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menstruation—excluding sanitary pads or locally prepared napkins—were 1.04 times more likely to report symptoms of reproductive tract infections. Furthermore, these women were 1.3 times more likely to experience abnormal vaginal discharge, encompassing symptoms like itching, vulvar irritation, lower abdomen pain, pain during urination or defecation, and low back pain. In another investigation, findings revealed that women engaging in the use of bubble bath on the vulva exhibited a twofold increase in the likelihood of experiencing bacterial vaginosis, in contrast to those who refrained from using this product. Furthermore, the occurrence of bacterial vaginosis was three times greater among women who applied antiseptic solutions to the vulva or within the vagina. Additionally, the frequency of bacterial vaginosis was six times higher in women utilizing a douching agent. When it comes to bacterial vaginosis, African
American women are 2.9 times more likely to be diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis compared to women of European ancestry, possibly due to variations in their "normal" vaginal flora.
31:
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allow it to naturally defend itself from harmful microorganisms. The innate defense mechanisms against vulvovaginal infections encompass the normal vaginal flora, acidic vaginal pH, and vaginal discharge. Resident bacteria play a crucial role in maintaining an acidic pH and outcompeting external pathogens for adhesion to the vaginal mucosa. Additionally, these bacteria defend against pathogens by generating antimicrobial compounds like bacteriocin. In vitro analysis of vaginal fluids from five women demonstrated activity against non-resident bacterial species, including
Escherichia coli and Group B Streptococcus. This protection against Group B Streptococcus holds particular significance for pregnant women, as it commonly colonizes the vagina via the gastrointestinal tract, elevating the risk of preterm delivery, neonatal meningitis, and fetal death. Moreover, it may lead to asymptomatic bacteriuria, urinary tract infections, upper genital tract infections, and postpartum endometritis.
383:
before menarche, with mothers being the primary source of information. While the majority recognized menstruation as a physiological process, knowledge and usage of sanitary pads were limited. Most girls employed soap and water for cleaning purposes, and a considerable percentage observed various restrictions during menstruation. Among the 160 respondents, 108 (67.5%) girls were aware of menstruation before experiencing menarche. Mothers were the primary source of information for 60 (37.5%) girls. A majority, 138 (86.25%), considered menstruation a physiological process. Only 78 (48.75%) girls were familiar with the use of sanitary pads during menstruation. In terms of practices, merely 18 (11.25%) girls used sanitary pads during menstruation. For cleaning purposes, 156 (97.5%) girls utilized both soap and water. Regarding restrictions, 136 (85%) girls adhered to various restrictions during menstruation.
370:
vulva with bubble bath or antiseptic. This practice aligns with the belief in the necessity of thorough body cleansing for health and well-being. Among
Orthodox Jewish women, a ritual bath known as mikveh is performed after menstrual periods or childbirth to achieve ritual purity. In the Muslim faith, both men and women partake in a bathing ritual called full ablution (ghusl) after sexual intercourse or menstruation as a purification practice. In regions like Mozambique and South Africa, certain women opt for internal cleansing of their vaginas using substances such as lemon juice, saltwater, or vinegar with the intention of eliminating vaginal discharge and "treating" sexually transmitted diseases.
421:
afford these products. This can result in missing days of school or even dropping out entirely in the worst cases. In some jurisdictions, similar necessities like medical devices and toilet paper are not taxed. Several initiatives worldwide advocate to eliminate the tax all together. In some countries, such petitions have already been successful (for example parts of the UK and the United States). The UK abolished the 5% minimum VAT imposed on sanitary products on 1 January 2021, as previously whilst a member of the
European Union; EU law prohibited the UK or any EU member state from removing the 5% VAT imposed on sanitary products.
522:
were discarded when they became worn out or the need for them ceased with menopause. However, as technology evolved, commercial hygiene products were introduced in the form of the menstrual pad, also known as the sanitary napkin. In Sweden, this happened at the end of the 19th century and has been linked to an increased focus on cleanliness, personal hygiene and health that occurred in the early part of the 20th century in the wake of urbanization. By the end of the 19th century, the first commercial sanitary napkin had also been introduced on the
American market by
138:
413:
319:: Overgrowth of naturally occurring bacteria in the vagina that leads to a type of vaginal inflammation. The imbalance of bacteria from its natural state has been connected to bacterial vaginosis Bacterial vaginosis manifests as a uniform white/gray layer on the vaginal walls and vulva, accompanied by a fishy odor and a vaginal pH exceeding 4.5. The challenge of recurrence arises from the adaptive mechanisms of the bacteria and the inadequate re-establishment of normal vaginal flora.
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569:. The function of the belt is to hold the pad in place while giving the user greater freedom of motion. In Sweden, the product was introduced in the 1940s and was in use until the 1960s. In the 1970s, the adhesive strip on the underside of the pad was introduced, allowing it to be attached to the underwear and held in place without the use of a girdle, safety pin or belt.
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Throughout the menstrual cycle, the quantity and consistency of the discharge undergo variations. At the start and end of the cycle when estrogen levels are low, the discharge is dense, adhesive, and unwelcoming to sperm. As estrogen levels increase before ovulation, the discharge gradually becomes clearer, more liquid, and stretchier.
556:
Menstrual belts were another form that menstrual protection took and began to appear in the late 19th century. They were made so that the pad itself was contained in a special holder that was fastened around the waist with a belt. The pads in these designs are referred to as "suction pads" in
Swedish
343:
The vulva acts as the initial defense line, shielding the genital tract from infections. Often, contaminants accumulate in the folds of the vulva, and factors like increased moisture, sweating, menstruation, and hormonal fluctuations can impact the growth and balance of microbial species, potentially
521:
It is likely that pieces of cloth or special rags were used to collect the menstrual fluid. However, there are few records of menstrual pads from the pre-industrial era. As artifacts, the various types of menstrual pads have not been preserved or survived in any particular sense, as the cloths used
420:
Tampon tax is a shorthand for sales tax charged on tampons, pads, and menstrual cups. The cost of these commercial products for menstrual management is considered to be unacceptably high for many low-income women. At least half a million women across the world do not have enough money to adequately
382:
To observe the menstrual hygiene in adolescent girls, a study was conducted in a secondary school in Singur West Bengal. Conducted as a descriptive, cross-sectional study involving 160 girls in West Bengal, the findings revealed that a significant portion of respondents became aware of menstruation
351:
The vagina, a fibromuscular canal extending from its external opening in the vulva to the cervix, is primarily composed of smooth muscle covered by a non-keratinized epithelial lining. This lining, until menopause, remains thick, kept moist by fluid from the vaginal wall and mucus from cervical and
271:
Feminine hygiene products that are meant to cleanse may lead to allergic reaction and irritation, as the vagina naturally flushes out bacteria. Many health professionals advise against douching because it can change the balance of vaginal flora and acidity. Research shows that the vagina's features
433:
announced that women in its facilities would be guaranteed free menstrual pads and tampons. In section 411 of the First Step Act which was passed on May 22, 2018 states, "The
Director of the Bureau of Prisons shall make the healthcare products described in subsection (c) available to prisoners for
369:
Feminine hygiene presents discrepancies in various ethnic groups. Differences in feminine hygiene practices are often associated with varying cultural beliefs and religious customs. Research indicates that Afro-Caribbean immigrants, in contrast to
Caucasian women, are more inclined to cleanse the
242:, which is a rare, life-threatening complication of certain types of bacterial infections. To help prevent toxic shock syndrome, the lowest needed absorbency of tampon should be used and tampons should be changed at least every four to eight hours. Minipads should be used for light menstrual flow.
360:
Before reaching puberty until after menopause, women typically experience a natural and healthy occurrence of vaginal discharge. This discharge comprises bacteria, desquamated epithelial cells shedding from the vaginal walls, along with mucus and fluid (plasma) produced by the cervix and vagina.
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Distinct from other skin areas, vulvar skin exhibits variations in hydration, friction, permeability, and visible irritation. It is more susceptible to topical agents compared to forearm skin due to increased hydration, occlusion, and friction. The non-keratinized vulvar vestibule is likely more
549:
The menstrual receptacle was the very earliest hygiene product to be launched as menstrual protection in Sweden, as early as 1879. It was made of rubber, like many of the hygiene articles of the time, and resembled a bowl-shaped casing that would sit on the outside of the abdomen. The menstrual
397:
According to the World Health
Organization, as of 2018 there are about 1.9 billion women who are of reproductive age. In low-income countries, women's choices of menstrual hygiene materials are often limited by the costs, availability and social norms. Not only are women's choices limited but,
373:
A research study involving 500 women in Iran revealed a notable association between bacterial vaginosis and inadequate menstrual and vaginal hygiene practices. Additionally, findings from a household survey conducted by Anand et al. indicated that women employing unhygienic methods during
30:
183:: Made of absorbent material that is worn on the inside of underwear to absorb a heavier menstrual flow. They are made of cellulose and are available in many different absorbencies and lengths. They may have wings and/or an adhesive backing to hold the pad in place.
507:
In 18th-century Sweden, women in common society were not known to use feminine hygiene products and visible period stains on clothing did not attract much attention. A common expression for menstruation during this period was to "wear the clothes" or "wear the
463:, using pads before menstruation begins may help reduce sensory issues associated with menstrual hygiene products. Prior education and practice may help familiarize an individual with body changes and the process of using products associated with menstruation.
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according to the WHO and Unicef, 780 million people do not have access to improved water sources and about 2.5 billion people lack access to improved sanitation. The lack of proper hygiene leads to a harder time for women to manage feminine hygiene.
1540:
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and pads had to be purchased for about 4–5 SEK each, depending on the size of the pack. From the price information available, menstrual protection was likely a costly purchase that was not available to everyone.
545:
Sanitary napkins could be made of woven cotton, knitted or crocheted and filled with rags. They could be homemade for personal use or mass-produced and sold, such as in towns that had a textile industry.
1532:
1786:
101 Tips for the
Parents of Girls with Autism : the Most Crucial Things You Need to Know About Diagnosis, Doctors, Schools, Taxes, Vaccinations, Babysitters, Treatment, Food, Self-Care, and More
803:
245:
Women may have difficulty with staining of their garments or sheets during menstruation. This can be mitigated by wearing dark or black underwear or pants and sleeping on top of a towel at night.
112:. Sanitary napkins, tampons, and pantyliners are disposable feminine hygiene products. Menstrual cups, cloth menstrual pads, period panties, and sponges are reusable feminine hygiene products.
206:: Made of silicone, natural rubber, or plastic; is inserted inside the vagina to catch blood and/or uterine lining. Most are reusable: they are emptied when full and can be washed or boiled.
1763:
1738:
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Instructions on how to fold a piece of fabric to be used as a menstrual pad. At the bottom, how to fasten the pad with cord to the waistband is demonstrated. From the German book
348:
permeable than keratinized skin. Notably, genital skin is unique with a thin stratum corneum and large hair follicles, making it easier for microbes and substances to permeate.
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The first half of the 20th century also saw the development of early intravaginal menstrual products similar to the menstrual cup, with an early patent dating from 1903.
1899:
1700:
1158:
973:"Vaginal douching and racial/ethnic disparities in phthalates exposures among reproductive-aged women: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2004"
189:: Similar to a menstrual pad, they are smaller, thinner and used for lighter periods, intermittent bleeding and vaginal discharge, or as a supplement to a tampon.
833:
307:
Irritation: Can be caused by fragrances, neomycin (adhesive on pads), tea tree oil, benzocaine. Inflammation can also be a risk associated with some products.
288:: A rare illness that may occur when tampons are worn for long periods of time, although not directly linked to tampon use but caused by poison linked to
795:
2086:
2301:
141:
The elements of a tampon with applicator. Left: the bigger tube ("penetrator"). Center: cotton tampon with attached string. Right: the narrower tube.
892:
1334:
218:(AKA period panties): Can refer to either underwear that keeps pads in place, or absorbent underwear that can take the place of tampons and pads.
2057:
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1266:
2025:
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patent documents, such as the "Suction pad for menstruation" patent from 1889. The price for a menstrual belt could be between 2.75 – 3.50
1759:
1648:
1730:
230:: large reusable piece of cloth, most often used at night (if nothing else is available), placed between legs to absorb menstrual flow.
3161:
1677:
1564:
195:: Inserted inside the vagina to absorb menstrual blood, can also be used while swimming. Available in different levels of absorbency.
921:
854:
529:
Advertisements and product information for sanitary pads are the primary source of knowledge about the history of sanitary pads.
3128:
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950:
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1843:
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2020:
1583:"Menstrual Hygiene, Management, and Waste Disposal: Practices and Challenges Faced by Girls/Women of Developing Countries"
3430:
3078:
1386:
331:
1991:
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1903:
1708:
1150:
2924:
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1793:
825:
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17:
498:– were used as tampons. In ancient Japan, the tampon was made of paper and held in place by a special binder called
3088:
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1562:
Puberty Education & Menstrual Hygiene Management - Good Policy and Practice in health Education - Booklet 9
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2078:
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1835:
630:
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Menstruation may occur despite paralyzation; product use depends on the individual's personal preference.
238:
Toxic shock syndrome: The use of tampons or menstrual cups can rarely cause a dangerous condition called
884:
482:
2715:
2597:
2464:
281:
The different products may carry some health risks, some of which might be proven, others speculative.
1936:
1326:
3610:
3369:
3279:
2049:
1043:"Role of female intimate hygiene in vulvovaginal health: Global hygiene practices and product usage"
330:, Ruby Love, and Knix) are facing class action lawsuits for products containing harmful toxins like
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2012:
93:. Feminine hygiene products also include products meant to cleanse the vulva or vagina, such as
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3311:
3243:
3113:
3098:
2531:
1640:
657:"A Question for Women's Health: Chemicals in Feminine Hygiene Products and Personal Lubricants"
294:
1179:
Klebanoff MA, Nansel TR, Brotman RM, Zhang J, Yu KF, Schwebke JR, Andrews WW (February 2010).
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An early commercial menstrual product in the form of a menstrual belt. Illustration from 1911.
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In ancient Egypt, the Roman Empire and Indonesia, various natural materials – wool, grass,
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8:
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Branch, Francesca; Woodruff, Tracey J.; Mitro, Susanna D.; Zota, Ami R. (December 2015).
565:
The sanitary belt can be seen as a modern version of the menstrual belt, but more like a
316:
212:: Worn inside underwear; can be made of materials such as cotton, flannel or terry cloth.
209:
1571:. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, France, p. 32
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972:
796:"How Do I Use Tampons, Pads, Period Underwear & Menstrual Cups? | Facts & Info"
681:
656:
453:
137:
2240:
The red flower of shame?: menstruation and the menstruating woman in Swedish tradition
2236:
Skammens röda blomma – menstruationen och den menstruerande kvinnan i svensk tradition
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1641:"Global WASH Fast Facts | Global Water, Sanitation and Hygiene | Healthy Water | CDC"
1622:
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1501:
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1447:
1426:"Epidemiology and clinico-investigative study of organisms causing vaginal discharge"
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free, in a quantity that is appropriate to the healthcare needs of each prisoner".
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86:
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2697:
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1986:
1357:"Our Current Understanding of the Human Health and Environmental Risks of PFAS"
1041:
Chen, Ying; Bruning, Elizabeth; Rubino, Joseph; Eder, Scott E (December 2017).
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90:
82:
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UNMENTIONABLE : the victorian lady's guide to sex, marriage, and manners
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1981:
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130:
98:
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46:
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Some girls and women may view tampons and menstrual cups as affecting their
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50:
1820:. Feiwel and Friends, an Imprint of Macmillan Publishing Group, LLC, 2018.
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310:
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1900:"New Options in Menstrual Protection on ADVANCE for Nurse Practitioners"
672:
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3329:
3103:
3052:
3037:
2873:
2686:
2671:
2541:
2536:
2469:
1093:"Are panty liners beneficial or harmful? I alternative to panty liners"
407:
186:
105:
78:
3534:
3220:
3194:
3022:
2949:
2914:
2898:
2837:
2817:
2771:
2566:
1731:"Women get their periods every month — and it's incredibly expensive"
1100:
449:
150:
157:
125:
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3002:
2939:
2807:
2434:
2324:
1424:
Venugopal, Swetha; Gopalan, Kannan; Devi, Asha; Kavitha, A (2017).
1327:"Lawsuit Investigation Looks at PFAS Levels in Menstrual Underwear"
289:
3139:
759:
The V book : a doctor's guide to complete vulvovaginal health
334:(PFAS) which may be linked to adverse health outcomes like cancer.
3017:
2802:
2666:
2612:
2592:
2516:
2479:
2449:
572:
515:
495:
168:
2109:
New Blood - Third-Wave Feminism and the Politics of Menstruation
1533:"Tackling the taboo of menstrual hygiene in the European Region"
710:
The Care & Keeping of You 1: The Body Book For Younger Girls
65:. Products that are used during menstruation may also be called
27:
Personal care products for menstruation, vaginal discharge, etc.
3574:
3494:
2822:
2812:
2381:
2329:
2310:
2268:
1151:"Should We Really Be Using Feminine Care Wipes for Down There?"
566:
474:
460:
255:
192:
94:
74:
62:
1760:"Text - H.R.5682 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): FIRST STEP Act"
1387:"Vaginal discharge: evaluation and management in primary care"
2334:
550:
receptacle is not considered to have gained much popularity.
327:
265:
227:
109:
58:
1962:
1423:
1178:
756:
732:
The Care and Keeping of You 2 The Body Book for Older Girls
145:
35:
2279:
1881:
1879:
1670:"Could this be the first country to end 'period poverty'?"
1852:
1480:"Menstrual hygiene: How hygienic is the adolescent girl?"
540:
526:. It was a variant of the menstrual pad made of flannel.
377:
364:
224:: Inserted like a tampon or cup and worn inside the body.
1830:
Delaney, Janice; Lupton, Mary Jane; Toth, Emily (1988).
1581:
Kaur, Rajanbir; Kaur, Kanwaljit; Kaur, Rajinder (2018).
1430:
Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS
1950:
1917:
1876:
970:
885:"These Are The Feminine Wipes Gynos Actually Recommend"
1864:
1701:"Mobarik: UK one step closer to ending the tampon tax"
1289:"An Updated Review of Evidence to Discourage Douching"
1181:"Personal Hygienic Behaviors and Bacterial Vaginosis"
1040:
258:: A fluid used to flush out the inside of the vagina.
264:: A moist, sometimes scented cloth used to wipe the
1293:
MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing
2140:
1829:
3602:
2196:
1698:
424:
3307:Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive
2143:Flow : the cultural story of menstruation
1477:
573:Historical types of menstrual hygiene products
499:
3155:
2295:
2138:
1832:The Curse: A Cultural History of Menstruation
509:
344:leading to odor and vulvovaginal infections.
120:
1783:
1580:
57:, and other bodily functions related to the
1818:Period: Twelve Voices Tell the Bloody Truth
1384:
3162:
3148:
2302:
2288:
1587:Journal of Environmental and Public Health
826:"Soaking It Up With Menstrual Sea Sponges"
1616:
1598:
1513:
1495:
1459:
1441:
1408:
1398:
1204:
1076:
1058:
1006:
988:
855:"Toxic Shock Syndrome | Facts & Info"
680:
34:Camelia Populär - sanitary napkin around
2233:
2111:. Rutgers University Press. p. 46.
1968:
1956:
1923:
1885:
1870:
1858:
1705:Conservatives in the European Parliament
1286:
531:
504:, and was changed up to 12 times a day.
481:
473:
411:
338:
167:
156:
144:
136:
124:
29:
1897:
1385:Sim, M; Logan, S; Goh, Lh (June 2020).
1287:Cottrell, Barbara Hansen (March 2010).
1256:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
14:
3603:
3074:History of water supply and sanitation
2960:Sulabh International Museum of Toilets
2192:
1473:
1471:
1354:
1097:UTI prevention I Vaginal care I Ezspur
882:
730:Natterson, Dr. Cara, and Josée Masse.
654:
541:Early 20th-century commercial products
386:
378:Menstrual hygiene: the adolescent girl
365:Discrepancies in various ethnic groups
3143:
2283:
2190:
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2178:
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2134:
2132:
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1527:
1525:
1257:Pallett, Abitha (December 14, 2020).
704:
702:
700:
452:even though they have not engaged in
437:
429:The Federal Bureau of Prisons in the
249:
104:Feminine hygiene products are either
2021:Swedish Intellectual Property Office
1484:Indian Journal of Community Medicine
1259:"Keeping the Vagina and Vulva Clean"
1015:
790:
788:
786:
757:Stewart, Elizabeth Gunther. (2002).
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
355:
3169:
3129:Workers' right to access the toilet
3079:Human right to water and sanitation
2100:
1810:
1699:Nosheena Mobarik (3 October 2018).
1468:
823:
416:Menstrual hygiene product dispenser
332:per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
24:
2711:Toilet-related injuries and deaths
2169:
2125:
1522:
847:
697:
149:Reusable cloth menstrual pad with
25:
3622:
2925:Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue
2261:
783:
737:
734:. American Girl Publishing, 2012.
715:
661:Environmental Health Perspectives
3089:Infection prevention and control
2267:
401:
3454:Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
2677:Privatization of public toilets
2089:from the original on 2016-01-27
2071:
2060:from the original on 2016-01-27
2042:
2031:from the original on 2023-03-21
2005:
1994:from the original on 2016-06-17
1974:
1929:
1891:
1823:
1777:
1766:from the original on 2018-12-22
1752:
1741:from the original on 2021-01-25
1723:
1692:
1662:
1651:from the original on 2021-03-02
1633:
1574:
1554:
1543:from the original on 2021-09-22
1478:Dasgupta, A; Sarkar, M (2008).
1417:
1378:
1367:from the original on 2023-01-24
1348:
1337:from the original on 2023-01-17
1319:
1280:
1269:from the original on 2021-03-01
1250:
1239:from the original on 2020-12-26
1221:
1172:
1161:from the original on 2018-11-18
1143:
1132:from the original on 2018-11-18
1114:
1085:
964:
953:from the original on 2018-11-07
935:
924:from the original on 2018-11-08
895:from the original on 2019-11-18
865:from the original on 2022-09-28
836:from the original on 2019-11-18
806:from the original on 2019-10-29
602:Sanitary belt and napkin holder
38:from military stocks for nurses
906:
876:
817:
708:Schaefer, Valorie Lee, et al.
648:
536:Homemade knitted menstrual pad
13:
1:
2201:. BACK BAY Books LITTLE BRN.
1939:(in Swedish). Digitalt Museum
1898:Wysocki, Susan (1997-11-01).
1185:Sexually Transmitted Diseases
943:"Douching | Womenshealth.gov"
883:Benton, Emilia (2019-10-16).
655:Nicole, Wendee (March 2014).
636:
425:Access to products in prisons
3475:Menstrual hygiene management
3426:Premenstrual water retention
3400:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea)
3365:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)
2945:Public toilets in Bratislava
2013:"Sugdyna för menstruationer"
1836:University of Illinois Press
1305:10.1097/NMC.0b013e3181cae9da
1197:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181bc063c
631:Menstrual hygiene management
488:The woman as a family doctor
322:Exposure to chemicals: some
7:
2615:(combined toilet and bidet)
2309:
1784:Lyons, Tony. (2015-04-14).
1126:Reusable Menstrual Products
1122:"Cloth Pad Pros & Cons"
624:
500:
10:
3627:
2716:Toilet Revolution in China
2227:
605:Crocheted sanitary napkins
469:
441:
405:
390:
121:Menstrual hygiene products
67:menstrual hygiene products
3525:
3467:
3439:
3408:
3370:Metropathia haemorrhagica
3320:
3297:
3280:Billings Ovulation Method
3262:
3236:
3229:
3208:
3177:
3061:
2995:
2907:
2861:
2780:
2739:
2622:
2422:
2317:
2234:Malmberg, Denise (1991).
2197:ONEILL, THERESE. (2018).
1391:Singapore Medical Journal
1355:US EPA, OA (2021-10-14).
990:10.1186/s12940-015-0043-6
824:Kim, Naeun (2015-11-10).
800:www.plannedparenthood.org
3585:Sustainable menstruation
3565:Menstruation celebration
2980:Toilets in New York City
2930:Modern Toilet Restaurant
2662:Islamic toilet etiquette
2147:. St. Martin's Griffin.
1443:10.4103/0253-7184.203433
1233:Office on Women's Health
1060:10.1177/1745505717731011
641:
393:Culture and menstruation
276:
115:
3527:In culture and religion
2884:Fecal sludge management
2843:Urine collection device
2828:Urinal deodorizer block
2793:Female urination device
1497:10.4103/0970-0218.40872
3355:Irregular menstruation
3312:Lactational amenorrhea
3275:Calendar-based methods
3244:Basal body temperature
3114:Sustainable sanitation
3099:Reuse of human excreta
2139:Stein, Elissa (2009).
1816:Farrell, Kate, et al.
1788:. Simon and Schuster.
1400:10.11622/smedj.2020088
712:. American Girl, 2018.
537:
510:
491:
479:
417:
295:Streptococcus pyogenes
173:
165:
154:
142:
134:
39:
3555:Menstrual suppression
3517:Menstrual Hygiene Day
3449:Premenstrual syndrome
3069:Ecological sanitation
2970:Toilet History Museum
2920:Hundertwasser Toilets
2862:Feces-related aspects
2781:Urine-related aspects
2682:Swachh Bharat Mission
2107:Bobel, Chris (2010).
535:
524:Johnson & Johnson
485:
477:
415:
406:Further information:
339:The vulvovaginal area
301:Staphylococcus aureus
171:
160:
148:
140:
128:
49:products used during
33:
2985:Bryant Park restroom
2833:Urinal (health care)
2652:Honeywagon (vehicle)
2276:at Wikimedia Commons
2242:] (in Swedish).
2024:(in Swedish). 1889.
1600:10.1155/2018/1730964
977:Environmental Health
518:-like undergarment.
286:Toxic shock syndrome
240:toxic shock syndrome
3490:Cloth menstrual pad
3459:Menstrual psychosis
3421:Menstrual synchrony
3270:Fertility awareness
3084:Improved sanitation
2935:National Poo Museum
2879:Defecation postures
2740:Jobs and activities
2642:Bathroom privileges
2598:Urine-diverting dry
1331:www.classaction.org
673:10.1289/ehp.122-A70
387:Society and culture
352:vestibular glands.
317:Bacterial vaginosis
210:Cloth menstrual pad
3033:Groom of the Stool
2798:Interactive urinal
2752:Restroom attendant
2244:Uppsala University
1971:, p. 138–139.
1567:2015-04-02 at the
859:www.mayoclinic.org
538:
492:
480:
454:sexual intercourse
438:Other social views
418:
250:Cleansing products
234:Areas of concern:
174:
166:
155:
143:
135:
40:
3598:
3597:
3293:
3292:
3178:Events and phases
3137:
3136:
2757:Sanitation worker
2747:Manual scavenging
2375:Toilet seat riser
2272:Media related to
1982:"Catamenial sack"
1861:, pp. 60–61.
1845:978-0-252-01452-9
356:Vaginal discharge
87:menstrual sponges
55:vaginal discharge
18:Menstrual hygiene
16:(Redirected from
3618:
3611:Feminine hygiene
3570:Menstruation hut
3550:Menstrual stigma
3510:Period underwear
3480:Feminine hygiene
3416:Folliculogenesis
3360:Menometrorrhagia
3234:
3233:
3190:Follicular phase
3164:
3157:
3150:
3141:
3140:
3124:World Toilet Day
3119:Waste management
3109:Sewage treatment
2996:Historical terms
2975:Toilets in Japan
2657:Incontinence pad
2647:Bathroom reading
2409:Toilet rim block
2397:Holder/dispenser
2360:Electronic bidet
2304:
2297:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2274:Feminine hygiene
2271:
2257:
2221:
2220:
2194:
2167:
2166:
2146:
2136:
2123:
2122:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2079:"Sanitetsgördel"
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2050:"Sanitetsgördel"
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2017:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1902:. Archived from
1895:
1889:
1883:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1827:
1821:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1711:on 14 April 2019
1707:. Archived from
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1680:on 19 April 2018
1676:. Archived from
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1602:
1578:
1572:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1537:www.euro.who.int
1529:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1499:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1445:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1402:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1263:YourPeriodCalled
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1099:. Archived from
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1062:
1038:
1013:
1012:
1010:
992:
968:
962:
961:
959:
958:
947:womenshealth.gov
939:
933:
932:
930:
929:
910:
904:
903:
901:
900:
880:
874:
873:
871:
870:
851:
845:
844:
842:
841:
821:
815:
814:
812:
811:
792:
781:
780:
761:. Bantam Books.
754:
735:
728:
713:
706:
695:
694:
684:
652:
513:
503:
326:companies (like
324:period underwear
222:Menstrual sponge
216:Period underwear
43:Feminine hygiene
21:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3560:Menstrual taboo
3545:Menstrual leave
3521:
3463:
3435:
3431:Sexual activity
3404:
3395:Polymenorrhagia
3380:Oligoamenorrhea
3340:Cryptomenorrhea
3316:
3289:
3285:Creighton Model
3258:
3225:
3204:
3173:
3171:Menstrual cycle
3168:
3138:
3133:
3057:
2991:
2903:
2894:Open defecation
2857:
2853:Urine diversion
2848:Urine deflector
2776:
2767:Toilet training
2735:
2721:Toilet Twinning
2624:
2618:
2569:(self-cleaning)
2532:Passenger train
2465:Container-based
2418:
2313:
2308:
2264:
2254:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2209:
2195:
2170:
2155:
2137:
2126:
2119:
2105:
2101:
2092:
2090:
2083:Digitalt Museum
2077:
2076:
2072:
2063:
2061:
2054:Digitalt Museum
2048:
2047:
2043:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1995:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1909:
1907:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1838:. p. 138.
1828:
1824:
1815:
1811:
1796:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1742:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1652:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1579:
1575:
1569:Wayback Machine
1560:UNESCO (2014).
1559:
1555:
1546:
1544:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1476:
1469:
1422:
1418:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1270:
1255:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1162:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1135:
1133:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1106:
1104:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1039:
1016:
969:
965:
956:
954:
941:
940:
936:
927:
925:
914:"Feeling Fresh"
912:
911:
907:
898:
896:
881:
877:
868:
866:
853:
852:
848:
839:
837:
822:
818:
809:
807:
794:
793:
784:
769:
755:
738:
729:
716:
707:
698:
653:
649:
644:
639:
627:
575:
543:
472:
459:For those with
446:
440:
427:
410:
404:
395:
389:
380:
367:
358:
341:
311:Yeast infection
279:
252:
172:Menstrual panty
123:
118:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3624:
3614:
3613:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3580:Period poverty
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3409:Related events
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3390:Oligoovulation
3387:
3385:Oligomenorrhea
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3249:Cervical mucus
3246:
3240:
3238:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2698:Skibidi Toilet
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2625:policy aspects
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2389:
2387:Toilet cleaner
2384:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2263:
2262:External links
2260:
2259:
2258:
2252:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2208:978-0316357906
2207:
2168:
2153:
2124:
2117:
2099:
2085:(in Swedish).
2070:
2056:(in Swedish).
2041:
2004:
1987:Google Patents
1973:
1961:
1959:, p. 148.
1949:
1928:
1926:, p. 114.
1916:
1890:
1888:, p. 158.
1875:
1863:
1851:
1844:
1822:
1809:
1794:
1776:
1762:. 2018-05-23.
1751:
1722:
1691:
1661:
1647:. 2018-11-09.
1632:
1573:
1553:
1521:
1467:
1416:
1377:
1347:
1333:. 2020-08-26.
1318:
1299:(2): 102–107.
1279:
1249:
1220:
1171:
1142:
1128:. 2016-11-23.
1113:
1084:
1047:Women's Health
1014:
963:
949:. 2017-02-21.
934:
918:kidshealth.org
905:
889:Women's Health
875:
846:
816:
782:
767:
736:
714:
696:
667:(3): A70–A75.
646:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
633:
626:
623:
622:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
574:
571:
542:
539:
471:
468:
444:Virginity test
439:
436:
426:
423:
403:
400:
391:Main article:
388:
385:
379:
376:
366:
363:
357:
354:
340:
337:
336:
335:
320:
314:
308:
305:
278:
275:
274:
273:
269:
262:Feminine wipes
259:
251:
248:
247:
246:
243:
232:
231:
225:
219:
213:
207:
197:
196:
190:
184:
122:
119:
117:
114:
99:feminine wipes
91:period panties
83:menstrual cups
71:menstrual pads
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3623:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3505:Menstrual pad
3503:
3501:
3500:Menstrual cup
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3485:Menstrual pad
3483:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3441:Mental health
3438:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3350:Hypomenorrhea
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3254:Mittelschmerz
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3165:
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2965:Toilet (room)
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2889:Flying toilet
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2789:
2788:Female urinal
2786:
2785:
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2755:
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2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:Unisex public
2724:
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2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
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2692:Toilet humour
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2414:Trap (U-bend)
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2014:
2008:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1969:Malmberg 1991
1965:
1958:
1957:Malmberg 1991
1953:
1938:
1932:
1925:
1924:Malmberg 1991
1920:
1906:on 2009-05-24
1905:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1886:Malmberg 1991
1882:
1880:
1873:, p. 66.
1872:
1871:Malmberg 1991
1867:
1860:
1859:Malmberg 1991
1855:
1847:
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1103:on 2018-11-18
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619:
617:Adult diapers
616:
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431:United States
422:
414:
409:
402:Costs and tax
399:
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220:
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204:Menstrual cup
202:
201:
200:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:Menstrual pad
179:
178:
177:
170:
164:
163:menstrual cup
159:
152:
147:
139:
132:
131:menstrual pad
127:
113:
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107:
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100:
96:
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76:
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68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:personal care
45:products are
44:
37:
32:
19:
3479:
3375:Metrorrhagia
3345:Dysmenorrhea
3200:Luteal phase
3185:Menstruation
3048:Privy midden
2869:Anal hygiene
2762:Slopping out
2731:Vacuum truck
2706:Toilet plume
2696:
2637:Adult diaper
2623:Cultural and
2507:Incinerating
2392:Toilet paper
2340:Bidet shower
2239:
2235:
2198:
2142:
2108:
2102:
2091:. Retrieved
2082:
2073:
2062:. Retrieved
2053:
2044:
2033:. Retrieved
2019:
2007:
1996:. Retrieved
1985:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1941:. Retrieved
1931:
1919:
1908:. Retrieved
1904:the original
1893:
1866:
1854:
1831:
1825:
1817:
1812:
1785:
1779:
1768:. Retrieved
1754:
1743:. Retrieved
1734:
1725:
1713:. Retrieved
1709:the original
1704:
1694:
1682:. Retrieved
1678:the original
1673:
1664:
1653:. Retrieved
1644:
1635:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1556:
1545:. Retrieved
1536:
1487:
1483:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1390:
1380:
1369:. Retrieved
1360:
1350:
1339:. Retrieved
1330:
1321:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1271:. Retrieved
1262:
1252:
1241:. Retrieved
1232:
1223:
1191:(2): 94–99.
1188:
1184:
1174:
1163:. Retrieved
1154:
1145:
1134:. Retrieved
1125:
1116:
1105:. Retrieved
1101:the original
1096:
1087:
1053:(3): 58–67.
1050:
1046:
980:
976:
966:
955:. Retrieved
946:
937:
926:. Retrieved
917:
908:
897:. Retrieved
888:
878:
867:. Retrieved
858:
849:
838:. Retrieved
829:
819:
808:. Retrieved
799:
758:
731:
709:
664:
660:
650:
614:Baby diapers
593:Sheep's wool
564:
555:
552:
548:
544:
528:
520:
506:
493:
487:
465:
458:
447:
428:
419:
396:
381:
372:
368:
359:
350:
346:
342:
299:
293:
280:
233:
198:
176:Disposable:
175:
103:
101:, and soap.
69:, including
66:
51:menstruation
42:
41:
3335:Anovulation
3299:Suppression
3209:Life stages
3043:Pail closet
3028:Gong farmer
3013:Close stool
3008:Chamber pot
2955:Shit Museum
2608:Vermifilter
2512:Intelligent
2402:Orientation
2365:Flushometer
1674:www.msn.com
1645:www.cdc.gov
1593:: 1730964.
1393:: 297–301.
1361:www.epa.gov
1155:InStyle.com
313:: A fungus.
79:pantyliners
3590:Tampon tax
3330:Amenorrhea
3104:Sanitation
3053:Reredorter
3038:Night soil
2874:Defecation
2687:Toilet god
2672:Latrinalia
2632:Accessible
2588:Telescopic
2503:(Scouting)
2475:Dual flush
2460:Composting
2217:1003312707
2093:2016-01-08
2064:2015-12-12
2035:2023-03-09
1998:2023-03-09
1943:2015-02-01
1937:"Dambinda"
1910:2017-06-11
1804:1054370720
1770:2018-11-13
1745:2018-10-15
1715:15 October
1655:2021-03-03
1547:2021-03-03
1371:2023-01-25
1341:2023-01-25
1273:2020-12-14
1243:2020-12-23
1229:"Douching"
1165:2018-11-18
1136:2018-11-18
1107:2018-11-18
957:2018-11-07
928:2018-11-07
899:2019-11-18
869:2022-09-28
840:2019-11-18
810:2019-11-18
637:References
599:Raw cotton
442:See also:
408:Tampon tax
199:Reusable:
187:Pantyliner
133:with wings
106:disposable
3535:Chhaupadi
3322:Disorders
3221:Menopause
3195:Ovulation
3023:Garderobe
2950:Rest area
2915:Haewoojae
2899:Scatology
2838:Urination
2818:Sanistand
2772:Toileting
2567:Sanisette
2522:Low-flush
2318:Equipment
2163:946560416
1735:USA TODAY
1609:1687-9805
1506:0970-0218
1490:(2): 77.
1452:0253-7184
1436:(1): 69.
1313:0361-929X
1069:1745-5065
999:1476-069X
777:773813783
596:Underwear
450:virginity
151:Kokopelli
3605:Category
3540:In Islam
3230:Tracking
3216:Menarche
3062:See also
3003:Aphedron
2940:Outhouse
2808:Pee curl
2552:Portable
2527:On-board
2490:Freezing
2455:Chemical
2435:Arborloo
2430:Aircraft
2325:Ballcock
2087:Archived
2058:Archived
2026:Archived
1992:Archived
1990:. 1903.
1764:Archived
1739:Archived
1649:Archived
1627:29675047
1565:Archived
1541:Archived
1365:Archived
1335:Archived
1267:Archived
1237:Archived
1215:19823112
1159:Archived
1130:Archived
951:Archived
922:Archived
893:Archived
863:Archived
834:Archived
804:Archived
691:24583634
625:See also
290:bacteria
110:reusable
3468:Hygiene
3263:Systems
3018:Dansker
2803:Pissoir
2667:Istinja
2613:Washlet
2593:Treebog
2517:Latrine
2480:EToilet
2450:Cathole
2355:Commode
2350:Cistern
2311:Toilets
2228:Sources
1618:5838436
1515:2784630
1461:5389219
1410:7905126
1206:2811217
1078:7789027
1008:4502470
682:3948026
611:No belt
590:Nothing
587:Sponges
516:chemise
496:papyrus
490:, 1911.
470:History
292:of the
256:Douches
95:douches
75:tampons
3575:Niddah
3495:Tampon
2908:Places
2823:Urinal
2813:Pollee
2603:Vacuum
2562:Public
2497:(boat)
2445:Bucket
2382:Toilet
2330:Bedpan
2250:
2215:
2205:
2161:
2151:
2115:
1842:
1802:
1792:
1625:
1615:
1607:
1512:
1504:
1458:
1450:
1407:
1311:
1213:
1203:
1075:
1067:
1005:
997:
775:
765:
689:
679:
620:Plants
608:Clouts
567:girdle
461:autism
193:Tampon
153:motif.
63:vagina
3237:Signs
2583:Squat
2578:Space
2557:Potty
2485:Flush
2440:Blair
2423:Types
2345:Brush
2335:Bidet
2238:[
2029:(PDF)
2016:(PDF)
1684:2 May
983:(1).
642:Notes
584:Panty
514:", a
328:Thinx
304:type.
277:Risks
266:vulva
228:Towel
116:Types
59:vulva
2573:Sink
2501:Hudo
2495:Head
2370:Seat
2248:ISBN
2213:OCLC
2203:ISBN
2159:OCLC
2149:ISBN
2113:ISBN
1840:ISBN
1800:OCLC
1790:ISBN
1717:2018
1686:2018
1623:PMID
1605:ISSN
1591:2018
1502:ISSN
1448:ISSN
1309:ISSN
1211:PMID
1065:ISSN
995:ISSN
830:Vice
773:OCLC
763:ISBN
687:PMID
511:särk
501:kama
89:and
61:and
36:1942
2547:Pit
2542:Pig
2537:Pay
2470:Dry
1613:PMC
1595:doi
1510:PMC
1492:doi
1456:PMC
1438:doi
1405:PMC
1395:doi
1301:doi
1201:PMC
1193:doi
1073:PMC
1055:doi
1003:PMC
985:doi
677:PMC
669:doi
665:122
581:Pad
578:Cup
559:SEK
298:or
108:or
3607::
2246:.
2211:.
2171:^
2157:.
2127:^
2081:.
2052:.
2018:.
1984:.
1878:^
1834:.
1798:.
1737:.
1733:.
1703:.
1672:.
1643:.
1621:.
1611:.
1603:.
1589:.
1585:.
1539:.
1535:.
1524:^
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1500:.
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1486:.
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1470:^
1454:.
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1434:38
1432:.
1428:.
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1329:.
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1297:35
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1017:^
1001:.
993:.
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920:.
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891:.
887:.
861:.
857:.
832:.
828:.
802:.
798:.
785:^
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717:^
699:^
685:.
675:.
663:.
659:.
456:.
161:A
129:A
97:,
85:,
81:,
77:,
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2303:e
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2256:.
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2165:.
2121:.
2096:.
2067:.
2038:.
2001:.
1946:.
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1848:.
1806:.
1773:.
1748:.
1719:.
1688:.
1658:.
1629:.
1597::
1550:.
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1494::
1464:.
1440::
1413:.
1397::
1374:.
1344:.
1315:.
1303::
1276:.
1246:.
1217:.
1195::
1168:.
1139:.
1110:.
1081:.
1057::
1011:.
987::
960:.
931:.
902:.
872:.
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813:.
779:.
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671::
268:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
