129:
102:
2760:
3516:
486:
1110:
are around 6250 BP (4250 BC). On
Hispaniola the dates for some indeterminate sloth specimens are around 5000 BP (3000 BC); these dates roughly coincide with the first settlement of the Caribbean, which suggests that humans were the cause of the extinction. Remains Caribbean sloths have been found in
404:
during the interval, allowing overland migration into the
Greater Antilles. The existence of such a land bridge has been questioned because of the lack of geological evidence for the Aves Ridge having been subaerially exposed as well as the fact that many other South American animals (such as
518:
are deeply divergent from each other, having split during the
Oligocene, suggesting an early radiation within the group. An alternative taxonomy of the group has been proposed including the families Acratocnidae and Parocnidae within a new superfamily, Megalocnoidea.
1155:
ground sloths reached North
America from South America prior to formation of a complete land bridge, and both caviomorphs and platyrrhines originally reached South America by rafting across the Atlantic from
413:) are absent from the Greater Antilles, making a complete land bridge unlikely. The earliest evidence suggesting the presence of sloths in the Caribbean is a partial femur from the Early
1940:
Orihuela, Johanset; Viñola, Lázaro W.; Jiménez Vázquez, Osvaldo; Mychajliw, Alexis M.; Hernández de Lara, Odlanyer; Lorenzo, Logel; Soto-Centeno, J. Angel (December 2020).
1830:
MacPhee, R. D. E.; Iturralde-Vinent, M. A.; Vázquez, Osvaldo Jiménez (January 2007). "Prehistoric Sloth
Extinctions in Cuba: Implications of a New "Last" Appearance Date".
443:
Megalocnid sloths were relatively small compared to mainland ground sloths, though they were the largest mammals native to the
Caribbean islands with the largest species
1411:
Houben, A.J.P.; van Mourik, C.A.; Montanari, A.; Coccioni, R.; Brinkhuis, H. (June 2012). "The Eocene–Oligocene transition: Changes in sea level, temperature or both?".
1111:
a number of archaeological sites suggesting that they may have been consumed by the earliest inhabitants of the
Caribbean, although evidence of hunting is inconclusive.
1297:
Tejada, Julia V; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Münch, Philippe; Billet, Guillaume; Hautier, Lionel; Delsuc, Frédéric; Condamine, Fabien L (2023-12-02). Wright, April (ed.).
1180:
Delsuc, F.; Kuch, M.; Gibb, G.C.; Karpinski, E.; Hackenberger, D.; Szpak, P.; MartĂnez, J.G.; Mead, J.I.; McDonald, H.G.; MacPhee, R.D.E.; Billet, G. (June 2019).
1242:
Presslee, S.; Slater, G.J.; Pujos, F.; Forasiepi, A.M.; Fischer, R.; Molloy, K.; Mackie, M.; Olsen, J.V.; Kramarz, A.; Taglioretti, M.; Scaglia, F. (July 2019).
3120:
3439:
3106:
2480:
2970:
3474:
3446:
1873:
Steadman, D. W.; Martin, P. S.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Jull, A. J. T.; McDonald, H. G.; Woods, C. A.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.; Hodgins, G. W. L. (2005-08-16).
1534:
MacPhee, R.D.E.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.A. (1995). "Origin of the
Greater Antillean land mammal fauna, 1: New Tertiary fossils from Cuba and Puerto Rico".
3005:
2533:
2370:
3453:
3376:
3356:
2658:
2452:
2377:
1559:"Domo de Zaza, an early Miocene vertebrate locality in south-central Cuba, with notes on the tectonic evolution of Puerto Rico and the Mona Passage"
3099:
2885:
2854:
2693:
2391:
1479:"Colonizing the Caribbean: New geological data and an updated land-vertebrate colonization record challenge the GAARlandia land-bridge hypothesis"
3411:
3390:
3157:
3050:
2862:
3418:
2984:
2631:
1605:"The oldest known record of a ground sloth (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Folivora) from Hispaniola: evolutionary and paleobiogeographical implications"
3209:
3181:
2991:
2956:
2900:
2838:
2672:
2583:
2569:
2540:
393:
392:
about 33 million years ago, when there was a significant sea level drop caused by a glaciation episode. This has been associated with the
3488:
3286:
3012:
2915:
2576:
1711:
McAfee, R.K.; Beery, S.M. (2019-06-04). "Intraspecific variation of
Megalonychid sloths from Hispaniola and the taxonomic implications".
2949:
2242:
573:
247:
3432:
3335:
1989:
469:
Like other sloths megalocnids were probably folivores, with some authors suggesting that based on the anatomy of their limbs, that
1442:
Ali, Jason R. (March 2012). "Colonizing the
Caribbean: is the GAARlandia land-bridge hypothesis gaining a foothold?: Commentary".
695:
The following sloth family phylogenetic tree is based on collagen and mitochondrial DNA sequence data (see Fig. 4 of Presslee
1773:
1380:
1299:"Bayesian Total-Evidence Dating Revisits Sloth Phylogeny and Biogeography: A Cautionary Tale on Morphological Clock Analyses"
1603:
Viñola-Lopez, Lazaro W.; Suárez, Elson E. Core; Vélez-Juarbe, Jorge; Milan, Juan N. Almonte; Bloch, Jonathan I. (May 2022).
3544:
1094:
Sloths in the Caribbean survived about 5,000 years longer than ground sloths on the mainland. On Cuba the latest date for
115:
3549:
1570:
449:
estimated to weigh around 146 kilograms (322 lb) or 270 kilograms (600 lb), with the smallest genera
1790:
1789:
McAfee, Robert; Beery, Sophia; Rimoli, Renato; Almonte, Juan; Lehman, Phillip; Cooke, Siobhan (2021-08-31).
1982:
3539:
128:
510:, while the diversity of some genera is probably understated. The mitochondrial DNA study suggests that
1942:"Assessing the role of humans in Greater Antillean land vertebrate extinctions: New insights from Cuba"
684:
389:
388:
It is thought that sloths arrived in the Caribbean from South America (where they arose) around the
1669:"A Tale of Two Continents (and a Few Islands): Ecology and Distribution of Late Pleistocene Sloths"
1128:
1975:
1941:
1791:"New species of the ground sloth Parocnus from the late Pleistocene-early Holocene of Hispaniola"
1747:
361:
380:
was likely arboreal and similar in weight to extant tree sloths, at less than 10 kilograms.
1886:
1616:
1490:
1416:
1367:, Topics in Geobiology, vol. 42, Springer International Publishing, pp. 221–234,
1255:
1193:
498:
The taxonomy of Caribbean sloths is in flux, with the number of species present among the
8:
1890:
1620:
1494:
1420:
1333:
1298:
1259:
1197:
2759:
2487:
1917:
1874:
1855:
1728:
1642:
1582:
1516:
1459:
1394:
1279:
1136:
507:
273:
123:
2998:
1922:
1904:
1847:
1812:
1769:
1732:
1690:
1646:
1634:
1520:
1508:
1455:
1398:
1386:
1376:
1338:
1320:
1283:
1271:
1221:
1181:
1140:
1132:
353:
3515:
1957:
1859:
1586:
1463:
3279:
2808:
2459:
2311:
1953:
1912:
1894:
1839:
1802:
1761:
1720:
1680:
1624:
1574:
1566:
1539:
1498:
1451:
1424:
1368:
1328:
1310:
1263:
1243:
1211:
1201:
863:
307:
295:
1724:
1558:
1556:
3460:
3200:
3168:
2922:
2624:
2194:
2127:
1751:
1428:
1372:
1005:
311:
1182:"Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Evolutionary History and Biogeography of Sloths"
435:, and an indeterminate species from the Late Miocene of the Dominican Republic.
3467:
3404:
3383:
3265:
3092:
3085:
3023:
2908:
2876:
2790:
2777:
2727:
2603:
2518:
2494:
2438:
2431:
2384:
2349:
2297:
2136:
2116:
2106:
1144:
1101:
958:
410:
365:
339:
335:
1390:
1267:
1206:
3533:
3367:
3301:
3272:
3244:
3223:
3216:
2940:
2665:
2638:
2356:
2320:
2279:
1908:
1875:"Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands"
1851:
1816:
1765:
1694:
1638:
1512:
1324:
1315:
1020:
900:
59:
1899:
3397:
3349:
3342:
3314:
3251:
3188:
2828:
2594:
2547:
2525:
2505:
2417:
2334:
2097:
2086:
1926:
1843:
1342:
1275:
1225:
1148:
973:
885:
406:
343:
3481:
3425:
3326:
3230:
3113:
3078:
3043:
2977:
2929:
2700:
2686:
2649:
2610:
2561:
2554:
2466:
2445:
2341:
2156:
2146:
2076:
1685:
1668:
1629:
1604:
499:
418:
401:
374:
being terrestrial and probably weighing several hundred kilograms, while
327:
34:
1216:
368:. They displayed significant diversity in body size and lifestyle, with
3237:
3147:
3064:
3036:
2963:
2846:
2363:
2235:
2221:
1807:
1152:
1096:
758:
543:
527:
491:
457:
445:
397:
370:
323:
239:
223:
110:
79:
44:
1939:
1503:
1478:
1477:
Ali, Jason R.; Hedges, S. Blair (November 2021). Hoorn, Carina (ed.).
1363:
Defler, Thomas (2019), "Mammalian Invasion of the Caribbean Islands",
3258:
3057:
2473:
2228:
2029:
1757:
1748:"The sloths of the West Indies: a systematic and phylogenetic review"
1578:
1543:
1533:
667:
423:
414:
348:
231:
140:
84:
1557:
MacPhee, R.D.E.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.A. & Gaffney, E.S. (2003).
101:
3071:
2892:
2818:
2617:
2398:
2263:
2163:
2060:
2017:
1602:
1106:
799:
707:
589:
503:
357:
315:
263:
160:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
2679:
2327:
2256:
2249:
1967:
1410:
782:
734:
623:
451:
428:
376:
331:
255:
89:
64:
522:
Based on White and MacPhee (2001): and Vinola-Lopez et al. 2022
485:
2044:
2023:
2011:
1998:
180:
170:
150:
1829:
360:
sequencing studies place them as the earliest diverging group
2183:
303:
190:
1241:
1571:
10.1206/0003-0082(2003)394<0001:DDZAEM>2.0.CO;2
432:
319:
1753:
Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives
461:
estimated to only weigh 8–15 kilograms (18–33 lb).
1872:
1788:
1296:
1179:
1756:. Boca Raton, London, New York, and Washington, D.C.:
606:
Pleistocene to Holocene, Hispaniola (Junior synonym:
3144:
2873:
2834:
2824:
2814:
2414:
2308:
2209:
2152:
2142:
2112:
2082:
2072:
396:(Greater Aves Antilles Ridge) hypothesis, where the
1413:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
298:(alternatively considered to be a superfamily as
3531:
1879:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1365:History of Terrestrial Mammals in South America
1244:"Palaeoproteomics resolves sloth relationships"
421:. Other pre-Pleistocene fossil remains include
1237:
1235:
2788:
2726:
1983:
1706:
1704:
1104:(BP). approximately 2700 BC. while dates for
2208:
1745:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1175:
1173:
1795:Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology
1710:
1232:
683:For other sloth taxa of the Caribbean, see
2059:
1990:
1976:
1750:. In Woods, C. A.; Sergile, F. E. (eds.).
1701:
1527:
506:taxa in question; some species are likely
364:to all other sloths. or as an outgroup to
100:
1916:
1898:
1806:
1739:
1684:
1628:
1550:
1502:
1476:
1349:
1332:
1314:
1215:
1205:
1170:
334:. While they were formerly placed in the
1666:
484:
3532:
1362:
2775:
2042:
1971:
1746:White, J.L.; MacPhee, R.D.E. (2001).
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1598:
1596:
114:, an extinct Cuban megalocnid sloth (
16:Extinct Greater Antilles sloth family
1139:, have all displayed a facility for
1667:McDonald, H. Gregory (2023-06-06).
1441:
661:Pleistocene to Holocene, Hispaniola
654:Pleistocene to Holocene, Hispaniola
647:Pleistocene to Holocene, Hispaniola
617:Pleistocene to Holocene, Hispaniola
560:Pleistocene to Holocene, Hispaniola
13:
2776:
1997:
1653:
1593:
976:(three-toed sloths)
14:
3561:
3514:
2758:
1456:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02674.x
1147:in other settings. For example,
1129:mammals to colonize the Antilles
208:Presslee et al, 2019 (as family)
127:
32:
1958:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106597
1933:
1866:
1823:
1782:
1127:The main groups of terrestrial
306:, native to the islands of the
1470:
1435:
1404:
1290:
1248:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1121:
477:were likely climbing animals.
438:
400:is suggested to have formed a
1:
1725:10.1080/08912963.2019.1618294
1163:
1089:
640:Pleistocene to Holocene, Cuba
633:Pleistocene to Holocene, Cuba
599:Pleistocene to Holocene, Cuba
583:Pleistocene to Holocene, Cuba
567:Pleistocene to Holocene, Cuba
537:Pleistocene to Holocene, Cuba
1832:Caribbean Journal of Science
1429:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.04.008
1373:10.1007/978-3-319-98449-0_11
690:
7:
3545:Prehistoric mammal families
480:
10:
3566:
2043:
1946:Quaternary Science Reviews
464:
3512:
3366:
3325:
3309:
3300:
3199:
3176:
3167:
3142:
3031:
3022:
2939:
2872:
2803:
2799:
2784:
2771:
2756:
2722:
2648:
2593:
2513:
2504:
2426:
2412:
2307:
2292:
2288:
2277:
2204:
2181:
2126:
2096:
2068:
2055:
2051:
2038:
2006:
1563:American Museum Novitates
1536:American Museum Novitates
1268:10.1038/s41559-019-0909-z
1207:10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.043
1100:is calibrated 4700 years
1043:
1018:
1003:
996:
971:
956:
949:
942:
924:
898:
883:
876:
861:
854:
847:
840:
796:
779:
772:
755:
748:
731:
724:
712:
685:Pilosans of the Caribbean
390:Eocene-Oligocene boundary
383:
279:
272:
218:
213:
124:Scientific classification
122:
108:
99:
23:
3550:Mammals of the Caribbean
1766:10.1201/9781420039481-14
1114:
553:Pleistocene, Puerto Rico
30:Early Oligocene–Holocene
1900:10.1073/pnas.0502777102
1609:Journal of Paleontology
1483:Journal of Biogeography
1444:Journal of Biogeography
1844:10.18475/cjos.v43i1.a9
1316:10.1093/sysbio/syad069
495:
330:, but are absent from
318:. They are known from
677:Early Miocene of Cuba
488:
1760:. pp. 201–235.
1686:10.3390/land12061192
1630:10.1017/jpa.2021.109
1192:(12): 2031–2042.e6.
615:Parocnus dominicanus
3440:Perezfontanatherium
2481:Paroctodontotherium
1891:2005PNAS..10211763S
1885:(33): 11763–11768.
1621:2022JPal...96..684V
1495:2021JBiog..48.2699A
1421:2012PPP...335...75H
1260:2019NatEE...3.1121P
1198:2019CBio...29E2031D
1137:platyrrhine monkeys
3540:Prehistoric sloths
2971:Megalonychotherium
2488:Pseudoprepotherium
1808:10.18435/vamp29369
1713:Historical Biology
1415:. 335–336: 75–83.
1303:Systematic Biology
1133:caviomorph rodents
903:(two-toed sloths)
496:
283:Delsuc et al, 2019
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3475:Pyramiodontherium
3447:Plesiomegatherium
3296:
3295:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3129:
2999:Proschismotherium
2767:
2766:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2408:
2407:
2273:
2272:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
1775:978-0-8493-2001-9
1504:10.1111/jbi.14234
1489:(11): 2699–2707.
1382:978-3-319-98448-3
1141:oceanic dispersal
1086:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1030:
985:
984:
921:
920:
912:
911:
829:
828:
820:
819:
811:
810:
446:Megalocnus rodens
354:mitochondrial DNA
289:
288:
284:
209:
111:Megalocnus rodens
3557:
3518:
3307:
3306:
3280:Pronothrotherium
3174:
3173:
3165:
3164:
3146:
3029:
3028:
3006:Pseudortotherium
2937:
2936:
2875:
2836:
2826:
2816:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2786:
2785:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2724:
2723:
2534:Glossotheriopsis
2511:
2510:
2460:Octodontotherium
2424:
2423:
2416:
2371:Scelidotheridium
2312:Scelidotheriidae
2310:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2154:
2144:
2114:
2084:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2040:
2039:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1902:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1688:
1664:
1651:
1650:
1632:
1600:
1591:
1590:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1506:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1360:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1318:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1254:(7): 1121–1130.
1239:
1230:
1229:
1219:
1209:
1177:
1157:
1125:
999:
998:
952:
951:
945:
944:
879:
878:
864:Scelidotheriidae
857:
856:
850:
849:
843:
842:
775:
774:
751:
750:
727:
726:
715:
714:
703:
702:
308:Greater Antilles
282:
207:
202:
132:
131:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3519:
3494:
3461:Proeremotherium
3454:Pliomegatherium
3377:Anisodontherium
3362:
3357:Proprepotherium
3321:
3292:
3201:Nothrotheriinae
3195:
3169:Nothrotheriidae
3163:
3150:
3126:
3018:
2935:
2923:Proplatyarthrus
2868:
2793:
2780:
2763:
2742:
2706:
2659:Glossotheridium
2644:
2625:Magdalenabradys
2589:
2500:
2453:Octodontobradys
2420:
2404:
2378:Scelidotheriops
2303:
2282:
2269:
2200:
2195:Pseudoglyptodon
2186:
2169:
2128:Myrmecophagidae
2122:
2092:
2047:
2034:
2002:
1996:
1966:
1965:
1938:
1934:
1871:
1867:
1828:
1824:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1744:
1740:
1709:
1702:
1665:
1654:
1601:
1594:
1555:
1551:
1532:
1528:
1475:
1471:
1440:
1436:
1409:
1405:
1383:
1361:
1350:
1295:
1291:
1240:
1233:
1186:Current Biology
1178:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1107:Parocnus browni
1092:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1032:
1006:Nothrotheriidae
986:
932:
931:
930:
922:
913:
830:
821:
812:
735:Neocnus dousman
693:
608:Megalocnus zile
597:Parocnus browni
581:Mesocnus browni
551:A. odontrigonus
508:junior synonyms
483:
467:
441:
427:from the Early
386:
340:two-toed sloths
312:Early Oligocene
206:
200:
126:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3563:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3468:Promegatherium
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3405:Megathericulus
3401:
3394:
3387:
3384:Diabolotherium
3380:
3372:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3331:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3266:Nothrotheriops
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3205:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3171:
3162:
3161:
3153:
3151:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3100:Protomegalonyx
3096:
3093:Pliometanastes
3089:
3086:Pattersonocnus
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3032:
3026:
3024:Megalonychinae
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2945:
2943:
2934:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2909:Mesopotamocnus
2905:
2897:
2889:
2886:Deseadognathus
2881:
2879:
2877:Megalonychidae
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2858:
2855:Schismotherium
2850:
2842:
2832:
2822:
2812:
2804:
2794:
2791:Megatherioidea
2789:
2782:
2781:
2778:Megatherioidea
2769:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2728:Megatherioidea
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2694:Pleurolestodon
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2654:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2604:Bolivartherium
2599:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2519:Archaeomylodon
2514:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2495:Urumacotherium
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2439:Eionaletherium
2435:
2432:Baraguatherium
2427:
2421:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2392:Sibyllotherium
2388:
2385:Scelidotherium
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2350:Neonematherium
2346:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2316:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2293:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2215:
2199:
2198:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2150:
2140:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2117:Palaeomyrmidon
2110:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2080:
2069:
2063:
2049:
2048:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1932:
1865:
1822:
1781:
1774:
1738:
1719:(3): 371–386.
1700:
1652:
1615:(3): 684–691.
1592:
1565:(3394): 1–42.
1549:
1538:(3141): 1–31.
1526:
1469:
1450:(3): 431–433.
1434:
1403:
1381:
1348:
1309:(1): 125–139.
1289:
1231:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1145:island hopping
1119:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1102:Before Present
1091:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1047:Megatherioidea
1045:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1002:
997:
995:
992:
991:
988:
987:
983:
982:
979:
978:
970:
967:
966:
963:
962:
959:Megalonychidae
955:
950:
948:
943:
941:
938:
937:
934:
933:
926:
925:
923:
919:
918:
915:
914:
910:
909:
906:
905:
897:
894:
893:
890:
889:
882:
877:
875:
872:
871:
868:
867:
860:
855:
853:
848:
846:
841:
839:
836:
835:
832:
831:
827:
826:
823:
822:
818:
817:
814:
813:
809:
808:
805:
804:
800:Parocnus serus
795:
792:
791:
788:
787:
778:
773:
771:
768:
767:
764:
763:
754:
749:
747:
744:
743:
740:
739:
730:
725:
723:
713:
711:
701:
692:
689:
681:
680:
679:
678:
664:
663:
662:
655:
648:
641:
634:
631:N. gliriformis
620:
619:
618:
611:
604:Parocnus serus
600:
586:
585:
584:
570:
569:
568:
565:A. antillensis
561:
554:
540:
539:
538:
516:Parocnus serus
482:
479:
466:
463:
440:
437:
385:
382:
366:Megatherioidea
336:Megalonychidae
294:is an extinct
287:
286:
281:Megalocnoidea
277:
276:
270:
269:
268:
267:
259:
251:
243:
235:
227:
216:
215:
211:
210:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
120:
119:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3562:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3517:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3412:Megatheridium
3409:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3391:Eomegatherium
3388:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3368:Megatheriinae
3365:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3302:Megatheriidae
3299:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3273:Nothrotherium
3270:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3245:Mcdonaldocnus
3242:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3224:Chasicobradys
3221:
3219:
3218:
3217:Aymaratherium
3214:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3158:Analcimorphus
3155:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3141:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3051:Megalonychops
3048:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2941:Ortotheriinae
2938:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2863:Similhapalops
2859:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2761:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2666:Glossotherium
2663:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2639:Thinobadistes
2636:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2411:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2357:Proscelidodon
2354:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2321:Analcitherium
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2280:Mylodontoidea
2276:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1597:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:Megatheriidae
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1001:
1000:
994:
993:
990:
989:
981:
980:
977:
975:
969:
968:
965:
964:
961:
960:
954:
953:
947:
946:
940:
939:
936:
935:
929:
928:Mylodontoidea
917:
916:
908:
907:
904:
902:
901:Choloepodidae
896:
895:
892:
891:
888:
887:
881:
880:
874:
873:
870:
869:
866:
865:
859:
858:
852:
851:
845:
844:
838:
837:
834:
833:
825:
824:
816:
815:
807:
806:
803:
802:
801:
794:
793:
790:
789:
786:
785:
784:
783:Neocnus comes
777:
776:
770:
769:
766:
765:
762:
761:
760:
759:Acratocnus ye
753:
752:
746:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:
736:
729:
728:
722:
721:
717:
716:
710:
709:
705:
704:
700:
698:
688:
686:
676:
672:
671:
670:
669:
665:
660:
656:
653:
649:
646:
642:
639:
635:
632:
628:
627:
626:
625:
621:
616:
612:
609:
605:
601:
598:
594:
593:
592:
591:
587:
582:
578:
577:
576:
575:
571:
566:
562:
559:
555:
552:
548:
547:
546:
545:
541:
536:
532:
531:
530:
529:
525:
524:
523:
520:
517:
513:
512:Acratocnus ye
509:
505:
501:
494:
493:
492:Acratocnus ye
487:
478:
476:
472:
462:
460:
459:
454:
453:
448:
447:
436:
434:
430:
426:
425:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
399:
395:
391:
381:
379:
378:
373:
372:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
350:
345:
344:ground sloths
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:Megalocnoidea
297:
293:
285:
278:
275:
271:
266:
265:
260:
258:
257:
252:
250:
249:
244:
242:
241:
236:
234:
233:
228:
226:
225:
220:
219:
217:
212:
205:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3419:Megatheriops
3417:
3410:
3403:
3398:Eremotherium
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3355:
3350:Prepoplanops
3348:
3343:Prepotherium
3341:
3334:
3315:Thalassocnus
3313:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3252:Mionothropus
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3189:Thalassocnus
3187:
3180:
3156:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2985:Paranabradys
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2884:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:Hiskatherium
2827:
2817:
2807:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2637:
2632:Sphenotherus
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:Lestodontini
2582:
2575:
2568:
2560:
2553:
2548:Mylodonopsis
2546:
2539:
2532:
2526:Brievabradys
2524:
2517:
2506:Mylodontinae
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2418:Mylodontidae
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2335:Chubutherium
2333:
2326:
2319:
2296:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:Megalocnidae
2212:
2193:
2162:
2155:
2145:
2137:Myrmecophaga
2135:
2115:
2105:
2098:Cyclopedidae
2087:Orthoarthrus
2085:
2075:
2028:Superorder:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1838:(1): 94–98.
1835:
1831:
1825:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1752:
1741:
1716:
1712:
1676:
1672:
1612:
1608:
1562:
1552:
1535:
1529:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1412:
1406:
1364:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1251:
1247:
1217:11336/136908
1189:
1185:
1149:megalonychid
1123:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1046:
1019:
1004:
974:Bradypodidae
972:
957:
927:
899:
886:Mylodontidae
884:
862:
798:
797:
781:
780:
757:
756:
733:
732:
720:Megalocnidae
719:
718:
706:
696:
694:
682:
674:
666:
658:
651:
644:
637:
630:
622:
614:
607:
603:
596:
588:
580:
572:
564:
557:
550:
542:
534:
526:
521:
515:
511:
497:
490:
474:
470:
468:
456:
450:
444:
442:
422:
387:
375:
369:
347:
299:
292:Megalocnidae
291:
290:
280:
262:
254:
246:
238:
230:
222:
204:Megalocnidae
203:
109:
24:Megalocnidae
18:
3482:Sibotherium
3426:Megatherium
3327:Planopsinae
3231:Huilabradys
3210:Amphibradys
3182:Neohapalops
3121:Zacatzontli
3114:Xibalbaonyx
3079:Nohochichak
3044:Australonyx
2992:Pliomorphus
2978:Ortotherium
2957:Eucholoeops
2930:Urumacocnus
2901:Hyperleptus
2839:Hyperleptus
2701:Simomylodon
2687:Paramylodon
2673:Kiyumylodon
2650:Mylodontini
2611:Lestobradys
2584:Strabosodon
2562:Oreomylodon
2555:Ocnotherium
2467:Octomylodon
2446:Nematherium
2342:Nematherium
2157:Protamandua
2147:Neotamandua
2077:Argyromanis
2061:Vermilingua
1679:(6): 1192.
500:Pleistocene
439:Description
419:Puerto Rico
402:land bridge
328:Puerto Rico
314:to the Mid-
3534:Categories
3238:Lakukullus
3148:Megatheria
3107:Sinclairia
3065:Megistonyx
3037:Ahytherium
2964:Hapaloides
2847:Pelecyodon
2737:see below↓
2570:Promylodon
2541:Megabradys
2364:Scelidodon
2236:Megalocnus
2222:Acratocnus
1952:: 106597.
1391:1086356172
1164:References
1153:mylodontid
1131:, sloths,
1097:Megalocnus
1090:Extinction
699:., 2019).
659:N. toupiti
652:N. dousman
544:Acratocnus
528:Megalocnus
475:Acratocnus
458:Acratocnus
407:marsupials
398:Aves Ridge
394:GAARlandia
371:Megalocnus
338:alongside
324:Hispaniola
240:Megalocnus
224:Acratocnus
187:Suborder:
3489:Urumaquia
3287:Xyophorus
3259:Nothropus
3058:Megalonyx
3013:Torcellia
2916:Paulocnus
2577:Ranculcus
2474:Orophodon
2298:Choloepus
2229:Imagocnus
2030:Xenarthra
2010:Kingdom:
1909:0027-8424
1852:0008-6452
1817:2292-1389
1758:CRC Press
1733:195403443
1695:2073-445X
1647:245401150
1639:0022-3360
1579:2246/2820
1544:2246/3657
1521:238647106
1513:0305-0270
1399:134438659
1325:1063-5157
1284:174813630
691:Phylogeny
668:Imagocnus
535:M. rodens
489:Skull of
424:Imagocnus
415:Oligocene
411:ungulates
352:, recent
349:Megalonyx
310:from the
232:Imagocnus
147:Kingdom:
141:Eukaryota
3072:Meizonyx
2950:Diodomus
2893:Hapalops
2819:Hapalops
2809:Bradypus
2618:Lestodon
2399:Valgipes
2264:Parocnus
2243:Mesocnus
2184:Folivora
2164:Tamandua
2107:Cyclopes
2024:Mammalia
2018:Chordata
2016:Phylum:
2012:Animalia
1927:16085711
1860:56003217
1587:55615855
1464:84576035
1343:38041854
1334:11129595
1276:31171860
1226:31178321
708:Folivora
675:I. zazae
645:N. comes
638:N. major
590:Parocnus
574:Mesocnus
504:Holocene
481:Taxonomy
358:collagen
316:Holocene
274:Synonyms
264:Parocnus
248:Mesocnus
197:Family:
191:Folivora
171:Mammalia
161:Chordata
157:Phylum:
151:Animalia
137:Domain:
3433:Ocnopus
3336:Planops
2680:Mylodon
2328:Catonyx
2257:Neocnus
2250:Miocnus
2022:Class:
1999:Pilosan
1918:1187974
1887:Bibcode
1617:Bibcode
1491:Bibcode
1417:Bibcode
1256:Bibcode
1194:Bibcode
1156:Africa.
624:Neocnus
471:Neocnus
465:Ecology
452:Neocnus
429:Miocene
377:Neocnus
332:Jamaica
256:Neocnus
214:Genera
177:Order:
167:Class:
2045:Pilosa
2001:genera
1925:
1915:
1907:
1858:
1850:
1815:
1772:
1731:
1693:
1645:
1637:
1585:
1519:
1511:
1462:
1397:
1389:
1379:
1341:
1331:
1323:
1282:
1274:
1224:
384:Origin
304:sloths
296:family
181:Pilosa
1856:S2CID
1801:(1).
1729:S2CID
1643:S2CID
1583:S2CID
1517:S2CID
1460:S2CID
1395:S2CID
1280:S2CID
1115:Notes
697:et al
558:A. ye
362:basal
346:like
302:) of
1923:PMID
1905:ISSN
1848:ISSN
1813:ISSN
1770:ISBN
1691:ISSN
1673:Land
1635:ISSN
1509:ISSN
1387:OCLC
1377:ISBN
1339:PMID
1321:ISSN
1272:PMID
1222:PMID
1151:and
1135:and
514:and
473:and
455:and
433:Cuba
409:and
356:and
342:and
326:and
320:Cuba
116:AMNH
35:Preęž’
1954:doi
1950:249
1913:PMC
1895:doi
1883:102
1840:doi
1803:doi
1762:doi
1721:doi
1681:doi
1625:doi
1575:hdl
1567:doi
1540:hdl
1499:doi
1452:doi
1425:doi
1369:doi
1329:PMC
1311:doi
1264:doi
1212:hdl
1202:doi
1143:or
431:of
417:of
3536::
1948:.
1944:.
1921:.
1911:.
1903:.
1893:.
1881:.
1877:.
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85:Pg
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90:N
80:K
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