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choir murmurs, praying for salvation from everlasting death. The soprano interrupts, with accompaniment recalling the music of the Dies irae. In the following "Tremens factus", the soprano gasps breathless phrases above a dense texture of muted strings and low flutes. The "crashing chords" of the Dies irae break in, with the passage repeated completely. Then the choir repeats the very beginning, "Requiem aeternam", with the solo soprano joining softly. The soprano repeats the first "Libera me", calling the choir to an agitated four-part fugue that illustrates the shattering of the world by fire, with a "devastating climax". The soprano finally mutters a two-fold "Libera me" on a single low note, ever softer, interpreted as "a prayer as much for the living as for the dead".
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negatively as "an opera in ecclesiastical robes", or alternatively, as a religious work, but one in "dubious musical costume". While the majority of critics agreed that the music was "dramatic", some felt that such treatment of the text was appropriate, or at least permissible. As to the quality of the music, the critical consensus agreed that the work displayed "fluent invention, beautiful sound effects and charming vocal writing". Critics were divided between praise and condemnation with respect to Verdi's willingness to break standard compositional rules for musical effect, such as his use of
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275:, whom Verdi had admired all his adult life and met in 1868, died. Upon hearing of his death, Verdi resolved to complete a Requiem—this time entirely of his own writing—for Manzoni. Verdi traveled to Paris in June, where he commenced work on the Requiem, giving it the form we know today. It included a revised version of the Libera me originally composed for Rossini.
714:—I would beg him to permit—if only for this one time—that women take part in the performance of this music; but since I am not, it will fall to someone else better suited to obtain this decree." In Verdi's Requiem, two of the four soloists were women, and the chorus included female voices. This may have slowed the work's acceptance in Italy.
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lyrical tenor solo "with a moment of profound peace". "Confutatis", a bass solo of "dignity and resignation", pleads for God's mercy. After a return of Dies irae, "Lacrymosa" closes the sequence with a "desolate theme", repeated and each time orchestrated more densely, leading to a muted melancholic end. The final Amen, however, is sung as a
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in "thunderous chords, a jagged rising phrase, a wailing chant lurching backwards and forwards, giant bass-drum blows on the offbeat, precipitous woodwind scales, strings tremolando, uprushes of violins, and rapid rhythmic figures splayed out by the trumpets". The terrifying and recognizable passage
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Verdi structured the liturgical text in movements as follows; Differently from traditional settings of the
Requiem mass, he assigned several parts to one soloist. He also wrote duets such as Recordare, Lacrymosa and Agnus Dei, and a quartet of solo voices in the Domine Jesu Christe in the offertory.
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In the "Libera me", the oldest music by Verdi in the
Requiem, the soprano soloist interacts with the choir for the prayer "Deliver me, Lord, from eternal death ... when you will come to judge the world by fire". The soprano first recites the prayer invoking a mood of "terrible urgency". The
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was compiled by Verdi and twelve other famous
Italian composers of the time. The premiere was scheduled for 13 November 1869, the first anniversary of Rossini's death, but on 4 November, nine days before the premiere, the organising committee abandoned it. Verdi blamed this on the scheduled
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At the time of its premiere, the
Requiem was criticized by some as being too operatic in style for the religious subject matter. According to Gundula Kreuzer, "Most critics did perceive a schism between the religious text (with all its musical implications) and Verdi's setting". Some viewed it
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are augmented by an offstage quartet to produce a call to judgement in the "Tuba mirum". "Liber scriptus" is a passionate mezzo-soprano solo. "Rex tremendae" alternates a "majestic dotted theme" for the lower voices with a "wide-spanned phrase" salva me, building to a climax. "Ingemisco" is a
249:. He pointed to Mariani's lack of enthusiasm for the project, although in fact the conductor had been a part of the organising committee and did his best to support Verdi, this episode marked the beginning of the end of their friendship. The composition remained unperformed until 1988, when
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in 1872, and
Capponi was also intended to sing the role of Radames at that premiere but was replaced due to illness. Teresa Stolz went on to a brilliant career, Waldmann retired very young in 1875, but the male singers appear to have faded into obscurity. Also, Teresa Stolz was engaged to
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in 2006 that was revived in 2007, 2011 and 2013. In Freyer's staging, the four sung roles, "Der WeiĂźe Engel" (The White Angel), "Der Tod-ist-die-Frau" (Death is the Woman), "Einsam" (Solitude), and "Der
Beladene" (The Load Bearer) are complemented by choreographed allegorical characters.
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in a classical
Baroque style. With its premiere at the Royal Albert Hall performance in May 1875, this revision became the definitive edition that has been most performed since, although the original version is included in critical editions of the work published by
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scored for double chorus, begins with a brassy fanfare to announce him "who comes in the name of the Lord". The orchestra plays animated accompaniment throughout the fugue. "Pleni sunt coeli" is a "serene version of the fugue subject", still to vivid strings.
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Se io fossi nelle buone grazie del Santo Padre, lo pregherei a voler permettere, almeno per questa sola volta, che le donne prendessero parte all'esecuzione di questa musica, ma non essendolo, converrá trovar persona piu di me idonea ad ottenere
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When the
Requiem was composed, female singers were not permitted to perform in Catholic Church rituals (such as a requiem mass). However, from the beginning Verdi intended to use female singers in the work. In his open letter proposing the
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Rafael Krux published a "revamped" orchestral version in 2022 that was shortened to only feature the first chorus. This version was notably featured in the film, Alphabet Lore by Mike
Salcedo when f makes a fart behind l and
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Since the 1990s, commemorations in the US and Europe have included memorial performances of the
Requiem in honor of the TerezĂn performances. On the heels of previous performances held at the TerezĂn Memorial,
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in octaves without accompaniment. The movement consists of variations of this theme, harmonised in soft colours, with a calm counterpoint of three flutes, alternating between the soloists and the choir.
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published a version in 2013 for a small ensemble of horn, double bass, gran cassa, timpani, marimba and piano, edited by Michael Betzner-Brandt, in order to make the music accessible for more choirs.
642:, into which the choir mutters in low register the prayer for eternal rest. The soloists enter in turn for the Kyrie, with an "exalted theme which soars up over a chromatically descending bass".
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three days later on 25 May with the same soloists and Verdi again conducting. It won immediate contemporary success, although not everywhere. It received seven performances at the
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Throughout the work, Verdi used vigorous rhythms, sublime melodies, and dramatic contrasts—much as he did in his operas—to express the powerful emotions engendered by the text.
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For a Paris performance, Verdi revised the "Liber scriptus" to allow Maria Waldmann a further solo for future performances. Previously, the movement had been set as a choral
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church in Milan on 22 May 1874, conducted by the composer, marked the first anniversary of Manzoni's death. It was followed three days later by the same performers at
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It later disappeared from the standard choral repertoire, but made a reappearance in the 1930s and is now regularly performed and a staple of many choral societies.
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in London could not be filled for such a Catholic occasion. In Venice, impressive Byzantine ecclesiastical decor was designed for the occasion of the performance.
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in Milan on 22 May 1874, the first anniversary of Manzoni's death, as part of a church liturgy. Verdi himself conducted, and the four soloists were
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performed the Requiem in Terezin in 2006 and rehearsed the choir in the same basement where the original inmates reportedly rehearsed. Part of the
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Verdi, G.: Messa da Requiem / Quattro Pezzi Sacri (Filipova, Scalchi, Hernandez, Colombara, Hungarian State Opera Chorus and Orchestra, Morandi)
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that a number of Italian composers collaborate on a Requiem in Rossini's honour. He began the effort by submitting the concluding movement, the
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to be performed in a liturgical setting, the Requiem is usually given in concert form; it takes around 90 minutes to perform. Musicologist
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premiered a full staging by Clemens Bechtel where the four main characters were shown in different life and death situations: the
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The Requiem was reportedly performed approximately 16 times between 1943 and 1944 by prisoners in the concentration camp of
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As Aida, Amneris and Ramfis respectively, Stolz, Waldmann, and Maini had all sung in the European premiere of
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calls it "probably the most frequently performed major choral work composed since the compilation of Mozart's
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The work begins with the introit, with muted cellos and later all strings playing a slow descending motif in
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to a tremolo of divided violins, shimmering as a depiction of eternal light. It is answered by the bass in
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is repeated several times, within the section and in the final Libera me. The four orchestral
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In "Lux aeterna", mezzo-soprano, tenor and bass sing alone, the mezzo-soprano beginning in
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on 25 May 1874, with Verdi conducting. The soloists depicted are (left to right)
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for Rossini), Verdi wrote: "If I were in the good graces of the Holy Father—
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transcribed the Agnus Dei for solo piano (S. 437). It has been recorded by
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1204:: Trailer for Deutsche Oper's dramatic staging of the work on youtube.com
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Its first performance in the United States was in Boston in 1878, by the
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The work is scored for four vocal soloists and the following orchestra:
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Liber scriptus (mezzo-soprano, chorus – chorus only in original version)
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Choral Masterworks from Bach to Britten: Reflections of a Conductor
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The Requiem has been staged in a variety of ways several times.
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For the Agnus Dei, soprano and mezzo-soprano sing a long theme
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999:. — New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962. — P. 350—361.
412:. The performances were presented under the auspices of the
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in Stuttgart, Germany, presented at festivals and recorded.
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had died, already contained the music that later begins the
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Verdi and the Germans: From Unification to the Third Reich
1107:"The Handel and Haydn Society: Over 200 Years of History"
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de Verdi d’une sombre beauté au Deutsche Oper de Berlin"
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project (when it was still conceived as a multi-author
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performed the Requiem for the 20th anniversary of the
182:. Verdi conducted his work at major venues in Europe.
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on holocaustmusic.ort.org. Retrieved 29 December 2013
1153:"Honoring the conductor who gave Terezin its Requiem"
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Review: Cologne Opera staging of the Bechtel version
973:"Program Notes: Verdi's Requiem (April 27-28, 2024)"
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230:'s death in 1868, Verdi suggested to his publisher
160:) for four soloists, double choir and orchestra by
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662:The Offertory is sung by the quartet of soloists.
1084:, on giuseppeverdi.it. Retrieved 29 December 2013
884:
453:, a Turkish writer in prison, a young woman with
330:The Requiem was first performed in the church of
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271:On 22 May 1873, the Italian writer and humanist
408:(also known as TerezĂn) under the direction of
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788:(an obsolete instrument usually replaced by a
562:Quid sum miser (soprano, mezzo-soprano, tenor)
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2385:Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano Giuseppe Verdi
1666:Verdi, Giuseppe; (Ed., Marco Uvietta, 2014)
1176:on pbs.org. Retrieved 29 December 2013: See
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1478:(in Italian). 22 November 1868. p. 3.
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292:Requiem poster for La Scala premiere, 1874
185:Verdi composed the last part of the text,
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1707:International Music Score Library Project
1564:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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1256:"Verdi's Requiem: The Met Remembers 9/11"
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27:1874 musical setting of the funeral mass
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1427:"Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) / Requiem"
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1628:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press.
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1312:"Verdi, Giuseppe / Messa da Requiem"
1285:"Verdi, Giuseppe / Messa da Requiem"
574:Confutatis maledictis (bass, chorus)
189:, first, as his contribution to the
1517:Dies Irae: A Guide to Requiem Music
1340:"Giuseppe Verdi / Messa da Requiem"
1174:"Defiant Requiem: Verdi at Terezin"
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24:
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1734:(Mary Gayle Greene, mezzo-soprano)
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1202:"Giuseppe Verdi: Messa da Requiem"
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665:The Sanctus, a complex eight-part
568:Recordare (soprano, mezzo-soprano)
25:
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1583:. Biblioteca Universale Rizzoli.
1178:Theresienstadt concentration camp
371:in 1869, but she later left him.
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2584:Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto Story
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1501:
1242:(in German) on der-neue-merker.
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599:(soprano, mezzo-soprano, chorus)
565:Rex tremendae (soloists, chorus)
174:. The first performance, at the
1545:. London: Chatto & Windus.
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457:, and an aid worker in Africa.
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164:. It was composed in memory of
2659:Compositions by Giuseppe Verdi
1825:I Lombardi alla prima crociata
1795:Oberto, Conte di San Bonifacio
1654:The Oxford Dictionary of Music
1609:. Cambridge University Press.
990:
645:The Dies irae begins, evoking
13:
1:
851:
840:
437:created a production for the
2604:Casa di Riposo per Musicisti
2349:Theatres named after Verdi (
1720:Choral Public Domain Library
1694:National Library of Scotland
1670:. Critical edition. Kassel:
717:
659:chord, "like a revelation".
625:
606:(mezzo-soprano, tenor, bass)
577:Lacrymosa (soloists, chorus)
508:
374:The Requiem was repeated at
7:
2343:Memorials to Giuseppe Verdi
997:Frank Walker. The man Verdi
487:University of Chicago Press
10:
2685:
2453:Portrait of Giuseppe Verdi
1684:Digitised copy of Verdi's
1624:Summer, Robert J. (2007).
844:
451:Fukushima nuclear disaster
57:First edition title page,
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2473:Verdi, the King of Melody
2443:
2334:
2301:String Quartet in E minor
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2169:
2086:
1785:
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1579:Resigno, Eduardo (2001).
1560:Kreuzer, Gundula (2010).
1543:Bernard Shaw: A Biography
932:Osborne, Richard (1990).
847:Verdi Requiem discography
539:Kyrie (soloists, chorus)
472:Versions and arrangements
238:. During the next year a
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2141:Libiamo ne' lieti calici
1112:Handel and Haydn Society
634:Beginning of the Introit
617:
391:Handel and Haydn Society
195:that he had begun after
2378:Giuseppe Verdi Monument
2105:Bella figlia dell'amore
1925:La battaglia di Legnano
1474:"Requiem per Rossini".
1310:Howard, Leslie (1993).
1032:"Requiem mass by Verdi"
796:in modern performances)
400:20th century and beyond
300:Second performance, at
253:premiered the complete
1985:Les vĂŞpres siciliennes
1425:Cairns, David (2008).
971:Schiavo, Paul (2014).
635:
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460:In 2021, the New York
428:Prague Spring Festival
414:
382:in Paris, but the new
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2150:Un dì, felice, eterea
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109:22 May 1874
2612:Verdi Transcriptions
2262:Un ballo in maschera
2208:La forza del destino
2035:La forza del destino
2025:Un ballo in maschera
1779:List of compositions
1692:in Milan 1874, from
1519:. Lanham, Maryland:
1262:. September 11, 2021
1138:. 1997. 8.550944-45.
556:Mors stupebit (bass)
466:September 11 attacks
439:Deutsche Oper Berlin
2444:Cultural depictions
2323:Quattro pezzi sacri
2171:Opera discographies
1581:Dizionario Verdiano
1476:Gazzetta Piemontese
934:"Messa per Rossini"
553:Tuba mirum (chorus)
279:Performance history
222:Composition history
2371:Milan Conservatory
2292:Inno delle nazioni
2273:Other compositions
1995:I vespri siciliani
1805:Un giorno di regno
1726:Live Recording of
1260:Metropolitan Opera
1238:2013-12-30 at the
1213:Jean-Luc Vannier,
1190:"Rafael Schächter"
1080:2013-12-31 at the
725:consecutive fifths
636:
550:Dies irae (chorus)
527:
462:Metropolitan Opera
415:Freizeitgestaltung
328:
294:
273:Alessandro Manzoni
269:
265:Alessandro Manzoni
166:Alessandro Manzoni
82:Alessandro Manzoni
2669:1874 compositions
2646:
2645:
2486:(1982 miniseries)
2483:The Life of Verdi
2420:Verdi, California
2132:La donna è mobile
1635:978-0-8108-5903-6
1571:978-0-521-51919-9
1530:978-0-58-547162-4
1464:, pp. 60–61.
1349:. 2013. p. 4
797:
613:(soprano, chorus)
571:Ingemisco (tenor)
384:Royal Albert Hall
342:(mezzo-soprano),
255:Messa per Rossini
241:Messa per Rossini
228:Gioachino Rossini
197:Gioachino Rossini
192:Messa per Rossini
140:
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71:Messa per Rossini
16:(Redirected from
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1070:
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1058:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1030:Schwarm, Betsy.
1027:
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787:
779:(4 offstage), 3
536:Introit (chorus)
523:Messa da Requiem
417:
410:Rafael Schächter
356:
344:Giuseppe Capponi
317:Giuseppe Capponi
314:
145:Messa da Requiem
116:
114:
55:
34:Messa da Requiem
30:
29:
21:
18:Messa da Requiem
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2289:
2282:Suona la tromba
2279:
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2205:
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2093:
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2012:
2002:
1998:(December 1855)
1992:
1982:
1972:
1962:
1952:
1942:
1932:
1922:
1912:
1902:
1892:
1882:
1872:
1862:
1855:Giovanna d'Arco
1852:
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1822:
1812:
1802:
1792:
1781:
1772:
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1712:Free scores of
1681:
1646:
1644:Further reading
1636:
1617:
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1521:Scarecrow Press
1504:
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1240:Wayback Machine
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1172:
1165:
1161:, April 5, 2013
1150:
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1134:(Media notes).
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1082:Wayback Machine
1071:
1067:
1059:
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1028:
1015:
1011:, pp. 5–6.
1007:
1003:
995:
991:
981:
979:
969:
954:
944:
942:
930:
921:
917:, pp. 1–2.
913:
909:
901:
897:
889:
885:
873:
858:
854:
849:
843:
733:
731:Instrumentation
720:
699:
628:
620:
592:(double chorus)
511:
474:
402:
350:
308:
286:
281:
251:Helmuth Rilling
224:
206:Considered too
171:Manzoni Requiem
150:musical setting
136:
112:
110:
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2682:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2664:Requiem Masses
2661:
2644:
2643:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
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2617:
2607:
2599:
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2539:
2529:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2488:
2478:
2468:
2463:Giuseppe Verdi
2458:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2392:Verdi (crater)
2388:
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2154:
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2136:
2127:
2123:Di quella pira
2118:
2109:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2087:Opera excerpts
2084:
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1820:
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1789:
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1777:
1774:
1773:
1770:Giuseppe Verdi
1766:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1728:Liber Scriptus
1723:
1709:
1697:
1680:
1679:External links
1677:
1676:
1675:
1664:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1621:
1615:
1605:Verdi: Requiem
1595:
1589:
1576:
1570:
1557:
1551:
1535:
1529:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1495:, p. 301.
1485:
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1273:
1247:
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1013:
1001:
989:
952:
919:
907:
905:, p. vii.
895:
883:
855:
853:
850:
845:Main article:
842:
839:
838:
837:
813:
798:
764:
748:(3rd doubling
732:
729:
719:
716:
698:
695:
627:
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619:
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593:
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510:
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473:
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406:Theresienstadt
401:
398:
369:Angelo Mariani
340:Maria Waldmann
321:Maria Waldmann
285:
282:
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247:Angelo Mariani
223:
220:
162:Giuseppe Verdi
156:funeral mass (
138:
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45:Giuseppe Verdi
37:
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26:
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3:
2:
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2513:
2505:
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2503:Risorgimento!
2499:
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2469:
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2434:Verdi, Nevada
2431:
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2427:Verdi, Kansas
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2017:
2016:
2011:
2007:
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2001:
1997:
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1845:I due Foscari
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1698:
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1688:published by
1687:
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1682:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1662:0-19-861459-4
1659:
1655:
1651:
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1647:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1616:0-521-39448-1
1612:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1590:88-17-86628-8
1586:
1582:
1577:
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1563:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1509:Chase, Robert
1506:
1505:
1502:Cited sources
1494:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1463:
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1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1384:, p. 97.
1383:
1378:
1371:
1366:
1348:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1290:
1286:
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1241:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1180:for "Terezin"
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1137:
1136:Naxos Records
1133:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1096:, p. 14.
1095:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1063:, p. 11.
1062:
1057:
1055:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1010:
1005:
998:
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978:
974:
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935:
928:
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904:
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892:
887:
880:
876:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
856:
848:
835:
834:double basses
831:
827:
823:
819:
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736:
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709:
705:
697:Female voices
694:
690:
688:
684:
679:
676:
671:
668:
663:
660:
658:
653:
648:
647:Last Judgment
643:
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632:
623:
612:
608:
605:
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587:
585:
581:
576:
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498:
497:Leslie Howard
494:
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385:
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380:Opéra-Comique
377:
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370:
365:
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358:
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349:
348:Ormondo Maini
345:
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132:
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127:four soloists
126:
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80:In memory of
79:
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60:
54:
49:
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42:
38:
35:
31:
19:
2632:
2611:
2583:
2573:
2563:
2553:
2543:
2533:
2523:
2506:(2011 opera)
2501:
2491:
2481:
2471:
2461:
2451:
2335:Recognitions
2321:
2308:
2290:
2280:
2261:
2252:
2244:Il trovatore
2243:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2189:
2180:
2159:Va, pensiero
2114:Celeste Aida
2096:Anvil Chorus
2073:
2063:
2053:
2043:
2033:
2023:
2013:
2003:
1993:
1983:
1973:
1965:Il trovatore
1963:
1953:
1943:
1935:Luisa Miller
1933:
1923:
1913:
1903:
1895:I masnadieri
1893:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1843:
1833:
1823:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1731:
1727:
1722:(ChoralWiki)
1713:
1700:
1667:
1653:
1625:
1604:
1599:Rosen, David
1580:
1561:
1552:07011-6279-1
1542:
1516:
1488:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1462:Kreuzer 2010
1436:. Retrieved
1430:
1377:
1372:, p. 9.
1365:
1351:. Retrieved
1347:Carus-Verlag
1319:. Retrieved
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1264:. Retrieved
1259:
1250:
1228:
1216:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1156:
1130:
1110:
1101:
1094:Resigno 2001
1089:
1073:
1068:
1041:. Retrieved
1035:
1004:
992:
980:. Retrieved
977:Carus-Verlag
943:. Retrieved
937:
910:
898:
886:
830:violoncellos
815:
800:
766:
739:
734:
721:
712:Pope Pius IX
707:
703:
700:
691:
687:B-flat minor
683:B-flat major
680:
672:
664:
661:
644:
637:
621:
522:
521:Drawing for
512:
503:Carus-Verlag
501:
491:
475:
459:
444:
435:Achim Freyer
432:
424:Murry Sidlin
420:
403:
395:
388:
373:
361:
359:
346:(tenor) and
336:Teresa Stolz
329:
325:Teresa Stolz
284:19th century
270:
254:
239:
225:
205:
200:
190:
186:
184:
170:
169:
144:
143:
141:
130:double choir
33:
2621:Villa Verdi
2544:La Traviata
2496:(1985 play)
2476:(1953 film)
2466:(1938 film)
2406:Verdi Range
2399:Verdi Inlet
2326:(1889–1897)
2253:La traviata
1988:(June 1855)
1975:La traviata
1730:portion of
1672:Bärenreiter
1289:Bärenreiter
1244:(in German)
1222:(in French)
891:Summer 2007
604:Lux aeterna
493:Franz Liszt
483:Bärenreiter
351: [
338:(soprano),
309: [
245:conductor,
212:David Rosen
2653:Categories
2614:(Finnissy)
2493:After Aida
2413:3975 Verdi
2190:Don Carlos
2048:(1867/84)
2045:Don Carlos
2038:(1862/69)
1915:Il corsaro
1888:(1847/65)
1493:Chase 2004
1382:Rosen 1995
1370:Rosen 1995
1061:Rosen 1995
1037:Britannica
1009:Rosen 1995
939:Gramophone
915:Rosen 1995
903:Rosen 1995
877:, p.
875:Chase 2004
852:References
841:Recordings
802:percussion
785:ophicleide
203:sequence.
113:1874-05-22
2235:Rigoletto
2008:(1857/81)
1955:Rigoletto
1945:Stiffelio
1905:JĂ©rusalem
1481:l'intento
1266:March 16,
811:bass drum
781:trombones
758:clarinets
718:Reception
626:Movements
611:Libera me
597:Agnus Dei
584:Offertory
546:Dies irae
525:(undated)
509:Structure
447:Oper Köln
445:In 2011,
332:San Marco
236:Libera me
201:Dies irae
187:Libera me
176:San Marco
133:orchestra
106:Performed
2639:Category
2359:Florence
2351:Brindisi
2199:Falstaff
2075:Falstaff
1652:(2006),
1601:(1995).
1541:(1997).
1511:(2004).
1236:Archived
1078:Archived
794:cimbasso
777:trumpets
762:bassoons
741:woodwind
652:trumpets
376:La Scala
357:(bass).
302:La Scala
208:operatic
180:La Scala
154:Catholic
98:Language
77:Occasion
2564:Macbeth
2363:Trieste
2355:Busseto
2311:(1874)
2217:Macbeth
2068:(1887)
2058:(1871)
2028:(1859)
1978:(1853)
1968:(1853)
1958:(1851)
1885:Macbeth
1815:Nabucco
1732:Requiem
1718:in the
1716:(Verdi)
1714:Requiem
1703:(Verdi)
1701:Requiem
1690:Ricordi
824:I, II,
822:violins
817:strings
807:timpani
750:piccolo
708:Requiem
704:Requiem
657:G major
640:A minor
590:Sanctus
532:Requiem
455:bulimia
232:Ricordi
216:Requiem
158:Requiem
152:of the
121:Scoring
111: (
92:Requiem
67:Related
59:Ricordi
41:Requiem
2587:(2005)
2577:(1987)
2567:(1987)
2557:(1986)
2554:Otello
2547:(1983)
2537:(1953)
2527:(1906)
2524:Otello
2456:(1886)
2303:(1873)
2295:(1862)
2285:(1848)
2226:Otello
2078:(1893)
2065:Otello
2018:(1857)
2015:Aroldo
1948:(1850)
1938:(1849)
1928:(1849)
1918:(1848)
1908:(1847)
1898:(1847)
1878:(1846)
1875:Attila
1868:(1845)
1865:Alzira
1858:(1845)
1848:(1844)
1838:(1844)
1835:Ernani
1828:(1843)
1818:(1842)
1808:(1840)
1798:(1839)
1786:Operas
1660:
1632:
1613:
1587:
1568:
1549:
1527:
1438:21 May
1353:21 May
1321:21 May
1295:21 May
1291:. 1997
1043:21 May
982:21 May
945:21 May
826:violas
746:flutes
675:unison
323:, and
226:After
61:, 1874
1343:(PDF)
773:horns
768:brass
754:oboes
752:), 2
667:fugue
618:Music
478:fugue
355:]
313:]
148:is a
101:Latin
2574:Aida
2534:Aida
2181:Aida
2055:Aida
1658:ISBN
1630:ISBN
1611:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1566:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1440:2024
1355:2024
1323:2024
1297:2024
1268:2023
1045:2024
984:2024
947:2024
790:tuba
775:, 8
771:: 4
760:, 4
756:, 2
744:: 3
485:and
363:Aida
142:The
88:Text
879:300
792:or
609:7.
602:6.
595:5.
588:4.
582:3.
544:2.
530:1.
218:".
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353:it
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