4640: 4569: 4568: 4483: 4482: 4366: 4365: 4287: 4286: 4212:radio telephones 4191:Cellular network 4184: 4177: 4170: 4161: 4160: 4146: 4145: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4033:Electronic waste 4023:BlackBerry thumb 3973:Japanese culture 3760: 3759: 3720:iOS jailbreaking 3588: 3587: 3510:Operating system 3325:Network operator 3310:Channel capacity 3303: 3302: 3278: 3271: 3264: 3255: 3254: 3199: 3194: 3188: 3183: 3177: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3059:. Archived from 3049: 3043: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2975:. Archived from 2950: 2941: 2935: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2902:Domain, Public. 2899: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2882: 2876:. Archived from 2843: 2834: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2809: 2800: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2780: 2773: 2764: 2755: 2754: 2726: 2717: 2716: 2706: 2674: 2665: 2664: 2662: 2656:. Archived from 2623: 2614: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2527: 2518: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2469:on July 15, 2011 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2397: 2391: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2352: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2325:. Archived from 2318: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2298:. Archived from 2292: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2240: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2207: 2197: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2145:. Archived from 2135: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2118: 2112:. Archived from 2111: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2082: 2076:. Archived from 2075: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2032:. March 9, 2005. 2022: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1984:on July 16, 2011 1974: 1968: 1967: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1938: 1932: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1847: 1838: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1828:on July 11, 2011 1818: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1808: 1802: 1796:. Archived from 1795: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1771:on July 16, 2011 1761: 1755: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1735: 1729: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1710:on July 13, 2011 1699: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1665: 1659: 1658: 1634: 1625: 1620: 1614: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1540: 1509:Cellular network 1449:LTE Advanced Pro 1410:(air interface) 1380:(air interface) 1243:contract-based. 1156:Electronic waste 1049:Northern Ireland 1029:British Columbia 899:Brown University 880:Ronald Herberman 798:Internet browser 485:Cellular network 479:Cellular systems 406:first generation 300:(KNAC), and the 250:satellite phones 238:cellular network 219:Mobile telephony 208: 201: 194: 48: 47: 21: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6234: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6187: 6185: 6177: 6119: 6056: 5978: 5942: 5899: 5848: 5840: 5781: 5774: 5680:Robert Metcalfe 5535:Tim Berners-Lee 5483: 5303:Information Age 5175: 5170: 5140: 5135: 5127: 5125: 5116: 5114: 5108: 5015:Frequency bands 4926: 4910: 4868: 4855: 4824: 4791: 4778: 4759: 4718: 4689: 4635: 4634:3G transitional 4624: 4607: 4561: 4548: 4527: 4505: 4477: 4476:2G transitional 4466: 4430: 4411: 4407:cdmaOne (IS-95) 4392: 4350: 4309: 4275: 4203: 4194: 4188: 4158: 4153: 4132: 4130: 4120: 4118: 4110: 4062: 4015: 4009: 3935: 3848: 3791: 3787:Cloud computing 3753: 3751: 3741: 3732:Symbian devices 3698:Android devices 3684: 3636: 3627:Satellite phone 3622:Projector phone 3582: 3575: 3480: 3470: 3393: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3251: 3208: 3206:Further reading 3203: 3202: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3180: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3130: 3126: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3094:on July 6, 2008 3088:The Independent 3080: 3076: 3066: 3064: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3035: 3025: 3023: 3013: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2948: 2942: 2938: 2931: 2927: 2917: 2915: 2900: 2896: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2841: 2835: 2826: 2818: 2807: 2801: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2765: 2758: 2727: 2720: 2675: 2668: 2660: 2621: 2615: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2587: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2561: 2557: 2525: 2519: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2438:Wayback Machine 2427:Diana Zuckerman 2424: 2420: 2410: 2408: 2407:. July 24, 2008 2399: 2398: 2394: 2381: 2377: 2367: 2365: 2353: 2342: 2332: 2330: 2319: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2279: 2277: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2253: 2251: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2230: 2220: 2218: 2209: 2208: 2195: 2189: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2166: 2162: 2152: 2150: 2143:www.Phoneam.com 2137: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2054: 2052: 2041: 2037: 2024: 2023: 2019: 2009: 2007: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1987: 1985: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1947: 1945: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1929:Wayback Machine 1920: 1916: 1906: 1904: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1849: 1848: 1841: 1831: 1829: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1774: 1772: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1748: 1746: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1713: 1711: 1700: 1696: 1688: 1684: 1674: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1655: 1635: 1628: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1598: 1596: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1572: 1570: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1514:Mobile Internet 1505: 1374:(air interface) 1368:(air interface) 1291: 1261:telephone calls 1249: 1232:'pay-as-you-go' 1228: 1226:Payment methods 1215: 1209:Mobile Internet 1201: 1158: 1152: 1143:petrol stations 1131:Delta Air Lines 1110: 1104: 1102:Use on aircraft 1024: 1016:Main articles: 1014: 986: 980: 916: 911: 909:Human behaviour 863: 857: 852: 778: 741: 735: 733:Law enforcement 730: 721: 710:'pay-as-you-go' 702:leapfrog effect 677: 659: 654: 596:Philippe Dupuis 491: 483:Main articles: 481: 323:British Telecom 283: 275:Main articles: 273: 231:landline phones 212: 176: 90: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6262: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6215: 6205: 6195: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6175: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6133: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6066: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5988: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5913:Space-division 5909: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5885: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5863: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5792: 5786: 5784: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5750:Camille Tissot 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5725:Claude Shannon 5722: 5717: 5715:Tivadar Puskás 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5685:Antonio Meucci 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5655:Charles K. Kao 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5630:Harold Hopkins 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5530:Emile Berliner 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5469:Videotelephony 5466: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5444: 5437: 5432: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5372: 5367: 5365:Radiotelephone 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5251:Internet video 5243: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5185: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5169: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5146: 5137: 5136: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5012: 5007: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4999: 4998: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4959: 4954: 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3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3646: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3591: 3585: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3539:Text messaging 3536: 3535: 3534: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3501: 3500: 3490: 3484: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3431: 3426: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3403: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3333: 3332: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3289: 3288: 3281: 3280: 3273: 3266: 3258: 3249: 3248: 3216:Silicon Valley 3207: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3189: 3178: 3165: 3139: 3124: 3105: 3074: 3044: 3033: 3007: 2985: 2959:(3): 197–211. 2936: 2925: 2894: 2824: 2792: 2756: 2737:(5): 649–660. 2718: 2666: 2632:(7): 453–458. 2606: 2594: 2581: 2555: 2536:(3): 336–349. 2510: 2480: 2454: 2442: 2418: 2392: 2375: 2340: 2313: 2287: 2261: 2235: 2231:(1.44 MB) 2221:|journal= 2183: 2160: 2130: 2098: 2062: 2035: 2017: 1995: 1969: 1955: 1933: 1914: 1888: 1866: 1839: 1813: 1782: 1756: 1730: 1721: 1694: 1682: 1660: 1653: 1626: 1615: 1606: 1595:on May 6, 2016 1580: 1569:on May 6, 2016 1554: 1534: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1482: 1481: 1469: 1468: 1462: 1459:WiMAX-Advanced 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1375: 1369: 1351: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1337: 1327: 1322: 1290: 1287: 1248: 1245: 1236:contract model 1227: 1224: 1200: 1197: 1174:warning lights 1151: 1148: 1106:Main article: 1103: 1100: 1056:relative risks 1013: 1012:Use by drivers 1010: 982:Main article: 979: 976: 915: 912: 910: 907: 895:text messaging 859:Main article: 856: 853: 851: 848: 777: 774: 737:Main article: 734: 731: 729: 726: 720: 717: 698:infrastructure 658: 655: 653: 650: 480: 477: 418:Östen Mäkitalo 272: 269: 214: 213: 211: 210: 203: 196: 188: 185: 184: 178: 177: 175: 174: 169: 155: 137: 119: 100: 97: 96: 92: 91: 89: 88: 78: 72: 69: 68: 64: 63: 57: 56: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6261: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6224: 6216: 6214: 6206: 6204: 6196: 6194: 6184: 6183: 6180: 6173: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5938:Code-division 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5923:Time-division 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5896: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849:and switching 5847: 5843: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5800:optical fiber 5798: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5790:Coaxial cable 5788: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5705:Radia Perlman 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5595:Lee de Forest 5593: 5591: 5590:Thomas Edison 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5580:Donald Davies 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5565:Claude Chappe 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 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