1565:, a strong supporter of Carranza, requested the convention to consider extending the vote to women for representatives for the lower house of the legislature. The request was conveyed to a committee. Article 35 specifying the rights and privileges of Mexican citizens could have been extended to include full rights for women, but the committee went out of its way to explicitly deny women those rights. Carranza was an advocate of women's rights as was his advisor and delegate to the congress, Palavicini. Palavicini questioned the committee chair for not including women's suffrage, but the chair deflected, saying the committee did not take the question of women's suffrage into consideration. In fact, the committee had stated explicitly why they did not extend women the vote. "women ... do not feel the need to participate in public affairs, as is shown by the lack of all organized movement toward that end; ... political rights are not based on the nature of the human being but on the regulatory functions of the State, on the functions that it must exercise in order to maintain the coexistence of natural rights of all; under the conditions in which Mexican society finds itself, the granting of the vote to women is considered unnecessary." Those opposing women's suffrage thought that women were under the influence of the Catholic Church, so enfranchising them would give power to the Church, but this opinion was not explicitly found in the records of the debate. Women would not achieve the vote in Mexico until 1953.
1473:, dealing with education, was highly contentious. Carranza's draft of Article 3 reads "There is to be full liberty of instruction, but that given in official educational establishments will be secular, and the instruction imparted by these institutions will be free at both the upper and lower levels." Francisco Múgica proposed a much more strongly worded alternative. "There will be liberty of instruction; but that given in official establishments of education will be secular, as will be the upper and lower primary instruction given in private schools. No religious corporation, ministry of any cult, or any person belonging to a similar association may establish or direct schools of primary instruction, nor give instruction in any school . Private primary schools may be established only subject to the supervision of the Government. Primary instruction will be obligatory for all Mexicans, and in official establishments it will be free."
1574:
Although
Mexican delegates did not think enforcement would be easy, it was argued by proponents that enshrining it in the constitution would give prohibition due respect. It was considered in the draft of Article 4, but resoundingly defeated by delegates 145–7. Article 123 dealing with labor, prohibited sale of alcoholic beverages and the establishment of gambling houses in workers' centers, so further debates on prohibition had a chance of passage. Arguments for prohibition were voiced over the loss of revenues that taxing taverns and drink brought in, its contribution to criminality, and undermining public health. In the end, prohibition of alcohol generally was not incorporated into the constitution. Delegate General Múgica made an all-out effort to include the ban, but realized it would not pass. An attempt to prohibit bullfighting was given short shrift, considered a Mexican cultural celebration.
1278:
1614:. Requiring landowners to make all their land productive, and if left idle, subject to government expropriation; the granting of a fixed amount of land to anyone who asks for it, provided they bring it into production and not sell it. Points in the PLM's call for improvement in education were also incorporated, such as completely secular education, compulsory attendance up until age 14, and the establishment of trade schools. Not surprisingly, the PLM also called for restrictions on the Roman Catholic Church, which were incorporated in the constitution. These included treating religious institutions as businesses and required to pay taxes; nationalization of religious institutions' real property; and the elimination of religious-run schools.
2062:
1494:
Constitutionalist faction. The anticlericalism of the
Constitutionalists was a part of their aim to build a strong nation-state. "elegates viewed the church as a political enemy to the establishment of a liberal, secular nation-state...The church seemed to be viewed by most of the delegates as a foreign body that worked against the development of a progressive and independent nation." Rather than anticlericalism being a religious stance, in this interpretation "the militant anti-church stance of the congress was another expression of nationalism." But the Catholic Church had strongly supported the Huerta regime, so that the anticlerical articles in the Constitution are the negative consequences of that.
2504:"In the case of an invasion, a serious disrupt of public peace or any event that puts society in danger or conflict, only the President of the United Mexican States, in accordance with the Secretaries of State and the General Attorney of the Republic, and with approval of the Congress of the Union and, on its recesses, the Permanent Commission, may suspend in all the country or in a specific place any guarantee which were an obstacle to face quickly and easily the situation; but the president shall only do it for a limited time. If the suspension had place when the Congress is gathered, then the Congress will grant any authorization that it deems necessary for the Executive to face the situation."
979:
57:
5672:
1583:
2606:, the right to strike, the right to a day's rest per week, and the right to a proper indemnification following unjustified termination of the working relationship by the employer. This article also established equality regardless of race or gender. The language of the draft passed in 1917 restricted the employment of women in dangerous industries or in work after 10 p.m.; there were provisions for prenatal relief from onerous work three months before birth and one month following birth, as well as provisions to allow mothers to nurse their babies.
1187:
1286:
2222:"Everyone has the right to enter the Republic, exit it, travel through its territory, and change his residence without the need of a security card, passport, or any similar device. The exercise of this right will be subordinated to the faculties of judicial authority, in the cases of criminal or civil responsibility, and to the limits of the administrative authorities, on the limits imposed by laws on emigration, immigration, and health safety laws in the Republic, or over foreigners residing in our country."
1955:. Nonetheless, the Mexican government began moves to normalize diplomatic relations with the Vatican. The pope's second 1990 trip in May put increased pressure on the Mexican government to take steps toward normalization, particularly after the Vatican and the Soviet Union did so that year. Although Salinas planned a trip to the Vatican in 1991, the Catholic hierarchy in Mexico did not want normalization of relations with the Vatican without discussion of significant changes to the constitution.
1482:
the content of the debates is that for
Constitutionalists anticlericalism was a nationalist rather than religious issue. The Roman Catholic Church as an institution was seen to be antiliberal and antinationalist, so that "the Catholic Church was an enemy of Mexican sovereignty and an obstacle to the triumph of liberalism and progress." From this ideological viewpoint, the implementation of the Catholic Church's agenda "was exercised through its control of education, oral confession, etc."
1411:) was sharp even before the congress actually opened. The most bitter fight was over the seating of Palavicini, which was finally settled in a closed session. Carranza's foreign minister and son-in-law, revolutionary General Cándido Aguilar, brought the matter to conclusion by saying that the Constituent Congress was losing time with the debate of Palavincini, while Villa remained strong in Chihuahua and the United States might intervene in Mexico to oppose the new constitution.
265:
2125:
growth of our culture; and it shall contribute to better human relationships, not only with the elements which it contributes toward strengthening and at the same time inculcating, together with respect for the dignity of the person and the integrity of the family, the conviction of the general interest of society, but also by the care which it devotes to the ideals of brotherhood and equality of rights of all men, avoiding privileges of race, creed, class, sex, or persons.
1646:, political nationalism, protection of workers' rights, and acknowledgment of peasants' rights to land. In the assessment of E.V. Niemeyer, "In contrast with the reformers of 1857, who first wrote a constitution and then defended it liberal principles on the battlefield, the early twentieth-century revolutionaries fought first and then wrote a new constitution of the land, the Constitution of 1917. In a real sense this document legalized the Mexican Revolution."
1789:
1442:) passed easily. Although the Constituent Congress has been characterized as a polarized battle of "moderate" and "radical" delegates, Carranza's advisers expected his draft to be revised. In the words of one scholar it was "mauled." The drafting of the two most revolutionary articles was by a small committee and the congress voted unanimously in favor within hours of their presentation. Pastor Rouaix was the guiding hand behind the final versions of both
1269:
Since the multiple major revolutionary reforms were not part of the 1857 Constitution, adding them would entail further complexity. A new constitution drafted by elected delegates would give legitimacy to the new charter, arguing for a constituent congress. Although there was some resistance to the idea, the revolutionaries recognized the "right of revolution", that having won the conflict, the victors could have their way in creating the new document.
229:
2634:
752:
1876:
2528:"Mexicans shall have priority over foreigners under equality of circumstances for all classes of concessions and for all employment, positions, or commissions of the Government in which the status of citizenship is not indispensable." Foreigners, immigrants, and even naturalized citizens of Mexico may not serve as military officers, Mexican-flagged ship and airline crew, or chiefs of seaports and airports.
1391:'s regime (February 1913-July 1914). Although some had voted to accept Madero's forced resignation from the presidency, in a failed move to save his life, this group had blocked Huerta's moves in the legislature to the point that in October 1913 Huerta dissolved congress and ruled as a dictator. Some congressmen fled Mexico, others were jailed by Huerta. With the Constitutionalist victory, some
2053:: Every person has the right to adequate food to maintain his or her wellbeing and physical, emotional and intellectual development. The State must guarantee this right." For Article 27, Clause XX, the revision is "Sustainable and integral rural development (...) will also have among its objectives that the State guarantee sufficient and timely supply of basic foods as established by law."
2404:"Every man is free to pursue the religious belief that best suits him, and to practice its ceremonies, devotions or cults, as long as they do not constitute a crime. Congress cannot dictate laws that establish or abolish any given religion. Ordinarily, all religious acts will be practiced in temples, and those that extraordinarily are practiced outside temples must adhere to law."
1224:. The revolutionaries fought for causes that were beyond the political bounds of the 1857 Constitution. Various political plans articulated demands for socio-economic reform. Carranza's Constitutionalist faction emerged victorious in 1915, having defeated Huerta's regime and then the bloody civil war between the revolutionary faction of
1891:(1988–1994) announced a program to "modernize" Mexico via structural transformation. "The modern state is a state which ... maintains transparency and updates its relation with political parties, entrepreneurial groups, and the church." His declaration was more an articulation of the direction of change, but not list of specifics.
1399:, Félix F. Palavicini, and Luis Manuel Rojas, were now ready to serve in the Constituent Congress to draft the new constitution. There was opposition to them from other Carrancistas for their history of serving in the Huerta regime and those opponents attempted to block their being seated as delegates. Carranza supported the
2536:"The Federal Executive shall have the exclusive power to compel any foreigner whose remaining he may deem inexpedient to abandon the national territory immediately and without the necessity of previous legal action." It also states: "Foreigners may not in any way participate in the political affairs of the country."
1403:, saying he had instructed them to continue serving in Congress during the Huerta regime as a way to gather information about the regime and to block its attempts to act constitutionally. At the Constituent Congress, there were bitter fights over the seating of particular delegates, so that the division between the
1244:
but had not pursued the idea in the thick of revolutionary struggle, but once he had consolidated power, he formally and publicly articulated the idea. Writing in
February 1915, he stated "When peace is established, I shall convoke a Congress duly elected by all people which shall have the character of a
2387:
Confiscation of assets does not include the application of said assets to pay for civil responsibilities caused by a crime, or when used to pay taxes or other fines. Nor will it be confiscation when said assets are part of illegal activities, or when they are related to organized crime, or when proof
2146:
The
Congress of the Union, with a view to unifying and coordinating education throughout the Republic, shall issue the necessary laws for dividing the social function of education among the Federation, the States and the Municipalities, for fixing the appropriate financial allocations for this public
1977:
The constitution still does not accord full religious freedom as recognized by the various human rights declarations and conventions. Specifically, outdoor worship is still prohibited and only allowed in exceptional circumstances, generally requiring government permission, religious organizations are
1958:
An even more significant change came in
Salinas's official state of the nation address in November 1991. He stated that "the moment has come to promote new judicial proceedings for the churches," which were impelled by the need "to reconcile the definitive secularization of our society with effective
1649:
The
Constitution is a living document, which has been amended a number of times. As with the earlier Constitutions, the enforcement of Constitution of 1917 has varied over the years. The Constitution of 1857 had strong anticlerical articles, but under Díaz the Catholic Church had regained much of its
1622:
This constitution is the first one in world history to set out social rights, serving as a model for the Weimar
Constitution of 1919 and the Russian Constitution of 1918. Articles: 3, 27, and 123 displayed profound changes in Mexican political philosophy that would help frame the political and social
2460:
to granting such a beneficial interest is that the foreigner agree that all matters relating to such land are the exclusive domain of
Mexican courts and Mexican jurisdiction, and that in all issues pertaining to such land, the foreigner will conduct him or herself as a Mexican, and settle any issues
2357:
for imprisonable charges. Separate crimes discovered during an investigation must be charged separately. Mistreatment during detention by authorities, all discomforts that are inflicted without legal motive, and all fees or contributions (forced bribes) in jails are abuses that will be prohibited by
2290:
Disallows international treaties for extradition when the person to be extradited is politically persecuted, or accused while having the condition of slave, or when the foreign country contravenes the civil rights granted in the
Mexican constitution (like the right to life and the abolishment of the
2136:
Religious corporations, ministers of religion, stock companies which exclusively or predominantly engage in educational activities, and associations or companies devoted to the propagation of any religious creed shall not in any way participate in institutions giving elementary, secondary and normal
2111:
The education imparted by the Federal State shall be designed to develop harmoniously all the faculties of the human being and shall foster in him at the same time a love of country and a consciousness of international solidarity, in independence and justice. Said education must be free of bias. (As
2102:
The Mexican nation is unique and indivisible. The nation is pluricultural based originally on its indigenous people which are those that are descendants of the people that lived in the current territory of the country at the beginning of the colonization and that preserve their own social, economic,
1521:
of the Revolution, not the lawyers, who were there, but were generally the opposition. On all the crucial issues the lawyers voted against the majority of the Convention. The majority was in the hands of the soldiers -- generals, colonels, majors -- men who had marched and counter-marched across the
1481:
had already brought together victorious revolutionary factions, including Constitutionalists, Zapatistas, and Villistas, but discussions there did not center on anticlericalism. However, the 1916–1917 constitutional congress had lengthy and heated debates over anticlericalism. A contention that fits
1243:
and its subsequent updates did not include demands for a new constitution, but his advisors persuaded him that the best way forward was a new constitution rather than a piecemeal revision of the earlier Constitution. He had initially floated the idea of a constitutional convention in September 1913,
2183:
This article states that no law or authority can "previously" censor the press, or ask for a bail to the authors or printers. The freedom of the press has its limits in respect to private life, morality, and public peace. Incarceration or censorship cannot occur before charges of "press crimes" can
1263:
Palavicini argued that incorporating revolutionary reforms into a new constitution would give them firm standing in the present and future that could be overturned easily. Once a new legislature was convened, legislators could more effect reforms efficiently since they were part of the constitution
2124:
It shall be national insofar as – without hostility or exclusiveness – it shall achieve the understanding of our problems, the utilization of our resources, the defense of our political independence, the assurance of our economic independence, and the continuity and
2008:
In 2009, it was reported that changes to the ejidal system have largely failed to improve ejidal productivity. The changes have been implicated as significant contributing factors to worsening rural poverty, forced migration, and the conversion of Mexico, where the cultivation of maize originated,
1959:
religious freedom." The government proposed changes to the constitution to "respect freedom of religion," but reaffirmed the separation of Church and State, keeping in place secular public education, as well as restrictions on clerics' political participation in civic life and wealth accumulation.
1718:
that allowed ejidos to be converted to private property and sold were designed to create a market in real estate and allow for the creation of larger, more productive agricultural enterprises. Women were seen to be more vulnerable economically with this change since they were a small proportion of
1706:
was revised to restrict the rights of peasant women to hold ejidos in their own name, unless they were "the sole support of the family unit." Female holders of ejidos lost their ejido rights if they married another ejidatario. "Essentially, land was viewed as a family resource, with only one ejido
1424:
discussions," and that "no one should lose sight of the profound change taking place in our fundamental institutions." There is evidence that the "people of Mexico City were cynical: they expected the congress to rubber stamp the draft presented to it by Carranza." Delegates read Carranza's draft,
1419:
Carranza himself submitted a full draft revision of the constitution on 1 December 1916, but the proposed revisions "reflected little of the turmoil that had been going on for the past four years. It was indeed simply a rewording and reorganization of the Constitution of 1857." Carranza's advisers
1358:
The membership of the Congress was not representative of all regions, classes, or political stripes in Mexico. The 220 delegates were all Carrancistas, since the Constitutionalist faction had been victorious militarily; but that did not mean they were of one mind. Most delegates were middle class,
1268:
when president for more than three decades made the legislature and the courts subordinate to his executive power while the Constitution of 1857 remained in effect in theory, but not in practice. Palavicini argued that the process of amending the constitution would be time-consuming and piecemeal.
2090:
is illegal in Mexico; any slaves from abroad who enter national territory will, by this mere act, be freed and given the full protection of the law. All types of discrimination whether it be for ethnic origin, national origin, gender, age, different capacities, social condition, health condition,
1302:
in 1867. Another view is that Mexico City was too conservative and Carranza chose the provincial capital of Querétaro because it was a quiet, peaceful place for such an important meeting. The congress formally opened in November 1916, with delegate elections and then a credentials fight preceding
1847:
now mandated socialist education, which "in addition to removing all religious doctrine" was to "combat fanaticism and prejudices", "build in the youth a rational and exact concept of the universe and of social life". In 1946 socialist education was formally removed from the constitution and the
1573:
Delegates debated social reforms of popular practices deemed as detrimental to the public health of Mexicans. Prohibition of the manufacture and consumption of alcohol had been included as an amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920, repealed in 1933 as a failure, but the idea was in the air.
1493:
restricted the Catholic Church as a consequence of the support given by the Mexican Church's hierarchy to Victoriano Huerta's dictatorship, It has been argued that the Revolution did not begin in 1910 with anticlericalism as a significant issue, but emerged as one only after the victory of the
1371:
backing the progressive faction, although indirectly. "Of the members of the high command, it was Obregón who best understood that military victory had to be consolidated through major concessions to crucial revolutionary forces." Historian of the Querétaro convention, E.V. Niemeyer, compiled a
2455:
Foreign nationals cannot own land within 100 km of the borders or 50 km of the coast; however, foreigners can have a beneficial interest in such land through a trust (fideicomiso), where the legal ownership of the land is held by a Mexican financial institution. The only precondition
1730:
as originally enacted in 1917 were anticlerical and restricted the role of the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico, as well as other organized churches. Although it has been argued that these restrictions were included in part due to a desire by anticlerical framers to punish the Mexican Church's
2609:
Article 123 was perhaps the most radical of the provisions of the 1917 Constitution and was intended to give the working class a relief to the many abuses and hardships they had previously faced from uncontrolled labour managers. Although Venustiano Carranza had not intended to codify labour
2128:
Private persons may engage in education of all kinds and grades. But as regards elementary, secondary, and normal education (and that of any kind or grade designed for laborers and farm workers) they must previously obtain, in every case, the express authorization of the public power. Such
2103:
cultural, political institutions. The awareness of their indigenous identity should be fundamental criteria to determine to whom the dispositions over indigenous tribes are applied. They are integral communities of an indigenous tribe that form a social, economic and cultural organization.
2412:
The State will plan, determine, and carry out the development of the Nation, so that it guarantees its integrity, strengthens national sovereignty, and allows for a broader exercise of freedom and dignity of the individuals through an economic growth that distributes wealth with justice.
1750:
likewise prohibited ministers or religious groups from aiding the poor, engaging in scientific research, and spreading their teachings. The constitution prohibited churches to own property and transferred all church property to the state, thus making all houses of worship state property.
2209:
Inhabitants of the Republic may, for their protection, own guns and arms in their homes. Only arms approved by the Army may be owned, and federal law will state the manner in which they can be used. (Firearms are prohibited from importation into the Republic without proper licensing and
1946:
The Vatican likely sensed a sea-change in the Mexican ruling party's stance on anticlericalism. In 1990, John Paul II visited Mexico, his first since 1979 for the Puebla conference of Latin American bishops. After the announcement of his intentions, the Mexican Minister of the Interior
1522:
Republic and fought its battles... The soldiers wanted, as General Múgica said to me, to socialize property. But they were frightened -- afraid of their own courage, of their own ideas. They found all of the learned men in the Convention opposed to them. Article 27 was a compromise.
2132:
Private institutions devoted to education of the kinds and grades specified in the preceding section must be without exception in conformity with the provisions of sections I and II of the first paragraph of this article and must also be in harmony with official plans and programs.
1745:
required that education, in both public and private schools be completely secular and free of any religious instruction and prohibited religions from participating in education – essentially outlawing Catholic schools or even religious education in private schools.
1354:
factions from this congress; however, the demands, and political pressure, of these factions pushed the delegates to adopt social demands not originally in Carranza's plan –i.e. articles 27 and 123 that spoke to the demands of peasants and workers who had fought for their rights.
1367:, Carranza's son-in-law. The predominantly civilian composition of the Constituent Congress was in contrast with the place of real power in revolutionary Mexico, which was in the military. Most senior generals did not participate directly in the congress. An exception was
1372:
roster of delegates, with the names of delegates and information on the age, state from which delegates were elected, and their occupation, profession, or military rank. Villa's home state of Chihuahua had only one delegate., while Morelos, Zapata's home state, had two.
1894:
The implementation of reforms entailed amending the constitution, which required overcoming opposition on the Left as well as in the Catholic Church itself. After considerable debate, the Mexican legislature voted for these fundamental revisions in Church-State policy.
2461:
arising from their interest in such land exclusively through Mexican courts and institutions. The stipulated consequence of a failure to abide by these terms is forfeiture to the nation of their interests in all lands where the foreigner has such beneficial interests.
1259:
persuaded Carranza that a new constitution was the best way to return to rule of law, through a new governing document. Carranza agreed, allowing Palavicini to launch a press campaign to win over Mexicans, and especially the revolutionary army generals, to the idea.
1934:
who saw anticlericalism as an inherent element of post-Revolution Mexico. It was clear that given the contested nature of the 1988 elections that Salinas could not expect to operate with a mandate for his program. However, the debate was now open. Leftists led by
1910:
which empowered the State over fundamental aspects of property ownership and resulted in expropriation and distribution of lands, while limiting the right to sell communally-held ejido lands, and most famously in 1938, the expropriation of foreign oil companies.
2544:
National sovereignty is bestowed essentially and originally upon the people. Every public power derives from the people and is instituted for their benefit. The people possess, at all times, the inalienable right to alter or change their form of government.
3875:, Dirk Raat, ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1982. Cockcroft translated the PLM program and indicated which parts were incorporated into the constitution and which went further than the constitution. Page numbers here are to the reprint in Raat.
2374:
Crime investigation corresponds to the Public Ministry and different police corps, which will be under the command of whoever is in the exercise of that function. This article proceeds to explain the functions of the Public Ministry, police, and trials.
1293:
Carranza convoked a congress specifically to revise the liberal constitution of 1857, but the process created a more sweeping, new document. The Constitution was drafted in Querétaro, not the capital. Carranza chose the site because it was where Emperor
1757:
denied churches any kind of legal status and allowed local legislators to limit the number of ministers, (essentially giving the state the ability to restrict religious institutions) and banned any ministers not born in Mexico. It denied ministers
2192:
Public functionaries and employees will respect the public exercise to their right to petition, as long as it is formulated in writing, in a peaceful and respectful manner. In political petitioning, only citizens of the republic have this right.
5793:
1506:, which enabled the government to implement land reform and exert control over its subsoil resources, particularly oil. Article 27 states in particular that foreign citizens cannot own land at the borders or coasts as a consequence of the
2622:" and places a series of restrictions on priests and ministers of all religions (ineligible to hold public office, to campaign on behalf of political parties or candidates, to inherit from persons other than close blood relatives, etc.).
2344:
Mandates gender segregation of inmates and separation of those held for trial from those who have been convicted. Limits the government's authority to arrest only those suspected of crimes for which imprisonment is an allowed punishment.
1476:
There were significant debates on the anticlerical articles of the constitution. The liberal Constitution of 1857 already restricted the Roman Catholic Church as an institution, but the constitutional revision went even further. The 1914
2475:
The areas of the economy in direct control of the government, such as post, telegraph, oil and its derivatives, basic petrochemical industries, radioactive minerals, and the generation of electricity are not considered to be monopolies.
2085:
This article states that every individual in Mexico (official name, Estados Unidos Mexicanos or United Mexican States) has the rights that the Constitution gives. These rights cannot be denied and they cannot be suspended.
1433:
The most highly contentious discussions were over the articles dealing with education and with the Roman Catholic Church, while the more "revolutionary" articles on the state's power to expropriate and distribute resources
1974:(Religious Associations Act), passed 408–10. The leftist Partido Revolucionario Democrático struggled with whether to support this significant change to Mexico's anticlericalism, but most PRD legislators did in the end.
2429:
The property of all land and water within national territory is originally owned by the Nation, who has the right to transfer this ownership to particulars. Hence, private property is a privilege created by the Nation.
5773:
5636:
1922:
The Church had contested all these restrictions from the beginning. With the possibility of changed relations between Church and State, "the main demand of the Catholic hierarchy was centered on the modification of
1978:
not permitted to own print or electronic media outlets, government permission is required to broadcast religious ceremonies, and ministers are prohibited from being political candidates or holding public office.
2327:
is prohibited. This article makes provisions relating to arrest and imprisonment. The article's emphasis on "social readjustment of the offender" was interpreted for a time after 2001 as forbidding sentences of
1359:
not workers or peasants. Middle class professionals predominated, with lawyers, teachers, engineers, doctors, and journalists. A small but significant group of delegates were revolutionary generals, including
865:. Some of the most important provisions are Articles 3, 27, and 123; adopted in response to the armed insurrection of popular classes during the Mexican Revolution, these articles display profound changes in
4225:
Secretaria de Gobernación, Diario Official, "Decreto por el que se reforman los. Artículos 3, 5, 24, 130 y se adiciona el art. 17 Transitorio de la Constitución de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos," 28 January
2147:
service and for establishing the penalties applicable to officials who do not comply with or enforce the pertinent provisions, as well as the penalties applicable to all those who infringe such provisions.
2383:
Cruel and unusual punishment is prohibited. Specifically, penalties of death, mutilation, infamy, marks, physical punishments, torments, excessive fines, confiscation of assets, and others are abolished.
2120:
It shall be democratic, considering democracy not only as a legal structure and a political regimen, but as a system of life founded on a constant economic, social, and cultural betterment of the people;
2044:
were revised to guarantee the right of food In Mexico. "he State has an obligation to guarantee the right ... and to assure sufficient supply of basic foods through integral and sustainable development
5778:
4541:
1561:
The congress debated extending the vote to Mexican women. There were very active women's suffrage movements in the U.S. and Britain. While not as strong in Mexico, there were activists for the cause.
869:
that helped frame the political and social backdrop for Mexico in the twentieth century. Article 3 established the basis for free, mandatory, and secular education; Article 27 laid the foundation for
1867:
and other religious celebrations during his 1980 and 1990 visits illegal acts, the government turned a blind eye. The anticlerical articles remained in the Constitution until the reforms of 1992.
3789:
2137:
education and education for laborers or field workers. The State may in its discretion withdraw at any time the recognition of official validity of studies conducted in private institutions.
5646:
5768:
1531:
A major victory for organized labor was the enshrining of labor rights in the Constitution. Labor had played an important role in the Constitutionalist victory, and this was its reward in
1919:
prevented the recognition of the Church as a legal entity, denied to clergy the exercise of political rights, and prevented the Church from participating in any way in political matters.
2175:
This article establishes freedom for the expression of ideas with limitations for speech that is morally offensive, infringes on others' rights, or encourages crime or public disorder.
2091:
religion, opinions, sexual preferences, or civil state or any other which attacks human dignity and has as an objective to destroy the rights and liberties of the people are forbidden.
2073:
The main ideas or an abstract of the current contents of the articles of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States is as follows. Not all articles are presented. (See the
1719:
ejidatarios. In practice, in one 2002 study of four different site, despite the change in the law, women (mothers and widows) retained considerable economic status within the family.
1310:
and the 1857 Constitution over a lengthy period, the Constituent Congress produced the final draft in a matter of a few months, between November 1916 and February 1917. According to
5821:
2958:
5783:
1318:
Constitution, the hypothetical contents of which could be later reviewed, rewritten and ignored (all of which happened)." Another factor may have been that the forces of General
5826:
5816:
5763:
5733:
2802:
2449:
Nuclear fuel may only be exploited and used by the State. The use of Nuclear elements in the Nation may only have peaceful purposes (i.e. Mexico cannot build nuclear weapons).
1602:
incorporated its demands for the 8-hour day, minimum wage, hygienic working conditions, prohibitions on abuse of sharecroppers, payment of wages in cash, not scrip, banning of
5631:
5501:
4429:
1840:
acting as mediator between the Mexican government and the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church, the end of the violent conflict did not result in constitutional changes.
1314:, the immediacy with which the document was drafted and Carranza's acceptance of some radical provisions "suggests that what Carranza and his colleagues chiefly wanted was
5753:
5748:
5743:
1675:
The constitution was amended in 1926 to allow presidential re-elections as long as the president did not serve consecutive terms. This amendment allowed former president
1346:. Carranza was pressured to amnesty those who had been hostile as well as allow those who had gone into exile to return to Mexico, but he refused. Carranza excluded the
1264:
already. The Constitution of 1857 had subordinated the executive branch to the legislative, in an attempt to curtail the power of strong presidents. The liberal general
5693:
1796:
was a fierce anticlerical. When he became president of Mexico in 1924, he began enforcing the constitutional restrictions on the Roman Catholic Church, leading to the
3043:
5708:
5703:
5571:
1213:
835:
220:
2493:
will not be considered to be monopolies when their purpose is the economic equality of the industry, as long as the guild is overseen by the Federal Government.
2117:
II. The educational services shall be based on scientific progress and shall fight against ignorance, ignorance's effects, servitudes, fanaticism and prejudice.
1927:" to recognize the Church as a legal entity, restore political rights to priests, and to end restrictions "on the social actions of the Church and its members."
3132:
2115:
I. According to the religious liberties established under article 24, educational services shall be secular and, therefore, free of any religious orientation.
1650:
economic power, since he did not enforce the constitutional provisions. The anticlerical articles of the 1917 Constitution were not enforced vigorously until
4548:
1939:
opposed any change in the anticlerical articles of the constitution, since they were seen as the foundation for the power of the secular state. However, the
4531:(translation by Carlos Pérez Vázques) of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States (2005 edition by the Institute of Juridical Research, UNAM)
1249:
873:; and Article 123 was designed to empower the labor sector, which had emerged in the late nineteenth century and which supported the winning faction of the
2914:
2730:
2319:
justice, all civil and criminal disputes must be resolved before courts. Mandates speedy trials in both civil and criminal matters. Prohibits levying of "
1289:
The new constitution was approved on 5 February 1917. This photo shows the Constituent Congress of 1917 swearing fealty to the newly created Constitution.
4716:
3961:
3691:
1387:", who had been elected in 1912 to the Mexican legislature during Madero's presidency. Some considered them tainted for their continuing to serve during
1338:
Delegates to the congress were to be elected, with one per jurisdiction that had existed in 1912, when congressional elections had been held during the
1843:
The constitution was made even more anticlerical from 1934 to 1946, when an amendment mandating socialist education was in effect. On 13 December 1934
4313:
1239:
Carranza initially envisioned revisions to the 1857 Constitution that would incorporate the demands for which revolutionaries fought. Carranza's 1913
5271:
2396:
No trial should have more than three instances. No one can be judged twice for the same crime, whether the person is declared guilty or non-guilty.
2167:
All Citizens of the United Mexican States are free to work in the profession of their choosing, as long as it does not attack the rights of others.
1380:, states the Constituent Congress contained 85 conservatives and centrists close to Carranza's brand of liberalism, and 132 more radical delegates.
5803:
2210:
documentation. Foreigners may not pass the border with unlicensed firearms; the commission of such act is a felony, punishable by prison term. See
4040:
1698:
was to empower the government to expropriate property for the good of the nation. This tool was used to break up large landed estates and created
2278:, punishments must follow what is dictated by written law. Note that due process under Mexican law is not the same as US law as Mexico is not a
4370:
3939:
2996:
Mexico and the 1981 United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief
2439:
The State will always have the right to impose on private property constraints dictated by "public interest". The State will also regulate the
1833:
2446:
All natural resources in national territory are property of the nation, and private exploitation may only be carried out through concessions.
2184:
be proven, but it can happen when responsibility has been judicially established. In no case shall printers be seized as crimes' instruments.
2443:
based on social benefits and the equal distribution of wealth. The state is also responsible for conservation and ecological considerations.
1825:
of the Church and of the faithful" and that both he and his predecessor had endeavored to avoid their application by the Mexican government.
463:
1330:
contends "revealed the still-hot embers of peasant war and mass discontent with the whole reactionary policy followed by Carranza in 1916."
5798:
4880:
4091:
789:
17:
4258:
5138:
3097:
2303:, any person may arrest the offender and his accomplices, turning them over without delay to the nearest authorities." In other words, a
1859:
The inconsistency in enforcement meant that even though the constitution prohibited any worship outside of a church building, which made
1679:
to run for the presidency in 1928, an election he won, but he was assassinated before taking office. The amendment was repealed in 1934.
5713:
4169:
Jorge A. Vargas, "Freedom of Religion and Public Worship in Mexico: A Legal Commentary on the 1992 Federal Act on Religious Matters."
2786:
5234:
661:
424:
5481:
5466:
3070:
4426:
834:. It was approved by the Constituent Congress on 5 February 1917, and was later amended several times. It is the successor to the
4580:
2998:
5556:
5393:
5148:
5017:
2591:
925:), commemorating the promulgation of the Constitution on 5 February 1917. The holiday is held on the first Monday of February.
733:
501:
762:
241:
5626:
5281:
4482:
2838:
2796:
715:
711:
478:
4405:
4131:
4111:
3157:
1662:
with the U.S. and Canada. Anticlerical articles were amended as was Article 27 empowering the state over natural resources.
31:
5728:
4681:
4646:
3035:
1507:
1299:
1277:
698:
693:
570:
566:
1342:
presidency. Those who had been "hostile to the Constitutionalist Cause" were banned from participating, but voting was by
899:, there were significant revisions of the constitution, modifying Article 27 to strengthen private property rights, allow
5880:
5491:
5110:
4995:
1994:
1659:
922:
592:
35:
1970:(PAN). The enabling legislation was debated far more than the initial bill, but in July 1992, the enabling legislation,
907:
and end redistribution of land, and the articles restricting the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico were largely repealed.
5718:
5012:
4921:
4629:
4297:
2610:
protection in the constitution, congressmen who supported the working-class successfully pushed for it to be included.
1848:
document returned to the generalized secular education. In practice, however, socialist education ended with President
862:
668:
649:
610:
2155:
All people, men and women, are equal under the law. This article also grants all people protection to their health, a
1658:. In the 1990s, President Carlos Salinas de Gortari called for amending the Constitution as Mexico sought to join the
5651:
4843:
4731:
4671:
4507:
4424:
The Mexican Revolution and the United States in the Collections of the Library of Congress: The Constitution of 1917.
3783:
3727:
3685:
3655:
2952:
2766:
2724:
2440:
2329:
2129:
authorization may be refused or revoked by decisions against which there can be no judicial proceedings or recourse.
1931:
600:
561:
557:
553:
549:
4147:
Salinas, quoted in Roberto Blancarte, "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico: An Historical Approach."
5860:
5419:
4838:
4813:
4593:
3124:
3036:"Freedom of Religion and Public Worship in Mexico: A Legal Commentary on the 1992 Federal Act on Religious Matters"
2756:
2618:
States that church(es) and state are to remain separate. It provides for the obligatory state registration of all "
782:
441:
385:
375:
2828:
2464:
That an area of land at the coast (20 meters from the highest tide line) is federal property that cannot be sold.
2061:
1821:, stated that the anticlerical articles of the constitution were "seriously derogatory to the most elementary and
1322:
remained an active threat to the Constitutionalist regime. In December 1916, Villa captured the important city of
1254:
5336:
4931:
4870:
2667:
2159:, and rights for children. Everyone has a right to an appropriate ecosystem for their development & welfare.
1739:
enacted during the Liberal Reform in Mexico, already significantly curtailed the role of religious institutions.
1351:
625:
432:
292:
2908:
2021:
adopted a final decree amending the Constitution as approved by the majority of the Federated States, modifying
1598:'s (PLM) 1906 political program proposed a number of reforms that were incorporated into the 1917 Constitution.
5080:
4808:
4182:
Jorge A. Vargas, "Mexico's Legal Revolution: An Appraisal of Its Recent Constitutional Changes, 1988–1995." 25
3717:
2714:
2657:
1967:
1940:
967:
630:
605:
3965:
3675:
5875:
5838:
5143:
5048:
4803:
4651:
2565:
1556:
544:
540:
536:
532:
4534:
5788:
5459:
5444:
5351:
5249:
5153:
5133:
4953:
4936:
4833:
4317:
2677:
1736:
1682:
The Constitution was amended in 1927 to extend the president's term for four years to six years. President
1478:
578:
454:
390:
334:
278:
137:
4528:
3645:
5895:
5890:
5758:
5566:
5058:
4958:
4885:
4619:
4573:
4342:
2479:
The State will protect areas of priority in the economy, such as satellite communications and railroads.
1864:
1686:
was the first to serve out a full six-year term, beginning in 1934 and stepping down from power in 1940.
1455:
1307:
775:
686:
635:
339:
3773:
3015:
Roberto Blancarte (1993). "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico: An Historical Approach".
5541:
5361:
5182:
5073:
5063:
4736:
4691:
4457:
E. Canales Serrano, "Diseño Institucional de la Junta de Conciliación y Arbitraje", (April, 2018), p.10
4036:
3924:
Mexico: an encyclopedia of contemporary culture and history, Don M. Coerver, Suzanne B. Pasztor, pg. 55
1781:(1920–1924) did not implement the anticlerical articles of the constitution, which was the stance that
1540:
1396:
1360:
1343:
990:) which are series of articles related to the same overall theme. The Titles, of variable length, are:
978:
509:
56:
5723:
5738:
5661:
5606:
5576:
5496:
5266:
4985:
4968:
4890:
4823:
2580:
1888:
1880:
952:
896:
881:
4377:
3935:
2066:
5641:
5616:
5591:
5551:
5536:
5506:
5168:
5163:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4797:
4788:
4666:
2647:
2243:
1936:
918:
673:
656:
620:
1805:
1793:
1651:
885:
819:
5905:
5870:
5656:
5596:
5561:
5516:
5452:
5239:
5100:
4828:
4636:
2554:
2482:
The Nation will have a Central Bank with the primary objective of procuring the stability of the
1990:
1595:
1587:
1311:
1233:
839:
723:
467:
329:
4696:
4247:"Ejidos, Land Sales, and Free Trade in Northwest Mexico: Will Globalization Affect the Commons?"
4088:
2942:
172:
Only in cases of permanent or absolute absence of the President, the General Congress elects an
5900:
5611:
5581:
5526:
5521:
5511:
5304:
5209:
5115:
5105:
4963:
4641:
4566:
4427:
https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mexican-revolution-and-the-united-states/constitution-of-1917.html
4246:
3405:
2211:
2201:
Only citizens of the Republic of Mexico may take part in the political affairs of the country.
1870:
1759:
346:
300:
4077:
3085:
5885:
5698:
5586:
5531:
5376:
5229:
5219:
5095:
5043:
4973:
4926:
4865:
4686:
3742:
Roman, Richard, "Church-State Relations and the Mexican Constitutional Congress, 1916–1917."
1632:
1611:
1544:
870:
738:
416:
408:
305:
202:
3603:
Richard Roman, "Church-State Relations and the Mexican Constitutional Congress, 1916–1917".
2323:" and fees, judicial service is free to all parties. Courts are to be free and independent.
1785:
had taken with the anticlerical articles of the 1857 Constitution and the Catholic Church.
1197:
The Political Constitution of the United Mexican States is one of the major outcomes of the
1193:, leader of the victorious faction, convoked the elected body to draft the new constitution.
5865:
5621:
5546:
5388:
5224:
5199:
5194:
5085:
4990:
4624:
4609:
1849:
1683:
1643:
1295:
1210:
947:
942:
827:
615:
145:
4746:
2421:
The State will encourage the development of democracy which will support economic growth.
8:
5680:
5341:
5331:
5214:
5120:
5000:
4948:
4771:
4751:
3059:"Mexico's Legal Revolution: An Appraisal of Its Recent Constitutional Changes, 1988–1995"
2304:
1930:
The initial reaction to changing the constitution was quite negative from members of the
1774:
1676:
1425:
but did not accept the document that only made minor revisions to the 1857 Constitution.
1368:
1339:
1236:
contends that the new constitution was "a means to confer legitimacy on a shaky regime."
1206:
1202:
1190:
858:
522:
493:
367:
359:
150:
127:
3351:
Peter H. Smith, "La política dentro la revolución: el congreso constiyente de 1916–17."
3058:
2001:
also permit the privatization and the sale of ejidal land and was a direct cause of the
5371:
5346:
4909:
4895:
4711:
2886:
2712:
2672:
2619:
2324:
2239:
2026:
1915:
also prevented churches from holding real property at all. For the Catholic hierarchy,
1822:
1582:
1547:
made demands for protections for labor, that were incorporated into the labor article.
1364:
1198:
874:
866:
843:
831:
319:
255:
2452:
This article also deals with other subtleties on what constitutes Mexico's territory.
1770:, prohibiting them and religious publications from criticizing the law or government.
5412:
5296:
5276:
5261:
5158:
5090:
5031:
5005:
4818:
4793:
4783:
4601:
4503:
4478:
4409:
4293:
4289:
4282:
3779:
3723:
3681:
3651:
2995:
2948:
2890:
2878:
2834:
2792:
2762:
2720:
2652:
2300:
2235:
1860:
1828:
The escalation of church-state tensions led to fierce regional violence known as the
1767:
1732:
1420:
who had prepared the draft expected that it "would serve as a starting point for the
1388:
1240:
1217:
962:
395:
324:
167:
117:
4444:
N. Andrew and N. Cleven, "Some Social Aspects of the Mexican Constitution of 1917."
2353:
Prohibits detention in excess of 72 hours (3 days) without formal charges. Mandates
1943:
in alliance with the weakened PRI became allies to move toward fundamental reforms.
1778:
5314:
5068:
4761:
4756:
4656:
4519:
2870:
2569:
2156:
2018:
2002:
1836:. Although the Cristero War came to an end in 1929, with U.S. Ambassador to Mexico
1635:
as well as asserting state sovereignty over the nation's subsoil rights ; and
1536:
1511:
910:
811:
728:
445:
173:
4338:
Alfredo Acedo, "Mexican Constitution Now Recognizes Right to Food." CIP Americas.
2906:
2858:
1981:
The end of constitutional support for land reform was part of a larger program of
1782:
1707:
membership allotted per family." In 1971, these restrictions were removed via the
1265:
1186:
5428:
5383:
5366:
5356:
5319:
5254:
5204:
4741:
4472:
4433:
4346:
4135:
4128:
4115:
4108:
4095:
3161:
3154:
3002:
2433:
2307:
is allowed (as distinct from vigilante justice, prohibited in the next article).
1852:, who said at the beginning of his presidential term in 1940 "I am a believer" (
1562:
1285:
1229:
1221:
1094:
About the responsibilities of the public service and the patrimony of the State (
1045:
Capítulo II, de las Partes Integrantes de la Federación y del Territorio Nacional
1043:
Chapter II: On the Parts That Make Up the Federation and the National Territory (
133:
4314:"On June 23, 2005, Mexico's House approved a measure striking the death penalty"
2944:
In the shadow of the Mexican revolution: contemporary Mexican history, 1910–1989
2486:. The Central Bank and its activities will not be considered monopolies either.
1535:. The labor article was drafted by a small committee of the congress, headed by
982:
Original inside cover of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States
5053:
4875:
3228:
2603:
2259:
1642:
Its innovations were in expanding the Mexican state's power into the realms of
1603:
1373:
1248:
for raising constitutional precepts the reforms dictated during the struggle."
702:
3986:
Sarah Hamilton, "Neoliberalism, Gender, and Property Rights in Rural Mexico".
2874:
2112:
per the full definition of the word "Laica" as used in the original document)
1962:
The bill to amend the constitution was submitted to the legislature to reform
1883:(1988–1994), whose administration significantly amended the 1917 Constitution.
34:. For the constitution of the State of Mexico published in the same year, see
5854:
5433:
5286:
4980:
4017:
Hamilton, "Neoliberalism, Gender, and Property Rights in Mexico," pp. 121–23.
2882:
2662:
2639:
2333:
2271:
1982:
1837:
1763:
900:
854:
756:
314:
5474:
4008:
Hamilton, "Neoliberalism, Gender, and Property Rights in Mexico," pp. 121–22
3867:
James D. Cockcroft, ed. "Liberal Party Program 1906" in James D. Cockcroft,
3775:
NAFTA & neocolonialism: comparative criminal, human & social justice
2698:
Revolution at QuerétaroÉ: The Mexican Constitutional Convention of 1916–1917
1871:
Constitutional reform of anticlerical articles and land reform under Salinas
1502:
The question of the state's power over natural resources was articulated in
1096:
De las responsabilidades de los servidores públicos y patrimonial del Estado
5324:
5125:
4721:
4500:
Revolution at Querétaro: the Mexican constitutional convention of 1916–1917
2859:"Zapata reactivado: una visión žižekiana del Centenario de la Constitución"
2483:
1829:
1817:
1797:
1655:
1327:
1319:
1225:
937:
889:
82:
823:
5309:
4360:
translation in Acedo, "Mexican Constitution Now Recognizes Right to Food.
3999:
Hamilton, "Neoliberalism, Gender, and Property Rights in Mexico," p. 121.
2354:
2320:
2275:
2255:
1722:
1711:(Agrarian Reform Law), so that spouses and their children could inherit.
264:
181:
2913:. School of Canon Law, the Catholic University of America. p. 172.
2830:
Earl Warren and the Warren Court: the legacy in American and foreign law
1966:. The bill passed in December 1991 with the support of the conservative
1788:
1181:
39:
4706:
4701:
4676:
4661:
3433:
Mexico: biography of power : a history of modern Mexico, 1810–1996
2279:
2274:(retroactive) laws. All persons punished under the law are entitled to
1813:
957:
232:
157:
102:
4235:
Blancarte, "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico," p. 5.
4216:
Blancarte, "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico," p. 4.
4160:
Blancarte, "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico", p. 2.
1856:), signaling the end of the enforcement of the anticlerical articles.
1323:
5685:
4614:
3086:"The Effect of International Treaties on Religious Freedom in Mexico"
2316:
2065:
Commemoration of the 100 year anniversary of the Constitution at the
1832:. Some scholars have characterized the constitution in this era as a
1347:
1201:
that started in 1910 and won by the Constitutionalist faction led by
176:
when necessary; Deputies validated presidential elections until 1993.
2713:
Akhtar Majeed; Ronald Lampman Watts; Douglas Mitchell Brown (2006).
5671:
5244:
4726:
3771:
2489:
Unions and workers associations will not be considered monopolies.
1985:
economic restructuring that had already been weakening support for
4558:
2990:
2988:
2077:
section below for links to the full text in English and Spanish.)
1383:
An important group of delegates elected to the congress were the "
30:"Constitución de 1917" redirects here. For the metro station, see
27:
Principles, institutions and law of political governance in Mexico
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2940:
2332:, which led to the refusal of some extradition requests from the
2231:
2087:
1875:
1809:
863:
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Constitution of 1918
3027:
2716:
Distribution of powers and responsibilities in federal countries
1898:
The Constitution of 1917 had several anticlerical restrictions.
1689:
4589:
3647:
Workers, neighbors, and citizens: the revolution in Mexico City
2490:
1699:
1610:
of the Constitution incorporated some of the PLM's demands for
75:
4037:"Mexico Partially Restores Religious Freedom — The Forerunner"
2965:
1834:"hostile" approach to the issue of church and state separation
1038:
Capítulo I, de la Soberanía Nacional y de la Forma de Gobierno
4339:
1986:
1109:
About the States of the Federation and the Federal District (
904:
888:(1924–1928) in 1926 led to the violent conflict known as the
884:, and attempts to enforce the articles strictly by President
2758:
Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1982, Volume 12; Volume 1982
4195:
Blancarte, "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations" p. 2.
4129:
Mexico: an encyclopedia of contemporary culture and history
4127:
Coerver, Don M., Suzanne B. Pasztor and Robert Buffington,
4089:
DECRETO que reforma el artículo 3 y la fracción XXV del 73.
2907:
Catholic University of America. Dept. of Canon Law (1942).
1036:
Chapter I: On National Sovereignty and Form of Government (
2496:
Copyrights and patents will not be considered monopolies.
1568:
933:
The constitution was founded on seven fundamental ideals:
3083:
5475:
Constitutions of states and dependencies in the Americas
3125:"Mexico will Celebrate Constitution Day on February 6th"
2012:
1906:
restricted church services outside of church buildings;
1627:
established the bases for a mandatory and lay education;
880:
Articles 3, 5, 24, 27, and 130 seriously restricted the
842:. "The Constitution of 1917 is the legal triumph of the
3871:, Austin: University of Texas Press 1968. Reprinted in
3719:
Beyond Eurocentrism: a new view of modern world history
2436:
may only be made when there is a public utility cause.
2056:
1407:
and a more radical group of leftists (sometimes called
1303:
that; the final draft was approved on 5 February 1917.
1281:
Teatro Iturbide, Querétaro, where the congress was held
2099:
This article states the nature of the Mexican nation.
1723:
Anticlerical articles and the 1934 and 1946 Amendments
1702:, small-scale, inalienable peasant holdings. In 1927,
1111:
De los estados de la Federación y del Distrito Federal
3308:
3306:
2032:
1182:
Constitutionalists and the idea of a new constitution
816:
Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos
4184:
Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law
3063:
Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law
2629:
1951:) stated flatly that the government would not amend
1497:
4542:"Mexican Constitution Now Recognizes Right to Food"
3403:Manuel González Oropeza, "Constitution of 1917" in
2520:This article speaks about obligations of Mexicans.
2512:This article speaks about the Mexican nationality.
1670:
1590:(1906) were incorporated into the 1917 Constitution
1002:
Capítulo I: de los Derechos Humanos y sus Garantías
853:is the first such document in the world to set out
808:
Political Constitution of the United Mexican States
50:
Political Constitution of the United Mexican States
4281:
4212:
4210:
3873:Mexico: From Independence to Revolution: 1810–1910
3303:
3110:Victor Gabriel Muro, "Catholic Church: Mexico" in
2009:into a net-importer of maize and food in general.
4408:. The Institute of World Politics. Archived from
4363:
3869:Intellectual Precursors of the Mexican Revolution
3547:
3545:
3448:, Austin: University of Texas Press 1973, p. 332.
3248:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1972, p. 328.
3172:
3170:
3014:
2826:
1808:(1924–1928) sought to enforce them. In 1926 Pope
1000:Chapter I: Of Human Rights and their Guarantees (
5852:
4257:(2/3). University of Kansas Libraries: 211–234.
3673:
3005:, pp. 437–438 nn. 7–8, BYU Law Review, June 2002
2143:All education given by the State shall be free.
1414:
1306:Unlike the earlier congresses that produced the
1216:to unite Mexicans against the regime of General
4502:Austin : University of Texas Press, 1974.
4316:. English.nessunotocchicaino.it. Archived from
4207:
3677:Zapata: The Ideology of a Peasant Revolutionary
3246:Mexican Revolution: The Constitutionalist Years
3114:vol. 1, p. 222. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.
3056:
3033:
2784:
3772:Laurence French; Magdaleno Manzanárez (2004).
3615:
3613:
3542:
3167:
2754:
2700:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1974, 233.
1972:Ley de Asociaciones Religiosas y Culto Público
1902:restricted the existence of religious orders;
61:Cover of the original copy of the Constitution
5460:
4574:
4448:, vol. 4, No. 3, No. 3 (August 1921), p. 479.
4356:
4354:
4109:Mexican politics: the containment of conflict
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3627:
3625:
1690:Amendment restricting agrarian women's rights
1168:About the Inviolability of the Constitution (
783:
5794:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
4055:
2941:Héctor Aguilar Camín; Lorenzo Meyer (1993).
2602:Covers the rights of workers, including the
1272:
5111:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
3902:Cockcroft, "Liberal Party Program," p. 275.
3893:Cockcroft, "Liberal Party Program," p. 274.
3884:Cockcroft, "Liberal Party Program", p. 276.
3778:. University Press of America. p. 24.
3680:. International Publishers Co. p. 23.
3610:
3446:Mexican Revolution: Constitutionalist Years
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2761:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 14.
2069:, Santiago de Querétaro on 5 February 2017.
1606:, and Sunday as an obligatory day of rest.
986:The Constitution is divided into "Titles" (
5467:
5453:
4581:
4567:
4351:
3962:"Mexico – Reference Information – History"
3758:
3722:. Syracuse University Press. p. 165.
3715:
3711:
3709:
3669:
3667:
3639:
3637:
3622:
2902:
2900:
2140:Elementary education shall be compulsory.
2029:in its entirety within Mexican territory.
1639:was designed to empower the labor sector.
790:
776:
55:
4539:
4400:
4398:
3643:
2947:. University of Texas Press. p. 63.
2822:
2820:
2780:
2778:
2750:
2748:
2708:
2706:
425:LXIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress
4520:The most recent text of the Constitution
2921:
2366:Allows people charged to remain silent.
2060:
2025:of said Constitution banning the use of
1874:
1787:
1581:
1284:
1276:
1185:
1058:Chapter I: On the Separation of Powers (
1023:Capítulo IV: de los Ciudadanos Mexicanos
977:
4474:Totalitarianism and political religions
3755:Roman, "Church-State Relations," p. 76.
3706:
3664:
3634:
3631:Roman, "Church-State Relations," p. 75.
3619:Roman, "Church-State Relations", p. 75.
3435:. New York: HarperCollins 1997, p. 387.
2897:
2856:
1654:became president in 1924, sparking the
1569:Prohibition of alcohol and bullfighting
1170:De la Inviolabilidad de la Constitución
928:
14:
5853:
4395:
4244:
4173:Vol. 1998, issue 2, article 6, p. 433.
3792:from the original on 22 December 2016.
3046:from the original on 18 February 2015.
2817:
2775:
2745:
2703:
2572:must be "a Mexican citizen by birth."
1623:backdrop for the rest of the century.
1065:Chapter II: On the Legislative Power (
968:Supremacy of the State over the Church
502:Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation
5448:
4562:
4535:A History of the Mexican Constitution
4470:
4279:
4261:from the original on 19 November 2015
4073:
3933:
2857:Centeno, Ramón I. (1 February 2018).
2733:from the original on 13 November 2021
2719:. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 188.
2013:Capital punishment and 2005 amendment
1665:
1298:was executed, bringing to an end the
1072:Chapter III: On the Executive Power (
1060:Capítulo I, de la División de Poderes
895:In 1992, under the administration of
3942:from the original on 4 November 2012
3650:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 261.
3381:. New York: The New Press 2005, 236.
3235:. New York: Harper Collins 1997, 358
3135:from the original on 5 February 2023
3100:from the original on 7 January 2016.
2852:
2850:
2805:from the original on 20 January 2022
2791:. Infobase Publishing. p. 596.
2583:officers must be Mexicans by birth.
2388:of ownership cannot be established.
2057:Current articles of the constitution
1887:In his inaugural address, President
1586:Parts of the program of the radical
1517:The Constitution was written by the
1508:United States occupation of Veracruz
107:Constitutional presidential republic
4588:
4446:Hispanic American Historical Review
3746:. Vol. 20, No. 1 (winter 1978), 73.
2788:Encyclopedia of World Constitutions
2358:law and curbed by the authorities.
2262:cannot be used to judge civilians.
2254:There are no private courts (i.e.:
2074:
1995:North American Free Trade Agreement
1660:North American Free Trade Agreement
1550:
1458:, author of influential 1909 work,
1153:About Reforms to the Constitution (
1079:Chapter IV: On the Judicial Power (
36:Constitution of the State of Mexico
24:
4492:
4118:, p. 50. Greenwood Publishing 1995
4043:from the original on 13 March 2013
4026:Hamilton, "Neoliberalism", p. 139.
3694:from the original on 28 April 2024
3164:, p. 5, W. S. Hein Publishing 2000
3084:Ricardo Hernández-Forcada (2002).
3073:from the original on 4 March 2016.
2863:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos
2230:The Mexican state does not have a
2033:Constitutional right to food, 2011
1997:(NAFTA), and the modifications of
1510:, In the assessment of historian
1465:
1067:Capítulo II, del Poder Legislativo
32:Constitución de 1917 metro station
25:
5917:
4732:Institutional Revolutionary Party
4513:
4288:. New York, USA: Verso. pp.
4204:Blancarte, "Recent Changes," p. 4
3964:. Latin-focus.com. Archived from
3607:Vol. 20, No. 1 (Winter 1978), 73.
2961:from the original on 10 May 2018.
2917:from the original on 10 May 2018.
2847:
2441:exploitation of natural resources
1932:Institutional Revolutionary Party
1498:Land reform and natural resources
1155:De las Reformas a la Constitución
1126:Del Trabajo y la Previsión Social
1074:Capítulo III, del Poder Ejecutivo
1021:Chapter IV: On Mexican Citizens (
846:. To some it is the revolution."
5670:
5637:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4451:
2994:Soberanes Fernández, José Luis,
2833:. Lexington Books. p. 244.
2632:
2620:churches and religious groupings
1671:Amendments on presidential terms
1016:Capítulo III: de los Extranjeros
750:
263:
227:
38:. For the Cablebús station, see
4438:
4416:
4332:
4306:
4273:
4238:
4229:
4219:
4198:
4189:
4176:
4163:
4154:
4141:
4121:
4101:
4082:
4067:
4039:. Forerunner.com. August 1992.
4029:
4020:
4011:
4002:
3993:
3980:
3954:
3927:
3918:
3905:
3896:
3887:
3878:
3861:
3848:
3835:
3822:
3809:
3796:
3749:
3736:
3597:
3584:
3571:
3558:
3529:
3516:
3503:
3490:
3477:
3464:
3451:
3438:
3425:
3412:
3397:
3384:
3371:
3358:
3345:
3332:
3319:
3290:
3277:
3264:
3251:
3238:
3222:
3209:
3196:
3183:
3147:
3117:
3104:
3077:
3050:
3008:
2668:List of constitutions of Mexico
2472:All monopolies are prohibited.
2242:does confer awards such as the
1526:
1124:About Work and Social Welfare (
1081:Capítulo IV, del Poder Judicial
973:
882:Roman Catholic Church in Mexico
4151:, Autumn 1993, vol. 35. No. 4.
3990:Vol. 37, No. 1 (2002), p. 121.
3988:Latin American Research Review
3566:The Mexican Revolution, vol. 2
3553:The Mexican Revolution, vol. 2
3537:The Mexican Revolution, vol. 2
3511:The Mexican Revolution, vol. 2
3366:The Mexican Revolution, vol. 2
3340:The Mexican Revolution, vol. 2
3178:The Mexican Revolution, vol. 2
2690:
2658:History of democracy in Mexico
2613:
2597:
2291:death penalty in Article 22).
1728:Articles 3, 5, 24, 27, and 130
621:National Regeneration Movement
13:
1:
4652:Centralist Republic of Mexico
4149:Journal of Church & State
3017:Journal of Church & State
2683:
2586:
2575:
2559:
2548:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2507:
2499:
2467:
2424:
2416:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2378:
2369:
2361:
2348:
2339:
2310:
2294:
2285:
2265:
2249:
2225:
2217:
2204:
1731:hierarchy for its support of
1617:
1577:
1415:Carranza's draft constitution
1009:Capítulo II: de los Mexicanos
857:, serving as a model for the
712:Diplomatic missions of Mexico
5081:Institutional stock exchange
4717:Second American intervention
2678:Rule according to higher law
2196:
2187:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2150:
2106:
2094:
2080:
2049:)." The formal language is "
1737:Mexican Constitution of 1857
1694:One of the major impacts of
1479:Convention of Aguascalientes
1333:
1014:Chapter III, On Foreigners (
917:) is one of Mexico's annual
579:Instituto Nacional Electoral
212:Constituent Congress of 1917
18:Mexican Constitution of 1917
7:
5282:Water supply and sanitation
4647:Spanish reconquest attempts
4422:Library of Congress (n.d.)
3744:Journal of Church and State
3605:Journal of Church and State
3459:The Constitutionalist Years
2625:
2270:Prohibits the enactment of
1804:Starting in 1926 President
1460:The Great National Problems
1438:) and the rights of labor (
1395:, namely Alfonso Cravioto,
1220:, who had come to power by
1207:Constitutionalist coalition
694:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
601:Institutional Revolutionary
479:Federal electoral districts
376:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
242:Mexico's dilemma/Appendix B
10:
5922:
5881:Anti-clericalism in Mexico
4682:Second French intervention
4630:Control of Central America
4522:in the Government website
4464:
4340:http://www.cipamericas.org
3355:, XXIIi (1972–73), p. 372.
3233:Mexico: Biography of Power
2827:Harry N. Scheiber (2007).
2594:must be Mexican by birth.
1964:Articles 3, 5, 24, and 130
1557:Women's suffrage in Mexico
1554:
1428:
1344:universal manhood suffrage
1300:Second French Intervention
1176:
510:Federal Electoral Tribunal
29:
5812:
5779:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
5679:
5668:
5480:
5406:
5295:
5190:
5181:
5039:
5030:
4917:
4908:
4881:Tropical cyclone rainfall
4779:
4770:
4600:
3674:Robert P. Millon (1995).
2875:10.1525/msem.2018.34.1.36
2256:feudal or manorial courts
1889:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
1881:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
1308:1824 Mexican Constitution
1273:Constitutional Convention
1007:Chapter II: On Mexicans (
953:Representative government
943:Sovereignty of the nation
897:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
238:
226:
216:
208:
198:
190:
180:
166:
156:
144:
126:
116:
111:
101:
81:
71:
66:
54:
49:
5799:Turks and Caicos Islands
4922:Administrative divisions
4498:Niemeyer, E. Victor Jr.
3155:The Mexican Legal System
3057:Jorge A. Vargas (1996).
3034:Jorge A. Vargas (1998).
2785:Gerhard Robbers (2007).
2648:Constitutional economics
2244:Order of the Aztec Eagle
2017:On 8 November 2005, The
1485:It has been argued that
650:Administrative divisions
464:President of the Chamber
5861:Constitutions of Mexico
5337:Handcrafts and folk art
5106:National stock exchange
4844:Protected natural areas
4672:Second Mexican Republic
4637:Supreme Executive Power
4114:13 October 2023 at the
4098:(at pg. 2) (in Spanish)
3913:Revolution at Querétaro
3856:Revolution at Querétaro
3843:Revolution at Querétaro
3830:Revolution at Querétaro
3817:Revolution at Querétaro
3485:Constitutionalist Years
3472:Constitutionalist Years
3444:Charles C. Cumberland,
3420:Revolution at Querétaro
3392:Revolution at Querétaro
3259:Revolution at Querétaro
3244:Charles C. Cumberland,
3217:Revolution at Querétaro
3204:Revolution at Querétaro
3191:Revolution at Querétaro
3160:9 November 2023 at the
3001:19 October 2012 at the
2755:Yoram Dinstein (1989).
1993:and negotiation of the
1991:small-scale agriculture
1631:led the foundation for
1596:Liberal Party of Mexico
1588:Liberal Party of Mexico
1545:Liberal Party of Mexico
1450:. The initial draft of
1222:a coup in February 1913
938:A declaration of rights
468:Marcela Guerra Castillo
442:President of the Senate
89:; 107 years ago
5714:British Virgin Islands
5149:States by unemployment
5139:Science and technology
4642:First Mexican Republic
4406:"Mexico's glass house"
4345:13 August 2015 at the
4280:Bello, Walden (2009).
4245:Yetman, David (2000).
3938:. Globalsecurity.org.
3590:quoted in Cumberland,
3577:quoted in Cumberland,
3524:The Mexican Revolution
3406:Encyclopedia of Mexico
3394:, Appendix F, 263-267.
3379:The Mexican Revolution
3327:The Mexican Revolution
3285:The Mexican Revolution
3272:The Mexican Revolution
3112:Encyclopedia of Mexico
2592:Supreme Court justices
2325:Imprisonment for debts
2258:) in Mexico. Military
2238:upon any person. (The
2212:Gun politics in Mexico
2070:
2067:Teatro de la República
1884:
1801:
1792:Revolutionary general
1760:freedom of association
1714:The 1992 amendment to
1709:Ley de Reforma Agraria
1591:
1524:
1456:Andrés Molina Enríquez
1290:
1282:
1246:congreso constituyente
1194:
1141:Prevenciones Generales
983:
915:Día de la Constitución
828:constituent convention
815:
804:Constitution of Mexico
529:Recent major elections
434:Senate of the Republic
386:List of heads of state
287:Constitution of Mexico
5627:Saint Kitts and Nevis
5377:Our Lady of Guadalupe
4871:Territorial evolution
4687:Second Mexican Empire
4134:28 April 2024 at the
2246:to notable persons.)
2064:
1968:National Action Party
1941:National Action Party
1878:
1806:Plutarco Elías Calles
1794:Plutarco Elías Calles
1791:
1652:Plutarco Elías Calles
1633:land reform in Mexico
1612:land reform in Mexico
1585:
1543:. The Program of the
1541:José Natividad Macías
1515:
1397:José Natividad Macías
1361:Francisco José Múgica
1288:
1280:
1189:
981:
963:Constitutional remedy
871:land reform in Mexico
840:Mexican constitutions
820:Santiago de Querétaro
611:Democratic Revolution
417:Congress of the Union
5876:Secularism in Mexico
5394:World Heritage Sites
4809:Environmental issues
4667:Mexican–American War
4625:First Mexican Empire
4529:Full text in English
4471:Maier, Hans (2004).
4107:Needler, Martin C.,
4094:26 June 2013 at the
3936:"Mexico – President"
3828:quoted in Niemeyer,
3129:www.banderasnews.com
2910:The jurist, Volume 2
2555:Mexican Citizenship.
2234:and cannot confer a
1850:Manuel Avila Camacho
1644:economic nationalism
1446:, passed first, and
1296:Maximilian of Mexico
1139:General Provisions (
948:Separation of powers
929:Essential principles
851:Constitution of 1917
836:Constitution of 1857
221:Constitution of 1857
112:Government structure
87:5 February 1917
5804:U.S. Virgin Islands
5647:Trinidad and Tobago
5492:Antigua and Barbuda
5049:Automotive industry
4937:Chamber of Deputies
4620:War of Independence
4432:27 May 2021 at the
4383:on 18 February 2015
3804:Peace by Revolution
3802:Tannenbaum, Frank.
3716:Peter Gran (1996).
3153:Avalos, Francisco,
3131:. 3 February 2023.
2604:eight-hour work day
1989:and other forms of
1937:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas
1775:Venustiano Carranza
1340:Francisco I. Madero
1203:Venustiano Carranza
1191:Venustiano Carranza
859:Weimar Constitution
456:Chamber of Deputies
368:President of Mexico
138:Chamber of Deputies
5896:Politics of Mexico
5891:Mexican Revolution
5557:Dominican Republic
5250:Indigenous peoples
5154:Telecommunications
5013:State legislatures
4954:Federal government
4834:Metropolitan areas
4712:Mexican Revolution
4554:on 7 January 2016.
4371:"tradconstcpv.PDF"
4138:, p. 432, ABC-CLIO
3644:John Lear (1987).
3592:Mexican Revolution
3579:Mexican Revolution
3509:quoted in Knight,
3498:Mexican Revolution
3314:Mexican Revolution
3298:Mexican Revolution
2673:Politics of Mexico
2071:
2027:capital punishment
2023:Articles 14 and 22
1885:
1879:Mexican President
1823:inalienable rights
1802:
1666:Further amendments
1592:
1378:Biography of Power
1326:, which historian
1291:
1283:
1199:Mexican Revolution
1195:
984:
875:Mexican Revolution
844:Mexican Revolution
832:Mexican Revolution
824:State of Querétaro
818:), was drafted in
669:State legislatures
631:Citizens' Movement
391:Federal government
335:Capital punishment
279:Federal government
256:Politics of Mexico
5848:
5847:
5442:
5441:
5402:
5401:
5177:
5176:
5026:
5025:
4996:Political parties
4959:Foreign relations
4904:
4903:
4692:Restored Republic
4610:Pre-Columbian era
4484:978-0-7146-8529-8
4186:, 497-559 (1996).
3526:, vol. 2. p. 471.
3409:, vol. 1, p. 333.
3353:Historia Mexicana
2840:978-0-7391-1635-7
2798:978-0-8160-6078-8
2653:Constitutionalism
2484:national currency
2330:life imprisonment
2301:flagrante delicto
2236:title of nobility
1861:Pope John Paul II
1768:freedom of speech
1733:Victoriano Huerta
1389:Victoriano Huerta
1241:Plan of Guadalupe
1218:Victoriano Huerta
1214:1857 Constitution
800:
799:
757:Mexico portal
734:Visa requirements
687:Foreign relations
593:Political parties
340:Life imprisonment
249:
248:
203:Lecumberri Palace
182:First legislature
168:Electoral college
16:(Redirected from
5913:
5769:Saint Barthélemy
5729:Falkland Islands
5674:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5446:
5445:
5422:
5415:
5362:National symbols
5188:
5187:
5129:
5074:Renewable energy
5064:Economic history
5037:
5036:
4915:
4914:
4777:
4776:
4757:Chiapas conflict
4657:Texas Revolution
4583:
4576:
4569:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4553:
4547:. Archived from
4546:
4525:
4488:
4458:
4455:
4449:
4442:
4436:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4412:on 8 March 2016.
4402:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4382:
4376:. Archived from
4375:
4367:
4361:
4358:
4349:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4287:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4251:American Studies
4242:
4236:
4233:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4205:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4187:
4180:
4174:
4167:
4161:
4158:
4152:
4145:
4139:
4125:
4119:
4105:
4099:
4086:
4080:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3991:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3968:on 13 March 2013
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3916:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3876:
3865:
3859:
3852:
3846:
3839:
3833:
3826:
3820:
3813:
3807:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3769:
3756:
3753:
3747:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3713:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3671:
3662:
3661:
3641:
3632:
3629:
3620:
3617:
3608:
3601:
3595:
3588:
3582:
3575:
3569:
3562:
3556:
3549:
3540:
3533:
3527:
3520:
3514:
3507:
3501:
3494:
3488:
3481:
3475:
3468:
3462:
3455:
3449:
3442:
3436:
3429:
3423:
3416:
3410:
3401:
3395:
3388:
3382:
3375:
3369:
3362:
3356:
3349:
3343:
3336:
3330:
3323:
3317:
3310:
3301:
3294:
3288:
3281:
3275:
3268:
3262:
3255:
3249:
3242:
3236:
3226:
3220:
3213:
3207:
3200:
3194:
3187:
3181:
3174:
3165:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3121:
3115:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3012:
3006:
2992:
2963:
2962:
2938:
2919:
2918:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2854:
2845:
2844:
2824:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2710:
2701:
2694:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2305:citizen's arrest
2240:Mexican Congress
2157:right to housing
2019:Senate of Mexico
2003:Chiapas conflict
1777:(1917–1920) and
1551:Women's suffrage
1512:Frank Tannenbaum
1258:
1250:Félix Palavicini
911:Constitution Day
867:Mexican politics
861:of 1919 and the
792:
785:
778:
755:
754:
753:
446:Ana Lilia Rivera
267:
251:
250:
231:
230:
174:acting president
97:
95:
90:
59:
47:
46:
21:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5822:Central America
5808:
5683:
5675:
5666:
5483:
5476:
5473:
5443:
5438:
5425:
5418:
5411:
5398:
5291:
5267:Public holidays
5240:Nationality law
5235:Life expectancy
5173:
5127:
5022:
4986:Law enforcement
4900:
4891:Water resources
4766:
4742:Mexican miracle
4596:
4587:
4551:
4544:
4540:Alfredo Acedo.
4523:
4516:
4495:
4493:Further reading
4485:
4467:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4443:
4439:
4434:Wayback Machine
4421:
4417:
4404:
4403:
4396:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4352:
4347:Wayback Machine
4337:
4333:
4323:
4321:
4320:on 4 March 2012
4312:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4262:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4181:
4177:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4146:
4142:
4136:Wayback Machine
4126:
4122:
4116:Wayback Machine
4106:
4102:
4096:Wayback Machine
4087:
4083:
4072:
4068:
4060:
4056:
4046:
4044:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3969:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3945:
3943:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3866:
3862:
3853:
3849:
3840:
3836:
3827:
3823:
3814:
3810:
3801:
3797:
3786:
3770:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3714:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3688:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3642:
3635:
3630:
3623:
3618:
3611:
3602:
3598:
3589:
3585:
3576:
3572:
3563:
3559:
3550:
3543:
3534:
3530:
3521:
3517:
3508:
3504:
3495:
3491:
3482:
3478:
3469:
3465:
3456:
3452:
3443:
3439:
3431:Enrique Krauze,
3430:
3426:
3417:
3413:
3402:
3398:
3389:
3385:
3377:Gilly, Adolfo.
3376:
3372:
3363:
3359:
3350:
3346:
3337:
3333:
3324:
3320:
3311:
3304:
3295:
3291:
3282:
3278:
3269:
3265:
3256:
3252:
3243:
3239:
3229:Krauze, Enrique
3227:
3223:
3214:
3210:
3201:
3197:
3188:
3184:
3175:
3168:
3162:Wayback Machine
3152:
3148:
3138:
3136:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3109:
3105:
3082:
3078:
3055:
3051:
3032:
3028:
3013:
3009:
3003:Wayback Machine
2993:
2966:
2955:
2939:
2922:
2905:
2898:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2825:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2799:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2753:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2727:
2711:
2704:
2696:Niemeyer, E.V.
2695:
2691:
2686:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2616:
2600:
2589:
2578:
2562:
2551:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2470:
2427:
2419:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2381:
2372:
2364:
2351:
2342:
2313:
2297:
2288:
2268:
2252:
2228:
2220:
2207:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2153:
2116:
2109:
2097:
2083:
2059:
2035:
2015:
1873:
1725:
1692:
1684:Lázaro Cárdenas
1673:
1668:
1620:
1580:
1571:
1563:Hermila Galindo
1559:
1553:
1529:
1500:
1468:
1466:Anticlericalism
1431:
1417:
1365:Candido Aguilar
1336:
1275:
1252:
1230:Emiliano Zapata
1184:
1179:
976:
931:
923:public holidays
919:Fiestas Patrias
886:Plutarco Calles
826:, Mexico, by a
806:, formally the
796:
767:
763:Other countries
751:
749:
744:
743:
724:Nationality law
720:
708:
696:
689:
679:
678:
652:
642:
641:
640:
626:Ecologist Green
606:National Action
595:
585:
584:
565:Gubernatorial:
564:
547:
530:
525:
515:
514:
496:
486:
485:
473:
466:
451:
444:
429:
411:
401:
400:
382:
378:
362:
352:
351:
290:
281:
258:
228:
191:First executive
93:
91:
88:
62:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5919:
5909:
5908:
5906:1917 documents
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5871:1917 in Mexico
5868:
5863:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5784:Sint Eustatius
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5719:Cayman Islands
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5690:
5688:
5677:
5676:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5488:
5486:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5471:
5464:
5457:
5449:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5424:
5423:
5416:
5408:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5301:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5191:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5169:Water scarcity
5166:
5164:Transportation
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5123:
5121:Pension system
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5009:
5008:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4924:
4918:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4859:Municipalities
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4814:Extreme points
4811:
4806:
4801:
4798:Climate change
4791:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4606:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4586:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4515:
4514:External links
4512:
4511:
4510:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4483:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4450:
4437:
4415:
4394:
4362:
4350:
4331:
4305:
4299:978-1844673315
4298:
4272:
4237:
4228:
4218:
4206:
4197:
4188:
4175:
4171:BYU Law Review
4162:
4153:
4140:
4120:
4100:
4081:
4066:
4064:, paragraphs 2
4054:
4028:
4019:
4010:
4001:
3992:
3979:
3953:
3926:
3917:
3904:
3895:
3886:
3877:
3860:
3847:
3834:
3821:
3808:
3795:
3784:
3757:
3748:
3735:
3728:
3705:
3686:
3663:
3656:
3633:
3621:
3609:
3596:
3583:
3581:, pp. 343–344.
3570:
3557:
3541:
3528:
3515:
3502:
3489:
3476:
3463:
3450:
3437:
3424:
3411:
3396:
3383:
3370:
3357:
3344:
3331:
3329:, vol. 2, 473.
3318:
3302:
3289:
3276:
3274:, vol. 2, 472.
3263:
3250:
3237:
3221:
3208:
3195:
3182:
3166:
3146:
3116:
3103:
3076:
3049:
3042:(2): 421–481.
3040:BYU Law Review
3026:
3007:
2964:
2953:
2920:
2896:
2846:
2839:
2816:
2797:
2774:
2767:
2744:
2725:
2702:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2627:
2624:
2615:
2612:
2599:
2596:
2588:
2585:
2577:
2574:
2561:
2558:
2550:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2469:
2466:
2434:Expropriations
2426:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2390:
2380:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2312:
2309:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2267:
2264:
2260:courts-martial
2251:
2248:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2216:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2152:
2149:
2108:
2105:
2096:
2093:
2082:
2079:
2075:External links
2058:
2055:
2034:
2031:
2014:
2011:
1872:
1869:
1779:Alvaro Obregón
1724:
1721:
1691:
1688:
1677:Álvaro Obregón
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1619:
1616:
1604:company stores
1579:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1552:
1549:
1528:
1525:
1499:
1496:
1467:
1464:
1430:
1427:
1422:constituyentes
1416:
1413:
1385:Bloc Renovador
1376:, in his book
1374:Enrique Krauze
1369:Álvaro Obregón
1335:
1332:
1274:
1271:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1159:
1158:
1145:
1144:
1130:
1129:
1115:
1114:
1100:
1099:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1005:
975:
972:
971:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
930:
927:
838:, and earlier
798:
797:
795:
794:
787:
780:
772:
769:
768:
766:
765:
759:
746:
745:
742:
741:
736:
731:
726:
719:
718:
707:
706:
703:Marcelo Ebrard
690:
685:
684:
681:
680:
677:
676:
674:Municipalities
671:
666:
665:
664:
653:
648:
647:
644:
643:
639:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
597:
596:
591:
590:
587:
586:
583:
582:
574:
573:
526:
521:
520:
517:
516:
513:
512:
506:
505:
497:
492:
491:
488:
487:
484:
483:
482:
481:
472:
471:
460:
459:
450:
449:
438:
437:
428:
427:
421:
420:
412:
407:
406:
403:
402:
399:
398:
393:
388:
381:
380:
372:
371:
363:
358:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
344:
343:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
311:
310:
309:
308:
297:
296:
282:
277:
276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
260:
259:
254:
247:
246:
245:
244:
236:
235:
224:
223:
218:
214:
213:
210:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
192:
188:
187:
184:
178:
177:
170:
164:
163:
160:
154:
153:
148:
142:
141:
130:
124:
123:
120:
114:
113:
109:
108:
105:
99:
98:
85:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
64:
63:
60:
52:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5918:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5901:Law of Mexico
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5841:
5840:
5839:South America
5836:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5817:North America
5815:
5814:
5811:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5734:French Guiana
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5652:United States
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5479:
5470:
5465:
5463:
5458:
5456:
5451:
5450:
5447:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5272:States by HDI
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5144:States by GDP
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5101:Manufacturing
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5019:
5018:Supreme Court
5016:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4584:
4579:
4577:
4572:
4570:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4550:
4543:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4509:
4508:0-292-77005-7
4505:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4486:
4480:
4477:. Routledge.
4476:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4454:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4419:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4399:
4379:
4372:
4366:
4357:
4355:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4335:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4301:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4285:
4284:The Food Wars
4276:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4232:
4222:
4213:
4211:
4201:
4192:
4185:
4179:
4172:
4166:
4157:
4150:
4144:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4124:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4104:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4063:
4058:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4023:
4014:
4005:
3996:
3989:
3983:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3921:
3914:
3908:
3899:
3890:
3881:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3857:
3851:
3844:
3838:
3831:
3825:
3818:
3812:
3805:
3799:
3791:
3787:
3785:0-7618-2890-7
3781:
3777:
3776:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3752:
3745:
3739:
3731:
3729:0-8156-2692-4
3725:
3721:
3720:
3712:
3710:
3693:
3689:
3687:0-7178-0710-X
3683:
3679:
3678:
3670:
3668:
3659:
3657:0-8032-7997-3
3653:
3649:
3648:
3640:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3606:
3600:
3593:
3587:
3580:
3574:
3567:
3561:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3538:
3532:
3525:
3519:
3512:
3506:
3499:
3493:
3486:
3480:
3473:
3467:
3460:
3454:
3447:
3441:
3434:
3428:
3421:
3415:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3387:
3380:
3374:
3367:
3361:
3354:
3348:
3341:
3335:
3328:
3325:Alan Knight,
3322:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3299:
3293:
3286:
3280:
3273:
3270:Alan Knight,
3267:
3260:
3254:
3247:
3241:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3218:
3212:
3205:
3199:
3192:
3186:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3150:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3113:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2960:
2956:
2954:0-292-70451-8
2950:
2946:
2945:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2903:
2901:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2851:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2823:
2821:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2781:
2779:
2770:
2768:0-7923-0362-8
2764:
2760:
2759:
2751:
2749:
2732:
2728:
2726:0-7735-3004-5
2722:
2718:
2717:
2709:
2707:
2699:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:Law of Mexico
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2640:Mexico portal
2630:
2623:
2621:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2584:
2582:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2556:
2546:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2422:
2414:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2359:
2356:
2346:
2337:
2335:
2334:United States
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2299:"In cases of
2292:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2272:ex post facto
2263:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2215:
2213:
2202:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2158:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2089:
2078:
2076:
2068:
2063:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1882:
1877:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1838:Dwight Morrow
1835:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1783:Porfirio Díaz
1780:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1764:right to vote
1761:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1564:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:Pastor Rouaix
1534:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1426:
1423:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1279:
1270:
1267:
1266:Porfirio Díaz
1261:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:. Carranza's
1204:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:Seventh Title
1127:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
998:
997:
995:
991:
989:
980:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
934:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
906:
902:
901:privatization
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:social rights
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
793:
788:
786:
781:
779:
774:
773:
771:
770:
764:
761:
760:
758:
748:
747:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
717:
713:
710:
709:
704:
700:
695:
692:
691:
688:
683:
682:
675:
672:
670:
667:
663:
660:
659:
658:
655:
654:
651:
646:
645:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
598:
594:
589:
588:
581:
580:
576:
575:
572:
568:
563:
559:
555:
551:
548:Legislative:
546:
542:
538:
534:
528:
527:
524:
519:
518:
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
499:
498:
495:
490:
489:
480:
477:
476:
475:
474:
469:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
453:
452:
447:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
431:
430:
426:
423:
422:
419:
418:
414:
413:
410:
405:
404:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
365:
364:
361:
356:
355:
348:
345:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
316:
313:
312:
307:
304:
303:
302:
299:
298:
294:
289:
288:
284:
283:
280:
275:
274:
271:
270:
266:
262:
261:
257:
253:
252:
243:
240:
239:
237:
234:
225:
222:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:15 April 1917
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
169:
165:
161:
159:
155:
152:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
129:
125:
121:
119:
115:
110:
106:
104:
100:
86:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
65:
58:
53:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5886:Cristero War
5837:
5789:Sint Maarten
5774:Saint Martin
5681:Dependencies
5601:
5305:Architecture
5210:Demographics
5054:Central bank
4964:Human rights
4944:Constitution
4943:
4762:War on drugs
4737:World War II
4722:Cristero War
4615:Colonial era
4549:the original
4524:(in Spanish)
4499:
4473:
4453:
4445:
4440:
4423:
4418:
4410:the original
4385:. Retrieved
4378:the original
4365:
4334:
4322:. Retrieved
4318:the original
4308:
4283:
4275:
4263:. Retrieved
4254:
4250:
4240:
4231:
4221:
4200:
4191:
4183:
4178:
4170:
4165:
4156:
4148:
4143:
4123:
4103:
4084:
4069:
4062:Acerba animi
4061:
4057:
4045:. Retrieved
4031:
4022:
4013:
4004:
3995:
3987:
3982:
3970:. Retrieved
3966:the original
3956:
3944:. Retrieved
3929:
3920:
3912:
3907:
3898:
3889:
3880:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3855:
3850:
3842:
3837:
3829:
3824:
3816:
3811:
3803:
3798:
3774:
3751:
3743:
3738:
3718:
3698:22 September
3696:. Retrieved
3676:
3646:
3604:
3599:
3591:
3586:
3578:
3573:
3565:
3560:
3552:
3536:
3531:
3523:
3518:
3510:
3505:
3497:
3496:Cumberland,
3492:
3484:
3483:Cumberland,
3479:
3471:
3470:Cumberland,
3466:
3458:
3457:Cumberland,
3453:
3445:
3440:
3432:
3427:
3419:
3414:
3404:
3399:
3391:
3386:
3378:
3373:
3365:
3360:
3352:
3347:
3339:
3334:
3326:
3321:
3313:
3312:Cumberland,
3297:
3296:Cumberland,
3292:
3284:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3258:
3253:
3245:
3240:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3211:
3203:
3198:
3190:
3185:
3177:
3149:
3137:. Retrieved
3128:
3119:
3111:
3106:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3039:
3029:
3020:
3016:
3010:
2943:
2909:
2869:(1): 36–62.
2866:
2862:
2829:
2809:22 September
2807:. Retrieved
2787:
2757:
2737:22 September
2735:. Retrieved
2715:
2697:
2692:
2617:
2608:
2601:
2590:
2579:
2563:
2552:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2463:
2458:sine qua non
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2386:
2382:
2373:
2365:
2352:
2343:
2314:
2298:
2289:
2269:
2253:
2229:
2221:
2208:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2154:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2098:
2084:
2072:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2022:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1858:
1854:Soy creyente
1853:
1844:
1842:
1830:Cristero War
1827:
1818:Acerba animi
1816:
1803:
1798:Cristero War
1772:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1727:
1726:
1715:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1695:
1693:
1681:
1674:
1656:Cristero War
1648:
1641:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1607:
1599:
1593:
1572:
1560:
1532:
1530:
1527:Labor rights
1518:
1516:
1503:
1501:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1459:
1454:was done by
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1421:
1418:
1409:Obregonistas
1408:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1357:
1337:
1328:Adolfo Gilly
1320:Pancho Villa
1315:
1305:
1292:
1262:
1245:
1238:
1232:. Historian
1226:Pancho Villa
1209:invoked the
1196:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1148:Eighth Title
1147:
1146:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1088:Fourth Title
1087:
1086:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1037:
1030:Second Title
1029:
1028:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1001:
993:
992:
987:
985:
974:Organization
932:
914:
909:
894:
890:Cristero War
879:
850:
849:The current
848:
807:
803:
802:The current
801:
636:New Alliance
577:
500:
455:
433:
415:
366:
347:Gun politics
301:Human rights
286:
285:
72:Jurisdiction
44:
5866:1917 in law
5759:Puerto Rico
5686:territories
5632:Saint Lucia
5567:El Salvador
5230:Immigration
5096:Land reform
5044:Agriculture
4866:Territories
4804:Earthquakes
4752:Peso crisis
4747:Lost Decade
3934:John Pike.
3568:, p. 475–76
3069:: 497–559.
2614:Article 130
2598:Article 123
2355:due process
2321:court costs
2276:due process
1953:Article 130
1949:Gobernación
1925:Article 130
1917:Article 130
1863:'s outdoor
1773:Presidents
1755:Article 130
1637:Article 123
1600:Article 123
1533:Article 123
1491:Article 130
1444:Article 123
1440:Article 123
1405:Renovadores
1401:Renovadores
1393:Renovadores
1312:Alan Knight
1253: [
1234:Alan Knight
1162:Ninth Title
1118:Sixth Title
1103:Fifth Title
1052:Third Title
994:First Title
830:during the
739:Visa policy
616:Labor Party
409:Legislature
330:Nationality
306:LGBT rights
132:Bicameral (
5855:Categories
5754:Montserrat
5749:Martinique
5744:Guadeloupe
5542:Costa Rica
5389:Television
5347:Literature
5225:Healthcare
5200:Censorship
5195:Corruption
5128:(currency)
5086:Irrigation
4707:Porfiriato
4702:Yaqui Wars
4677:La Reforma
4662:Pastry War
4387:30 January
4324:5 February
4076:, p.
4074:Maier 2004
4047:5 February
3972:5 February
3946:5 February
3911:Niemeyer,
3854:Niemeyer,
3841:Niemeyer,
3815:Niemeyer,
3474:, 334-337.
3418:Niemeyer,
3390:Niemeyer,
3257:Niemeyer,
3215:Niemeyer,
3202:Niemeyer,
3189:Niemeyer,
3139:5 February
3090:BYU L. Rev
2684:References
2587:Article 95
2576:Article 91
2560:Article 55
2549:Article 34
2540:Article 39
2532:Article 33
2524:Article 32
2516:Article 31
2508:Article 30
2500:Article 29
2468:Article 28
2425:Article 27
2417:Article 26
2408:Article 25
2400:Article 24
2392:Article 23
2379:Article 22
2370:Article 21
2362:Article 20
2349:Article 19
2340:Article 18
2315:Prohibits
2311:Article 17
2295:Article 16
2286:Article 15
2280:common law
2266:Article 14
2250:Article 13
2226:Article 12
2218:Article 11
2205:Article 10
2047:Article 27
2042:Article 27
1999:Article 27
1983:neoliberal
1913:Article 27
1908:Article 27
1904:Article 24
1814:encyclical
1716:Article 27
1704:Article 27
1696:Article 27
1629:Article 27
1618:Importance
1608:Article 27
1578:Influences
1555:See also:
1504:Article 27
1452:Article 27
1448:Article 27
1436:Article 27
958:Federalism
233:Wikisource
217:Supersedes
194:1 May 1917
158:Federalism
94:1917-02-05
5827:Caribbean
5739:Greenland
5662:Venezuela
5607:Nicaragua
5577:Guatemala
5497:Argentina
5482:Sovereign
5352:Monuments
5342:Languages
5215:Education
5134:Petroleum
5091:Labor law
5059:Companies
5001:President
4949:Elections
4839:Mountains
4772:Geography
4697:Caste War
3594:, p. 344.
3555:, p. 475.
3539:, p. 476.
3513:, p. 472.
3500:, p. 340.
3422:, 263.264
3368:, p. 474.
3342:, p. 473.
3316:, p. 329.
3180:, p. 471.
2891:149383391
2883:0742-9797
2317:vigilante
2282:country.
2197:Article 9
2188:Article 8
2179:Article 7
2171:Article 6
2163:Article 5
2151:Article 4
2107:Article 3
2095:Article 2
2081:Article 1
2051:Article 4
2038:Article 4
1900:Article 5
1845:Article 3
1812:, in the
1800:(1926–29)
1748:Article 3
1743:Article 3
1625:Article 3
1487:Article 3
1471:Article 3
1352:zapatista
1334:Delegates
822:, in the
716:in Mexico
662:Governors
531:General:
523:Elections
494:Judiciary
360:Executive
209:Author(s)
151:President
146:Executive
5694:Anguilla
5642:Suriname
5617:Paraguay
5592:Honduras
5552:Dominica
5537:Colombia
5507:Barbados
5429:Category
5372:Religion
5332:Folklore
4991:Military
4969:Intersex
4927:Congress
4910:Politics
4896:Wildlife
4886:Volcanos
4727:Maximato
4594:articles
4430:Archived
4343:Archived
4259:Archived
4132:Archived
4112:Archived
4092:Archived
4041:Archived
3940:Archived
3819:, 118-19
3806:, 166-67
3790:Archived
3692:Archived
3564:Knight,
3551:Knight,
3535:Knight,
3522:Knight,
3364:Knight,
3338:Knight,
3300:, p. 328
3219:, 28-29.
3176:Knight,
3158:Archived
3133:Archived
3098:Archived
3071:Archived
3044:Archived
2999:Archived
2959:Archived
2915:Archived
2803:Archived
2731:Archived
2626:See also
1519:soldiers
1348:villista
729:Passport
699:Minister
448:(MORENA)
379:(MORENA)
320:Abortion
199:Location
128:Chambers
118:Branches
83:Ratified
67:Overview
40:Cablebús
5724:Curaçao
5709:Bonaire
5704:Bermuda
5657:Uruguay
5597:Jamaica
5572:Grenada
5562:Ecuador
5517:Bolivia
5502:Bahamas
5413:Outline
5320:Cuisine
5297:Culture
5287:Welfare
5277:Smoking
5262:Poverty
5183:Society
5159:Tourism
5032:Economy
5006:Cabinet
4824:Islands
4819:Forests
4794:Climate
4784:Borders
4602:History
4465:Sources
3845:183-93`
3283:Gilly,
2581:Cabinet
2570:senator
2232:peerage
2088:Slavery
1810:Pius XI
1429:Debates
1324:Torreón
1211:liberal
1177:History
988:Títulos
812:Spanish
396:Cabinet
293:history
92: (
5612:Panama
5602:Mexico
5582:Guyana
5527:Canada
5522:Brazil
5512:Belize
5484:states
5434:Portal
5384:Sports
5315:Cinema
5245:People
5069:Energy
4932:Senate
4854:States
4849:Rivers
4789:Cities
4592:
4590:Mexico
4506:
4481:
4296:
4265:4 June
3858:189-91
3782:
3726:
3684:
3654:
3487:, 337.
3461:, 333.
3287:, 236.
2951:
2889:
2881:
2837:
2795:
2765:
2723:
2566:deputy
2553:About
2491:Guilds
1987:ejidal
1865:Masses
1762:, the
1735:, the
1700:ejidos
905:ejidos
657:States
543:, and
134:Senate
103:System
76:Mexico
5699:Aruba
5587:Haiti
5532:Chile
5420:Index
5367:Radio
5357:Music
5255:Women
5220:Flags
5205:Crime
5126:Peso
4829:Lakes
4552:(PDF)
4545:(PDF)
4381:(PDF)
4374:(PDF)
4290:39–53
4226:1992.
3915:, 30.
3832:, 208
3261:, 33.
3206:, 27.
3193:, 26.
3096:(2).
2887:S2CID
1257:]
470:(PRI)
325:Labor
5764:Saba
5684:and
5622:Peru
5547:Cuba
5325:Wine
4974:LGBT
4876:Time
4504:ISBN
4479:ISBN
4389:2011
4326:2013
4294:ISBN
4267:2011
4049:2013
3974:2013
3948:2013
3780:ISBN
3724:ISBN
3700:2016
3682:ISBN
3652:ISBN
3141:2023
3094:2002
3023:(4).
2949:ISBN
2879:ISSN
2835:ISBN
2811:2016
2793:ISBN
2763:ISBN
2739:2016
2721:ISBN
2040:and
1766:and
1594:The
1539:and
1489:and
1363:and
1350:and
1228:and
571:2021
569:and
567:2010
562:2021
560:and
558:2015
554:2009
550:2003
545:2024
541:2018
537:2012
533:2006
136:and
5310:Art
5116:Oil
4981:Law
4078:106
2871:doi
2568:or
2214:.)
903:of
315:Law
162:Yes
5857::
4397:^
4353:^
4292:.
4255:41
4253:.
4249:.
4209:^
3788:.
3760:^
3708:^
3690:.
3666:^
3636:^
3624:^
3612:^
3544:^
3305:^
3231:.
3169:^
3127:.
3092:.
3088:.
3067:25
3065:.
3061:.
3038:.
3021:35
3019:.
2967:^
2957:.
2923:^
2899:^
2885:.
2877:.
2867:34
2865:.
2861:.
2849:^
2819:^
2801:.
2777:^
2747:^
2729:.
2705:^
2564:A
2336:.
2005:.
1462:.
1255:es
1164::
1135::
1120::
1105::
1090::
1054::
1032::
996::
892:.
877:.
814::
714:/
701::
556:,
552:,
539:,
535:,
5468:e
5461:t
5454:v
4800:)
4796:(
4582:e
4575:t
4568:v
4487:.
4391:.
4328:.
4302:.
4269:.
4051:.
3976:.
3950:.
3732:.
3702:.
3660:.
3143:.
2893:.
2873::
2843:.
2813:.
2771:.
2741:.
2045:(
1947:(
1434:(
1316:a
1172:)
1157:)
1143:)
1128:)
1113:)
1098:)
1083:)
1076:)
1069:)
1062:)
1047:)
1040:)
1025:)
1018:)
1011:)
1004:)
921:(
913:(
810:(
791:e
784:t
777:v
705:)
697:(
295:)
291:(
140:)
122:3
96:)
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.