Menstruation - Knowledge

1690:, although girls may prefer their mothers to be the primary source of information about menstruation and puberty. Information about menstruation is often shared among friends and peers, which may promote a more positive outlook on puberty. The quality of menstrual education in a society determines the accuracy of people's understanding of the process. In many Western countries where menstruation is a taboo subject, girls tend to conceal the fact that they may be menstruating and struggle to ensure that they give no sign of menstruation. Effective educational programs are essential to providing children and adolescents with clear and accurate information about menstruation. Schools can be an appropriate place for menstrual education to take place. Programs led by peers or third-party agencies are another option. Low-income girls are less likely to receive proper sex education on puberty, leading to a decreased understanding of why menstruation occurs and the associated physiological changes that take place. This has been shown to cause the development of a negative attitude towards menstruation. 1250: 318: 1709: 563:

research is weak, but there appears to be a very small increase in mood fluctuations during the luteal and menstrual phases, and a corresponding decrease during the rest of the cycle. Changing levels of estrogen and progesterone across the menstrual cycle exert systemic effects on aspects of physiology including the brain, metabolism, and musculoskeletal system. The result can be subtle physiological and observable changes to women's athletic performance including strength, aerobic, and anaerobic performance.

1379:" is a global issue affecting women and girls who do not have access to safe, hygienic sanitary products. In addition, solid waste disposal systems in developing countries are often lacking, which means women have no proper place to dispose used products, such as pads. Inappropriate disposal of used materials also creates pressures on sanitation systems as menstrual hygiene products can create blockages of toilets, pipes and sewers. In the UK research has shown that for women 497: 1235: 1272: 1089: 1535: 745:(NSAIDs). NSAIDs can be used to reduce moderate to severe pain, and all appear similar. About 1 in 5 women do not respond to NSAIDs and require alternative therapy, such as simple analgesics or heat pads. Other medications for pain management include aspirin or paracetamol and combined oral contraceptives. Although combined oral contraceptives may be used, there is insufficient evidence for the efficacy of intrauterine progestogens. 6227: 149: 45: 137: 1286: 6239: 1304:" products) are made to absorb or catch menstrual blood. A number of different products are available – some are disposable, some are reusable. Where women can afford it, items used to absorb or catch menses are usually commercially manufactured products. Menstruating women manage menstruation primarily by wearing menstrual products such as tampons, napkins or menstrual cups to catch the menstrual blood. 1752:. The practice has recently come under fire due to related fatalities. Nepal criminalized the practice in 2017 after deaths were reported after the elongated isolation periods, but "the practice of isolating menstruating women and girls continues." Not all cultures villainize menstruation, the Beng people of West Africa consider menstrual blood as sacred and recognize its significance in reproduction. 1779:, in modern humans there is no relation between the two. The relationship is believed to be a coincidence. Light exposure does not appear to affect the menstrual cycle in humans. A meta-analysis of studies from 1996 showed no correlation between the human menstrual cycle and the lunar cycle, nor did data analyzed by period-tracking app Clue, submitted by 1.5 292:

and its beginning is used as the marker between cycles. The first day of menstrual bleeding is the date used for the last menstrual period (LMP). The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next is 21 to 45 days in young women, and 21 to 35 days in adults.

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causes negative feedback to occur on pulse secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Depending on the strength of the negative feedback, breastfeeding women may experience complete suppression of follicular development, follicular development but no ovulation,

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The average volume of menstrual fluid during a monthly menstrual period is 35 millilitres (2.4 US tbsp) with 10–80 millilitres (0.68–5.41 US tbsp) considered typical. Menstrual fluid is the correct name for the flow, although many people prefer to refer to it as menstrual blood.

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There are common culturally communicated misbeliefs that the menstrual cycle affects women's moods, causes depression or irritability, or that menstruation is a painful, shameful or unclean experience. Often a woman's normal mood variation is falsely attributed to the menstrual cycle. Much of the

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in response to suckling is important to maintaining lactational amenorrhea. On average, women who are fully breastfeeding whose infants suckle frequently experience a return of menstruation at fourteen and a half months postpartum. There is a wide range of response among individual breastfeeding

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to provide women with either paid or unpaid leave of absence from their employment while they are menstruating. Countries with policies include Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, and South Korea. The practice is controversial due to concerns that it bolsters the perception of women as weak, inefficient

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In most women, various physical changes are brought about by fluctuations in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle. This includes muscle contractions of the uterus (menstrual cramping) that can precede or accompany menstruation. Many women experience painful cramps, also known as

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The average length is 28 days; one study estimated it at 29.3 days. The variability of menstrual cycle lengths is highest for women under 25 years of age and is lowest, that is, most regular, for ages 25 to 39 years. The variability increases slightly for women aged 40 to 44 years.

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result in women having a relatively increased interest in sexual activity, and relatively lower interest directly prior to and during menstruation. Unlike other mammals, women may show interest in sexual activity across all days of the menstrual cycle, regardless of fertility.

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individuals". The term can be contentious between different schools of feminist thought; however, the majority of feminist scholars consider the term to correctly reflect the reality that people of different genders menstruate. The term "people who menstruate" is also used.

214:. The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next is 21 to 45 days in young women. In adults, the range is between 21 and 35 days with the average being 28 days. Bleeding usually lasts around 2 to 7 days. Periods stop during 869:. In some cycles, follicular development may start but not be completed; nevertheless, estrogens will be formed and stimulate the uterine lining. Anovulatory flow resulting from a very thick endometrium caused by prolonged, continued high estrogen levels is called 348:, examination under a microscope can confirm if it was endometrial tissue or pregnancy tissue (products of conception) that was shed. Sometimes menstrual clots or shed endometrial tissue is incorrectly thought to indicate an early-term miscarriage of an embryo. An 1728:. This is because they are seen as unclean, dangerous, or bringing bad luck to those who encounter them. These practices are common in parts of South Asia including India. A 1983 report found women refraining from household chore during this period in India. 472:

embryo. If implantation does not occur, the lining breaks down and blood is released. Triggered by falling progesterone levels, menstruation (a "period", in common parlance) is the cyclical shedding of the lining, and is a sign that pregnancy has not

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in industrialized countries. Like the age of menarche, the age of menopause is largely a result of cultural and biological factors. Illnesses, certain surgeries, or medical treatments may cause menopause to occur earlier than it might have otherwise.

552:(menstrual cramps or period pain) is felt as painful cramps in the abdomen that can spread to the back and upper thighs during the first few days of menstruation. Debilitating period pain is not normal and can be a sign of something severe such as 1428:. For this purpose, oral administration of progesterone or progestin during cycle day 20 has been found to effectively delay menstruation for at least 20 days, with menstruation starting after 2–3 days have passed since discontinuing the regimen. 691:

Over 90% of women report having some premenstrual symptoms, such as bloating, headaches, and moodiness. Premenstrual symptoms generally do not cause substantial disruption, and qualify as PMS in approximately 20% of pre-menopausal women.

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Up to 80% of women do not experience problems sufficient to disrupt daily functioning either during menstruation or in the days leading up to menstruation. Symptoms in advance of menstruation that do interfere with normal life are called

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begins. Different women experience different symptoms. Premenstrual syndrome commonly produces one or more physical, emotional, or behavioral symptoms, that resolve with menses. The range of symptoms is wide, and most commonly are

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About half of menstrual fluid is blood. This blood contains sodium, calcium, phosphate, iron, and chloride, the extent of which depends on the woman. As well as blood, the fluid consists of cervical mucus, vaginal secretions, and

1663:, and are therefore prohibited from touching the Arabic version of the Qur'an. Other biological and involuntary functions such as vomiting, bleeding, sexual intercourse, and going to the bathroom also invalidate one's wudhu. In 299:

is when a woman's fertility declines, and menstruation occurs less regularly in the years leading up to the final menstrual period, when a woman stops menstruating completely and is no longer fertile. The medical definition of

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Herbert AC, Ramirez AM, Lee G, North SJ, Askari MS, West RL, Sommer M (April 2017). "Puberty Experiences of Low-Income Girls in the United States: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Literature From 2000 to 2014".

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Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) encompasses clinically significant somatic and psychological manifestations during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, leading to substantial distress and impairment in functional

1314:(also called sanitary towels or pads) – Rectangular pieces of material worn attached to the underwear to absorb menstrual flow, often with an adhesive backing to hold the pad in place. Disposable pads may contain 779:". Different patterns seem to exist (such as seizures coinciding with the time of menstruation, or coinciding with the time of ovulation), and the frequency with which they occur has not been firmly established. 1497:, which were first marketed in the U.S. in the early 2000s. This continuous administration of active pills without the placebo can lead to the achievement of amenorrhea in 80% of users within 1 year of use. 635:. To be diagnosed as PMS, rather than a normal discomfort of the menstrual cycle, these symptoms must interfere with daily living, during two menstrual cycles of prospective recording. These symptoms are 3070:

While some discomfort prior to menses is quite common, premenstrual syndrome (PMS) includes the subset of women who experience symptoms that are severe enough to impact daily activities and functioning.

1493:. Some women do this simply for convenience in the short-term, while others prefer to eliminate periods altogether when possible. This can be done either by skipping the placebo pills, or using an 4986: 4257: 661:

The cause of PMS is unknown, but the underlying mechanism is believed to involve changes in hormone levels during the course of the whole menstrual cycle. Reducing salt, alcohol, caffeine, and

719:, during menstruation. Among adult women, that pain is severe enough to affect daily activity in only 2%–28%. Severe symptoms that disrupt daily activities and functioning may be diagnosed as 4781:

Stallings JF, Worthman CM, Panter-Brick C, Coates RJ (February 1996). "Prolactin response to suckling and maintenance of postpartum amenorrhea among intensively breastfeeding Nepali women".

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and are seen in women without PMS. Often PMS-related symptoms are present for about six days. An individual's pattern of symptoms may change over time. PMS does not produce symptoms during

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Dysmenorrhea occurs less often in those who exercise regularly and those who have children early in life. Treatment may include the use of a heating pad. Medications that may help include

206:, usually begins between the ages of 12 and 15. Menstruation starting as young as 8 years would still be considered normal. The average age of the first period is generally later in the 2488:

Kepczyk T, Cremins JE, Long BD, Bachinski MB, Smith LR, McNally PR (January 1999). "A prospective, multidisciplinary evaluation of premenopausal women with iron-deficiency anemia".

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Dunnavant NC, Roberts TA (January 2013). "Restriction and renewal, pollution and power, constraint and community: The paradoxes of religious women's experiences of menstruation".

825:(the time with the highest likelihood of pregnancy resulting from sexual intercourse) occurs during just a few days of the cycle: usually two days before and two days after the 4232: 3335: 833:

varies from woman to woman, just as the ovulation date often varies from cycle to cycle for the same woman. A variety of methods have been developed to help individual women

3215: 2088: 5503: 2474: 4431: 5573: 1052:). All these bleeding abnormalities need medical attention; they may indicate hormone imbalances, uterine fibroids, or other problems. As pregnant women may bleed, a 2371:

Mishra GD, Chung HF, Cano A, Chedraui P, Goulis DG, Lopes P, et al. (May 2019). "EMAS position statement: Predictors of premature and early natural menopause".

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Due to poverty, some women cannot afford commercial feminine hygiene products. Instead, they use materials found in the environment or other improvised materials. "

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One review found tentative evidence that acupuncture may be useful, at least in the short term. Another review found insufficient evidence to determine an effect.

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Global Review of Sanitation System Trends and Interactions with Menstrual Management Practices: Report for the Menstrual Management and Sanitation Systems Project

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affects the frequency, duration, severity, volume, and regularity of menstruation and menstrual symptoms. The most common form of hormonal contraception is the

658:. A daily list of symptoms over a few months may help in diagnosis. Other disorders that cause similar symptoms need to be excluded before a diagnosis is made. 1106:

during menstruation. Its usual onset occurs around the time that menstruation begins. Symptoms typically last less than three days. The pain is usually in the

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is a hormonally caused bleeding abnormality. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding typically occurs in premenopausal women who do not ovulate normally (i.e. are

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experience increased activity of their conditions at about the same time during each menstrual cycle. For example, drops in estrogen levels may trigger

277:. The average age of menarche is 12 to 15 years. However, it may occur as early as eight. The average age of the first period is generally later in the 4978: 2447: 932:

refers to more than three to six months without menses (while not being pregnant) during a woman's reproductive years. The term for painful periods is

4636: 6087: 55: 5788: 3777: 723:. These symptoms can be severe enough to affect a person's performance at work, school, and in everyday activities in a small percentage of women. 2028: 1494: 6932: 1616:

Some organizations have begun to use the term "menstruator" instead of "menstruating women", a term that has been in use since at least 2010.

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women, however, with some experiencing return of menstruation at two months and others remaining amenorrheic for up to 42 months postpartum.

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and before menstruation to a degree that interferes with normal life. Emotional symptoms must not be present during the initial part of the

337:. Vaginal fluids in menses mainly contribute water, common electrolytes, organ moieties, and at least 14 proteins, including glycoproteins. 1071:, may experience menstrual problems, such as slow and painful menstruation, that is caused by the near-complete sealing off of the vagina. 363:

The amount of iron lost in menstrual fluid is relatively small for most women. In one study, premenopausal women who exhibited symptoms of

2639: 734:. This is checked by using a pregnancy test, ideally as soon as unusual pain begins, because ectopic pregnancies can be life‑threatening. 6637: 6264: 5267:

Allen KR, Kaestle CE, Goldberg AE (February 2011). "More than just a punctuation mark: How boys and young men learn about menstruation".

1799:). Subsequent research has called this hypothesis into question. A 2013 review concluded that menstrual synchrony likely does not exist. 1447: 375:

and were at risk of being misdiagnosed simply because they were menstruating. Heavy menstrual bleeding, occurring monthly, can result in

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workers, as well as concerns that it is unfair to men, and that it furthers gender stereotypes and the medicalization of menstruation.

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Many religions have menstruation-related traditions, for example: Islam prohibits sexual contact with women during menstruation in the

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or normal menstrual cycles may resume. Suppression of ovulation is more likely when suckling occurs more frequently. The production of

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Many women and girls notice blood clots during menstruation. These appear as clumps of blood that may look like tissue. If there was a

6183:(2020). "The menstrual cycle: its biology in the context of silent ovulatory disturbances". In Ussher JM, Chrisler JC, Perz J (eds.). 5595: 4374: 304:

is one year without a period and typically occurs between 45 and 55 years in Western countries. Menopause before age 45 is considered

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Rydström K (2020). "Degendering Menstruation: Making Trans Menstruators Matter". In Bobel C, Winkler IT, Fahs B, Hasson KA (eds.).

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Chiazze L, Brayer FT, Macisco JJ, Parker MP, Duffy BJ (February 1968). "The length and variability of the human menstrual cycle".

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Diaz A, Laufer MR, Breech LL (November 2006). "Menstruation in girls and adolescents: using the menstrual cycle as a vital sign".

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Extreme psychological stress can also result in periods stopping. More severe symptoms of anxiety or depression may be signs of

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million menstrual cycles; however, the lunar cycle and the average menstrual cycle were found to be basically equal in length.

705:(PMDD) is a more severe condition that has greater psychological symptoms. PMDD affects about 3% of women of child-bearing age. 697: 6057: 4423: 6200: 6170: 5996: 5865: 5768: 5487: 5460: 5405: 4953: 4913: 4396:

House S, Mahon T, Cavill S (2013). "Menstrual Hygiene Matters: a resource for improving menstrual hygiene around the world".

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Period of shame - The effects of menstrual hygiene management on rural women and girls' quality of life in Savannakhet, Laos

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with applicator. Left: the bigger tube ("penetrator"). Center: cotton tampon with attached string. Right: the narrower tube.

446:(the onset of the first period) usually occurs around the age of 12 years; menstrual cycles continue for about 30–45 years. 6910: 6900: 5427: 4699: 116: 4841:

Kippley SK, Kippley JF (November–December 1972). "The relation between breastfeeding and amenorrhea: report of a survey".

4454: 4288:"Menstrual Hygiene, Management, and Waste Disposal: Practices and Challenges Faced by Girls/Women of Developing Countries" 1926: 1744:

in 2005, the tradition is slow to change. Women and girls in cultures which practice such seclusion are often confined to

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Sexual feelings and behaviors change during the menstrual cycle. Before and during ovulation, high levels of estrogen and

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that regularly occur in the one to two weeks before the start of each menstrual period. Symptoms resolve around the time

88: 3269: 242:, tender breasts, bloating, feeling tired, irritability, and mood changes. Other symptoms some women experience include 5895:

Harris AL, Vitzthum VJ (2013). "Darwin's legacy: an evolutionary view of women's reproductive and sexual functioning".

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Creinin MD, Keverline S, Meyn LA (October 2004). "How regular is regular? An analysis of menstrual cycle regularity".

5712: 5685: 5656: 5631: 5047: 4765: 3761: 3736: 2341: 2325: 1885: 1133:, irregular periods, those whose periods started before twelve years of age and those who have a low body weight. A 941:

There is a wide spectrum of differences in how women experience menstruation. There are several ways that someone's

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women, which prohibits a woman from participating in everyday activities during menstruation. Women are considered

1486: 1435: 4345: 3482:"The efficacy and safety of acupuncture in women with primary dysmenorrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 2169:

Alvergne A, Högqvist Tabor V (June 2018). "Is Female Health Cyclical? Evolutionary Perspectives on Menstruation".

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during this time and are kept out of the house and have to live in a shed. Although chhaupadi was outlawed by the

1332:/cotton blends or all-cotton fleece, usually bleached, that are inserted into the vagina to absorb menstrual flow. 7079: 1712:

Awareness raising through education is taking place among women and girls to modify or eliminate the practice of

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in individuals who are sexually active may be useful for diagnosis. Conditions that should be ruled out include

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Else-Quest N, Hyde JS (2021). "Psychology, gender, and health: psychological aspects of the menstrual cycle".

5016: 102: 6780: 6243: 1821: 1703: 434:. The uterine cycle governs the preparation and maintenance of the lining of the uterus (womb) to receive an 4906:

The Reluctant Hypothesis: A History of Discourse Surrounding the Lunar Phase Method of Regulating Conception

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Dysmenorrhea can occur without an underlying problem. Underlying issues that can cause dysmenorrhea include

7100: 7051: 6501: 4632: 1220: 665:, along with increasing exercise is typically all that is recommended for the management of mild symptoms. 449: 6079: 1795:

Beginning in 1971, some research suggested that menstrual cycles of cohabiting women became synchronized (

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Culture and Depression: Studies in the Anthropology and Cross-Cultural Psychiatry of Affect and Disorder

238:(PMS). Some 20 to 30% of women experience PMS, with 3 to 8% experiencing severe symptoms. These include 6708: 1482:(painful menstruation) by creating regularity in menstrual cycles and reducing overall menstrual flow. 783: 415: 364: 6029:

Aligning Perspectives in Gender Mainstreaming. Aligning Perspectives on Health, Safety and Well-Being.

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Kirby D (February 2002). "The impact of schools and school programs upon adolescent sexual behavior".

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Biggs, WS; Demuth, RH (15 October 2011). "Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder".

3115:"Recent advances in understanding/management of premenstrual dysphoric disorder/premenstrual syndrome" 2036: 6995: 6905: 6695: 6486: 3327: 1451: 1060: 882: 469: 247: 63: 3433:"Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug resistance in dysmenorrhea: epidemiology, causes, and treatment" 1620:

is used by activists and scholars in order to "express solidarity with women who do not menstruate,

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When severe pelvic pain and bleeding suddenly occur or worsen during a cycle, this could be due to

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Renstrom P, Ljungqvist A, Arendt E, Beynnon B, Fukubayashi T, Garrett W, et al. (June 2008).

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Matteson KA, Zaluski KM (September 2019). "Menstrual health as a part of preventive health care".

1659:. Some scholars argue that menstruating women are in a state in which they are unable to maintain 1210:. When there is no underlying cause, often the pain improves with age or following having a child. 489: 6027:

King S. (2021) Menstrual Leave: Good Intention, Poor Solution. In: Hassard J., Torres L.D. (eds)

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Curtis KM, Tepper NK, Jatlaoui TC, Berry-Bibee E, Horton LG, Zapata LB, et al. (July 2016).

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Biggs WS, Demuth RH (October 2011). "Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder".

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date. This corresponds to the second and the beginning of the third week in a 28-day cycle. This

59: 5215:"Effect of peer education in school on sexual health knowledge and attitude in girl adolescents" 4470:"Leaks and pees: How women allotment gardeners manage bodily mess and the remains of early loss" 6980: 6937: 6869: 6536: 2623: 1741: 1506: 1446:. Although the primary function of the pill is to prevent pregnancy, it may be used to improve 1431: 1403: 1169: 901: 17: 5621: 5450: 3973:

Meczekalski B, Katulski K, Czyzyk A, Podfigurna-Stopa A, Maciejewska-Jeske M (November 2014).

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occurs after childbirth. Menstruation, and with it the possibility of pregnancy, ceases after

7180: 7165: 7142: 7074: 6924: 6749: 6744: 6585: 6414: 5702: 5673: 1875: 1839: 1825: 1642: 1539: 1490: 1489:, it is also possible for a woman to delay or eliminate menstrual periods, a practice called 1392: 1380: 1150: 587: 580: 529: 235: 31: 5477: 2661:

Appleton SM (March 2018). "Premenstrual syndrome: evidence-based evaluation and treatment".

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Bull JR, Rowland SP, Scherwitzl EB, Scherwitzl R, Danielsson KG, Harper J (27 August 2019).

438:. These cycles are concurrent and coordinated, normally last between 21 and 35 days, with a 317: 6739: 5819: 4870:

Kippley SK (November–December 1986). "Breastfeeding survey results similar to 1971 study".

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Menstruation education is frequently taught in combination with sex education at school in

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Diagnosis requires a consistent pattern of emotional and physical symptoms occurring after

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Kippley SK (January–February 1987). "Breastfeeding survey results similar to 1971 study".

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Osayande AS, Mehulic S (March 2014). "Diagnosis and initial management of dysmenorrhea".

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and women of reproductive age affected are between 50% and 90%. It is the most common

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Known interactions between the menstrual cycle and certain health conditions include:

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This article is about menstruation in humans. For menstruation in other mammals, see

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Stern K, McClintock MK (March 1998). "Regulation of ovulation by human pheromones".

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supplementation may be useful in some. Anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen or

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The first menstrual period occurs after the onset of pubertal growth, and is called

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Strassmann BI (June 1996). "The evolution of endometrial cycles and menstruation".

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is insufficient. Surgery may be useful if certain underlying problems are present.

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and quality of life and timely interventions can improve the lives of these women.

501: 278: 207: 6049: 5873: 3647: 3630: 2949:"The impact of menstrual cycle phase on athletes' performance: a narrative review" 2224:"Real-world menstrual cycle characteristics of more than 600,000 menstrual cycles" 7185: 7170: 7020: 7005: 6965: 6796: 6338: 6292: 6162: 5988: 5908: 5397: 5164:

Sooki Z, Shariati M, Chaman R, Khosravi A, Effatpanah M, Keramat A (March 2016).

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Strandjord SE, Rome ES (September 2015). "Monthly Periods--Are They Necessary?".

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Naturally occurring hormones drive the cycles; the cyclical rise and fall of the

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Gudipally, Pratyusha R.; Sharma, Gyanendra K. (2022). "Premenstrual Syndrome".

2548: 2192: 1831: 1376: 1053: 989: 959: 924: 873:. Anovulatory bleeding triggered by a sudden drop in estrogen levels is called 830: 775:

have more seizures in a pattern linked to the menstrual cycle; this is called "

693: 685: 513: 357: 6874: 6210: 5318: 5091: 4824: 4794: 3990: 3922: 2905: 2859: 2239: 246:(estimates are between 50 and 90%) and heavy bleeding during menstruation and 7230: 7130: 7125: 7110: 7025: 6975: 6879: 6685: 6380: 6330: 5596:"Egyptians used papyrus—and other ways of handling periods through the years" 5280: 5231: 5181: 5131: 3943: 3902: 3695: 3249: 2745: 1835: 1687: 1588: 1511: 1455: 1416:, mainly for the purpose of reminding the woman to continue taking the pills. 1412:

Half-used blister pack of a combined oral contraceptive. The white pills are

1340: 1277: 1126: 979: 969: 896: 890: 553: 533: 329:

Menstrual fluid is reddish-brown, a slightly darker color than venous blood.

321: 296: 239: 219: 5979:. In Bobel C, Winkler IG, Fahs B, Hasson KA, Kissling EA, Roberts T (eds.). 5388:. In Bobel C, Winkler IG, Fahs B, Hasson KA, Kissling EA, Roberts T (eds.). 5166:"The Role of Mother in Informing Girls About Puberty: A Meta-Analysis Study" 3304: 3287: 2136: 254:, is when periods do not occur by age 15 or have not re-occurred in 90 days. 7000: 6970: 6825: 6558: 6541: 6472: 6432: 6348: 6320: 6006: 5916: 5415: 5370: 5326: 5250: 5199: 5150: 4963: 4742: 4679: 4592: 4583: 4566: 4323: 4304: 4203: 4087: 4031: 4008: 3959: 3828: 3713: 3656: 3631:"Catamenial epilepsy: definition, prevalence pathophysiology and treatment" 3615: 3580:"The complex relationship between estrogen and migraines: a scoping review" 3578:

Reddy N, Desai MN, Schoenbrunner A, Schneeberger S, Janis JE (March 2021).

3564: 3515: 3466: 3417: 3313: 3265: 3190: 3150: 3058: 3020: 2984: 2965: 2913: 2878: 2819: 2780: 2731: 2682: 2635: 2604: 2566: 2402: 2257: 2200: 2155: 2074: 1978: 1970: 1766: 1724:

In some cultures, women were isolated during menstruation due to menstrual

1646: 1479: 1467: 1421: 1383:

growers, access to sanitation for menstrual hygiene management is limited.

1368: 1099: 1081: 1064: 1007: 934: 906: 716: 632: 549: 521: 431: 243: 192: 6185:

Routledge International Handbook of Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health

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Mishra S, Elliott H, Marwaha R (2022). "Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder".

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may help with physical symptoms. In those with more significant symptoms,

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How women got their curves and other just-so stories evolutionary enigmas

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and the relatively infertile days in the cycle; these systems are called

731: 496: 457: 456:(immature egg cells). The hormone estrogen stimulates the uterus lining ( 341: 334: 176: 153: 148: 4409: 3975:"Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea and its influence on women's health" 3358:"Ectopic Pregnancy Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination" 2393: 782:

Research indicates that women have a significantly higher likelihood of

7215: 6955: 6754: 6724: 6617: 6578: 6573: 6553: 6280: 4337: 4264:. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 20 November 2018 3131: 2798:

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1748:, which are places of isolation used by cultures with strong menstrual 1463: 1354: 1199: 1177: 1138: 1027: 929: 616: 517: 505: 345: 251: 73:

if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

5977:"Addressing Menstruation in the Workplace: The Menstrual Leave Debate" 7160: 6846: 6820: 6680: 6670: 6647: 6594: 6491: 6481: 6392: 6365: 6353: 6315: 6192: 5761:

Science and the Paranormal: Probing the Existence of the Supernatural

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3927: 3907: 3281: 3279: 1729: 1713: 1699: 1650: 1591: 1534: 1516: 1425: 1315: 1181: 1165: 1111: 1102:, also known as period pain, painful periods or menstrual cramps, is 1088: 878: 865:. Normal menstrual flow can occur without ovulation preceding it: an 826: 822: 765: 761: 670: 651: 644: 640: 419: 368: 301: 227: 215: 196: 4734: 4136:

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (January 2015).

1271: 250:

at any time during the menstrual cycle. A lack of periods, known as

6841: 6612: 6568: 6563: 6440: 6397: 6385: 6370: 6300: 6122: 5008: 4780: 4457:(Report). Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). 3577: 3480:

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2947:

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2183: 1838:, but not all have a menstrual cycle that results in menstruation. 1737: 1676: 1625: 1439: 1413: 1234: 1207: 809:

There is no reliable scientific evidence that would advise against

802: 772: 682: 674: 612: 608: 465: 443: 427: 423: 422:

possible. The ovarian cycle controls the production and release of

274: 203: 188: 6765: 5831: 5115:"Menstruation related myths in India: strategies for combating it" 3276: 3248:

Dickerson, Lori M.; Mazyck, Pamela J.; Hunter, Melissa H. (2003).

3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3080: 3078: 1732:

is a social practice that occurs in the western part of Nepal for

1307:

The main disposable products (commercially manufactured) include:

6652: 6548: 6226: 3108: 3106: 2928: 1842:

occurs in some close evolutionary relatives such as chimpanzees.

1664: 1408: 1358: 1193: 666: 624: 595: 591: 541: 411: 403: 356:– contained in the endometrium – tends to inhibit the blood from 353: 3243: 3241: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 2764: 2530: 2471:"Iron-deficiency is not something you get just for being a lady" 1671:

and may be banned from certain actions. For example, the Jewish

544:. More severe symptoms that affect daily living are classed as 7200: 7120: 6662: 6452: 6402: 6375: 6238: 6159:

The Psychology of Women and Gender: Half the Human Experience +

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some menstrual symptoms and syndromes which affect menstruation

1325: 1256: 1161: 1107: 1068: 999: 916:. Heavy menstruation that occurs frequently and irregularly is 786:

injuries in the pre-ovulatory stage, than post-ovulatory stage.

509: 453: 439: 435: 407: 376: 349: 223: 180: 3103: 910:. Sudden heavy flows or amounts greater than 80 ml are termed 6358: 3529:

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Although a normal and natural process, some women experience

168: 4338:"Girls 'too poor' to buy sanitary protection missing school" 2885: 2834: 2791: 2697: 2654: 2585: 167:, among other colloquial terms) is the regular discharge of 6279: 5163: 4721:

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prohibits sexual intercourse with a menstruating woman. In

1557: 1285: 1185: 1103: 3875:(Revised ed.). New York: HarperCollins. p. 107. 2273: 922:. The term for cycles with intervals exceeding 35 days is 700:

class may be used to treat the emotional symptoms of PMS.

6604: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 2624:"The Normal Menstrual Cycle and the Control of Ovulation" 1319: 464:

occur. The blood supply of the thickened lining provides

218:

and typically do not resume during the initial months of

5566:"Menstrual Health and the Problem with Menstrual Stigma" 4452: 4252: 4250: 4185: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 3784:. Cambridge Temperature Concepts Limited. Archived from 3727:

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2440:"Menstrual blood problems: Clots, color and thickness" 2320:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 2168: 2117: 984:

Frequent periods (more frequently than every 21 days)

512:

stained red in the center is surrounded by a layer of

5508:

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

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products, usually with a plastic lining and bleached.

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Ferries-Rowe E, Corey E, Archer JS (November 2020).

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builds up and breaks down during the menstrual cycle

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1001 things everyone should know about the universe

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with extra absorbent layers sewn in to absorb flow.

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Other symptoms may include 1022:Breakthrough bleeding (also called spotting) 1002:every hour, menstruating longer than 7 days) 888:Very little flow (less than 10 ml) is called 460:) to thicken to accommodate an embryo should 5965: 5482:. University of Illinois Press. p. 14. 5448: 5377: 4453:Kjellén M, Pensulo C, Nordqvist P, Fogde M. 4285: 4281: 4279: 4108:. National Library of Medicine. 1 March 2018 3622: 3431:Oladosu FA, Tu FF, Hellman KM (April 2018). 2364: 2302: 2023: 2021: 2001:"Pregnancy: Physical Changes After Delivery" 1771:Even though the average length of the human 1546: 1206:. Typically, it starts within a year of the 855:Infrequent or irregular ovulation is called 482: 6102: 6050:"Should women get paid menstruation leave?" 5943:"Should Paid 'Menstrual Leave' Be a Thing?" 5888: 5755: 5557: 5504:"Nepal: Emerging from menstrual quarantine" 5386:"Menstrual Taboos: Moving Beyond the Curse" 5119:Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 4635:. National Health Service, United Kingdom. 3535:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3479: 3176: 2264: 2162: 2081: 2060: 1898: 1870: 1868: 1755: 1573: 877:. Anovulatory cycles commonly occur before 520:. The magnification is around 1000 times. ( 202:The first period, a point in time known as 6788: 6774: 6272: 6258: 6108: 5803: 5785:"The myth of moon phases and menstruation" 5295: 5257: 4922: 4537: 4292:Journal of Environmental and Public Health 3286:Ju H, Jones M, Mishra G (1 January 2014). 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1420:Menstruation can be delayed by the use of 556:. 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The absence of ovulation is called 743:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 568:Moods and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) 452:prompts the production and growth of 406:production and the structures of the 5872:. The Chicago Reader. Archived from 4989:from the original on 9 February 2022 4702:from the original on 19 January 2018 4558: 4434:from the original on 30 October 2019 4377:from the original on 7 December 2022 4366: 3338:from the original on 8 December 2016 1336:The main reusable products include: 816: 38: 6795: 6638:Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis 5576:from the original on 14 August 2020 5545:from the original on 31 August 2010 5037: 5019:from the original on 28 August 2022 4698:. 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Los Angeles: 5707:. Academic Press. p. 53. 5533:Sharma S (15 September 2005). 4695:Infant and Young Child Feeding 4538:CYWH Staff (18 October 2011). 3547:10.1002/14651858.CD007854.pub3 2428:. CRC Press. pp. 155–158. 2111: 2035:. 28 June 2013. Archived from 1993: 1046:Dysfunctional uterine bleeding 871:estrogen breakthrough bleeding 737:The most common treatment for 574:Menstruation and mental health 71:add the appropriate references 27:Shedding of the uterine lining 13: 1: 5732:Adams C (24 September 1999). 5170:Nursing and Midwifery Studies 4908:. 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Clue. 3 December 2018. 5763:. Scribner Book Company. 5319:10.1080/00224490209552116 5092:10.1007/s11199-012-0132-8 4795:10.3109/07435809609030495 4192:American Family Physician 4054:World Health Organization 4026:. StatPearls Publishing. 3991:10.1007/s40618-014-0169-3 3948:American Family Physician 3842:Galan N (16 April 2008). 3254:American Family Physician 3179:American Family Physician 2906:10.1016/j.ogc.2019.04.004 2860:10.3389/fncel.2020.590823 2775:. StatPearls Publishing. 2710:Obstetrics and Gynecology 2599:. StatPearls Publishing. 2469:Clancy K (27 July 2011). 2240:10.1038/s41746-019-0152-7 2063:American Family Physician 1679:, menstruating women are 1547:Etymology and terminology 1452:polycystic ovary syndrome 1061:female genital mutilation 883:polycystic ovary syndrome 709: 483:Menstrual health overview 62:or relies too heavily on 7211:Sustainable menstruation 7191:Menstruation celebration 5623:Vertebrate Endocrinology 5281:10.1177/0192513x10371609 5269:Journal of Family Issues 5232:10.4103/2277-9531.171791 5182:10.17795/nmsjournal30360 5132:10.4103/2249-4863.154627 5113:Garg S, Anand T (2015). 5009:"Surah Al-Baqarah - 222" 4977:Madani D (7 June 2020). 4229:Office of Women's Health 3696:10.1136/bjsm.2008.048934 3629:Herzog AG (March 2008). 3220:Office on Women's Health 2093:Office on Women's Health 1923:Office of Women's Health 1756:Beliefs around synchrony 1657:2nd chapter of the Quran 1530:Culture and menstruation 1063:(particularly type III- 1059:Women who had undergone 797:Culture and menstruation 373:gastrointestinal disease 7153:In culture and religion 5897:Journal of Sex Research 5307:Journal of Sex Research 3250:"Premenstrual Syndrome" 3009:"Premenstrual Syndrome" 2843:"Pain in endometriosis" 2137:10.1186/1477-7827-8-115 1840:Menstruation in mammals 1802: 1184:may help. Evidence for 1018:Intermenstrual bleeding 974:Short or light periods 762:neurological conditions 6981:Irregular menstruation 6938:Lactational amenorrhea 6901:Calendar-based methods 6870:Basal body temperature 6718:Diseases and disorders 6527:Sexual differentiation 6230:Quotations related to 4584:10.15585/mmwr.rr6503a1 3923:Menstruation Disorders 3362:emedicine.medscape.com 2966:10.3390/ijerph18041667 2800:Sleep Medicine Clinics 1971:10.1542/peds.2006-2481 1742:Supreme Court of Nepal 1721: 1574: 1543: 1507:Lactational amenorrhea 1438:, which contains both 1432:Hormonal contraception 1417: 1404:Hormonal contraception 1208:first menstrual period 1170:hormonal birth control 1114:, diarrhea or nausea. 1096: 902:irregular menstruation 525: 325: 157: 7181:Menstrual suppression 7143:Menstrual Hygiene Day 7075:Premenstrual syndrome 6750:Premature ejaculation 6745:Hard flaccid syndrome 6415:Human sexual activity 4483:10.51428/tsr.tour5403 3891:on 26 September 2011. 3388:BMJ Clinical Evidence 3305:10.1093/epirev/mxt009 3292:Epidemiologic Reviews 2029:"Menopause: Overview" 1826:Menstruation (mammal) 1783:million women, of 7.5 1711: 1698:Further information: 1643:Menstruation in Islam 1569:are derived from the 1540:Menstrual Hygiene Day 1537: 1491:menstrual suppression 1411: 1393:Menstrual suppression 1387:Menstrual suppression 1151:interstitial cystitis 1125:, and most commonly, 1091: 795:Further information: 588:Premenstrual syndrome 581:Premenstrual syndrome 530:premenstrual syndrome 499: 320: 281:, and earlier in the 262:Further information: 236:premenstrual syndrome 210:, and earlier in the 151: 32:Menstruation (mammal) 6740:Erectile dysfunction 6246:at Wikimedia Commons 5864:(20 December 2002). 4305:10.1155/2018/1730964 4231:. 23 December 2014. 4060:on 29 November 2014. 3090:www.womenshealth.gov 2228:npj Digital Medicine 1501:Due to breastfeeding 1174:IUD with progestogen 732:spontaneous abortion 7116:Cloth menstrual pad 7085:Menstrual psychosis 7047:Menstrual synchrony 6896:Fertility awareness 6519:reproductive system 6507:Vaginal lubrication 6285:sexual reproduction 5824:1998Natur.392..177S 5759:, Singer B (1983). 5384:Gottlieb A (2020). 3869:Weschler T (2002). 3788:on 21 December 2008 3778:"My Fertile Period" 2937:, pp. 258–261. 2537:Advances in Therapy 1797:menstrual synchrony 1761:Effects of the moon 1524:Society and culture 1472:menstrual migraines 1347:Reusable cloth pads 1292:Cloth menstrual pad 1155:chronic pelvic pain 964:Infrequent periods 875:withdrawal bleeding 845:Menstrual disorders 839:fertility awareness 777:catamenial epilepsy 679:birth control pills 442:length of 28 days. 269:Length and duration 6517:Development of the 6428:Sexual intercourse 5672:Barash DP (2009). 5647:Gutsch WA (1997). 5602:. 29 November 2023 4827:on 17 January 2008 4783:Endocrine Research 4546:on 5 February 2013 3584:Systematic Reviews 1722: 1544: 1418: 1255:The elements of a 1204:menstrual disorder 1097: 851:Menstrual disorder 811:sexual intercourse 600:menstrual bleeding 526: 468:to a successfully 335:endometrial tissue 326: 199:has not occurred. 158: 7224: 7223: 6919: 6918: 6804:Events and phases 6763: 6762: 6532:Sexual dimorphism 6497:Postpartum period 6242:Media related to 6202:978-1-138-49026-0 6172:978-1-544-39360-5 6086:. 4 August 2013. 5998:978-981-15-0614-7 5870:The Straight Dope 5818:(6672): 177–179. 5770:978-0-684-17820-2 5738:The Straight Dope 5701:Lopez KH (2013). 5489:978-0-252-01452-9 5462:978-0-520-05883-5 5407:978-981-15-0614-7 4955:978-981-15-0613-0 4915:978-0-9510974-2-7 4344:. 14 March 2017. 3985:(11): 1049–1056. 3882:978-0-06-093764-5 2752:. 19 October 2017 1746:menstruation huts 1688:Western countries 1143:ectopic pregnancy 1036: 1035: 867:anovulatory cycle 817:Fertility aspects 728:ectopic pregnancy 605:breast tenderness 248:abnormal bleeding 163:(also known as a 144: 143: 120: 16:(Redirected from 7249: 7196:Menstruation hut 7176:Menstrual stigma 7136:Period underwear 7106:Feminine hygiene 7042:Folliculogenesis 6986:Menometrorrhagia 6860: 6859: 6816:Follicular phase 6790: 6783: 6776: 6767: 6766: 6502:Mechanics of sex 6311:Follicular phase 6281:Human physiology 6274: 6267: 6260: 6251: 6250: 6241: 6229: 6214: 6187:(1st ed.). 6176: 6143: 6142: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6045: 6039: 6031:Springer, Cham. 6025: 6019: 6018: 5972: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5938: 5929: 5928: 5903:(3–4): 207–246. 5892: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5740:. Archived from 5729: 5723: 5722: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5302: 5293: 5292: 5264: 5255: 5254: 5244: 5234: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5193: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5144: 5134: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5075: 5069: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4947: 4931: 4920: 4919: 4904:Allen K (2007). 4901: 4895: 4892: 4879: 4866: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4729:(7–8): 583–590. 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4666:(9): e231–e236. 4660:Pediatric Annals 4655: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4586: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4542:. Archived from 4535: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4485: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4424:"Period poverty" 4420: 4414: 4413: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4317: 4307: 4283: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4254: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4221: 4208: 4207: 4187: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4149: 4142: 4133: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4076:Am Fam Physician 4071: 4062: 4061: 4056:. Archived from 4046: 4040: 4039: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4002: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3939: 3930: 3919: 3910: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3885:. Archived from 3866: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3844:"Oligoovulation" 3839: 3833: 3832: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3707: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3650: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3609: 3599: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3558: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3509: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3460: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3411: 3379: 3370: 3369: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3334:. 12 July 2017. 3332:womenshealth.gov 3324: 3318: 3317: 3307: 3283: 3274: 3273: 3245: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3212: 3195: 3194: 3174: 3155: 3154: 3144: 3134: 3132:10.12703/r/11-11 3110: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3082: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3029: 3027: 3004: 2989: 2988: 2978: 2968: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2872: 2862: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2725: 2716:(5): 1047–1058. 2701: 2695: 2694: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2592: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2560: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2396: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2348:. Archived from 2338: 2332: 2331: 2319: 2309: 2300: 2299: 2271: 2262: 2261: 2251: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2186: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2149: 2139: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2058: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2025: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2005:Cleveland Clinic 1997: 1991: 1990: 1965:(5): 2245–2250. 1954: 1939: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1915: 1896: 1895: 1872: 1786: 1782: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1468:menstrual cramps 1312:Sanitary napkins 1302:feminine hygiene 1288: 1274: 1252: 1237: 1225:Feminine hygiene 1119:uterine fibroids 1012:Painful periods 948: 947: 919:menometrorrhagia 771:Many women with 760:Some women with 739:menstrual cramps 502:ovarian follicle 500:A human primary 383:Hormonal changes 279:developing world 208:developing world 139: 138: 130: 127: 121: 119: 78: 47: 46: 39: 21: 7257: 7256: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7237:Menstrual cycle 7227: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7186:Menstrual taboo 7171:Menstrual leave 7147: 7089: 7061: 7057:Sexual activity 7030: 7021:Polymenorrhagia 7006:Oligoamenorrhea 6966:Cryptomenorrhea 6942: 6915: 6911:Creighton Model 6884: 6851: 6830: 6799: 6797:Menstrual cycle 6794: 6764: 6759: 6713: 6690: 6657: 6630:and infertility 6629: 6622: 6599: 6518: 6511: 6409: 6339:Spermatogenesis 6325: 6293:Menstrual cycle 6287: 6278: 6222: 6217: 6203: 6173: 6163:SAGE Publishing 6152: 6147: 6146: 6107: 6103: 6093: 6091: 6078: 6077: 6073: 6063: 6061: 6046: 6042: 6026: 6022: 5999: 5973: 5966: 5956: 5954: 5939: 5932: 5893: 5889: 5879: 5877: 5876:on 20 July 2008 5859: 5855: 5808: 5804: 5794: 5792: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5747: 5745: 5744:on 15 June 2006 5730: 5726: 5715: 5699: 5695: 5688: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5605: 5603: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5579: 5577: 5562: 5558: 5548: 5546: 5531: 5527: 5517: 5515: 5510:. August 2011. 5502: 5501: 5497: 5490: 5474: 5470: 5463: 5447: 5443: 5433: 5431: 5408: 5382: 5378: 5346: 5342: 5303: 5296: 5265: 5258: 5211: 5207: 5162: 5158: 5111: 5107: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5063: 5053: 5051: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5020: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4975: 4971: 4956: 4932: 4923: 4916: 4902: 4898: 4882: 4869: 4840: 4837:, which cites: 4830: 4828: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4754: 4750: 4735:10.1071/RD01056 4719: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4656: 4652: 4642: 4640: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4616: 4614: 4609:. Mayo Clinic. 4605: 4604: 4600: 4563: 4559: 4549: 4547: 4536: 4532: 4503: 4499: 4466: 4462: 4451: 4447: 4437: 4435: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4404:(41): 257–259. 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4367:Chin L (2014). 4365: 4361: 4351: 4349: 4336: 4335: 4331: 4284: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4256: 4255: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4223: 4222: 4211: 4188: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4134: 4121: 4111: 4109: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4072: 4065: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4020: 4016: 3971: 3967: 3940: 3933: 3920: 3913: 3900: 3896: 3883: 3867: 3863: 3853: 3851: 3850:on 3 March 2016 3840: 3836: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3725: 3721: 3676: 3672: 3627: 3623: 3576: 3572: 3541:(4): CD007854. 3527: 3523: 3478: 3474: 3429: 3425: 3384:"Dysmenorrhoea" 3380: 3373: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3284: 3277: 3246: 3239: 3229: 3227: 3226:on 28 June 2015 3214: 3213: 3198: 3175: 3158: 3111: 3104: 3094: 3092: 3084: 3083: 3076: 3063: 3061: 3043: 3039: 3025: 3023: 3005: 2992: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2890: 2886: 2839: 2835: 2796: 2792: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2702: 2698: 2659: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2620: 2616: 2593: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2529: 2525: 2486: 2482: 2467: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2422: 2418: 2369: 2365: 2355: 2353: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2328: 2310: 2303: 2272: 2265: 2220: 2216: 2167: 2163: 2116: 2112: 2102: 2100: 2099:on 28 June 2015 2087: 2086: 2082: 2059: 2052: 2042: 2040: 2039:on 2 April 2015 2027: 2026: 2019: 2009: 2007: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1955: 1942: 1932: 1930: 1929:on 26 June 2015 1917: 1916: 1899: 1888: 1874: 1873: 1866: 1861: 1848: 1828: 1820:Main articles: 1818: 1809:menstrual leave 1805: 1793: 1784: 1780: 1773:menstrual cycle 1769: 1763: 1758: 1706: 1696: 1653: 1639: 1622:transgender men 1602: 1599: 1596: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1549: 1532: 1526: 1509: 1503: 1406: 1400: 1395: 1389: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1253: 1245: 1244: 1242:sanitary napkin 1238: 1227: 1219:Main articles: 1217: 1212: 1211: 1093:Menstrual cycle 1085: 1077: 1032:Absent periods 996:sanitary napkin 943:menstrual cycle 900:; frequent but 853: 847: 819: 799: 793: 791:Sexual activity 754: 712: 707: 706: 694:Antidepressants 688:may be useful. 656:menstrual cycle 584: 576: 570: 565: 564: 514:granulosa cells 493: 485: 480: 475: 474: 400:menstrual cycle 393: 390:Menstrual cycle 385: 365:iron deficiency 315: 290:menstrual cycle 283:developed world 271: 266: 264:Menstrual cycle 260: 258:Characteristics 244:painful periods 212:developed world 185:menstrual cycle 140: 136: 131: 125: 122: 79: 68: 64:primary sources 48: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7255: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7206:Period poverty 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7157: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7103: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7071: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7038: 7036: 7035:Related events 7032: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7016:Oligoovulation 7013: 7011:Oligomenorrhea 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6952: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6935: 6929: 6927: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6892: 6890: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6877: 6875:Cervical mucus 6872: 6866: 6864: 6857: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6800: 6793: 6792: 6785: 6778: 6770: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6721: 6719: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6700: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6667: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6634: 6632: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6615: 6609: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6523: 6521: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6475: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6463: 6455: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6423:Sexual arousal 6419: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6400: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6344:spermatogonium 6335: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6297: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6277: 6276: 6269: 6262: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6235: 6221: 6220:External links 6218: 6216: 6215: 6201: 6189:Abingdon, Oxon 6177: 6171: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6123:10.1086/419369 6117:(2): 181–220. 6101: 6071: 6040: 6020: 5997: 5964: 5930: 5887: 5853: 5802: 5776: 5769: 5724: 5713: 5693: 5686: 5664: 5657: 5639: 5632: 5613: 5587: 5556: 5525: 5495: 5488: 5468: 5461: 5441: 5406: 5376: 5357:(4): 363–379. 5340: 5294: 5256: 5205: 5156: 5125:(2): 184–186. 5105: 5070: 5061: 5030: 5000: 4969: 4954: 4921: 4914: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4880: 4867: 4808: 4773: 4766: 4748: 4713: 4685: 4650: 4624: 4598: 4557: 4530: 4517:(4): 248–253. 4497: 4460: 4445: 4415: 4388: 4359: 4329: 4275: 4246: 4209: 4198:(5): 341–346. 4161: 4119: 4093: 4082:(2): 164–170. 4063: 4041: 4014: 3965: 3931: 3911: 3894: 3881: 3861: 3834: 3815:(4): 289–292. 3799: 3769: 3762: 3744: 3737: 3719: 3690:(6): 394–412. 3670: 3641:(2): 151–159. 3621: 3570: 3521: 3492:(23): e11007. 3472: 3443:(4): 390–400. 3423: 3371: 3349: 3319: 3298:(1): 104–113. 3275: 3260:(8): 1743–52. 3237: 3196: 3156: 3102: 3074: 3037: 2990: 2939: 2927: 2900:(3): 441–453. 2884: 2833: 2806:(3): 283–294. 2790: 2763: 2737: 2696: 2653: 2614: 2584: 2572: 2543:(1): 201–225. 2523: 2496:(1): 109–115. 2480: 2461: 2431: 2416: 2363: 2352:on 7 July 2009 2333: 2326: 2301: 2282:(6): 377–380. 2263: 2214: 2177:(6): 399–414. 2161: 2110: 2080: 2069:(8): 918–924. 2050: 2017: 1992: 1940: 1897: 1886: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1855: 1847: 1844: 1832:female mammals 1817: 1814: 1804: 1801: 1792: 1789: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1695: 1692: 1638: 1635: 1548: 1545: 1528:Main article: 1525: 1522: 1505:Main article: 1502: 1499: 1402:Main article: 1399: 1396: 1391:Main article: 1388: 1385: 1377:Period poverty 1373: 1372: 1362: 1344: 1341:Menstrual cups 1334: 1333: 1323: 1290: 1283: 1282: 1276: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1254: 1247: 1246: 1239: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1216: 1213: 1086: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1054:pregnancy test 1034: 1033: 1030: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1004: 1003: 992: 990:Hypermenorrhea 986: 985: 982: 976: 975: 972: 966: 965: 962: 960:Oligomenorrhea 956: 955: 952: 925:oligomenorrhea 857:oligoovulation 849:Main article: 846: 843: 831:fertile window 818: 815: 792: 789: 788: 787: 780: 769: 753: 750: 711: 708: 686:spironolactone 585: 577: 572:Main article: 569: 566: 558:woman's health 538:tender breasts 494: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 394: 386: 384: 381: 314: 311: 270: 267: 259: 256: 173:mucosal tissue 142: 141: 134: 132: 85:"Menstruation" 51: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7254: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7144: 7141: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7131:Menstrual pad 7129: 7127: 7126:Menstrual cup 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7111:Menstrual pad 7109: 7108: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7067:Mental health 7064: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7033: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6976:Hypomenorrhea 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6922: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6881: 6880:Mittelschmerz 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6858: 6854: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6833: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6791: 6786: 6784: 6779: 6777: 6772: 6771: 6768: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6686:Breastfeeding 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6660: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6478:Fertilization 6476: 6474: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6412: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6331:Gametogenesis 6328: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6275: 6270: 6268: 6263: 6261: 6256: 6255: 6252: 6245: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6155: 6154: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6105: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6044: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6024: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5971: 5969: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5937: 5935: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5832:10.1038/32408 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5806: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5772: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5728: 5720: 5716: 5714:9780123821850 5710: 5706: 5705: 5697: 5689: 5687:9780231518390 5683: 5679: 5675: 5668: 5660: 5658:9780385482233 5654: 5650: 5643: 5635: 5633:9780123964656 5629: 5625: 5624: 5617: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5560: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5529: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5491: 5485: 5481: 5480: 5472: 5464: 5458: 5454: 5453: 5445: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5299: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5275:(2): 129–56. 5274: 5270: 5263: 5261: 5252: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5176:(1): e30360. 5175: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5109: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5065: 5049: 5045: 5044:ahadith.co.uk 5041: 5034: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5004: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4917: 4911: 4907: 4900: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4838: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4777: 4769: 4767:0-926412-13-2 4763: 4759: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4717: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4689: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4456: 4449: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4419: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4363: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4280: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4251: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4146: 4139: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4107: 4103: 4102:"Period Pain" 4097: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4068: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4018: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3936: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3918: 3916: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3898: 3889: 3884: 3878: 3874: 3873: 3865: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3809:Contraception 3803: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3765: 3763:9780195340990 3759: 3755: 3748: 3740: 3738:9781605352756 3734: 3730: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3376: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3282: 3280: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3242: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3192: 3188: 3185:(8): 918–24. 3184: 3180: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3107: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3079: 3071: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3034: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2936: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2751: 2747: 2746:"Period pain" 2741: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2591: 2589: 2582:, p. 50. 2581: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2465: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2427: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2367: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2329: 2327:0-674-01343-3 2323: 2318: 2317: 2308: 2306: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2268: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2114: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2057: 2055: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2024: 2022: 2006: 2002: 1996: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1893: 1889: 1887:9780763756376 1883: 1879: 1878: 1871: 1869: 1864: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1836:estrous cycle 1833: 1827: 1823: 1816:Other mammals 1813: 1810: 1800: 1798: 1788: 1778: 1774: 1768: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1691: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1594: 1590: 1589:ancient Greek 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1521: 1518: 1513: 1512:Breastfeeding 1508: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1456:endometriosis 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1394: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1293: 1287: 1279: 1278:Menstrual cup 1273: 1258: 1251: 1243: 1236: 1226: 1222: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131:heavy periods 1128: 1127:endometriosis 1124: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1094: 1090: 1083: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 991: 988: 987: 983: 981: 980:Polymenorrhea 978: 977: 973: 971: 970:Hypomenorrhea 968: 967: 963: 961: 958: 957: 953: 950: 949: 946: 944: 939: 937: 936: 931: 927: 926: 921: 920: 915: 914: 909: 908: 903: 899: 898: 897:polymenorrhea 893: 892: 891:hypomenorrhea 886: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 863: 858: 852: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 814: 812: 807: 804: 798: 785: 781: 778: 774: 770: 767: 763: 759: 758: 757: 749: 746: 744: 740: 735: 733: 729: 724: 722: 718: 704: 701: 699: 695: 689: 687: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 659: 657: 653: 648: 646: 643:or following 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 601: 597: 594:and physical 593: 589: 582: 575: 561: 559: 555: 554:endometriosis 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 523: 522:H&E stain 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 498: 491: 471: 467: 463: 462:fertilization 459: 455: 451: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 396: 391: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 361: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 338: 336: 330: 323: 322:Menstrual cup 319: 310: 307: 303: 298: 297:Perimenopause 294: 291: 286: 284: 280: 276: 265: 255: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 231: 229: 225: 221: 220:breastfeeding 217: 213: 209: 205: 200: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 155: 154:uterus lining 150: 146: 133: 129: 126:February 2021 118: 115: 111: 108: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: – 86: 82: 81:Find sources: 76: 72: 66: 65: 61: 57: 52:This article 50: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7001:Metrorrhagia 6971:Dysmenorrhea 6826:Luteal phase 6811:Menstruation 6810: 6590:Paternal age 6586:Maternal age 6559:Tanner scale 6542:Virilization 6537:Feminization 6487:Implantation 6473:Insemination 6457:Ejaculation 6433:Masturbation 6349:spermatocyte 6321:Luteal phase 6306:Menstruation 6305: 6244:Menstruation 6234:at Wikiquote 6232:Menstruation 6184: 6158: 6150:Book sources 6114: 6110: 6104: 6092:. Retrieved 6084:Lip Magazine 6083: 6074: 6062:. Retrieved 6053: 6043: 6028: 6023: 5980: 5955:. Retrieved 5947:The Atlantic 5946: 5900: 5896: 5890: 5878:. Retrieved 5874:the original 5869: 5856: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5793:. Retrieved 5779: 5760: 5746:. Retrieved 5742:the original 5737: 5727: 5703: 5696: 5677: 5667: 5648: 5642: 5622: 5616: 5604:. Retrieved 5599: 5590: 5578:. Retrieved 5569: 5559: 5547:. Retrieved 5538: 5528: 5516:. Retrieved 5507: 5498: 5478: 5471: 5451: 5444: 5432:. Retrieved 5389: 5379: 5354: 5350: 5343: 5313:(1): 27–33. 5310: 5306: 5272: 5268: 5222: 5218: 5208: 5173: 5169: 5159: 5122: 5118: 5108: 5086:(1): 12–31. 5083: 5079: 5073: 5064: 5054:18 September 5052:. Retrieved 5043: 5033: 5021:. Retrieved 5012: 5003: 4991:. Retrieved 4982: 4972: 4935: 4905: 4899: 4888: 4885:The CCL News 4884: 4875: 4872:The CCL News 4871: 4849:(4): 15–21. 4846: 4842: 4831:21 September 4829:. Retrieved 4825:the original 4820: 4811: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4757: 4751: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4704:. Retrieved 4694: 4688: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4643:20 September 4641:. Retrieved 4627: 4617:20 September 4615:. Retrieved 4601: 4577:(3): 1–103. 4574: 4570: 4560: 4548:. Retrieved 4544:the original 4533: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4473: 4463: 4448: 4436:. Retrieved 4428:ActionAid UK 4427: 4418: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4379:. Retrieved 4369: 4362: 4350:. Retrieved 4341: 4332: 4295: 4291: 4266:. Retrieved 4261: 4237:. Retrieved 4228: 4195: 4191: 4152:. Retrieved 4110:. Retrieved 4105: 4096: 4079: 4075: 4058:the original 4053: 4044: 4023: 4017: 3982: 3978: 3968: 3951: 3947: 3921: 3901: 3897: 3888:the original 3871: 3864: 3852:. Retrieved 3848:the original 3837: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3792:22 September 3790:. Retrieved 3786:the original 3782:DuoFertility 3781: 3772: 3753: 3747: 3728: 3722: 3687: 3683: 3673: 3638: 3634: 3624: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3391: 3387: 3361: 3352: 3340:. Retrieved 3331: 3322: 3295: 3291: 3257: 3253: 3228:. Retrieved 3224:the original 3219: 3182: 3178: 3122: 3118: 3093:. Retrieved 3089: 3069: 3062:, retrieved 3050: 3040: 3031: 3024:, retrieved 3012: 2956: 2952: 2942: 2930: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2850: 2846: 2836: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2772: 2766: 2754:. Retrieved 2749: 2740: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2669:(1): 52–61. 2666: 2662: 2656: 2644:. Retrieved 2627: 2617: 2596: 2575: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2464: 2454:20 September 2452:. Retrieved 2443: 2434: 2425: 2419: 2394:10138/318039 2376: 2372: 2366: 2354:. Retrieved 2350:the original 2345: 2336: 2315: 2279: 2275: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2174: 2170: 2164: 2127: 2123: 2113: 2101:. Retrieved 2097:the original 2092: 2083: 2066: 2062: 2041:. Retrieved 2037:the original 2032: 2008:. Retrieved 2004: 1995: 1962: 1958: 1931:. Retrieved 1927:the original 1922: 1876: 1829: 1806: 1794: 1791:Cohabitation 1770: 1767:Lunar effect 1723: 1685: 1654: 1647:Woman prayer 1624:who do, and 1617: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1566: 1563:menstruation 1562: 1561:. The terms 1556: 1553:menstruation 1552: 1550: 1510: 1484: 1480:dysmenorrhea 1430: 1422:progesterone 1419: 1374: 1335: 1306: 1299: 1159: 1116: 1100:Dysmenorrhea 1098: 1082:Dysmenorrhea 1075:Dysmenorrhea 1065:infibulation 1058: 1044: 1037: 1008:Dysmenorrhea 940: 935:dysmenorrhea 933: 923: 917: 911: 907:metrorrhagia 905: 904:is known as 895: 889: 887: 870: 860: 856: 854: 820: 808: 800: 755: 747: 736: 725: 717:dysmenorrhea 713: 690: 660: 649: 633:irritability 586: 550:Dysmenorrhea 527: 508:. The round 478:Side effects 432:progesterone 397: 395: 362: 339: 331: 327: 305: 295: 287: 272: 232: 201: 193:progesterone 179:through the 164: 161:Menstruation 160: 159: 145: 123: 113: 106: 99: 92: 80: 60:verification 53: 36: 6961:Anovulation 6925:Suppression 6835:Life stages 6735:Dyspareunia 6730:Dysorgasmia 6676:Development 5580:23 February 5549:17 November 5518:23 February 5434:27 February 5038:Bukhari S. 4789:(1): 1–28. 4298:: 1730964. 4268:21 November 4106:MedlinePlus 3903:Anovulation 3394:: 390–400. 3095:14 November 2959:(4): 1667. 2756:12 November 1777:lunar cycle 1630:genderqueer 1626:intersexual 1618:Menstruator 1476:menorrhagia 1460:adenomyosis 1444:progestogen 1240:Disposable 1200:adolescents 1190:acupuncture 1135:pelvic exam 1123:adenomyosis 1050:anovulatory 913:menorrhagia 862:anovulation 637:nonspecific 617:mood swings 518:theca cells 458:endometrium 418:that makes 369:endoscopies 367:were given 342:miscarriage 54:needs more 7231:Categories 7216:Tampon tax 6956:Amenorrhea 6755:Vaginismus 6725:Anorgasmia 6579:Adrenarche 6574:Spermarche 6554:Gonadarche 6211:1121130010 5880:10 January 5795:3 December 5606:1 December 4993:9 February 4550:1 February 4381:7 December 4373:(Thesis). 4112:7 November 4024:StatPearls 3854:12 October 3064:31 January 3051:StatPearls 3026:31 January 3013:StatPearls 2955:(Review). 2896:(Review). 2853:: 590823. 2802:(Review). 2773:StatPearls 2665:(Review). 2630:(Review). 2597:StatPearls 2580:Prior 2020 2356:2 November 2184:1704.08590 1959:Pediatrics 1859:References 1765:See also: 1641:See also: 1485:Using the 1464:amenorrhea 1450:, such as 1426:progestins 1355:terrycloth 1178:vitamin B1 1139:ultrasound 1028:Amenorrhea 930:Amenorrhea 621:depression 506:microscopy 504:viewed by 346:stillbirth 252:amenorrhea 96:newspapers 7242:Midwifery 7161:Chhaupadi 6948:Disorders 6847:Menopause 6821:Ovulation 6681:Lactation 6671:Thelarche 6648:Andrology 6595:Menopause 6492:Pregnancy 6482:Fertility 6437:Erection 6393:Germ cell 6366:Oogenesis 6354:spermatid 6316:Ovulation 6193:Routledge 6015:226619907 5424:226694557 5289:145531604 5100:144688091 5080:Sex Roles 5023:28 August 5013:Quran.com 4706:12 August 4492:265560522 4036:NBK532307 3928:eMedicine 3908:eMedicine 3590:(1): 72. 3342:3 January 3033:capacity. 2922:199437314 2785:NBK560834 2646:8 January 2609:NBK560698 2473:. 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