214:. The density is typically between 500 and 1,000 kg/m (31 and 62 lb/cu ft). The range of density and classification as light-, standard-, or high-density board is a misnomer and confusing. The density of the board, when evaluated in relation to the density of the fibre that goes into making the panel, is important. A thick MDF panel at a density of 700–720 kg/m (44–45 lb/cu ft) may be considered as high density in the case of softwood fibre panels, whereas a panel of the same density made of hardwood fibres is not regarded as so. The evolution of the various types of MDF has been driven by differing need for specific applications.
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activates the bonding resin and sets the strength and density profile. The pressing cycle operates in stages, with the mat thickness being first compressed to around 1.5 times the finished board thickness, then compressed further in stages and held for a short period. This gives a board profile with zones of increased density, thus mechanical strength, near the two faces of the board and a less dense core.
122:
610:
in particleboard and plywood fabrication. E1 and E2 are classified as having 9 and 30 g of formaldehyde per 100 g of glue, respectively. All around the world, variable certification and labeling schemes are there for such products that can be explicit to formaldehyde release, such as that of
Californian Air Resources Board.
375:
components (hardener, dye, urea, and so on) can be injected into blowline even at a high pressure (100 bar, 10 MPa, 1,500 psi) and the drying process continues inside a long pipe to the exit cyclones, that is connected to the heating chamber. This fibre may be used immediately, or stored.
622:
surface layer. In modern construction, spurred by the high costs of hardwoods, manufacturers have been adopting this approach to achieve a high-quality finishing wrap covering over a standard MDF board. One common type uses oak veneer. Making veneered MDF is a complex procedure, which involves taking
609:
According to
International Composite Board Emission Standards, three European formaldehyde classes are used, E0, E1, and E2, based on the measurement of formaldehyde emission levels. For instance, E0 is classified as having less than 3 mg of formaldehyde out of every 100 g of the glue used
422:
since the fibres are pressed tightly together through the sheet. Typical MDF has a hard, flat, smooth surface that makes it ideal for veneering, as no underlying grain is available to telegraph through the thin veneer as with plywood. A so-called "premium" MDF is available that features more uniform
369:
From the defibrator, the pulp enters a blowline, a distinctive part of the MDF process. This is an expanding circular pipeline, initially 40 mm in diameter, increasing to 1500 mm. Wax is injected in the first stage, which coats the fibres and is distributed evenly by the turbulent movement
581:
that pose health risks at concentrations considered unsafe, for at least several months after manufacture. Urea-formaldehyde is always being slowly released from the edges and surface of MDF. When painting, coating all sides of the finished piece is a good practice to seal in the free formaldehyde.
383:
Dry fibre gets sucked into the top of a "pendistor", which evenly distributes fibre into a uniform mat below it, usually of 230–610 mm thickness. The mat is precompressed and either sent straight to a continuous hot press or cut into large sheets for a multiple-opening hot press. The hot press
374:
resin is then injected as the main bonding agent. The wax improves moisture resistance and the resin initially helps reduce clumping. The material dries quickly in the final heated expansion chamber of the blowline and expands into a fine, fluffy and lightweight fibre. The glue and the other
366:. A typical defibrator consists of two counter-rotating discs with grooves in their faces. Chips are fed into the centre and are fed outwards between the discs by centrifugal force. The decreasing size of the grooves gradually separates the fibres, aided by the softened lignin between them.
358:, MDF is characterised by the next part of the process, and how the fibres are processed as individual, but intact, fibres and vessels, manufactured through a dry process. The chips are then compacted into small plugs using a screw feeder, heated for 30–120 seconds to soften the
345:
process. A typical disk chipper contains four to 16 blades. Any resulting chips that are too large may be rechipped; undersized chips may be used as fuel. The chips are then washed and checked for defects. Chips may be stored in bulk, as a reserve for manufacturing.
394:
The environmental impact of MDF has greatly improved over the years. Today, many MDF boards are made from a variety of materials. These include other woods, scrap, recycled paper, bamboo, carbon fibres and polymers, forest thinnings, and sawmill off-cuts.
598:(IARC), in 1995, also classified it as a "probable human carcinogen". Further information and evaluation of all known data led the IARC to reclassify formaldehyde as a "known human carcinogen" associated with nasal sinus cancer and
627:
thick and then, through high pressure and stretching methods, wrapping them around the profiled MDF boards. This is possible only with simple profiles; otherwise, when the thin wood layer dries, it breaks at bends and angles.
438:
also work well. MDF is not susceptible to splitting when screws are installed in the face of the material, but due to the alignment of the wood fibres, may split when screws are installed in the edge of the board without
585:
Whether these constant emissions of formaldehyde reach harmful levels in real-world environments is not fully determined. The primary concern is for the industries using formaldehyde. As far back as 1987, the
546:
industry. MDF is primarily used for indoor applications due to its poor moisture resistance. It is available in raw form, or with a finely sanded surface, or with a decorative overlay.
239:
Although similar manufacturing processes are used in making all types of fibreboard, MDF has a typical density of 600–800 kg/m or 0.022–0.029 lb/in, in contrast to
1103:
398:
As manufacturers are being pressured to come up with greener products, they have started testing and using nontoxic binders. New raw materials are being introduced.
552:
MDF's density makes it a useful material for the walls of pipe-organ chambers, allowing sound, particularly bass, to be reflected out of the chamber into the hall.
697:
434:. Smooth-shank nails do not hold well, and neither do fine-pitch screws, especially in the edge. Special screws are available with a coarse thread pitch, but
3488:
317:, but a variety of other products have also been used, including other woods, waste paper, and fibres. Where moisture resistance is desired, a proportion of
836:
911:"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Volume 88 (2006) Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol"
577:
are commonly used to bind together the fibres in MDF, and testing has consistently revealed that MDF products emit free formaldehyde and other
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89:
42:
61:
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1212:
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After pressing, MDF is cooled in a star dryer or cooling carousel, trimmed, and sanded. In certain applications, boards are also
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1970:
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1111:
75:
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ASTM D5651 - 95a(2008) Standard Test Method for
Surface Bond Strength of Wood-Base Fiber and Particle Panel Materials
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the board. Screwing into the edge of a board will generally cause it to split in a fashion similar to delaminating.
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Wax and oil finishes may be used as finishes, but they are less effective at sealing in the free formaldehyde.
46:
973:"Effects of post-manufacture board treatments on formaldehyde emission : a literature review (1960-1984)"
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698:"Medium Density Fiberboard, Moulding, Embossing, Kitchen Cabinets – Composite Panel Association"
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749:. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Cellulose Modification. Honolulu, USA.
187:. Large-scale production of MDF began in the 1980s, in both North America and Europe.
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1340:
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1013:
1002:"Sources of formaldehyde, other aldehydes and terpenes in a new manufactured house"
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914:
549:
MDF is also usable for furniture such as cabinets, because of its strong surface.
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3119:
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are becoming popular fibres because they are a fast-growing, renewable resource.
137:
768:. Gaithersburg, MD: Composite Panel Association. 2002. p. 3. Archived from
568:
When MDF is cut, a large quantity of dust particulate is released into the air.
511:-edged cutting tools is almost mandatory, as high-speed steel dulls too quickly.
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173:
1050:"ALDEHYDE EMISSIONS FROM PARTICLEBOARD AND MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD PRODUCTS"
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classified it as a "probable human carcinogen", and after more studies, the
527:
514:
Though it does not have a grain in the plane of the board, it does have one
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species may be used, making use of the endemic oil content of such trees.
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2184:
1979:
1890:
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1410:
1265:
619:
342:
341:. The debarked logs are sent to the MDF plant, where they go through the
330:
306:
157:
329:
The trees are debarked after being cut. The bark can be sold for use in
190:
Over time, the term "MDF" has become a generic name for any dry-process
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and may cause allergy, eye and lung irritation when cutting and sanding
501:
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363:
310:
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191:
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145:
618:
Veneered MDF provides many of the advantages of MDF with a decorative
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1360:
1305:
1295:
1290:
642:
603:
419:
302:
244:
468:
Stable dimensions (less expansion and contraction than natural wood)
259:
Development of the worldwide production of MDF by region 1995-2021.
24:
3357:
3337:
2981:
2946:
2682:
2558:
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2427:
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2079:
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1502:
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1420:
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318:
161:
172:
similar in application to plywood. It is stronger and denser than
140:
product made by breaking down hardwood or softwood residuals into
3534:
3529:
3422:
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3296:
3150:
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1779:
1703:
1514:
1507:
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1427:
1000:
Hodgson, A. T.; Beal, D.; McIlvaine, J. E. R. (1 December 2002).
723:
European forest sector outlook study: 1960/2000/2020, main report
538:
MDF is often used in school projects because of its flexibility.
453:
414:
MDF does not contain knots or rings, making it more uniform than
334:
180:
165:
1190:
3524:
3253:
3001:
2752:
2702:
2598:
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2222:
2089:
2007:
1764:
1665:
1625:
1330:
1325:
1240:
1229:
426:
MDF may be glued, doweled, or laminated. Typical fasteners are
403:
359:
1948:
477:
High screw pull-out strength in the face grain of the material
222:
The different kinds of MDF (sometimes labeled by colour) are:
3402:
3311:
3306:
3291:
2712:
2503:
2496:
2467:
2447:
2417:
2402:
2362:
2347:
2337:
2322:
2317:
2297:
2274:
2249:
2169:
1845:
1577:
1557:
1375:
1275:
1260:
574:
427:
399:
153:
121:
1160:
English, Brent, John A. Youngquist, and
Andrzej M. Krzysik,
418:
during cutting and in service. However, MDF is not entirely
3301:
2830:
2767:
2692:
2573:
2528:
2523:
2259:
2003:
1280:
1221:
490:
Low-grade MDF may swell and break when saturated with water
141:
1104:"Which Particleboard and Plywood Standard Should you Use?"
742:
3427:
2918:
2687:
2513:
2407:
2239:
1635:
149:
168:. It is made up of separated fibre but can be used as a
1175:. New York: Hanser Publishers: 115–130; 1994. Chapter 6
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
493:
May warp or expand in humid environments if not sealed
3489:
International
Federation of Building and Wood Workers
837:"The Manufacturing Process Medium Density Fibreboard"
999:
673:
156:
binder, and forming it into panels by applying high
816:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
507:Dulls blades more quickly than many woods: Use of
3631:
860:
858:
409:
937:, United States Environmental Protection Agency
423:density throughout the thickness of the panel.
1964:
1206:
855:
588:United States Environmental Protection Agency
841:Australian National University Fenner School
743:R. Kozlowski and M. Helwig (December 1996).
970:
596:International Agency for Research on Cancer
309:, the main species of tree used for MDF is
229:Moisture-resistant board is typically green
1971:
1957:
1213:
1199:
1173:Cellulosic polymers, blends and composites
1017:
762:ANSI A208.2 MDF for Interior Applications
179:The name derives from the distinction in
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3479:Building and Wood Workers' International
700:. Decorativesurfaces.org. Archived from
559:
526:
354:Compared to other fibre boards, such as
254:
120:
935:"An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality"
746:Critical Look on Cellulose Modification
3632:
197:
1952:
1194:
542:panels made from MDF are used in the
3614:
1921:
725:. New York : United Nations. p. 32.
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
3604:
3464:American Association of Woodturners
1933:
1070:
349:
13:
1154:
555:
324:
14:
3656:
3494:National Wood Carvers Association
1220:
1179:
913:. WHO Press. 2006. Archived from
3613:
3603:
3594:
3593:
3469:Architectural Woodwork Institute
1932:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1019:10.1034/j.1600-0668.2002.01129.x
484:
378:
250:
202:MDF is typically made up of 82%
23:
1978:
1460:Oriented structural straw board
1126:
1096:
1042:
993:
964:
940:
928:
613:
522:
462:Consistent in strength and size
164:. MDF is generally denser than
34:needs additional citations for
3474:British Woodworking Federation
1078:"Formaldehyde and Cancer Risk"
879:
845:Australian National University
786:
753:
736:
715:
690:
665:
1:
3484:Caricature Carvers of America
794:"MDF, LDF, HDF - www.sppd.pl"
658:
446:
410:Comparison with natural woods
362:in the wood, then fed into a
210:resin glue, 8% water, and 1%
1171:in Gilbert, Richard D., ed.
534:being constructed out of MDF
235:MDF is typically red or blue
7:
948:"Medium Density Fibreboard"
866:"Medium Density Fibreboard"
671:Spence, William P. (2005).
631:
243:(500–800 kg/m) and to
226:Ultralight MDF plate (ULDF)
58:"Medium-density fibreboard"
10:
3661:
1851:Non-timber forest products
1475:Structural insulated panel
1162:Lignocellulosic Composites
887:"MDF Board FAQ - Tutorial"
623:a slice of hardwood about
579:volatile organic compounds
3589:
3563:
3512:
3499:Society of Wood Engravers
3456:
3370:
3320:
3277:
3149:
3142:
3030:
2917:
2859:
2678:
2669:
2612:
2283:
2202:
2193:
2017:
1986:
1906:
1798:
1732:
1679:
1586:
1538:
1495:
1389:
1228:
1082:National Cancer Institute
592:World Health Organization
500:, which is a known human
130:Medium-density fibreboard
1816:Destructive distillation
217:
1836:Green building and wood
868:. Design-technology.org
721:United Nations (2005).
247:(600–1,450 kg/m).
245:high-density fibreboard
16:Engineered wood product
3576:Frameless construction
2657:Wood-plastic composite
1480:Wood–plastic composite
1406:Glued laminated timber
1401:Cross-laminated timber
889:. Diyaudioandvideo.com
565:
535:
298:
126:
1553:Corrugated fiberboard
1455:Oriented strand board
952:Design-technology.org
638:Oriented strand board
600:nasopharyngeal cancer
563:
532:Loudspeaker enclosure
530:
258:
124:
3504:Timber Framers Guild
2358:Australian Blackwood
1938:WikiProject Forestry
602:, and possibly with
474:Takes wood glue well
391:for extra strength.
148:, combining it with
43:improve this article
3640:Composite materials
3224:Hammer-headed tenon
2743:Janka hardness test
1699:Ramial chipped wood
1138:Skirtingboard.co.uk
653:Natural Fibre Board
289: Latin America
283: North America
198:Physical properties
2085:Japanese carpentry
1616:Cellulosic ethanol
1167:2021-04-20 at the
1114:on 9 November 2017
843:. Dept. Forestry,
566:
564:MDF dust collector
536:
436:sheet-metal screws
299:
144:fibre, often in a
127:
3627:
3626:
3581:Green woodworking
3438:Wood preservation
3366:
3365:
3269:Tongue and groove
3249:Mortise and tenon
3138:
3137:
2836:Warrington hammer
2665:
2664:
2353:African Blackwood
2145:Segmented turning
1946:
1945:
1881:Wood preservation
1826:Engineered bamboo
1646:Pyroligneous acid
971:George E. Myers.
372:urea-formaldehyde
370:of the fibres. A
208:urea-formaldehyde
170:building material
119:
118:
111:
93:
3652:
3617:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3597:
3596:
3147:
3146:
2816:Thickness planer
2676:
2675:
2470:(lime, basswood)
2200:
2199:
2060:Chainsaw carving
1973:
1966:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1936:
1935:
1924:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1871:Timber recycling
1866:Reclaimed lumber
1856:Natural building
1821:Dry distillation
1775:Split-rail fence
1215:
1208:
1201:
1192:
1191:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1110:. Archived from
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1054:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1021:
997:
991:
990:
988:
986:
977:
968:
962:
961:
959:
958:
944:
938:
932:
926:
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923:
922:
907:
898:
897:
895:
894:
883:
877:
876:
874:
873:
862:
853:
852:
847:. Archived from
833:
814:
813:
811:
809:
800:. Archived from
790:
784:
783:
781:
780:
774:
767:
757:
751:
750:
740:
734:
719:
713:
712:
710:
709:
694:
688:
669:
626:
509:tungsten carbide
471:Takes paint well
350:Fibre production
294:
288:
282:
276:
270:
264:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3645:Engineered wood
3630:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3585:
3571:Frame and panel
3559:
3508:
3452:
3362:
3321:Surface piecing
3316:
3273:
3194:Crown of thorns
3134:
3120:Smoothing plane
3026:
2913:
2855:
2758:Milling machine
2661:
2622:Cross-laminated
2608:
2279:
2189:
2160:Spindle turning
2150:Shingle weaving
2120:Pallet crafting
2013:
1982:
1977:
1947:
1942:
1902:
1886:Wood processing
1794:
1728:
1675:
1582:
1534:
1491:
1421:parallel strand
1392:
1385:
1233:
1224:
1219:
1182:
1169:Wayback Machine
1157:
1155:Further reading
1152:
1151:
1142:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1043:
998:
994:
984:
982:
975:
969:
965:
956:
954:
946:
945:
941:
933:
929:
920:
918:
909:
908:
901:
892:
890:
885:
884:
880:
871:
869:
864:
863:
856:
835:
834:
817:
807:
805:
792:
791:
787:
778:
776:
772:
765:
759:
758:
754:
741:
737:
720:
716:
707:
705:
696:
695:
691:
670:
666:
661:
634:
624:
616:
558:
556:Safety concerns
525:
487:
449:
412:
381:
352:
327:
325:Chip production
297:
296:
292:
290:
286:
284:
280:
278:
274:
272:
268:
266:
262:
253:
220:
200:
138:engineered wood
125:A sample of MDF
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3658:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3611:
3601:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3550:Quarter sawing
3547:
3542:
3540:Wood splitting
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3448:Wood finishing
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3408:Paint stripper
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3115:Shoulder plane
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3090:Moulding plane
3087:
3082:
3080:Japanese plane
3077:
3072:
3070:Grooving plane
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2884:Flooring clamp
2881:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2841:Winding sticks
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2821:Timber-framing
2818:
2813:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2647:Particle board
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2627:Glue laminated
2624:
2618:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2165:Timber framing
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2135:Relief carving
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2035:Bush carpentry
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1918:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1811:Certified wood
1808:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1785:Timber framing
1782:
1777:
1772:
1770:Sawdust brandy
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1661:Sandalwood oil
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1465:Particle board
1462:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1180:External links
1178:
1177:
1176:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1134:"Veneered MDF"
1125:
1095:
1084:. 10 June 2011
1069:
1041:
1012:(4): 235–242.
992:
963:
939:
927:
899:
878:
854:
851:on 8 Feb 2020.
815:
785:
752:
735:
714:
689:
663:
662:
660:
657:
656:
655:
650:
645:
640:
633:
630:
615:
612:
606:in June 2004.
557:
554:
524:
521:
520:
519:
512:
505:
494:
491:
486:
483:
482:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
448:
445:
432:machine screws
411:
408:
380:
377:
351:
348:
326:
323:
291:
285:
279:
273:
267:
261:
260:
252:
249:
241:particle board
237:
236:
233:Fire retardant
230:
227:
219:
216:
199:
196:
174:particle board
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3657:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3620:
3612:
3610:
3602:
3600:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:Chainsaw mill
3518:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:Organizations
3455:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3413:Steam bending
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3383:French polish
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3254:Rabbet/Rebate
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:Mason's mitre
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3085:Jointer plane
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3055:Compass plane
3053:
3051:
3050:Chamfer plane
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Bedrock plane
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:Veneer hammer
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Impact driver
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:Red Quebracho
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:Bow and arrow
2028:
2026:
2025:Boat building
2023:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1939:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1919:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:List of woods
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1750:Billet (wood)
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1611:Hemicellulose
1609:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
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54:Find sources:
48:
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32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3388:Heat bending
3333:Edge banding
3105:Router plane
3100:Rebate plane
3060:Finger plane
2791:
2636:
2495:
2489:
2469:
2463:Lignum vitae
2221:
2215:
2180:Wood carving
2155:Shipbuilding
2140:Root carving
2100:Log building
2065:Chip carving
1925:
1895:
1790:Wooden masts
1760:Dugout canoe
1745:Bavin (wood)
1694:Black liquor
1631:Liquid smoke
1447:
1381:Utility pole
1366:Timber truss
1286:Log building
1172:
1141:. Retrieved
1137:
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1112:the original
1107:
1098:
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702:the original
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679:: Sterling.
672:
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617:
614:Veneered MDF
608:
584:
572:Formaldehyde
570:
567:
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548:
544:shop fitting
537:
523:Applications
515:
498:formaldehyde
496:May release
452:Denser than
425:
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368:
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335:biomass fuel
328:
315:radiata pine
300:
277: Europe
265: Africa
238:
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212:paraffin wax
201:
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3609:WikiProject
3555:Rift sawing
3545:Flat sawing
3433:Wood drying
3110:Scrub plane
3095:Razee plane
3045:Block plane
2899:Mitre clamp
2846:Wood scribe
2797:Combination
2539:Purpleheart
2235:Douglas fir
2185:Woodturning
2018:Occupations
1980:Woodworking
1891:Woodworking
1876:Wood drying
1861:Papermaking
1681:By-products
1587:Derivatives
1525:Pellet fuel
1266:Flitch beam
1108:Amrosia.com
620:wood veneer
465:Shapes well
441:pilot holes
337:in on-site
333:or used as
331:landscaping
307:New Zealand
158:temperature
3634:Categories
3564:Techniques
3513:Conversion
3443:Wood stain
3371:Treatments
3159:Birdsmouth
3125:Spokeshave
3075:Jack plane
3065:Fore plane
2904:Pipe clamp
2869:Band clamp
2793:Carpenters
2614:Engineered
2564:Rubberwood
2413:Eucalyptus
2217:Calocedrus
2130:Pyrography
2095:Kohlrosing
1733:Historical
1714:Wood flour
1563:Paperboard
1433:Fiberboard
1391:Engineered
1251:Bressummer
1143:2014-04-02
1118:17 January
1088:17 January
1062:17 January
1006:Indoor Air
985:17 January
957:2016-12-14
921:2009-11-21
893:2014-04-02
872:2014-04-02
808:17 January
779:2012-06-06
731:9211169216
708:2014-04-02
659:References
648:Solid wood
502:carcinogen
447:Advantages
364:defibrator
311:plantation
271: Asia
204:wood fibre
192:fibreboard
185:fibreboard
146:defibrator
99:April 2012
69:newspapers
3353:Parquetry
3348:Oystering
3343:Marquetry
3184:Butterfly
2851:Workbench
2783:Sandpaper
2763:Mitre box
2708:Drawknife
2698:Burnisher
2683:Abrasives
2632:Hardboard
2293:Afromosia
2175:Whittling
2125:Parquetry
2110:Marquetry
2055:Certosina
2050:Carpentry
2040:Cabinetry
1987:Overviews
1755:Clapboard
1724:Woodchips
1719:Wood wool
1599:Cellulose
1594:Birch-tar
1548:Cardboard
1530:Wood fuel
1438:hardboard
1341:Reclaimed
1306:Panelling
1296:Log house
1291:Log cabin
643:Hardboard
604:leukaemia
458:chipboard
420:isotropic
389:laminated
303:Australia
181:densities
3599:Category
3378:Adhesive
3358:Purfling
3338:Intarsia
3279:Profiles
3204:Dovetail
3143:Geometry
2982:Hand saw
2967:Crosscut
2952:Circular
2947:Chainsaw
2894:Holdfast
2559:Rosewood
2491:American
2486:Mahogany
2458:Jelutong
2428:Hornbeam
2393:Cocobolo
2388:Chestnut
2303:Andiroba
2115:Millwork
2080:Intarsia
2075:Fretwork
2070:Ébéniste
1999:Glossary
1916:Category
1897:Yakisugi
1831:Forestry
1799:See also
1740:Axe ties
1709:Tall oil
1689:Barkdust
1671:Wood gas
1651:Pine tar
1641:Methanol
1573:Pulpwood
1520:Firewood
1503:Charcoal
1496:Fuelwood
1443:Masonite
1371:Treenail
1271:Flooring
1165:Archived
1036:30065953
1028:12532755
632:See also
540:Slatwall
480:Flexible
356:Masonite
343:chipping
339:furnaces
319:eucalypt
162:pressure
136:) is an
3619:Commons
3535:Whipsaw
3530:Sawmill
3423:Varnish
3418:Thermal
3393:Lacquer
3328:Binding
3297:Chamfer
3164:Biscuit
3130:Surform
3022:Whipsaw
2992:Keyhole
2977:Fretsaw
2957:Compass
2942:Bucksaw
2932:Bandsaw
2927:Backsaw
2909:Sawbuck
2879:F-clamp
2874:C-clamp
2748:Jointer
2652:Plywood
2604:Zebrano
2544:Ovankol
2509:Meranti
2497:African
2468:Linden
2423:Hickory
2378:Cedrela
2373:Camphor
2368:Bubinga
2363:Boxwood
2343:Bilinga
2328:Avodire
2245:Juniper
2230:Cypress
2105:Luthier
1994:History
1927:Commons
1806:Biomass
1780:Tanbark
1704:Sawdust
1515:Firelog
1508:biochar
1470:Plywood
1428:I-joist
1346:Shingle
1301:Molding
798:Sppd.pl
454:plywood
313:-grown
166:plywood
83:scholar
3525:Hewing
3264:Splice
3219:Halved
3214:Groove
3209:Finger
3189:Coping
3174:Bridle
3151:Joints
3032:Planes
3017:Veneer
3007:Scroll
3002:Ripsaw
2987:Jigsaw
2962:Coping
2861:Clamps
2788:Square
2778:Shaper
2773:Router
2753:Mallet
2728:Gimlet
2703:Chisel
2599:Willow
2589:Walnut
2579:Totara
2569:Sapele
2534:Poplar
2519:Padauk
2481:Merbau
2453:Jarrah
2438:Imbuia
2433:Idigbo
2398:Cumaru
2383:Cherry
2308:Anigre
2270:Spruce
2223:Cedrus
2090:Khatam
2045:Caning
2008:lumber
1765:Potash
1666:Tannin
1626:Lignin
1540:Fibers
1485:lumber
1411:veneer
1351:Siding
1331:Rafter
1326:Purlin
1241:Batten
1234:timber
1230:Lumber
1034:
1026:
729:
687:p. 114
683:
625:1–2 mm
575:resins
428:T-nuts
404:bamboo
360:lignin
293:
287:
281:
275:
269:
263:
152:and a
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3403:Paint
3312:Ovolo
3307:Ogive
3292:Bevel
3259:Scarf
3244:Miter
3012:Table
2997:Miter
2972:Frame
2889:Gripe
2805:Speed
2801:Miter
2733:Gauge
2723:Float
2718:Fence
2713:Drill
2671:Tools
2594:Wenge
2584:Utile
2549:Ramin
2504:Maple
2476:Lovoa
2448:Iroko
2418:Hazel
2403:Ebony
2348:Birch
2338:Beech
2333:Balsa
2323:Aspen
2318:Apple
2298:Alder
2255:Kauri
2250:Larch
2212:Cedar
2195:Woods
2170:Treen
1846:Mulch
1656:Pitch
1578:Rayon
1558:Paper
1376:Truss
1316:Plate
1311:Plank
1276:Joist
1261:Cruck
1053:(PDF)
1032:S2CID
976:(PDF)
773:(PDF)
766:(PDF)
400:Straw
218:Types
206:, 9%
154:resin
90:JSTOR
76:books
3302:Ogee
3287:Bead
3229:Knee
3199:Dado
3179:Butt
2919:Saws
2831:Vise
2768:Rasp
2693:Adze
2574:Teak
2529:Plum
2524:Pear
2285:Hard
2265:Rimu
2260:Pine
2204:Soft
2004:Wood
1621:Dyes
1604:nano
1568:Pulp
1393:wood
1361:Stud
1356:Sill
1321:Post
1281:Lath
1246:Beam
1120:2018
1090:2018
1064:2018
1024:PMID
987:2018
810:2018
727:ISBN
681:ISBN
516:into
456:and
402:and
305:and
160:and
142:wood
62:news
3428:Wax
3398:Oil
3234:Lap
3169:Box
2937:Bow
2809:Try
2688:Axe
2642:OSB
2637:MDF
2514:Oak
2443:Ipê
2408:Elm
2313:Ash
2275:Yew
2240:Fir
1636:Lye
1448:MDF
1416:LVL
1256:CLS
1014:doi
594:'s
301:In
183:of
150:wax
134:MDF
45:by
3636::
2807:,
2803:,
2799:,
2795:,
2494:,
2220:,
1136:.
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1004:.
978:.
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902:^
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39:.
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