352:
70:
are reporting on. This technique allows writers to maintain the reliability of their work by establishing that their assertions are made to their best knowledge, but could potentially be rebutted. Some examples of metadiscursive hedges are "could," "unlikely," "perhaps," "occasionally," "evidently," "generally," and "many."
28:
different forms such as hedges, boosters, and attitude markers. Metadiscourse contained within a written work can be any phrase that is included within a clause or sentence that goes beyond the subject itself, often to examine the purpose of the sentence or a response from the author, usually as an introductory
185:
In some cases, using hedges in science writing can disrupt the way scientific information is processed by the reader by making the statement seem slightly uncertain. This is purposeful and allows science writers to establish their distance from the topic of study, while still reporting the relevant
95:
In science writing specifically, hedging allows writers to publish scientific information without it coming across as absolute or hypercritical in nature. Therefore, science writers use hedging to communicate knowledge in a way that avoids making non-expert audiences entirely confident in the text.
69:
Hedges are words and phrases that communicate caution to the claim being made within a sentence. Hedge words are removed from the actual subject and rather function as a marker of metadiscourse. These words and phrases ensure that an audience is aware of the writer's distance from the subject they
27:
is the discussion about a discussion, as opposed to a simple discussion about a given topic. The study of metadiscourse helps us recognize and understand how we situate our ideas within writing and speech. This subject is especially prevalent in science writing, where it presents itself in many
252:
In science writing, attitude marking is a valuable technique that is used to bring humanity into a body of text. To a non-expert audience, scientific information can seem dry and difficult to consume, and attitude marking allows readers to gauge the way they might feel inclined to react to the
86:
Attitude markers appear when writers signal their feelings towards a subject with certain words or phrases. This type of metadiscourse may show up in writing in the use of words like "unfortunately," "admirably," and "agree."
78:
In writing, a booster is a word or phrase that enhances a point the writer makes. Boosters can be identified by examples such as "certainly," "absolutely," "obviously," "always," and "demonstrate."
194:
Boosters appear in science writing to strengthen a statement that is being made. These words and phrases allow non-expert readers to grasp the certainty of a claim.
516:
417:
339:
393:
32:. Metadiscourse often includes phrases such as "frankly," "after all," "on the other hand," "to our surprise," and so on.
459:"Stance markers in English medical research articles and newspaper opinion columns: A comparative corpus-based study"
324:
309:
595:
386:
600:
20:
470:
8:
379:
334:. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Warszawa, Wien, 2017
474:
567:
542:
493:
458:
367:
332:
Metadiscourse in
Written Genres: Uncovering Textual and Interactional Aspects of Texts
572:
498:
335:
320:
305:
562:
554:
488:
478:
432:
29:
284:
After conducting two separate studies, both the neuroscientists and psychiatrists
483:
436:
363:
589:
558:
576:
502:
359:
351:
319:. John Benjamins Publishing Company, Philadelphia/Amsterdam, 2006.
35:
Below are some examples of metadiscourse in writing, denoting:
543:"Hedging, Weasel Words, and Truthiness in Scientific Writing"
143:
that the species will be extinct within the next decade.
179:
a result of the patient's exposure to cigarette smoke.
247:
167:
to rely on clinical trials to conduct their research.
59:"first," "second," "finally," "therefore," "however"
547:
Journal of the
Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons
418:"Metadiscourse: What is it and where is it going?"
587:
330:Ciler Hatipoglu, Erdem Akbas, Yasemin Bayyurt:
302:Metadiscourse. Exploring Interaction in Writing
276:, very poor for each of the research patients.
96:Hedging in science writing may look like this:
517:"Hedges: Softening Claims in Academic Writing"
189:
53:"note that," "finally," "therefore," "however"
387:
90:
213:Early trials of the new gene therapy reveal
115:Inhaling the gas produced by the experiment
521:George Mason University The Writing Center
394:
380:
566:
492:
482:
241:the accuracy of the original hypothesis.
457:Shen, Qian; Tao, Yating (8 March 2021).
456:
588:
415:
47:"may," "perhaps," "certainly," "must"
452:
450:
448:
446:
439:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
346:
41:"to sum up," "candidly," "I believe"
540:
248:Attitude marking in science writing
81:
13:
317:Metadiscourse in L1 and L2 English
294:
14:
612:
443:
163:Scientists in this area of study
16:Concept in philosophy of language
350:
253:information they are taking in.
534:
509:
409:
1:
416:Hyland, Ken (15 March 2017).
403:
484:10.1371/journal.pone.0247981
437:10.1016/j.pragma.2017.03.007
366:. You can help Knowledge by
225:This chemical reaction will
7:
190:Boosting in science writing
131:to support the hypothesis.
73:
57:the structure of the text:
10:
617:
345:
304:. Continuum, London 2007,
91:Hedging in science writing
51:directions to the reader:
186:findings of the experts.
64:
45:the writer's confidence:
39:the writer's intentions:
541:Ott, Douglas E. (2018).
559:10.4293/JSLS.2018.00063
362:-related article is a
229:result in combustion.
21:philosophy of language
425:Journal of Pragmatics
475:2021PLoSO..1647981S
272:The prognosis was,
257:
217:promising results.
198:
155:remain consistent.
127:The data collected
100:
553:(4): e2018.00063.
288:on the diagnosis.
256:
197:
175:The symptoms were
151:The trial results
99:
523:. 17 October 2020
375:
374:
340:978-3-631-72062-2
292:
291:
264:Example Sentence
245:
244:
205:Example Sentence
183:
182:
107:Example Sentence
608:
596:Philosophy stubs
581:
580:
570:
538:
532:
531:
529:
528:
513:
507:
506:
496:
486:
454:
441:
440:
422:
413:
396:
389:
382:
354:
347:
261:Attitude Marker
258:
255:
199:
196:
101:
98:
82:Attitude markers
30:adverbial clause
616:
615:
611:
610:
609:
607:
606:
605:
586:
585:
584:
539:
535:
526:
524:
515:
514:
510:
469:(3): e0247981.
455:
444:
420:
414:
410:
406:
401:
400:
297:
295:Further reading
250:
237:These findings
192:
119:cause hypoxia.
93:
84:
76:
67:
17:
12:
11:
5:
614:
604:
603:
601:Metaphilosophy
598:
583:
582:
533:
508:
442:
407:
405:
402:
399:
398:
391:
384:
376:
373:
372:
355:
344:
343:
328:
315:Annelie Ädel:
313:
296:
293:
290:
289:
282:
278:
277:
270:
269:Unfortunately
266:
265:
262:
249:
246:
243:
242:
235:
231:
230:
223:
219:
218:
211:
207:
206:
203:
191:
188:
181:
180:
173:
169:
168:
161:
157:
156:
149:
145:
144:
137:
133:
132:
125:
121:
120:
113:
109:
108:
105:
92:
89:
83:
80:
75:
72:
66:
63:
62:
61:
55:
49:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
613:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
591:
578:
574:
569:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
537:
522:
518:
512:
504:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
453:
451:
449:
447:
438:
434:
430:
426:
419:
412:
408:
397:
392:
390:
385:
383:
378:
377:
371:
369:
365:
361:
356:
353:
349:
348:
341:
337:
333:
329:
326:
325:9789027222978
322:
318:
314:
311:
310:0-8264-7610-4
307:
303:
299:
298:
287:
283:
280:
279:
275:
274:unfortunately
271:
268:
267:
263:
260:
259:
254:
240:
236:
233:
232:
228:
224:
221:
220:
216:
212:
209:
208:
204:
201:
200:
195:
187:
178:
174:
171:
170:
166:
162:
159:
158:
154:
150:
147:
146:
142:
138:
135:
134:
130:
126:
123:
122:
118:
114:
111:
110:
106:
103:
102:
97:
88:
79:
71:
60:
56:
54:
50:
48:
44:
42:
38:
37:
36:
33:
31:
26:
25:metadiscourse
22:
550:
546:
536:
525:. Retrieved
520:
511:
466:
462:
428:
424:
411:
368:expanding it
357:
331:
316:
301:
300:Ken Hyland:
285:
273:
251:
238:
234:Demonstrate
226:
214:
193:
184:
176:
164:
152:
140:
128:
116:
94:
85:
77:
68:
58:
52:
46:
40:
34:
24:
18:
239:demonstrate
590:Categories
527:2024-04-03
404:References
360:philosophy
210:Certainly
431:: 16–29.
215:certainly
172:Probably
136:Possible
577:30607107
503:33684148
463:PLOS ONE
202:Booster
177:probably
148:Usually
141:possible
74:Boosters
568:6311890
494:7939291
471:Bibcode
222:Always
153:usually
129:appears
124:Appear
575:
565:
501:
491:
338:
323:
308:
281:Agree
227:always
139:It is
104:Hedge
65:Hedges
421:(PDF)
358:This
286:agree
160:Tend
573:PMID
499:PMID
364:stub
336:ISBN
321:ISBN
306:ISBN
165:tend
112:May
563:PMC
555:doi
489:PMC
479:doi
433:doi
429:113
117:may
19:In
592::
571:.
561:.
551:22
549:.
545:.
519:.
497:.
487:.
477:.
467:16
465:.
461:.
445:^
427:.
423:.
23:,
579:.
557::
530:.
505:.
481::
473::
435::
395:e
388:t
381:v
370:.
342:.
327:.
312:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
