History of China - Knowledge

5129: 3530: 1719: 1938: 4344: 3504: 3101: 5738: 5780: 4919: 6408: 4502: 5802: 6566: 5686: 5716: 5674: 4511: 4991: 7019: 63: 6023: 4716: 5146: 2765: 3913: 7031: 3701: 4491: 1990:(1900–1500 BC) in Henan that was excavated in 1959. Since no writing was excavated at Erlitou or any other contemporaneous site, there is not enough evidence to prove whether the Xia dynasty ever existed. Some archaeologists claim that the Erlitou site was the capital of the Xia. In any case, the site of Erlitou had a level of political organization that would not be incompatible with the legends of Xia recorded in later texts. More importantly, the Erlitou site has the earliest evidence for an elite who conducted rituals using cast bronze vessels, which would later be adopted by the Shang and Zhou. 4904: 1685: 5171: 6098: 10876: 1405: 6732: 5429: 5704: 3236: 6452: 5193: 4482: 6460: 9051: 5245: 6537: 10864: 6300: 1735: 2244:. The more powerful states tended to conquer and incorporate the weaker ones, so the number of states declined over time. By the 6th century BC most small states had disappeared by being annexed and just a few large and powerful principalities remained. Some southern states, such as Chu and Wu, claimed independence from the Zhou, who undertook wars against some of them (Wu and Yue). Many new cities were established in this period and society gradually became more urbanized and commercialized. Many famous individuals such as 7000: 1701: 6311: 3082: 5117: 6007: 5755: 1419: 4133: 4329: 10967: 2306: 5011: 10950: 5207: 5228: 4679: 3682: 4700: 2464: 4092: 3248: 3855:, he elicited the help from Zhuye Chixin by giving Zhuye 300 horses, and together, they defeated Zhangxin Khan, who then committed suicide, precipitating the subsequent collapse of the Uyghur Khaganate. In the next few years, when Uyghur Khaganate remnants tried to raid Tang borders, the Shatuo participated extensively in counterattacking the Uyghur Khaganate with other tribes loyal to Tang. In 843, Zhuye Chixin, under the command of the Han Chinese officer 3368: 14629: 14206: 6922:, the PRC initiated policies to address issues of equitable distribution of resources, but the outcome was not known as of 2014. More than 40 million farmers were displaced from their land, usually for economic development, contributing to 87,000 demonstrations and riots across China in 2005. For much of the PRC's population, living standards improved very substantially and freedom increased, but political controls remained tight and rural areas poor. 6578: 5816: 2019: 14639: 14218: 5402: 3550: 4115: 14230: 6966:

comprehensive independent surveys of such centres have been performed as of June 2024, spot checks by journalists have found such sites converted or abandoned. In 2022, a Washington Post reporter checked a dozen sites previously identified as reeducation centres and found "ost of them appeared to be empty or converted, with several sites labeled as coronavirus quarantine facilities, teachers' schools and vocational schools." In 2023,

4663: 2756: 10933: 3384: 3925: 1393: 6253: 3492: 3896: 2682: 6377: 6552: 10916: 6362: 10888: 1434: 3884: 5262: 4729: 2173:) ruled over all the other gods, and it decided who would rule China. It was believed that a ruler lost the Mandate of Heaven when natural disasters occurred in great number, and when, more realistically, the sovereign had apparently lost his concern for the people. In response, the royal house would be overthrown, and a new house would rule, having been granted the Mandate of Heaven. 6644:

Communists told different groups, such as peasants, exactly what they wanted to hear, and cloaked themselves in the cover of Chinese Nationalism. During the civil war both the Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities, with millions of non-combatants killed by both sides. These included deaths from forced conscription and massacres.

4257:. Yet the annual outflow of Song's silver to the Liao was paid back through the purchase of Chinese goods and products, which expanded the Song economy, and replenished its treasury. This dampened the incentive for the Song to further campaign against the Liao. Meanwhile, this cross-border trade and contact induced further sinicization within the 6447:"Nationalism, patriotism, progress, science, democracy, and freedom were the goals; imperialism, feudalism, warlordism, autocracy, patriarchy, and blind adherence to tradition were the enemies. Intellectuals struggled with how to be strong and modern and yet Chinese, how to preserve China as a political entity in the world of competing nations." 6886:, both former mayors of Shanghai, led post-Tiananmen PRC in the 1990s. Under Jiang and Zhu's ten years of administration, the PRC's economic performance pulled an estimated 150 million peasants out of poverty and sustained an average annual gross domestic product growth rate of 11.2%. The country formally joined the 5347:

The Yongle Emperor strenuously tried to extend China's influence beyond its borders by demanding other rulers send ambassadors to China to present tribute. A large navy was built, including four-masted ships displacing 1,500 tons. A standing army of 1 million troops was created. The Chinese

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Chinese historians in later periods were accustomed to the notion of one dynasty succeeding another, but the political situation in early China was much more complicated. Hence, as some scholars of China suggest, the Xia and the Shang can refer to political entities that existed concurrently, just as

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brought the empire to its zenith. To consolidate his power, he disenfranchised the majority of imperial relatives, appointing military governors to control their former lands. As a further step, he extended patronage to Confucianism, which emphasizes stability and order in a well-structured society.

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were disbanded with many peasants receiving multiple land leases, which greatly increased incentives and agricultural production. In addition, there were many free market areas opened. The most successful free market area was Shenzhen. It is located in Guangdong and the property tax free area still

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Urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex. Large urban centers, such as Nanjing and Beijing, also contributed to the growth of private industry. In particular, small-scale industries grew up, often specializing in paper, silk, cotton, and porcelain

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Throughout the Yuan dynasty, there was some general sentiment among the populace against the Mongol dominance. Yet rather than the nationalist cause, it was mainly strings of natural disasters and incompetent, corrupt governance that triggered widespread peasant uprisings since the 1340s. After the

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in Chinese history, the Han dynasty's long period of stability and prosperity consolidated the foundation of China as a unified state under a central imperial bureaucracy, which was to last intermittently for most of the next two millennia. During the Han dynasty, territory of China was extended to

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suggest a technologically advanced civilization culturally unlike Anyang. The evidence is inconclusive in proving how far the Shang realm extended from Anyang. The leading hypothesis is that Anyang, ruled by the same Shang in the official history, coexisted and traded with numerous other culturally

5364:. Several maritime Asian nations sent envoys with tribute for the Chinese emperor. Domestically, the Grand Canal was expanded and became a stimulus to domestic trade. Over 100,000 tons of iron per year were produced. Many books were printed using movable type. The imperial palace in Beijing's 5331:

dynasties, were less emphasized. Neo-feudal landholdings of the Song and Mongol periods were expropriated by the Ming rulers. Land estates were confiscated by the government, fragmented, and rented out. Private slavery was forbidden. Consequently, after the death of the Yongle Emperor, independent

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was officially elevated to orthodox status and was to shape the subsequent Chinese civilization. Art, culture and science all advanced to unprecedented heights. With the profound and lasting impacts of this period of Chinese history, the dynasty name "Han" had been taken as the name of the Chinese

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The Zhou dynasty (1046 BC to about 256 BC) is the longest-lasting dynasty in Chinese history, though its power declined steadily over the almost eight centuries of its existence. In the late 2nd millennium BC, the Zhou dynasty arose in the Wei River valley of modern western Shaanxi Province, where

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called for the end of the Han dynasty and the rise of his own, and he founded the short-lived Xin dynasty. Wang Mang started an extensive program of land and other economic reforms, including the outlawing of slavery and land nationalization and redistribution. These programs, however, were never

6664:, replacing the ROC. The KMT ruled Taiwan under martial law until 1987, with the stated goal of being vigilant against Communist infiltration and preparing to retake mainland China. Therefore, political dissent was not tolerated during that period, and crackdowns against dissidents were common. 6643:

says the Communists won the Civil War because they made fewer military mistakes than Chiang, and because in his search for a powerful centralized government, Chiang antagonised too many interest groups in China. Furthermore, his party was weakened in the war against the Japanese. Meanwhile, the

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in China is considered to have begun about 10,000 years ago. Because the Neolithic is conventionally defined by the presence of agriculture, it follows that the Neolithic began at different times in the various regions of what is now China. Agriculture in China developed gradually, with initial

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Conflict in this period occurred both between and within states. Warfare between states forced the surviving states to develop better administrations to mobilize more soldiers and resources. Within states there was constant jockeying between elite families. For example, the three most powerful

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Although the PRC needed economic growth to spur its development, the government began to worry that rapid economic growth was degrading the country's natural resources and environment. Another concern was that certain sectors of society were not sufficiently benefiting from the PRC's economic

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attributes their closures beginning in late 2019 to the expense required to operate them. China has repeatedly denied this, asserting that the West has never been able to produce reliably-sourced satellite footage of any such detainment or resulting detention of minority groups. Although no

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Now, rotten with internal corruption and compounding tactical error after error under crumbling leadership, the Nationalists were slowly routed towards the South. When the Nationalist government forces were defeated by CCP forces in mainland China in 1949, the Nationalist government fled to

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were held in high regard. On the other hand, the Mongol rulers also adopted flexibly to a variety of cultures from many advanced civilizations within the vast empire. Traditional social structure and culture in China underwent immense transform during the Mongol dominance. Large groups of

6094:. All rebellions were ultimately put down, but at enormous cost and with millions dead, seriously weakening the central imperial authority. China never rebuilt a strong central army, and many local officials used their military power to effectively rule independently in their provinces. 3842:

In 808, 30,000 Shatuo under Zhuye Jinzhong defected from the Tibetans to Tang China and the Tibetans punished them by killing Zhuye Jinzhong as they were chasing them. The Uyghurs also fought against an alliance of Shatuo and Tibetans at Beshbalik. The Shatuo Turks under Zhuye Chixin

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with its forces, along with Chiang and a large number of their supporters; the Nationalist government had taken effective control of Taiwan at the end of WWII as part of the overall Japanese surrender, when Japanese troops in Taiwan surrendered to the Republic of China troops there.

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peasant landholders predominated in Chinese agriculture. These laws might have paved the way to removing the worst of the poverty during the previous regimes. Towards later era of the Ming dynasty, with declining government control, commerce, trade and private industries revived.

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James, Steven R.; Dennell, R. W.; Gilbert, Allan S.; Lewis, Henry T.; Gowlett, J. A. J.; Lynch, Thomas F.; McGrew, W. C.; Peters, Charles R.; Pope, Geoffrey G.; Stahl, Ann B. (February 1989). "Hominid Use of Fire in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene: A Review of the Evidence ".

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is believed to be the site of a major ancient city, of a previously unknown Bronze Age culture (between 2000 and 1200 BC). The site was first discovered in 1929 and then re-discovered in 1986. Chinese archaeologists have identified the Sanxingdui culture to be part of the

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to develop national defense and industrial infrastructure in its rugged interior. Through its distribution of infrastructure, industry, and human capital around the country, the Third Front created favorable conditions for subsequent market development and private enterprise.

2628:, as they were often conscripted into forced labor for the empire's construction projects. This included a massive system of imperial highways in 220 BC, which ranged around 4,250 miles (6,840 km) altogether. Other major construction projects were assigned to the general 4613:

The advances in civilisation during the Song dynasty came to an abrupt end following the devastating Mongol conquest of the North and subsequently other areas of the empire, during which the population sharply dwindled, with a marked contraction in economy. Despite viciously

1337:(PRC) in 1949, with the Republic retreating to Taiwan. Both governments still claim sole legitimacy of the entire mainland area. The PRC has slowly accumulated the majority of diplomatic recognition, and Taiwan's status remains disputed to this day. From 1966 to 1976, the 2586:. In legal matters this philosophy emphasised mutual responsibility in disputes and severe punishments for crime, while economic practices included the general encouragement of agriculture and repression of trade. Reforms occurred in weights and measures, writing styles ( 6124:

made effective institutional reforms, imported Western factories and communications technology, with prime emphasis on strengthening the military. However, the reform was undermined by official rivalries, cynicism, and quarrels within the imperial family. The defeat of

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between the Nationalists and the Communists continued, openly or clandestinely, through the 14-year-long Japanese occupation of various parts of the country (1931–1945). The two Chinese parties nominally formed a United Front to oppose the Japanese in 1937, during the

5344:(petitions and recommendations to the throne), imperial edicts in reply, reports of various kinds, and tax records. It was this same bureaucracy that later prevented the Ming government from being able to adapt to changes in society, and eventually led to its decline. 2111:

Although written records found at Anyang confirm the existence of the Shang dynasty, Western scholars are often hesitant to associate settlements that are contemporaneous with the Anyang settlement with the Shang dynasty. For example, archaeological findings at

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of that year, during which students and others campaigned for several months, speaking out against corruption and in favour of greater political reform, including democratic rights and freedom of speech. However, they were eventually put down on 4 June when

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domestication of a few grains and animals gradually expanding with the addition of many others over subsequent millennia. The earliest evidence of cultivated rice, found by the Yangtze River, was carbon-dated to 8,000 years ago. Early evidence for

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Following the defeat of Japan in 1945, the war between the Nationalist government forces and the CCP resumed, after failed attempts at reconciliation and a negotiated settlement. By 1949, the CCP had established control over most of the country.

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dating from the 5th millennium BC. With agriculture came increased population, the ability to store and redistribute crops, and the potential to support specialist craftsmen and administrators, which may have existed at late Neolithic sites like

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The period of political disunity between the Tang and the Song, known as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, lasted from 907 to 960. During this half-century, China was in all respects a multi-state system. Five regimes, namely, (Later)

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The Qin administration kept exhaustive records on their population, collecting information on their sex, age, social status and residence. Commoners, who made up over 90% of the population, "suffered harsh treatment" according to the historian

1802:(3000 BC to 2000 BC). Pigs and dogs were the earliest-domesticated animals in the region, and after about 3000 BC domesticated cattle and sheep arrived from Western Asia. Wheat also arrived at this time but remained a minor crop. Fruit such as 6675:

elected in 1947. These groups were originally created to represent mainland China constituencies. Also lifted were the restrictions on the use of Taiwanese languages in the broadcast media and in schools. This culminated with the first direct

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was enforced throughout the unified empire. Buddhism took root as a prominent religion and was supported officially. Sui China was known for its numerous mega-construction projects. Intended for grains shipment and transporting troops, the

5312:, China under the early Ming dynasty was not isolated. Foreign trade and other contacts with the outside world, particularly Japan, increased considerably. Chinese merchants explored all of the Indian Ocean, reaching East Africa with the 5039:

people. This major decline is not necessarily due only to Mongol killings. Scholars such as Frederick W. Mote argue that the wide drop in numbers reflects an administrative failure to record rather than an actual decrease; others such as

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After Emperor Wu the empire slipped into gradual stagnation and decline. Economically, the state treasury was strained by excessive campaigns and projects, while land acquisitions by elite families gradually drained the tax base. Various

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Liu, Wu; Martinón-Torres, María; Cai, Yan-jun; Xing, Song; Tong, Hao-wen; Pei, Shu-wen; Sier, Mark Jan; Wu, Xiao-Hong; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Cheng, Hai; Li, Yi-Yuan; Yang, Xiong-xin; De Castro, José María Bermúdez; Wu, Xiu-jie (2015).

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reached its current splendor. It was also during these centuries that the potential of south China came to be fully exploited. New crops were widely cultivated and industries such as those producing porcelain and textiles flourished.

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After Qin Shi Huang's death the Qin government drastically deteriorated and eventually capitulated in 207 BC after the Qin capital was captured and sacked by rebels, which would ultimately lead to the establishment of the Han Empire.

1937: 2162:. They took over most of the central and lower Yellow River valley and enfeoffed their relatives and allies in semi-independent states across the region. Several of these states eventually became more powerful than the Zhou kings. 5052:

was the main factor behind the demographic decline during this period. In the 14th century China suffered additional depredations from epidemics of plague, estimated to have killed around a quarter of the population of China.

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being built. Most of what remains of the Great Wall of China today was either built or repaired by the Ming. The brick and granite work was enlarged, the watchtowers were redesigned, and cannons were placed along its length.

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dating to 6000–5000 BC have been discovered, "featuring 8,453 individual characters such as the sun, moon, stars, gods and scenes of hunting or grazing", according to researcher Li Xiangshi. Written symbols, sometimes called

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and the living standards of common people improved tremendously due to improvements in rice cultivation and the wide availability of coal for production. The capital cities of Kaifeng and subsequently Hangzhou were both the

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In the early 5th century China entered a period known as the Northern and Southern dynasties, in which parallel regimes ruled the northern and southern halves of the country. In the south, the Eastern Jin gave way to the

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spans several millennia across a wide geographical area. Each region now considered part of the Chinese world has experienced periods of unity, fracture, prosperity, and strife. Chinese civilization first emerged in the

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City views of Song dynasty from paintings. Clockwise from upper left: A Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127) era Chinese painting of a water-powered mill for grain, with surrounding river transport. The bridge scene from

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following World War I. It quickly became a nationwide protest movement. The protests were a moral success as the cabinet fell and China refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles, which had awarded German holdings of

3327:. These regimes were dominated by Xianbei or Han Chinese who had married into Xianbei families. During this period most Xianbei people adopted Han surnames, eventually leading to complete assimilation into the Han. 10156:

Hu, Yue; Marwick, Ben; Zhang, Jia-Fu; Rui, Xue; Hou, Ya-Mei; Yue, Jian-Ping; Chen, Wen-Rong; Huang, Wei-Wen; Li, Bo (19 November 2018). "Late Middle Pleistocene Levallois stone-tool technology in southwest China".

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were edited into their received forms. Wealthy landholding families independent of the ancient aristocracy began to wield significant power. Han technology can be considered on par with that of the contemporaneous

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of imperial libraries, totaling nearly a billion words. Imperial China reached its greatest territorial extent of during the Qing, but China came into increasing conflict with European powers, culminating in the

1200:(608–907), regarded as another Chinese golden age. The Tang dynasty saw flourishing developments in science, technology, poetry, economics, and geographical influence. China's only officially recognized empress, 5335:

The dynasty had a strong and complex central government that unified and controlled the empire. The emperor's role became more autocratic, although Hongwu Emperor necessarily continued to use what he called the

4022:. With wars dominating in Northern China, there were mass southward migrations of population, which further enhanced the southward shift of cultural and economic centers in China. The era ended with the coup of 6077:

in 1864. This was one of the largest wars in the 19th century in troop involvement; there was massive loss of life, with a death toll of about 20 million. A string of civil disturbances followed, including the

5943:. Bannermen could not undertake trade or manual labor; they had to petition to be removed from banner status. They were considered aristocracy and were given annual pensions, land, and allotments of cloth. The 1189:, art, historiography, and storytelling flourished. Wealthy families in some cases became more powerful than the central government. The Yangtze River valley was incorporated into the dominant cultural sphere. 6914:

development; one example of this was the wide gap between urban and rural areas in terms of development and prevalence of updated infrastructure. As a result, under former CCP general secretary and President

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opposed foreign influence and murdered Chinese Christians and foreign missionaries. When Boxers entered Beijing, the Qing government ordered all foreigners to leave, but they and many Chinese Christians were

3663:" all land was owned by the Emperor and granted to each family according to household size. Men granted land were conscripted for military service for a fixed period each year, a military policy known as the 4376:

in the world for their time, and encouraged vibrant civil societies unmatched by previous Chinese dynasties. Although land trading routes to the far west were blocked by nomadic empires, there was extensive

3786:. Externally, former submissive states raided the empire and the vast border territories were lost for centuries. Nevertheless, civil society recovered and thrived amidst the weakened imperial bureaucracy. 1904:

the early Zhou existed at the same time as the Shang. This bears similarities to how China, both contemporaneously and later, has been divided into states that were not one region, legally or culturally.

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proclaimed their independence. This period was characterized by a gradual decentralization of the state that had existed during the Qin and Han dynasties, and an increase in the power of great families.

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that connected China to the west, stimulating bilateral trade and cultural exchange. To the south, various small kingdoms far beyond the Yangtze River Valley were formally incorporated into the empire.

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supported by the landholding families, because they favored the peasants. The instability of power brought about chaos, uprisings, and loss of territories. This was compounded by mass flooding of the

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goods. For the most part, however, relatively small urban centers with markets proliferated around the country. Town markets mainly traded food, with some necessary manufactures such as pins or oil.

6765:, a radical campaign that encompassed numerous attempted economic and social reforms, resulted in tens of millions of deaths. Mao's government carried out mass executions of landowners, instituted 3149:, became emperor and continued the dynasty, now known as the Eastern Jin, which held southern China for another century. Prior to this move, historians refer to the Jin dynasty as the Western Jin. 2230:, beginning the second major phase of the Zhou dynasty: the Eastern Zhou period, which is divided into the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. The former period is named after the famous 6353:. Yuan's imperial ambitions were fiercely opposed by his subordinates; faced with the rapidly growing prospect of violent rebellion, he abdicated in March 1916 and died of natural causes in June. 3782:, gained increasingly autonomous status as the central government lost its ability to control them. With loss of revenue from land tax, the central imperial government came to rely heavily on its 2072:). The findings at Anyang include the earliest written record of the Chinese so far discovered: inscriptions of divination records in ancient Chinese writing on the bones or shells of animals—the 6660:

by the United Nations, the United States and most Western nations, refusing to recognise the PRC on account of its status as a communist nation during the Cold War. This changed in 1971 when the

1177:: mass production of paper aided the proliferation of written documents, and the written language of this period was employed for millennia afterwards. China became known internationally for its 2236:. The sharply reduced political authority of the royal house left a power vacuum at the center of the Zhou culture sphere. The Zhou kings had delegated local political authority to hundreds of 7556:

Mo, Duowen; Zhao, Zhijun; Xu, Junjie; Li, Minglin (2010). "Holocene Environmental Changes and the Evolution of the Neolithic Cultures in China". In Martini, I. Peter; Chesworth, Ward (eds.).

2381:. This system had been in use elsewhere since the Spring and Autumn period, and its influence on administration would prove resilient—its terminology can still be seen in the contemporaneous 4956:

and intellectuals, traditional bearers of elite Chinese culture, lost substantial social status. This stimulated the development of culture of the common folks. There were prolific works in

11998: 2851:. Migration and military expeditions led to the cultural assimilation of the south. It also brought the Han into contact with kingdoms in Southeast Asia, introducing diplomacy and trade. 3648:" to separately draft, review, and implement policies. These departments were run by royal family members and landed aristocrats, but as the dynasty wore on, were joined or replaced by 3637:, scholar, traveller, and translator travelled to India on his own and returned with "over six hundred Mahayana and Hinayana texts, seven statues of the Buddha and more than a hundred 12635: 9829: 6177:

of Japanese, Russian, British, Italian, German, French, American, and Austrian troops to relieve the siege, but they were routed and forced to retreat by Boxer and Qing troops at the

5128: 1204:, reigned during the dynasty's first century. Buddhism was adopted by Tang emperors. "Tang people" is the other common demonym for the Han ethnic group. After the Tang fractured, the 2192:), with the king's court moving between them regularly. The Zhou alliance gradually expanded eastward into Shandong, southeastward into the Huai River valley, and southward into the 13321: 6392:

Yuan's death in 1916 left a power vacuum; the republican government (that had been nearly brought to its knees by his policies) was all but shattered. This opened the way for the

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was reconstructed to connect the remote capital city to lively economic hubs in southern part of China, setting the precedence and foundation for Beijing to largely remain as the

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from its place in the Han River valley. Qin imitated the administrative reforms of the other states, thereby becoming a powerhouse. Its final expansion began during the reign of

1164:(202 BC – 220 AD), marking a critical period. A term for the Chinese language is still "Han language", and the dominant Chinese ethnic group is known as 6843:

exists today. This turn of events marked China's transition from a planned economy to a mixed economy with an increasingly open market environment, a system termed by some as

4261:, at the expense of its military might which was derived from its nomadic lifestyle. Similar treaties and social-economical consequences occurred in Song's relations with the 3690:

influence can also be seen in the shape of this cup. The metropolitan and multicultural influences of this era can also be seen in the myriad depictions of foreigners in Tang

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among a huge portion of the Chinese populace, causing many to disappear from the census altogether; other historians including William McNeill and David Morgan consider that

2108:. The term Yin dynasty has been synonymous with the Shang dynasty in history, although it has lately been used to refer specifically to the latter half of the Shang dynasty. 1607:

and the admixture variant of the OOA hypothesis. Regardless, the earliest modern humans have been dated to China at 120,000–80,000 BP based on fossilized teeth discovered in

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in the north. More stable and smaller regimes of mostly ethnic Han rulers coexisted in south and western China over the period, cumulatively constituted the "Ten Kingdoms".

2382: 6294: 4764:. In the preceding decades, the Mongols had conquered the Jin dynasty in Northern China, and the Southern Song dynasty fell in 1279 after a protracted and bloody war. The 2640:

peoples (210s BC), reportedly with 300,000 troops. Under Qin Shi Huang's orders, Meng supervised the combining of numerous ancient walls into what came to be known as the

1017:: imperial dynasties rise and fall, and are ascribed certain achievements. Throughout pervades the narrative that Chinese civilization can be traced as an unbroken thread 12783: 4308:. In the ensuing years, the territory and population of China were divided between the Song dynasty, the Jin dynasty and the Western Xia dynasty. The era ended with the 2488:) in 221 BC effectively formalised the region as a true empire for the first time in Chinese history, rather than a state, and its pivotal status probably led to "Qin" ( 1100:. China is believed to be one of a very few loci of independent invention of writing, and the earliest surviving records display an already-mature written language. The 7018: 2536:

monarchy, a governing scheme which dominated the future of Imperial China. In an effort to improve the Zhou's perceived failures, this system consisted of more than 36

7203:, but after the Qin's fall it became standard practice to include the dynasty's name when referring to him. In its fullest form, Ying's name would be Qin Shi Huangdi ( 6304: 3669:

system. These policies stimulated a rapid growth in productivity and a significant army without much burden on the state treasury. By the dynasty's midpoint, however,

3014:. In the ensuing turmoil, three states emerged, trying to gain predominance and reunify the land, giving this historical period its name. The classic historical novel 6050:(produced by British Empire territories) was allowed. Opium usage continued to grow in China, adversely affecting societal stability. Subsequent military defeats and 5463:

At sea the Ming became increasingly isolationist after the death of the Yongle Emperor. The treasure voyages which sailed the Indian Ocean were discontinued, and the

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lives, but the Qing appeared to have restored China's imperial power and inaugurate another flowering of the arts. The early Manchu emperors combined traditions of

5080:, but the period of Yuan dominance was effectively over for good. Other Mongol Khanates in Central Asia continued to exist after the fall of Yuan dynasty in China. 3296:(modern Nanjing) as the capital. They held off attacks from the north and preserved many aspects of Chinese civilization, while northern barbarian regimes began to 9513: 5323:

who was also of peasant origin, had laid the foundation of a state that relied fundamentally in agriculture. Commerce and trade, which flourished in the previous

4367:, facilitated by technological advancement, had reached a level of sophistication probably unseen in world history before its time. The population soared to over 11891: 13387: 6326: 3859:

with Tuyuhun, Tangut and Han Chinese troops, participated in a raid against the Uyghur khaganate that led to the slaughter of Uyghur forces at Shahu mountain.

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kept the Silk Road open, connecting Chang'an to Central Asia and areas far to the west. In the south, lucrative maritime trade routes from port cities such as

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since late Han times. During this period, warfare ravaged the north and prompted large-scale Han Chinese migration south to the Yangtze River Basin and Delta.

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The Song dynasty was considered to be the golden age of great advancements in science and technology of China, thanks to innovative scholar-officials such as

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of land distributions. These policies, which were adopted by later dynasties, brought enormous population growth, and amassed excessive wealth to the state.

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and oversaw the building of a 500 miles (800 km) straight highway between northern and southern China. The emperor also oversaw the construction of his

6607:, although this alliance was tenuous at best and disagreements, sometimes violent, between the forces were still common. Japanese forces committed numerous 2291:

were founded, partly in response to the changing political world. The first two philosophical thoughts would have an enormous influence on Chinese culture.

12924: 6758: 3605:. Combined military conquests and diplomatic maneuvers reduced threats from Central Asian tribes, extended the border, and brought neighboring states into 1718: 12038: 5524: 4792:, which roughly coincided with the modern area of China and nearby regions in East Asia. Further expansion of the empire was halted after defeats in the 1088:, ritual texts dedicated to ancestors, form another large corpus of early Chinese writing. The earliest strata of received literature in Chinese include 7476: 6773:

camp system. Execution, deaths from forced labor and other atrocities resulted in millions of deaths under Mao. In 1966 Mao and his allies launched the

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settled in China, who enjoyed elevated social status over the majority Han Chinese, while enriching Chinese culture with foreign elements. The class of

11963: 11849: 7970:

Cheung, Kwong-yue (1983). "Recent archaeological evidence relating to the origin of Chinese characters". In Keightley, David N.; Barnard, Noel (eds.).

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Zhu, R.X.; Potts, R.; Pan, Y.X.; Yao, H.T; Lü, L.Q.; Zhao, X.; Gao, X.; Chen, L.W.; Gao, F.; Deng, C.L. (December 2008). "Early evidence of the genus

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Boileau, Gilles (2023). "Shang Dynasty's "nine generations chaos" and the Reign of Wu Ding: towards a Unilineal Line of Transmission of Royal Power".

5905: 11854: 6852: 6726: 2744: 6999: 11913: 6754: 6467:

In the 1920s Sun Yat-sen established a revolutionary base in Guangzhou and set out to unite the fragmented nation. He welcomed assistance from the

6224:, or the overthrow of the dynasty and the creation of a republic. They were inspired by an emerging public opinion formed by intellectuals such as 4343: 3449:

was also expanded, while series of military conquests and diplomatic maneuvers further pacified its borders. However, the massive invasions of the

3408:

in 589 to reunify China, ending three centuries of political division. The Sui pioneered many new institutions, including the government system of

29:

This article is about the general history of China from prehistoric times to the present. For the history of the Republic of China since 1912, see

5976:(Zheng Chenggong) in 1662 after the fall of the Southern Ming, and had served as a base for continued Ming resistance in Southern China. The Qing 5848:, residing in the northeastern part of the Ming territory outside the Great Wall. They emerged as the major threat to the late Ming dynasty after 4618:

for more than three decades, the Southern Song capital Hangzhou fell in 1276, followed by the final annihilation of the Song standing navy at the

4582:

against the cavalry forces from the north, the first standing navy in China was assembled in 1132, with its admiral's headquarters established at

6805: 6661: 4709:

with inscription dated the 3rd year of the Zhiyuan era (1332). Yuan Dynasty (1206–1368). Discovered at the Yunju Temple, Fangshan, Beijing, 1935.

2743:

were established to support its study. At the urging of his Legalist advisors, however, he also strengthened the fiscal structure of the dynasty

7424: 6750:. On 1 October 1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China. "Communist China" and "Red China" were two common names for the PRC. 13592: 3789:

In late Tang period the empire was worn out by recurring revolts of the regional military governors, while scholar-officials engaged in fierce

2034:

Both archaeological evidence like oracle bones and bronzes, as well as transmitted texts attest the historical existence of the Shang dynasty (

2599: 14594: 12459: 6777:, which continued until Mao's death a decade later. The Cultural Revolution, motivated by power struggles within the Party and a fear of the 4857:

were established to connect the vast empire. Lucrative maritime trade, developed from the previous Song dynasty, continued to flourish, with

3673:

had replaced conscription, and land was continuously falling into the hands of private owners and religious institutions granted exemptions.

9178:

Harper, Damsan; Fallon, Steve; Gaskell, Katja; Grundvig, Julie; Heller, Carolyn; Huhti, Thomas; Maynew, Bradley; Pitts, Christopher (2005).

4253:, which imposed heavy annual tributes from the Song treasury. The treaty was a significant reversal of Chinese dominance of the traditional 14017: 12117: 11354: 11078: 6970:

said that they were "witnessing more and more arbitrary detention", but that detained individuals were being moved from the camps into the

6834:

of China from 1978 to 1992, although he never became the head of the party or state, and his influence within the Party led the country to

6716: 6677: 4943:

in Chinese history. For preserving racial superiority as the conqueror and ruling class, traditional nomadic customs and heritage from the

4459: 34: 6583:

Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek announced the Kuomintang policy of resistance against Japan at Lushan on 10 July 1937, three days after the

6571:

The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) Special Naval Landing Forces troops in gas masks prepare for an advance in the rubble of Shanghai, China.

1168:. The Chinese empire reached some of its farthest geographical extents during this period. Confucianism was officially sanctioned and its 13121: 11364: 8680: 6863: 5566: 3968:, rapidly succeeded one another in control of the traditional Imperial heartland in northern China. Among the regimes, rulers of (Later) 3503: 3100: 1986:). The Xia is generally considered mythical by Western scholars, but in China it is usually associated with the early Bronze Age site at 1018: 7670: 2859:

exerted increasing control over strings of incompetent emperors and eventually the dynasty was briefly interrupted by the usurpation of

1181:. When the Han imperial order finally collapsed after four centuries, China entered an equally lengthy period of disunity, during which 13446: 13101: 11694: 7117: 4293: 1794:

in the Yangtze delta. The cultures of the middle and late Neolithic in the central Yellow River valley are known, respectively, as the

979: 919: 14268: 11073: 7053: 7048: 4373: 3629:

linked the political heartland in Chang'an to the agricultural and economic centers in the eastern and southern parts of the empire.

3587: 2961: 1350: 1025:. At various times, states representative of a dominant Chinese culture have directly controlled areas stretching as far west as the 6345:. Over the next few years, Yuan proceeded to abolish the national and provincial assemblies, and declared himself as the emperor of 6157:, however, feared that precipitous change would lead to bureaucratic opposition and foreign intervention and quickly suppressed it. 5737: 4420:(1031–1095). Inventions such as the hydro-mechanical astronomical clock, the first continuous and endless power-transmitting chain, 13769: 13749: 12033: 12018: 11918: 11775: 11733: 10830: 9889: 8170:"Ancient times table hidden in Chinese bamboo strips. The 2,300-year-old matrix is the world's oldest decimal multiplication table" 7142: 7061: 6069:

and controlled roughly a third of China proper for over a decade. The court in desperation empowered Han Chinese officials such as

4853:

was controlled entirely by a single state, facilitating the flow of people, trade, and cultural exchange. A network of roads and a

4536: 4526: 3776:

and drastically weakened the central imperial government. Upon suppression of the rebellion, regional military governors, known as

3066: 2595: 9467: 6507:

across China's most desolate terrain to the northwest, a feat transformed into legend, where they established a guerrilla base at

6000: 5996: 14543: 13774: 13392: 13226: 13002: 9964: 7057: 6907: 4363:

Despite its military weakness, the Song dynasty is widely considered to be the high point of classical Chinese civilization. The

7539:

Berkeley: The Society for the Study of Early China and the Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley.

6961:, a policy announced in 2014. The use of these centers appears to have ended in 2019 following international pressure. Academic 6742:

Major combat in the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949 with the KMT pulling out of the mainland, with the government relocating to

5519:

in 1557 for trade, which remained in Portuguese hands until 1999. After the Spanish invasion of the Philippines, trade with the

5076:

in 1368. The same year his northern expedition army captured the capital Khanbaliq. The Yuan remnants fled back to Mongolia and

2240:, some of them only as large as a walled town and surrounding land. These states began to fight against one another and vie for 14604: 13049: 12788: 11939: 11267: 11004: 7065: 6848: 6043: 5156: 3868: 3836: 2890:; silt buildup caused it to split into two channels and displaced large numbers of farmers. Wang Mang was eventually killed in 2832: 1600: 609: 10817: 5617:, and expanded its territory to the outskirt of the Great Wall. The most elite army of the Ming dynasty was to station at the 4918: 14187: 13699: 13517: 13316: 12640: 12028: 11090: 11068: 10705: 10666: 10630: 10597: 10564: 10460: 10392: 10258: 10025: 10008: 9685: 9655: 9619: 9566: 9496: 9370: 8592: 8519: 8488: 7979: 7856: 7830: 7720: 7641: 7577: 7544: 7152: 6815:

were arrested and blamed for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution, marking the end of a turbulent political era in China.

5901: 5610: 5574: 4393:

and northern Indian Ocean. The concept of insurance was practised by merchants to hedge the risks of such long-haul maritime

2633: 909: 9098: 8958:

Chau Ju-Kua, writing in the thirteenth century, probably was the first to mention that certain ferocious raiders of China's

6400:, ushering in a short-lived period of uncertainty. Intellectuals, disappointed in the failure of the Republic, launched the 13809: 13527: 13451: 13096: 12275: 12008: 11505: 6945:

region and which Western news reports often label as "concentration camps". The camps were established in late 2010s under

6290: 6166: 5353: 3645: 3409: 482: 472: 9853: 6872: 5779: 5360:

the China seas and the Indian Ocean, cruising as far as the east coast of Africa. The Chinese gained influence in eastern

4011: 3330:

Despite the division of the country, Buddhism spread throughout the land. In southern China, fierce debates about whether

2359: 1464:(Ma) and numerous remains of its subspecies have been found in what is now China. The oldest of these is the southwestern 14518: 13604: 13404: 13399: 13280: 13258: 13191: 12003: 11374: 11123: 10904: 9446:, "(a) The senior Japanese commanders and all ground, sea, air, and auxiliary forces within China (excluding Manchuria), 8181: 7172: 7097: 5531:

to China. The Dutch entry into the Chinese seas was also met with fierce resistance, with the Dutch being chased off the

4615: 4317: 4015: 2442: 2275:

began blossoming during this period and the subsequent Warring States period. Such influential intellectual movements as

1655: 951: 113: 9909: 9764: 13424: 13377: 11903: 11738: 11118: 10146: 9270: 8774: 8755: 8083: 7127: 6895: 6334: 5964:, an uprising of three generals in Southern China who had been denied hereditary rule of large fiefdoms granted by the 5786: 5467:

laws were set in place banning the Chinese from sailing abroad. European traders who reached China in the midst of the

4816: 4313: 2645: 2362:

The Tsinghua collection indicates that sophisticated commercial arithmetic was already established during this period.

1898: 1559: 1377: 103: 8662:

Voyage du marchand arabe Sulaymân en Inde et en Chine, rédigé en 851, suivi de remarques par Abû Zayd Hasan (vers 916)

8073: 1923:

was prominent in this period, with Yao yielding his throne to Shun, who abdicated to Yu, who founded the Xia dynasty.

14563: 13609: 13345: 13187: 13056: 11748: 11725: 11689: 11545: 11540: 11337: 9289: 9191: 9140: 9108: 8826: 8805: 8736: 8709: 8628: 8030: 7763: 7605: 7147: 6875:. This event was widely reported, and brought worldwide condemnation and sanctions against the communist government. 6689: 6407: 6276: 6030:

In the 19th century the empire was internally restive and externally threatened by western powers. The defeat by the

5578: 4385:, which facilitated the use of Song coinage as the de facto currency of exchange. Giant wooden vessels equipped with 4254: 3606: 1823: 780: 8726: 6667:

In the 1990s the ROC underwent a major democratic reform, beginning with the 1991 resignation of the members of the

5880:, when the Ming dynasty and later the Southern Ming, the emerging Qing dynasty, and several other factions like the 5801: 4501: 3644:

The prosperity of the early Tang dynasty was abetted by a centralized bureaucracy. The government was organized as "

3570:, a prosperous, stable, and creative period with significant developments in culture, art, literature, particularly 2169:

to legitimize their rule, a concept that was influential for almost every succeeding dynasty. Like Shangdi, Heaven (

1353:. China had been the most populous nation in the world for decades since its unification, until it was surpassed by 1341:

in mainland China helped consolidate Mao's power towards the end of his life. After his death, the government began

13654: 13507: 13382: 13299: 13015: 12716: 12711: 12486: 12023: 11679: 11085: 7092: 6565: 6272: 1209: 30: 3831:

in suppressing the rebellion increased their power and influence. Consequently, the fall of the dynasty following

12706: 12454: 12198: 12127: 11684: 11412: 11379: 11252: 11060: 10787: 10685: 9931: 9209: 6346: 6244:), and soon spread. The Republic of China was proclaimed on 1 January 1912, ending 2,000 years of dynastic rule. 6112:(1860–1872), led by Manchu royal family reformers and Han Chinese officials such as Zeng Guofan and his proteges 5961: 5960:

in the eighteenth century extended territorial control. Between 1673 and 1681, the Kangxi Emperor suppressed the

5685: 5058: 4465: 3220: 3130: 2431: 2350:(a literary work summarizing the preceding Spring and Autumn period), and the bundle of 21 bamboo slips from the 2090:

A series of at least twenty-nine kings reigned over the Shang dynasty. Throughout their reigns, according to the

1160:, weights, measures, and law were all standardized. Shortly thereafter, China entered its classical era with the 534: 8785: 8701:

From the Khitans to the Jurchens & Mongols: A History of Barbarians in Triangle Wars & Quartet Conflicts

8699: 1963:) is the earliest of the three dynasties described in much later traditional historiography, which includes the 14037: 13360: 13231: 12763: 12403: 10525: 10384: 9207:

Foot, Rosemary (2019). "Remembering the past to secure the present: Versailles legacies in a resurgent China".

8816: 7593: 7238:

has now been disproven by archaeological evidence indicating more. The exact number is unknown; The sinologist

7230: 6623:), namely being: "Kill All, Burn All and Loot All". During the war, China was recognized as one of the Allied " 6396:, during which much of China was ruled by shifting coalitions of competing provincial military leaders and the 4891:, was used as the predominant medium of exchange. Its unrestricted issuance in the late Yuan dynasty inflicted 4777: 972: 924: 17: 9830:"Uighurs and their supporters decry Chinese 'concentration camps', 'genocide' after Xinjiang documents leaked" 6688:. In 2000, the KMT status as the ruling party ended when the DPP took power, only to regain its status in the 5715: 4457:

further facilitated the spread of knowledge. Culture and the arts flourished, with grandiose artworks such as

3621:

culture. The Tang culture and social systems were observed and adapted by neighboring countries, most notably

2430:

This section is about the ancient dynastic Chinese imperial state. For the empire founded by Yuan Shikai, see

14261: 13759: 13644: 13577: 13429: 13182: 13039: 11886: 11876: 11674: 11669: 10379: 7626:

Leadership Strategies, Economic Activity, and Interregional Interaction: Social Complexity in Northeast China

7484: 7242:

noted that probably "four and possibly as many as half a dozen were added by 210 to the original thirty-six".

6628: 6443:

Political and intellectual ferment waxed strong throughout the 1920s and 1930s. According to Patricia Ebrey:

6087: 5977: 4820: 4789: 4757: 4688: 4447:. Enormous literary works were compiled during the Song dynasty, such as the innovative historical narrative 4019: 3016: 2572: 2284: 1334: 1220:

gave ideological structure to the political bureaucracy. Confucianism and Taoism were fully knit together in

1136: 946: 872: 807: 10806: 14353: 13804: 13674: 13542: 12886: 12881: 12293: 11606: 11552: 11520: 11347: 6788:

and motivated by concerns of invasion by either the Soviet Union or the United States, China initiated the

6681: 6657: 5877: 4809: 4272:

tribes revolted against their overlords to establish the Jin dynasty in 1115. In 1125, the devastating Jin

3949: 3334:

should be allowed were held frequently by the royal court and nobles. By the end of the era, Buddhists and

2840: 2414:, ultimately unifying the other six regional powers, and enabling him to proclaim himself as China's first 1169: 1149: 882: 5956:

Over the next half-century, all areas previously under the Ming dynasty were consolidated under the Qing.

5673: 5270:, a village noted for its well-preserved Ming and Qing era architecture and ancient residential buildings. 3851:. In 839, when the Uyghur khaganate (Huigu) general Jueluowu (掘羅勿) rose against the rule of then-reigning 14599: 13599: 13502: 13236: 13211: 12995: 12793: 12671: 12656: 12263: 12220: 12156: 12139: 12013: 11535: 11282: 11045: 9819:"As the U.S. Targets China's 'Concentration Camps', Xinjiang's Human Rights Crisis is Only Getting Worse" 9487:. A to Z guides. Vol. Historical dictionaries of war, revolution, and civil unrest volume 8 no. 28. 7167: 7162: 7137: 7006: 6868: 6704: 6496: 6488: 6182: 6121: 6022: 5658: 5640: 5095: 4990: 4849:, when much of the Asian continent was ruled by the Mongols. For the first and only time in history, the 4797: 4637: 4510: 4364: 4262: 4097: 4066: 4060: 3790: 3458: 2607: 2340:

Numerous developments were made during this period in the areas of culture and mathematics—including the

1217: 1141: 1085: 934: 691: 72: 10744:(Harvard UP, 1999), 1,136 pp. Authoritative treatment of the Song, Yuan, Ming, and early Qing dynasties. 8103:(2018). "Where is King Ping? The History and Historiography of the Zhou Dynasty's Eastward Relocation". 4598:

made of gunpowder and lime to effect, as recorded in Song's victory over the invading Jin forces at the

3597:, came to the throne on 18 June 618, placed there by his son, Li Shimin, who became the second emperor, 2950: 14558: 14463: 14095: 14047: 13679: 13629: 13616: 13522: 13365: 13091: 12308: 12188: 11944: 11898: 11881: 11864: 11611: 11575: 11422: 10997: 10854: 10658: 10622: 10589: 10556: 10530: 10487: 10138: 9818: 9783: 7712:

Confucianism in Contemporary Chinese Politics: An Actionable Account of Authoritarian Political Culture

7378: 7107: 6926: 6700: 6631:, as a tribute to its enduring struggle against the invading Japanese. China was one of the four major 6584: 6185:, the court declared war on the Alliance and authorised the Boxers to join with imperial armies. After 5569:, which ended with the withdrawal of all invading Japanese forces in Korea, and the restoration of the 5212: 4226: 3977: 3973: 3961: 3957: 3715: 3610: 2925:, former glories of the dynasty were reclaimed, with brilliant military and cultural achievements. The 2671: 2268: 939: 9702: 4925: 4865:

emerging as the largest ports in the world. Adventurous travelers from the far west, most notably the

4566:, was first put into practical use on the battlefield by the Song army, inspiring a succession of new 2930: 14663: 14027: 14000: 13995: 13355: 13201: 13162: 12911: 12503: 12327: 12208: 12161: 12105: 11570: 11515: 11242: 11128: 11055: 9316: 7532: 7462: 7112: 7087: 6958: 6950: 6938: 6495:

in Nanjing. In 1927, Chiang turned on the CCP and relentlessly purged the Communists elements in his

6079: 5646: 5581:

of the Ming dynasty was preserved at a toll on its resources. Coincidentally, with Ming's control in

4874: 4793: 4715: 4350: 4276:

annihilated the Liao dynasty, while remnants of Liao court members fled to Central Asia to found the

3184: 3114: 3060: 3048: 2848: 1661: 1604: 1053: 965: 902: 867: 440: 136: 46: 10695: 9050: 8535:

So, Francis K.H. (蘇其康) (2006). "Travels, contact, and conversion: Chinese rediscovery of the West".

3773: 3753:

people. There were vibrant artistic and cultural creations, including works of the greatest Chinese

646: 14568: 14285: 14254: 13763: 13689: 13512: 13439: 13221: 13216: 13167: 12869: 12498: 12444: 12369: 12045: 11980: 11822: 11805: 11783: 11616: 11591: 11530: 11432: 11185: 11100: 9427: 9262: 7132: 6887: 6600: 6526: 6066: 5940: 5916:

rule with Confucian norms of traditional Chinese government and were considered a Chinese dynasty.

5872:

to seize Beijing, which was made the capital of the Qing dynasty, and then proceeded to subdue the

5381: 4431:

There was court intrigue between the political reformers and conservatives, led by the chancellors

4230: 3812:

of most of its inhabitants, especially the large foreign merchant enclaves. By 881, both capitals,

3738: 3719: 3126: 2957:

were recorded in Chinese sources, coming from the sea route in AD 166, and a second one in AD 284.

2954: 2576: 2232: 2205: 1892: 1833: 1769: 1326: 1235:

in 1271. Contact with Europe began to increase during this time. Achievements under the subsequent

636: 285: 10270: 6491:, Chiang was able to secure the nominal allegiance of the warlords in the North and establish the 6471:(itself fresh from Lenin's Communist takeover) and he entered into an alliance with the fledgling 5483:. Domestic and foreign demands for overseas trade, deemed illegal by the state, led to widespread 2764: 14513: 14478: 14433: 14135: 13960: 13694: 13587: 13311: 13206: 13177: 13172: 12919: 12701: 12417: 12303: 12298: 12203: 12178: 12122: 11956: 11908: 11743: 11664: 11659: 11601: 11525: 11510: 11369: 10442: 9992: 9894: 9677: 9647: 9070:[The Epidemics in Ming Beijing and the Responses from the Empire's Public Health System] 8922: 8666: 6993:, causing the majority of the world to enter a period of lockdown for at least a year following. 6962: 6835: 6500: 6472: 6221: 6194: 6150: 6134: 6074: 5559: 4238: 3783: 3700: 3598: 3425: 3007: 2998:

By the 2nd century, the empire declined amidst land acquisitions, invasions, and feuding between

1505: 1342: 862: 9133:

Rebellion and its Enemies in Late Imperial China: Militarization and Social Structure, 1796–1864

8511: 8505: 6957:

says that they have been used to indoctrinate Uyghurs and other Muslims since 2017 as part of a

4490: 14403: 14398: 14293: 14022: 13985: 13791: 13570: 13472: 13467: 13333: 13081: 12988: 12874: 12681: 12515: 12471: 12449: 12146: 11596: 11500: 11307: 11050: 10843: 9362: 7675: 7157: 7077: 6632: 6492: 5844:, and roughly doubled the territory controlled by the Ming. The Manchus were formerly known as 5760: 5654: 5480: 5419: 5341: 5170: 4924:

The Pagoda of Bailin Temple, an octagonal-based brick pagoda built in 1330 during the reign of

3912: 2902: 2694: 2625: 2237: 2009: 1684: 1425: 1256: 1073: 1022: 1010: 914: 892: 877: 363: 82: 9256: 8923:"China > History > The Ming dynasty > Political history > The dynastic succession" 8684: 6097: 4249:

and reached the outskirts of Kaifeng, forcing the Song's submission and then agreement to the

2321:

After further political consolidations, seven prominent states remained during the 5th century

14523: 14498: 14413: 14393: 14343: 14313: 14303: 14180: 14145: 13659: 13565: 13560: 13537: 13338: 13196: 13116: 13111: 12864: 12859: 12814: 12750: 12661: 12364: 12313: 12251: 11973: 11810: 11798: 11788: 11557: 11190: 10990: 10922: 10579: 10546: 9550: 7846: 7710: 7082: 6971: 6967: 6891: 6217: 6170: 5968:. In 1683, the Qing staged an amphibious assault on southern Taiwan, bringing down the rebel 5888:

founded by peasant revolt leaders fought against each another, which, along with innumerable

5873: 5621:

to guard the last stronghold against the Manchus, which weakened its suppression of internal

5614: 5544: 5077: 5061: 5035:

inhabitants; after the conquest had been completed in 1279, the 1300 census reported roughly

4741: 4574:

designs. During the Southern Song dynasty, as its survival hinged decisively on guarding the

4301: 4289: 4160: 4027: 3594: 2815:, limiting their influence north of the Great Wall. Along with the diplomatic efforts led by 2351: 2300: 1531: 1527: 1240: 887: 304: 10246: 10130: 9720: 5145: 4935:

While the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty adopted substantially to Chinese culture, their

4034:

in 960, which eventually annihilated the remains of the "Ten Kingdoms" and reunified China.

3804:, from 874 to 884, devastated the entire empire for a decade. The sack of the southern port 2598:

under the guise of Legalism, though contemporary scholars express considerable doubt on the

14609: 14488: 14483: 14363: 14140: 14115: 14012: 13306: 13044: 12590: 12538: 12398: 12193: 12168: 12095: 12090: 11925: 11817: 11793: 11651: 11133: 10413: 10287: 10205: 10166: 10072: 9854:"'Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims" 9022: 8010: 7407:

The King's Harvest: A Political Ecology of China from the First Farmers to the First Empire

7102: 6838:. The CCP subsequently loosened governmental control over citizens' personal lives and the 6542: 6440:

to Japan. Memory of the mistreatment at Versailles fuels resentment into the 21st century.

6432: 6416: 6401: 6154: 5822: 5536: 4909: 4903: 4139: 3801: 3653: 3454: 3413: 3180: 2922: 2690: 1665: 1535: 1057: 929: 142: 10956: 5763:, a Buddhist temple complex built between 1767 and 1771. The temple was modeled after the 5703: 5428: 5388:. Since then, the Ming became on the defensive on the northern frontier, which led to the 5160:(1665) by Johan Nieuhof. It was first discovered by the Western world when travelers like 4881:

with the splendors of the far East. The Yuan dynasty was the first ancient economy, where

3311:, a nomadic people who unified northern China. The Northern Wei eventually split into the 2594:), all of which were standardized. Traditionally, Qin Shi Huang is regarded as ordering a 1907:

The earliest period once considered historical was the legendary era of the sage-emperors

1777:, were found at the site of Jiahu, which is dated around 7000 BC, Damaidi around 6000 BC, 8: 14583: 14553: 14503: 14458: 14438: 14428: 14328: 14070: 14032: 14007: 13871: 13843: 13482: 13477: 13328: 13145: 13086: 13076: 12891: 12736: 12630: 12625: 12595: 12553: 12476: 12439: 12359: 12344: 12173: 12134: 11841: 11455: 11359: 11110: 10404: 10000: 9969: 9834: 9742: 9542: 8660: 7621: 7072: 6839: 6789: 6774: 6731: 6608: 6484: 6428: 6412: 6109: 5981: 5969: 5957: 5502: 5349: 5216: 4912:, the first in a series of 27 astronomical observatories built in the early Yuan dynasty. 4805: 4684: 4378: 4222: 3999: 3995: 3769: 3649: 3626: 3540: 3446: 3430: 3235: 3142: 3087: 3028: 2918: 2914: 2808: 2731: 2641: 2602:. Despite its importance, Legalism was probably supplemented in non-political matters by 2476: 1880: 1814:, as well as chickens and various vegetables, were also domesticated in Neolithic China. 1639: 1636: 1563: 1371: 1338: 1252: 1248: 1186: 94: 10939: 10766:

Atlas of the Chinese Empire, containing separate maps of the eighteen provinces of China

10417: 10291: 10170: 10076: 9026: 8581:

Wei Jin Nan Bei chao shi = A history of the Wei Jin, and Southern and Northern dynasties

8135: 7507: 5308:

and intellectual introspection characteristic of the increasingly popular new school of

4481: 3617:

connected with distant countries, and foreign merchants settled in China, encouraging a

3051:

overthrew the Wei and later unified the country in 280, but this union was short-lived.

1404: 14528: 14443: 14423: 14308: 14298: 14150: 14105: 13938: 13851: 13669: 13639: 13285: 13263: 12778: 12773: 12758: 12610: 12578: 12573: 12466: 12388: 12376: 12285: 11951: 11871: 11859: 11827: 11482: 11477: 11395: 11095: 10973: 10801: 10764: 10748: 10732: 10429: 10374: 10362: 10354: 10311: 10230: 10222: 10190: 10093: 10063: 10058: 9858: 9588: 9572: 9463: 9355: 9248: 9180: 8949: 8900: 8884: 8560: 8552: 8112: 8015:

Landscape and Power in Early China: the Crisis and Fall of the Western Zhou 1045–771 BC

7952: 7799: 7454: 7235: 6954: 6762: 6536: 6397: 6190: 6186: 6178: 6174: 5320: 4866: 4421: 3809: 3797: 3660: 3442: 3421: 3397: 2844: 2727: 2716: 2537: 2374: 2365:

As neighboring territories of the seven states were annexed (including areas of modern

2272: 2260:

families in the Jin state—Zhao, Wei and Han—eventually overthrew the ruling family and

2215: 1852: 1757: 1213: 1105: 1014: 897: 77: 10425: 9065: 6808:

in place of the Republic of China, with permanent membership of the Security Council.

6483:(KMT) and succeeded in bringing most of south and central China under its rule in the 6299: 5192: 4439:, respectively. By the mid-to-late 13th century, the Chinese had adopted the dogma of 14638: 14573: 14508: 14473: 14408: 14388: 14378: 14338: 14323: 14318: 14234: 14217: 14155: 14085: 14062: 13965: 13943: 13933: 13906: 13901: 13730: 13684: 13621: 13582: 13552: 13415: 13268: 13061: 13028: 12837: 12829: 12543: 12410: 12381: 12339: 12268: 12225: 12183: 12050: 11990: 11762: 11699: 11561: 11342: 11312: 11138: 10701: 10662: 10626: 10593: 10560: 10504: 10456: 10388: 10366: 10315: 10303: 10254: 10247: 10242: 10234: 10182: 10142: 10131: 10098: 10004: 9863: 9681: 9651: 9615: 9608: 9592: 9580: 9562: 9492: 9454:

north of 16 degrees north latitude shall surrender to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek."

9366: 9297: 9266: 9187: 9136: 9104: 9010: 8991: 8892: 8822: 8801: 8732: 8705: 8624: 8616: 8598: 8588: 8564: 8515: 8484: 8150: 8142: 8079: 8026: 7975: 7956: 7852: 7826: 7782:(2005). "Disputers of Abdication: Zhanguo egalitarianism and the sovereign's power". 7759: 7716: 7637: 7601: 7573: 7558: 7540: 7458: 7446: 7429: 7122: 6990: 6899: 6785: 6736: 6672: 6616: 6595: 6350: 6318: 6286: 6213: 6102: 6091: 6058: 6039: 5949: 5920: 5868:, the last Ming emperor, committed suicide. The Manchus allied with the Ming general 5865: 5337: 5253:, a village in Yi County in the historical Huizhou region of southern Anhui Province. 5244: 4800:. Following the previous Jin dynasty, the capital of Yuan dynasty was established at 4599: 4595: 4545: 4398: 4285: 4281: 4246: 3253: 3207:

and the Xiongnu, had already been allowed to live in the frontier regions within the

2882: 2735: 2553: 2525: 2223: 2166: 2013: 1920: 1864: 1707: 1669: 1617: 1461: 1307: 1303: 1295: 1124: 1089: 825: 393: 373: 148: 10194: 10057:

Ao, Hong; Dekkers, Mark J.; Wei, Qi; Qiang, Xiaoke; Xiao, Guoqiao (15 August 2013).

8904: 8141:. Stanford Studies in the Civilizations of Eastern Asia. Stanford University Press. 7370: 6451: 5832:

The Qing dynasty (1644–1912) was the last imperial dynasty in China. Founded by the

3292:. Each of these Southern dynasties were led by Han Chinese ruling families and used 2905:

reinstated the Han dynasty with the support of landholding and merchant families at

1764:

site is one of the best preserved early agricultural villages (7000 to 5800 BC). At

1734: 14614: 14533: 14493: 14468: 14448: 14383: 14358: 14348: 14160: 14080: 13876: 13799: 13754: 13741: 13649: 13634: 13372: 12955: 12948: 12847: 12842: 12768: 12696: 12615: 12530: 12520: 12491: 12427: 12422: 12256: 12230: 12215: 12100: 12078: 12062: 11968: 11417: 11407: 11247: 11017: 10835: 10714: 10516: 10496: 10421: 10344: 10295: 10278: 10214: 10174: 10110: 10088: 10080: 9554: 9451: 9218: 9030: 8876: 8793: 8544: 8173: 8018: 7944: 7791: 7751: 7629: 7565: 7438: 7010: 6903: 6844: 6831: 6766: 6668: 6420: 6233: 6051: 5988: 5889: 5837: 5597:, broke away from Ming's rule, and emerged as a powerful, unified state, which was 5528: 5472: 5468: 5453: 5357: 5313: 5309: 5233: 5069: 5049: 4953: 4944: 4940: 4878: 4828: 4785: 4781: 4769: 4753: 4607: 4555: 3848: 3602: 3575: 3536: 3514: 3450: 3277: 3164: 3158: 2519: 2415: 2398:

became dominant in the waning decades of the Warring States period, conquering the

2261: 2211: 2144: 1829: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1615:, Hunan. The larger animals which lived alongside these humans include the extinct 1315: 1288: 1244: 1221: 1101: 504: 62: 10654:

The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC–AD 220

10618:

The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC–AD 220

10585:

The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC

10552:

The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC

8940:

Isorena, Efren B. (2004). "The Visayan Raiders of the China Coast, 1174–1190 Ad".

7442: 6511:

in Shaanxi. During the Long March, the communists reorganised under a new leader,

5919:

The Manchus enforced a 'queue order', forcing Han Chinese men to adopt the Manchu

5236:, an ancient town that harbors many architectural remains of Ming and Qing styles. 4284:

followed swiftly. In 1127, Kaifeng was sacked, a massive catastrophe known as the

1212:

was introduced, and many of the earliest surviving witnesses of certain texts are

14453: 14418: 14373: 14368: 14277: 14210: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14100: 14052: 13990: 13948: 13911: 13896: 13886: 13881: 13861: 13826: 13821: 13497: 13434: 13071: 12563: 12558: 12481: 12432: 12393: 12057: 11639: 11445: 11332: 10863: 10652: 10644: 10616: 10608: 10583: 10550: 10520: 10500: 10446: 10030: 9488: 9471: 9389: 9114: 8781: 8656: 7569: 7252: 6640: 6476: 6268: 6220:. But young officials, military officers, and students debated reform, perhaps a 6206: 6161: 6142: 6035: 5965: 5856:, declared the founding of the Qing dynasty in 1636. The Qing dynasty set up the 5555: 5490: 5389: 5151: 5134: 4761: 4669: 4619: 4454: 4382: 4309: 4250: 3734: 3687: 3618: 2820: 2649: 2468: 2155: 2094:, the capital city was moved six times. The final and most important move was to 1942: 1876: 1778: 1586: 1542:

fossils have been found widely throughout the region, including the northwestern

1319: 1311: 1077: 1061: 1049: 1042: 1038: 10750:

Encyclopedia of China: The Essential Reference to China, Its History and Culture

9135:. Harvard East Asian series. Vol. 49. Harvard University Press. Chapter 6. 6746:

and maintaining control only over a few islands. The CCP was left in control of

6459: 6310: 3847:) served the Tang dynasty in fighting against their fellow Turkic people in the 3396:

The short-lived Sui dynasty was a pivotal period in Chinese history. Founded by

1832:

site (between 3100 and 2700 BC). The Bronze Age is also represented at the

1574:

at 1.32 Ma, Feiliang at 1.2 Ma and Donggutuo at 1.1 Ma. Evidence of fire use by

1208:(960–1279) saw the maximal extent of imperial Chinese cosmopolitan development. 14170: 14110: 14089: 14042: 13891: 13866: 13664: 13487: 13294: 12964: 12896: 12819: 12666: 12620: 12605: 12600: 12583: 12568: 12354: 11709: 11704: 11634: 11220: 10892: 10822: 10126: 9936: 8918: 7795: 6934: 6747: 6624: 6202: 6083: 6031: 5944: 5893: 5845: 5606: 5590: 5520: 5471:

were repeatedly rebuked in their requests for trade, with the Portuguese being

5365: 5294: 5282: 5065: 4997: 4892: 4882: 4603: 4541: 4449: 4269: 4179: 4148: 3122: 2993: 2891: 2781: 2438: 2326: 2159: 2140: 1811: 1725: 1646:

Cave site in southwest China, dated to approximately 170,000–80,000 years ago.

1567: 1519: 1009:. China maintains a rich diversity of ethnic and linguistic people groups. The 406: 323: 10574:

Keightley, David N. (1999). "The Shang: China's First Historical Dynasty". In

10349: 10324: 10178: 9584: 8797: 8548: 8177: 8154: 7948: 7755: 3081: 1700: 14657: 14632: 14222: 14175: 14075: 13953: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13856: 13816: 13350: 13106: 13066: 12929: 12676: 12510: 12349: 12151: 11472: 11460: 11302: 11163: 10648: 10612: 10575: 10542: 10538: 9867: 9301: 9252: 8995: 8602: 8022: 7450: 7210: 6816: 6801: 6685: 6212:

The Qing court then instituted administrative and legal reforms known as the

6130: 6073:

to raise local armies. After initial defeats, Zeng crushed the rebels in the

6054:

with other western powers continued even after the fall of the Qing dynasty.

5992: 5953:, the most complete dictionary of Chinese characters that had been compiled. 5930: 5857: 5833: 5764: 5743: 5650: 5586: 5540: 5438: 5267: 5161: 5101: 5041: 4845: 4647: 4643: 4440: 4334: 4211: 4183: 4101: 3901: 3852: 3772:

from 755 to 763 was a watershed event. War, disease, and economic disruption

3742: 3670: 3665: 3417: 3401: 3324: 3303:

In the north the last of the Sixteen Kingdoms was extinguished in 439 by the

3285: 3188: 2715:

in modern China, and had been commonly used to refer to Chinese language and

2501: 2472: 2419: 2193: 2005: 1999: 1965: 1860: 1774: 1748: 1447: 1346: 1228: 1153: 1002: 196: 163: 9576: 8864: 8683:. University of Cumbria, Division of Religion and Philosophy. Archived from 7974:. Translated by Barnard, Noel. University of California Press. p. 235. 7633: 6487:(1926–1927). Having defeated the warlords in the south and central China by 6006: 4132: 2305: 1724:

Butterfly-shaped ivory vessel with the pattern of two birds facing the sun,

12969: 12854: 12726: 12691: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11277: 11272: 11262: 11180: 11175: 10880: 10847: 10640: 10508: 10307: 10186: 10102: 8896: 7255:

by the Qin, were free from Chinese rule during the majority of the dynasty.

6812: 6778: 6693: 6604: 6521: 6468: 6314: 6225: 6117: 6113: 6062: 6011: 5881: 5841: 5634: 5618: 5602: 5515:

also ravaged the southern coasts. The Portuguese were allowed to settle in

5328: 5324: 5278: 5089: 5073: 4936: 4832: 4773: 4749: 4737: 4631: 4587: 4571: 4563: 4521: 4354: 4328: 4258: 4234: 4176: 4172: 4072: 4052: 4048: 4031: 4007: 4003: 3981: 3938: 3556: 3470: 3405: 3304: 3289: 3265: 3204: 3200: 3163:

Northern China fragmented into a series of independent states known as the

2999: 2972:, and the numerous scientific and mathematical contributions by the famous 2887: 2856: 2707: 2703: 2603: 2330: 2276: 2134: 2130: 2118: 2023: 1916: 1912: 1868: 1846: 1691: 1578:

occurred between 1–1.8 million years BP at the archaeological site of

1487: 1452: 1279: 1260: 1236: 1232: 1205: 1197: 1174: 1128: 1109: 998: 771: 747: 734: 721: 665: 624: 562: 276: 266: 243: 9158:"Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Nineteenth Century" 8880: 8579: 7341: 7339: 6871:

troops and vehicles entered and forcibly cleared the square, resulting in

5164:

visited it, sometimes listing it as one of the Seven Wonders of the World.

5010: 4296:. The survived members of Song court regrouped in the new capital city of 3027:

reunified the north in 208, and in 220 his son accepted the abdication of

1562:

were long debated but have been more reliably established based on modern

1418: 14642: 13831: 12548: 11465: 11450: 11257: 11215: 11210: 11158: 10868: 9558: 9441: 8137:

Ancient China in Transition: An Analysis of Social Mobility, 722–222 B.C.

8130: 6879: 6820: 6557:

Chinese soldiers in house-to-house fighting in the Battle of Tai'erzhuang

6393: 6382: 6367: 6338: 6229: 6146: 6126: 6070: 5860:

system that provided the basic framework for the Qing military conquest.

5754: 5385: 5380:

Mongol invasion of northern China which culminated in the capture of the

5373: 5361: 5116: 4982:. Novels of vernacular style gained unprecedented status and popularity. 4978: 4973: 4854: 4745: 4531: 4470: 4428:

were all invented during the Song dynasty, further cementing its status.

4425: 4277: 4215: 4195: 4121: 4105: 4076: 4056: 3988: 3844: 3821: 3817: 3754: 3622: 3579: 3571: 3434: 3416:

for selecting officials from commoners, while improved on the systems of

3352: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3281: 3138: 3118: 2965: 2942: 2872: 2712: 2665: 2587: 2533: 2463: 2458: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2378: 2073: 1949: 1932: 1908: 1875:) has been dated to the 14th century BC. An Iron Age culture of the 1643: 1632: 1543: 1523: 1465: 1299: 1193: 1178: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1081: 1069: 1030: 678: 549: 383: 351: 338: 172: 10433: 10358: 10299: 9965:"As crackdown eases, China's Xinjiang faces long road to rehabilitation" 9222: 9035: 8953: 8888: 8556: 8116: 7288: 4699: 4678: 4042: 3681: 3203:" long before their ascent to power. In fact, some of them, notably the 1849:, linking the artifacts found at the site to its early legendary kings. 13532: 12721: 11629: 11440: 11168: 10226: 8845: 8100: 7803: 7779: 7743: 7739:"Representations of Regional Diversity during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty" 7336: 7239: 6978: 6946: 6919: 6883: 6859: 6797: 6512: 6504: 6480: 6061:(1851–1864), a Christian religious movement led by the "Heavenly King" 5935: 5913: 5885: 5861: 5853: 5622: 5598: 5305: 5176:

Pagoda of Chongjue Temple, dated to the Song dynasty. The onion-shaped

4870: 4579: 4436: 4432: 4390: 4305: 4273: 4091: 4023: 3969: 3965: 3953: 3567: 3367: 3247: 3208: 3176: 3040: 2976: 2816: 2799: 2698: 2583: 2411: 2325:

BC. The years in which these states battled each other is known as the

2113: 2062: 2027: 1837: 1612: 1608: 1595: 1509: 1330: 1322:

invading the divided country until its defeat in the Second World War.

1284: 1006: 430: 219: 10084: 9157: 8047: 6577: 6431:

began as a response to the pro-Japanese terms imposed on China by the

5206: 5068:

prevailed over other rebel forces in the south. He proclaimed himself

4823:. In 1304 the emperors of the Yuan dynasty were upheld as the nominal 2513: 2510: 2507: 2495: 2018: 1080:

dates to roughly 1250 BC, consisting of divinations inscribed on

12731: 12686: 11624: 11565: 10452: 9997:

China Incorporated: The Politics of a World Where China is Number One

7524: 6915: 6804:

in Beijing to establish relations with the US. In the same year, the

6508: 5925: 5869: 5815: 5692: 5582: 5494: 5411: 5340:" to assist with the immense paperwork of the bureaucracy, including 5227: 5031:

Before the Mongol invasion, Chinese dynasties reported approximately

4850: 4836: 4801: 4591: 4559: 4397:. With prosperous economic activities, the historically first use of 4187: 4143: 3933: 3856: 3805: 3730: 3614: 3518: 3003: 2946: 2878: 2860: 2824: 2785: 2723: 2629: 2617: 2591: 2342: 2249: 2185: 2050: 1970: 1555: 1247:, and many extant public works projects, such as those restoring the 1201: 1120: 1097: 1065: 1034: 1026: 8979: 8962:

coast probably came by way of the southern portion of the island of

8481:

The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective

7738: 7324: 5281:

was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang in 1368, who proclaimed himself as the

4788:

and other regions, inheriting the largest share of territory of the

4198:. Meanwhile, in what are now the north-western Chinese provinces of 4114: 3737:

in Chinese history, and reached its zenith during the long reign of

3549: 33:. For the history of the People's Republic of China since 1949, see 14165: 13492: 12806: 12799: 12112: 10218: 9424:

Final solutions: mass killing and genocide in the twentieth century

9080:

Journal of the Institute of History and Philology, Academica Sinica

8448: 6982: 6942: 6612: 6611:

against the civilian population, including biological warfare (see

6475:(CCP). After Sun's death from cancer in 1925, one of his protégés, 6437: 6342: 6198: 6138: 5897: 5562:

killed about 830,000 people, the deadliest earthquake of all time.

5489:

piracy attacking the southeastern coastline during the rule of the

5476: 5401: 4887: 4862: 4858: 4662: 4417: 4394: 4297: 4191: 4168: 3828: 3778: 3746: 3630: 3583: 3331: 3293: 3261: 3196: 2973: 2934: 2529: 2370: 2241: 2219: 2181: 2177: 2046: 2045:). Findings from the earlier Shang period come from excavations at 1807: 1551: 1496: 1483: 1268: 1182: 1052:

period saw increasingly complex polities begin to emerge along the

14246: 12980: 8848:(1970). "An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin China". 6635:, and was later considered one of the primary victors in the war. 6252: 5547:

in 1633 and lost, and eventually surrendered to the Ming loyalist

5177: 3924: 3383: 2755: 2373:), they were now to be governed under an administrative system of 1392: 1216:

from this era. Song scientific advancement led the world, and the

11235: 11230: 11225: 10982: 9447: 8963: 6930: 6330: 6237: 5973: 5849: 5594: 5548: 5290: 5286: 5250: 5198:

Residence of the Lu Family in Dongyang, built in the Ming period.

5045: 4873:, would settle in China for decades. Upon his return, his detail 4765: 4706: 4583: 4575: 4567: 4413: 4402: 4386: 4242: 4207: 4203: 4164: 3895: 3832: 3813: 3794: 3707: 3634: 3476: 3438: 3308: 3192: 3172: 3168: 3146: 3134: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3011: 2969: 2953:. With extensive connections with the west, the first of several 2926: 2906: 2812: 2637: 2568:) and progressively smaller divisions, each with a local leader. 2366: 2253: 2227: 2189: 2099: 1987: 1856: 1841: 1803: 1765: 1623: 1579: 1571: 1547: 1457: 1093: 573: 424: 418: 8146: 6908:

special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China

4453:("Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government"). The invention of 2681: 13011: 12901: 9466:. UCLA Center for East Asian Studies. Retrieved 16 April 2006. 9442:"Surrender Order of the Imperial General Headquarters of Japan" 9011:"The Little Ice Age and the Fall of the Ming Dynasty: A Review" 8959: 6770: 6743: 6649: 6376: 6280: 5790: 5570: 5532: 5498: 5493:(1507–1567), which only subsided after the opening of ports in 5464: 5377: 5001: 4824: 4444: 4175:, while large swaths of the outer territories were occupied by 3984: 3825: 3758: 3691: 3638: 3457:

failed disastrously, triggering widespread revolts that led to

3335: 3297: 3257: 3214: 2938: 2836: 2790: 2777: 2740: 2288: 2280: 2058: 1753: 1475: 1264: 1132: 9890:"Stop Calling China's Xi Jinping 'President', U.S. Panel Says" 7351: 6551: 4554:

The Song dynasty was also a period of major innovation in the

3117:

reunited China proper for the first time since the end of the

2913:

of the former capital Xi'an. Thus, this new era is termed the

2685:

Map showing the expansion of Han dynasty in the 2nd century BC

1127:

was introduced, and foundations laid for philosophies such as

11013: 10898: 10113:(February 1986). "Early Chinese Writing, World Archaeology". 8313: 7312: 7024:

People's Republic of China 10th Anniversary Parade in Beijing

6986: 6720: 6361: 6241: 6047: 5789:, a 10-hectare walled estate on Phoenix Hill in southeastern 5768: 5516: 5507: 5485: 5017: 4968: 4963: 4199: 3762: 3711: 3491: 2579: 2337:

BC, he was largely a figurehead that held little real power.

2245: 2151: 2095: 2054: 1975: 1872: 1787: 1782: 1761: 1501: 1354: 1185:

began to have a significant impact on Chinese culture, while

10271:"The earliest unequivocally modern humans in southern China" 10059:"New evidence for early presence of hominids in North China" 9703:"China's Average Economic Growth in 90s Ranked 1st in World" 9514:"Mao's Great Leap Forward 'killed 45 million in four years'" 9357:

The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947

7197:

In his lifetime, Ying Zheng would have been known as simply

6295:

Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan

4728: 4721:

Yuan dynasty banknote with its printing wood plate, 1287 AD.

3883: 3862: 3729:

The dynasty continued to flourish under the rule of Empress

3559:

is to date the world's oldest complete preserved star atlas.

2819:, the sphere of influence of the Han Empire extended to the 2358:

BC—being the world's earliest known example of a two-digit,

1433: 9177: 7906: 7904: 5999:, and had the largest economy in the world. By area it was 4958: 4949: 4812:

of the successive regimes of the unified Chinese mainland.

4406: 3125:

era. However, the Jin dynasty was severely weakened by the

2222:

barbarians. The rebel aristocrats established a new ruler,

2117:

diverse settlements in the area that is now referred to as

1491: 9547:

Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise

7278: 7276: 7274: 7272: 6710: 5539:

of 1622–1624 and were forced to settle in Taiwan instead.

5261: 4469:, along with great Buddhist painters such as the prolific 3718:

dancing with a cup of wine in its mouth, as the horses of

10267: 10026:"Uyghur event in NY goes ahead despite Beijing's warning" 8291: 8289: 8287: 7943:(2). Cambridge University Press: 293–315, esp. 299, 303. 7865: 7345: 2061:, Henan), the site of the final Shang capital during the 1599:

is debated; the three main theories include the dominant

13717: 10607:

Bodde, Derk (1986). "The State and Empire of Ch'in". In

10201: 8212: 7916: 7901: 7877: 7851:. City University of Hong Kong Press. 2007. p. 25. 7531:. English translation of 文字學概論 by Gilbert L. Mattos and 7363: 7330: 6499:. In 1934, driven from their mountain bases such as the 6257:

Rulers of the world at the beginning of the 20th century

5923:. Officials were required to wear Manchu-style clothing 4895:, which eventually brought the downfall of the dynasty. 4186:

Liao dynasty, which lasted from 907 to 1125, ruled over

4084:

Song, Liao, Jin, and Western Xia dynasties (AD 960–1279)

4010:

against northern nomadic empires. To the south, Vietnam

2776:: Western-Han painted ceramic jar decorated with raised 2498:". To emphasise his sole rule, Zheng proclaimed himself 2199: 7269: 6796:

In 1972, at the peak of the Sino-Soviet split, Mao and

6385:, the first official president of the Republic of China 5902:

Great Plague during the last decade of the Ming dynasty

5024:), is a common form of architecture during Yuan period. 3578:

became the predominant religion for the common people.

2949:, and bringing trade, foreign cultures, along with the 1993: 10402:

Wu, Rukang; Lin, Shenglong (June 1983). "Peking Man".

9910:"China: Free Xinjiang 'Political Education' Detainees" 9888:

O'Keeffe, Kate; Ferek, Katy Stech (14 November 2019).

9610:

China and Socialism: Market Reforms and Class Struggle

8436: 8412: 8400: 8378: 8376: 8325: 8284: 8272: 8248: 8078:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 159. 7937:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

7848:

China: Five Thousand Years of History and Civilization

7748:

Ideology of Power and Power of Ideology in Early China

7036:

The flag of the People's Republic of China since 1949.

5864:'s peasant rebellion captured Beijing in 1644 and the 5137:, a series of banknotes issued by the Ming government. 2528:, became the standard for subsequent rulers. Based in 1642:

technology has been found in the lithic assemblage of

10852: 9605: 9296:. Lake Success, NY: United Nations. 1947. p. 3. 8460: 7988: 7750:. Sinica Leidensia, vol. 124. Brill. pp. 31–48. 7650: 7198: 5908:. In total, these decades saw the loss of as many as 4241:, which all ended in failure. Then in 1004, the Liao 4043:

Song, Liao, Jin, and Western Xia dynasties (960–1279)

3445:, and in another route, to the northeast border. The 3106:

View of Maijishan hill caves, grottoes and stairways.

2596:

mass burning of books and the live burial of scholars

2563: 2547: 2517: 2499: 2294: 1926: 10470:

Sanft, Charles. "The Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE)". In

9229: 8637: 8388: 8349: 7889: 7823:

The Earliest China: The Rise of Erlitou Civilization

6707:

as of 2024 as the legitimate government of "China".

6656:

Until the early 1970s the ROC was recognised as the

3187:

rulers. These non-Han peoples were ancestors of the

2964:

in ancient China, notably the historic invention of

2391:("provinces" and "counties") of contemporary China. 1740:

Pottery artifacts from Hemudu culture (5500–3300 BC)

790: 712: 592: 525: 455: 329: 8424: 8373: 8361: 8337: 8301: 8260: 8236: 8224: 8200: 8188: 7251:Other tribes of the north, collectively called the 6811:A power struggle followed Mao's death in 1976. The 6149:, then launched a comprehensive reform effort, the 5939:), but ordinary Han civilians were allowed to wear 4928:, ruler of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368). 3994:Amidst political chaos in the north, the strategic 2575:, a state ideology promoted by the emperor and his 9852:Ramzy, Austin; Buckley, Chris (16 November 2019). 9765:"In Face of Rural Unrest, China Rolls Out Reforms" 9607: 9354: 9179: 8875:(3). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 319–355. 8134: 8075:The Tradition and Modern Transition of Chinese Law 7737: 7557: 7300: 2606:for social and moral beliefs and the five-element 2406:on the Chengdu Plain; and then eventually driving 1398:Traditional reconstruction of the Peking Man skull 10155: 10056: 9887: 9644:The European Union and the Promotion of Democracy 8792:. Sinica Leidensia, vol. 47. Brill. p. 173. 8098: 7357: 7318: 6262: 6026:Official map of the Qing Empire published in 1905 4405:, as a cheaper supplement to the existing copper 14655: 10846:, a lengthy lecture on Chinese history given by 7499: 6819:outmaneuvered Mao's anointed successor chairman 5319:The Hongwu Emperor, being the only founder of a 5122:Haihui Temple Pagodas, built in the Ming period. 3741:, who oversaw an empire that stretched from the 3152: 2659: 1855:begins to appear in the late 6th century in the 9394:Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750 9247: 6455:Flag of the Republic of China from 1912 to 1928 6327:provisional government of the Republic of China 3768:At the zenith of prosperity of the empire, the 2917:. With the capable administrations of Emperors 2482:Ying Zheng's establishment of the Qin dynasty ( 1365: 1310:roiled between the Republican government under 10480: 10448:Routledge Handbook of Imperial Chinese History 9606:Hart-Landsberg, Martin; Burkett, Paul (2010). 9343: 8977: 8623:. History of Imperial China 3. Belknap Press. 7294: 6858:In 1989 the death of former general secretary 6781:, led to a major upheaval in Chinese society. 6727:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China 6463:Flag of the Republic of China from 1928 to now 6189:, the Alliance formed the second, much larger 5991:'s long reign in 1796, the Qing Empire was at 4804:(also known as Dadu, modern-day Beijing). The 4171:). In 979, the Song dynasty reunified most of 2987: 2150:they were appointed Western Protectors by the 1566:: Majuangou at 1.66–1.55 Ma, Lanpo at 1.6 Ma, 14262: 13254: 12996: 12649: 10998: 8665:(in French). Paris Éditions Bossard. p. 8621:China's Cosmopolitan Empire: The Tang Dynasty 7214: 7204: 5695:with underglaze blue and iron-red decoration. 5551:in 1662, after the fall of the Ming dynasty. 3710:-silver jar, shaped in the style of northern 3338:had become much more tolerant of each other. 2697:that followed the fall of the Qin dynasty. A 2611: 2557: 2541: 2489: 2483: 2165:The kings of Zhou invoked the concept of the 2124: 1836:(2200–1600 BC) site in northeast China. 1513: 1469: 1005:basin constitutes the geographic core of the 973: 10471: 10440: 10337:East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 9959: 9957: 9955: 9851: 9344:Hoopes, Townsend; Brinkley, Douglas (1997). 9290:"The Moscow Declaration on general security" 6411:Beijing college students rallied during the 4460:Along the River During the Qingming Festival 4006:, which drastically weakened the defense of 3918:Coins of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 3876:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (AD 907–960) 3820:, fell successively. The reliance on ethnic 3228:Northern and Southern dynasties (AD 420–589) 3215:Northern and Southern dynasties (AD 420–589) 2962:most prolific eras of science and technology 2154:. A coalition led by the ruler of the Zhou, 1263:that succeeded the Ming was ruled by ethnic 9932:"A Summer Vacation in China's Muslim Gulag" 9541: 8942:Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 8587:(1st ed.). Beijing: Renmin Chubanshe. 8578:He Ziquan (何兹全) Zhang Guo'an (张国安) (2013). 7598:Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations 7537:Early China Special Monograph Series No. 4. 6705:merely 12 UN member states and the Holy See 6370:, the intellectual leader of the Revolution 6108:Yet the dynasty appeared to recover in the 5628: 5083: 5044:argue that the Mongols created a system of 4784:. The dynasty also directly controlled the 4625: 3054: 3010:broke out in AD 184, ushering in an era of 2452: 1756:agriculture in the Yellow River valley was 14269: 14255: 13003: 12989: 11005: 10991: 10133:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 9482: 8980:"Connecting China with the Pacific World?" 8728:History of Central Asia, the: 4-volume set 7671:"New discoveries from the early dynasties" 7555: 7418: 7416: 7234:'s description of the Qin including of 36 7118:History of science and technology in China 6937:minority groups are being held in China's 5565:The Ming dynasty intervened deeply in the 4740:was formally proclaimed in 1271, when the 3389:Yang Guang depicted as Emperor Yang of Sui 2937:further expanded the conquests across the 2582:that was introduced at an earlier time by 1550:, as well minor specimens in northeastern 980: 966: 10573: 10373: 10348: 10092: 10023: 9952: 9924: 9505: 9421: 9034: 8865:"Was the Black Death in India and China?" 8780: 8218: 7922: 7910: 7883: 7282: 6717:History of the People's Republic of China 6167:besieged in the foreign legations quarter 5972:, which was founded by the Ming loyalist 5892:at that time such as those caused by the 5709:A military attire of the Qianlong Emperor 5679:1836 map of China published by C. Picque. 5605:. It went on to subdue the much weakened 5505:. In addition to raids from Japan by the 4939:was of lesser extent compared to earlier 3987:, which ruled over an ethnic majority of 3889:Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms Period 947 AD 3863:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907–960) 3588:largest city in the world during its time 3464: 3129:and lost control of northern China after 2571:Many aspects of society were informed by 2333:king nominally remained as such until 256 1879:has tentatively been associated with the 1859:valley. A bronze hatchet with a blade of 1231:conquered all of China, establishing the 35:History of the People's Republic of China 9294:Yearbook of the United Nations 1946–1947 9103:. Oxford University Press. p. 272. 7560:Landscapes and Societies: Selected Cases 7483:. Mesa Community College. Archived from 7209:), though it is commonly abbreviated to 7143:List of recipients of tribute from China 6878:CCP general secretary and PRC president 6730: 6458: 6450: 6406: 6309: 6298: 6251: 6137:(1894–1895) led to the formation of the 6096: 6046:was ceded to Britain and importation of 6021: 6005: 5807:Flower Theatre, a Qing period guildhall. 4727: 4537:Along the River During Qingming Festival 4527:Along the River During Qingming Festival 4159:In 960, the Song dynasty was founded by 3656:, setting patterns for later dynasties. 3346: 2680: 2494:) later evolving into the Western term " 2462: 2304: 2017: 1936: 1828:Bronze artifacts have been found at the 1196:, which soon gave way to the long-lived 1192:A period of unity began in 581 with the 1119: – 256 BC), China's 1072:(3rd millennium BC) of traditional 10693: 10253:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 9912:. Human Rights Watch. 10 September 2017 9847: 9845: 9827: 9671: 9126: 9124: 9096: 8966:, He referred to them as the Pi-sho-ye. 8939: 8862: 8814: 8655: 8577: 8510:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 7934: 7620: 7422: 7413: 6711:People's Republic of China (since 1949) 6415:, dissatisfied with Article 156 of the 6183:the Alliance's attack on the Dagu Forts 5852:united all Jurchen tribes and his son, 5567:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) 4972:), which were written in a distinctive 4304:, which ruled territories south of the 3241:Southern and Northern Dynasties, 440 AD 2960:The Eastern Han dynasty was one of the 2447: 14: 14656: 11940:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 10537: 10249:The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han 9985: 9902: 9828:Beachum, Lateshia (17 November 2019). 9781: 9757: 9735: 9713: 9695: 9665: 9641: 9635: 9599: 9537: 9535: 9406: 9388: 9361:. Columbia University Press. pp. 9352: 8917: 8724: 8503: 8483:. Yale University Press. p. 281. 7994: 7969: 7871: 7746:; Paul R. Goldin; Martin Kern (eds.). 7735: 7690: 7656: 7592: 7505: 7404: 6849:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 6806:PRC was admitted to the United Nations 6684:(DPP) candidate and former dissident, 6065:swept from the south to establish the 5157:An embassy from the East-India Company 4772:in Chinese history to rule the entire 4037: 3869:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 3433:was constructed, linking the capitals 2802:with painted designs of a flower motif 2030:bronzeware found anywhere in the world 14250: 13716: 13518:Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity 13253: 13140: 13026: 12984: 10986: 10606: 10469: 10401: 10322: 10241: 10125: 10109: 10024:Willemyns, Alex (19 September 2023). 9991: 9511: 9476: 9457: 9235: 8643: 8615: 8454: 8442: 8430: 8418: 8406: 8394: 8382: 8367: 8355: 8343: 8331: 8319: 8307: 8295: 8278: 8266: 8254: 8242: 8230: 8206: 8194: 8071: 8005: 8003: 7895: 7778: 7708: 7477:"Rice and Early Agriculture in China" 7306: 7153:Military history of China before 1912 6703:, the ROC is currently recognised by 6333:on 12 March 1912. Sun Yat-sen became 6232:. A localised military uprising, the 6205:ended the war, exacting a tremendous 5746:, an imperial garden in Qing dynasty. 4381:with neighbouring states, such as in 3904:in Jiangsu Province of Eastern China. 3341: 2200:Spring and Autumn period (722–476 BC) 1883:described in early Tibetan writings. 1534:, and, dated slightly later, points, 1019:many thousands of years into the past 13528:Special non-state-to-state relations 10905: 10769:(2nd ed., 1917). Legible color maps. 10643:(1986). "Han Foreign Relations". In 9842: 9816: 9483:Smith, Joseph; Davis, Simon (2005). 9317:"1942 Declaration by United Nations" 9206: 9130: 9121: 8697: 8045: 7400: 7398: 7396: 6662:PRC was seated in the United Nations 6603:(1937–1945), which became a part of 5904:, caused enormous loss of lives and 4819:in the late 13th century led to the 3646:Three Departments and Six Ministries 3410:Three Departments and Six Ministries 3067:History of the Jin dynasty (266–420) 2894:by an enraged peasant mob in AD 23. 2811:were launched to weaken the nomadic 2214:and his forces were defeated in the 1994:Shang dynasty (c. 1600 – c. 1046 BC) 1333:proclaimed the establishment of the 1318:, interrupted by the industrialized 14276: 13010: 12636:Major Historical and Cultural Sites 11202: 10721:2nd ed. (Harvard UP, 2006). 640 pp. 10684:For a more comprehensive list, see 9743:"China: Migrants, Students, Taiwan" 9721:"China worried over pace of growth" 9532: 9064:Ch'iu Chung-lin (邱仲麟) (June 2004). 9008: 8869:Bulletin of the History of Medicine 8725:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). 8167: 8129: 7972:The Origins of Chinese Civilization 7508:"'Earliest writing' found in China" 7173:Women in ancient and imperial China 7098:Foreign relations of imperial China 6699:Due to the controversial nature of 6658:sole legitimate government of China 6197:; the Empress Dowager evacuated to 5997:one-third of the world's population 5285:. The capital was initially set at 5219:built during the early Ming dynasty 4312:, as Western Xia fell in 1227, the 4294:entire north of China was conquered 3256:, a temple with the combination of 2443:Political systems of Imperial China 1656:List of Neolithic cultures of China 1518:; near Beijing) of 700,000–400,000 1013:for viewing Chinese history is the 24: 11774: 11150: 11012: 10679: 10639: 9817:Chan, Tara Francis (22 May 2019). 9512:Akbar, Arifa (17 September 2010). 8844: 8534: 8478: 8466: 8009: 8000: 7816: 7668: 7128:History of the Great Wall of China 6873:considerable numbers of fatalities 6335:President of the Republic of China 5787:House of the Huangcheng Chancellor 4752:, assumed the additional title of 4282:Jin's invasion of the Song dynasty 4163:, with its capital established in 3568:golden age of Chinese civilization 3199:. Many had, to some extent, been " 3020:dramatizes events of this period. 2295:Warring States period (476–221 BC) 2262:partitioned the state between them 2256:lived during this chaotic period. 2176:The Zhou established two capitals 1927:Xia dynasty (c. 2070 – c. 1600 BC) 1899:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors 1585:The circumstances surrounding the 1378:List of Paleolithic sites in China 1259:were written during the Ming. The 25: 14675: 11931:Political Consultative Conference 11324: 10844:China Rediscovers its Own History 10823:comprehensive online encyclopedia 10781: 10760:(Harvard U. Press, 1999). 341 pp. 10726:A History of Chinese Civilization 10426:10.1038/scientificamerican0683-86 9155: 9063: 8990:. Gossenberg: Ostasien: 111–171. 8543:. Taylor & Francis: 165–184. 8507:A History of Chinese Civilization 7393: 7148:List of tributary states of China 6503:, the CCP forces embarked on the 6349:in late 1915, in the style of an 5721:A Qing period geomantic compass ( 4843:autonomous. The era was known as 3586:), the national capital, was the 3420:of the army conscription and the 3404:, the Sui went on to conquer the 3131:non-Han Chinese settlers rebelled 2425: 1824:List of Bronze Age sites in China 1410:Casts of the teeth of Yuanmou Man 1152:under a single imperial state by 1068:is sometimes identified with the 14637: 14628: 14627: 14228: 14216: 14205: 14204: 13447:List of administrative divisions 12717:Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty 12712:Four Masters of the Ming dynasty 10965: 10948: 10931: 10914: 10886: 10874: 10862: 10541:(1999). "Shang Archaeology". In 10017: 9881: 9810: 9782:Thomas, Antony (11 April 2006). 9775: 9464:The Chinese people have stood up 9049: 8786:"Tibet in Tang's Grand Strategy" 7825:] (in Chinese). 生活读书新知三联书店. 7698:The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia 7093:Ethnic groups in Chinese history 7029: 7017: 6998: 6827:leader over the next few years. 6576: 6564: 6550: 6535: 6375: 6360: 6291:History of Taiwan (1945–present) 6273:History of the Republic of China 5978:defeated the Russians at Albazin 5814: 5800: 5778: 5753: 5736: 5714: 5702: 5684: 5672: 5593:) tribes, under their chieftain 5554:In 1556, during the rule of the 5427: 5400: 5260: 5243: 5226: 5205: 5191: 5169: 5144: 5127: 5115: 5009: 4989: 4917: 4902: 4714: 4698: 4677: 4661: 4544:in the Southern Song Dynasty by 4509: 4500: 4489: 4480: 4342: 4327: 4221:Aiming to recover the strategic 4131: 4113: 4090: 3923: 3911: 3894: 3882: 3714:'s leather bag decorated with a 3699: 3680: 3548: 3528: 3502: 3490: 3382: 3366: 3246: 3234: 3167:, most of which were founded by 3099: 3080: 2982: 2798:: Reverse side of a Western-Han 2763: 2754: 2693:, who emerged victorious in the 2648:, which includes the well known 1886: 1733: 1717: 1699: 1683: 1570:at 1.36 Ma, Xiantai at 1.36 Ma, 1432: 1417: 1403: 1391: 61: 31:History of the Republic of China 14229: 12707:Four Paragons of the Early Tang 11904:Political parties and movements 11268:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 11253:Northern and Southern dynasties 10831:Berkshire Encyclopedia of China 10686:Bibliography of Chinese history 9434: 9422:Valentino, Benjamin A. (2005). 9415: 9400: 9382: 9346:FDR and the Creation of the U.N 9334: 9279: 9241: 9200: 9171: 9149: 9090: 9057: 9002: 8978:Schottenhammer, Angela (2019). 8971: 8933: 8911: 8856: 8838: 8761: 8745: 8718: 8698:Yuan, Hong (14 November 2022). 8691: 8673: 8649: 8609: 8571: 8528: 8497: 8472: 8161: 8123: 8092: 8065: 8039: 7963: 7928: 7839: 7810: 7772: 7729: 7715:. Lexington Books. p. 56. 7702: 7662: 7614: 7586: 7549: 7518: 7469: 7425:"The Slow Birth of Agriculture" 7245: 7222: 7191: 6906:became the Hong Kong and Macau 6847:, and officially by the CCP as 6823:, and gradually emerged as the 6247: 6236:, began on 10 October 1911, in 6228:and the revolutionary ideas of 6001:one of the largest empires ever 5962:Revolt of the Three Feudatories 5906:significant harm to the economy 5356:for around 20 years, while the 4466:Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute 4401:emerged in the western city of 4280:Empire (Western Liao dynasty). 4030:, and the establishment of the 3221:Northern and Southern dynasties 2689:The Han dynasty was founded by 2532:, the empire was a centralized 2053:). Findings have been found at 1482:1.7 Ma, which lived in a mixed 1302:and others, created the modern 1273: 14595:British Indian Ocean Territory 10753:(Facts on File, 1999). 662 pp. 10526:The Cambridge History of China 10385:Harvard University Asia Center 9674:A Concise History of Hong Kong 8927:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 8457:, pp. 76–79, 84, 107–108. 8017:. Cambridge University Press. 7506:Rincon, Paul (17 April 2003). 7215: 7205: 6898:, former European colonies of 6851:. The PRC adopted its current 6337:, but he turned power over to 6263:Republic of China (since 1912) 4839:), which nonetheless remained 4768:Yuan dynasty became the first 4610:on the Yangtze River in 1161. 2897: 2866: 2724:initial laissez-faire policies 2676: 2612: 2558: 2542: 2490: 2484: 1514: 1486:-forest environment alongside 1470: 920:Science and technology history 13: 1: 13141: 13040:Timeline of Taiwanese history 10825:of China from Ulrich Theobald 10734:China at War: An Encyclopedia 10380:Chinese History: A New Manual 9186:(9 ed.). Lonely Planet. 9097:Roberts, John Morris (1997). 8111:(1). Academica Sinica: 1–27. 7481:Legacy of Human Civilizations 7443:10.1126/science.282.5393.1446 7179: 6989:, Hubei in 2019 and led to a 6629:Declaration by United Nations 6277:Republic of China (1912–1949) 6216:, including abolition of the 6015: 5722: 5523:imported large quantities of 5442: 5418:1424 – 1500). Located at the 5415: 4821:division of the Mongol Empire 4689:Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass 4318:Southern Song dynasty in 1279 4002:) were ceded to the emerging 3510: 3374: 3153:Sixteen Kingdoms (AD 304–439) 3091: 3017:Romance of the Three Kingdoms 2831:Emperor Wu also dispatched a 2660:Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 220) 2360:base-10 multiplication table. 2310: 2102: 2077: 2066: 2035: 1980: 1953: 1817: 1798:(5000 BC to 3000 BC) and the 1781:from 5800 BC to 5400 BC, and 1479: 1460:sometime between 1.3 and 1.8 1360: 1351:fastest-growing major economy 1113: 1001:valley, which along with the 290: 249: 225: 202: 178: 119: 13805:Taiwanese indigenous peoples 13543:Taiwan independence movement 12009:Ministry of National Defense 11348:Chinese Communist Revolution 10807:Resources in other libraries 10501:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.08.005 9100:A Short History of the World 8788:. In Hans van de Ven (ed.). 8168:Qiu, Jane (7 January 2014). 7709:Zhang, Shanruo Ning (2016). 7570:10.1007/978-90-481-9413-1_19 7262: 7049:Chinese emperors family tree 6836:significant economic reforms 6682:Democratic Progressive Party 5947:ordered the creation of the 5543:fought with the Ming in the 5511:, raids from Taiwan and the 5180:was a Ming dynasty addition. 3609:. Military victories in the 3400:in 581 in succession of the 3035:dynasty. Soon, Wei's rivals 2833:series of military campaigns 2273:classical Chinese philosophy 2158:, defeated the Shang at the 1649: 1366:Paleolithic (1.7 Ma – 12 ka) 1098:records of official speeches 7: 13700:Water supply and sanitation 13027: 12672:Flowers of the Four Seasons 12657:Four Treasures of the Study 12276:Water supply and sanitation 12004:Central Military Commission 11999:Outline of military history 11749:Province-level subdivisions 10383:(5th ed.). Cambridge: 9353:Gaddis, John Lewis (1972). 8863:Sussman, George D. (2011). 8072:Zhang Jinfan (張晉藩) (2014). 7371:"Neolithic Period in China" 7297:, pp. 1077, 1084–1085. 7199: 7168:Timeline of Chinese history 7163:Population history of China 7138:List of rebellions in China 7041: 6981:, which causes the disease 6160:In the summer of 1900, the 6122:Self-Strengthening Movement 5995:. The Qing ruled more than 5825:, built in the Qing period. 5666:Qing dynasty (AD 1644–1912) 5659:Self-Strengthening Movement 5641:History of the Qing dynasty 5573:, its traditional ally and 5525:Mexican and Peruvian silver 5109:Ming dynasty (AD 1368–1644) 5096:History of the Ming dynasty 4827:over western khanates (the 4655:Yuan dynasty (AD 1271–1368) 4638:History of the Yuan dynasty 4268:Within the Liao Empire the 4067:History of the Song dynasty 4012:gained lasting independence 3808:in 879 was followed by the 3603:emperors in Chinese history 3307:, a kingdom founded by the 2988:Three Kingdoms (AD 220–280) 2933:. The diplomat and general 2564: 2548: 2518: 2500: 2432:Empire of China (1915–1916) 1941:Decorative plaque from the 1863:excavated near the city of 1218:imperial examination system 1104:remembered by the earliest 1086:Chinese bronze inscriptions 10: 14680: 14018:Inventions and discoveries 13523:Political status of Taiwan 13092:Taiwan under Japanese rule 11945:Primary stage of socialism 11887:National People's Congress 11355:People's Republic of China 10758:A Concise History of China 10728:(1996). One-volume survey. 10683: 10659:Cambridge University Press 10623:Cambridge University Press 10590:Cambridge University Press 10557:Cambridge University Press 10531:Cambridge University Press 10488:Journal of Human Evolution 10472:Xiong & Hammond (2019) 10139:Cambridge University Press 10049: 9485:The A to Z of the Cold War 9009:Fan, Ka-wai (March 2023). 8790:Warfare in Chinese History 8052:World History Encyclopedia 7796:10.1163/156853205774910098 7379:Metropolitan Museum of Art 7108:History of canals in China 6927:U.S. Department of Defense 6724: 6714: 6284: 6266: 6187:fierce fighting at Tianjin 5874:Ming remnants in the south 5821:A residential building of 5644: 5638: 5632: 5513:Philippines by the Pisheye 5435:Snow Plums and Twin Cranes 5099: 5093: 5087: 4760:of the Mongol Empire as a 4748:, one of the grandsons of 4641: 4635: 4629: 4233:were launched against the 4070: 4064: 4046: 4016:being a Chinese prefecture 3866: 3474: 3468: 3350: 3218: 3156: 3064: 3058: 2991: 2870: 2745:with government monopolies 2672:History of the Han dynasty 2669: 2663: 2456: 2436: 2429: 2298: 2269:Hundred Schools of Thought 2203: 2138: 2128: 2125:Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC) 2003: 1997: 1930: 1896: 1890: 1821: 1659: 1653: 1375: 1369: 1335:People's Republic of China 1314:and the Communist-aligned 1041:, and as far south as the 28: 14623: 14582: 14542: 14284: 14200: 14061: 13978: 13842: 13790: 13783: 13740: 13712: 13551: 13460: 13413: 13278: 13249: 13155: 13136: 13035: 13022: 12942: 12910: 12828: 12749: 12529: 12335: 12326: 12284: 12244: 12086: 12077: 11989: 11840: 11770: 11761: 11724: 11695:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves 11650: 11584: 11493: 11431: 11403: 11394: 11323: 11201: 11149: 11109: 11033: 11024: 10802:Resources in your library 10697:Governing China, 150–1850 10694:Dardess, John W. (2010). 10350:10.1163/26669323-04301004 10179:10.1038/s41586-018-0710-1 8818:Governing China: 150–1850 8815:Dardess, John W. (2010). 8798:10.1163/9789004482944_006 8549:10.1179/mon.2006.54.1.006 8178:10.1038/nature.2014.14482 7949:10.1017/S0041977X23000277 7756:10.1163/9789004299337_003 7600:. Infobase. p. 200. 7564:. Springer. p. 310. 7423:Pringle, Heather (1998). 7113:History of Islam in China 7088:Economic history of China 6941:which are located in the 6864:Tiananmen Square protests 6701:Taiwan's political status 5958:Conquests in Central Asia 5503:much military suppression 5473:repulsed by the Ming navy 5289:, and was later moved to 4732:Mongol successor khanates 4443:philosophy formulated by 3774:devastated the population 3694:ceramics and wall murals. 3484:Tang dynasty (AD 618–907) 3141:. In 317, the Jin prince 2821:states in the Tarim Basin 2634:led a successful campaign 2600:historicity of this event 1690:10,000-year-old pottery, 1662:Yellow River civilization 1605:regional continuity model 1424:Restoration of the skull 1349:, and became the world's 1076:. The earliest surviving 794: 716: 596: 529: 459: 333: 14344:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 13513:One Country on Each Side 13425:Administrative divisions 12870:Catholic Church in China 12014:People's Liberation Army 11981:One country, two systems 10742:Imperial China, 900–1800 9678:Rowman & Littlefield 9614:. Monthly Review Press. 9545:; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). 9470:6 September 2015 at the 9428:Cornell University Press 9407:Rummel, Rudolph (1994). 9348:. Yale University Press. 9263:Harvard University Press 9075: 9066: 8583: 8504:Gernet, Jacques (1996). 8322:, pp. 56–57, 59–60. 8046:Mark, Joshua J. (2012). 8023:10.1017/CBO9780511489655 7818: 7736:Goldin, Paul R. (2015). 7628:. Springer. p. 89. 7409:. Yale University Press. 7184: 7133:List of Chinese monarchs 7007:People's Liberation Army 6985:, was first detected in 6888:World Trade Organization 6753:The PRC was shaped by a 6601:Second Sino-Japanese War 6527:Second Sino-Japanese War 6479:, seized control of the 6305:First Guangzhou uprising 6067:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom 5941:traditional Han clothing 5840:to rule the entirety of 5629:Qing dynasty (1644–1912) 5084:Ming dynasty (1368–1644) 5059:massive naval engagement 4877:inspired generations of 4687:on the east wall of the 4626:Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) 4562:, while invented in the 4524:'s (1085–1145) painting 4389:traveled throughout the 3835:'s usurpation led to an 3800:. Catastrophically, the 3360:Sui dynasty (AD 581–618) 3319:, which then became the 3127:War of the Eight Princes 3074:Jin dynasty (AD 266–420) 3055:Jin dynasty (AD 266–420) 2955:Roman embassies to China 2839:tribes. The Han annexed 2809:Major military campaigns 2516:; "First Emperor"); the 2453:Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) 2354:collection, dated to 305 2348:Spring and Autumn Annals 2233:Spring and Autumn Annals 2206:Spring and Autumn period 2070: 1250–1050 BC 2022:The 12th-century BC 1893:Outline of ancient China 1834:Lower Xiajiadian culture 1694:culture (18,000–7000 BC) 1522:, was discovered in the 1504:, cattle, pigs, and the 1280:a complete encyclopaedia 1278:1735–1796) commissioned 14605:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 13695:Uniform Invoice lottery 13610:State-owned enterprises 13383:Office of the President 12702:Four Pillars of Destiny 12487:Regional discrimination 11909:Chinese Communist Party 10839:(subscription required) 10515: 10323:Nylan, Michael (2016). 10127:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley 9895:The Wall Street Journal 9672:Carroll, J. M. (2007). 9648:Oxford University Press 8821:. Hackett. p. 32. 7696:Higham, Charles. 1996. 7634:10.1007/0-306-47164-7_5 7375:Timeline of Art History 6929:, as many as 3 million 6501:Chinese Soviet Republic 6473:Chinese Communist Party 6222:constitutional monarchy 6195:finally reached Beijing 6135:First Sino-Japanese War 6075:Third Battle of Nanking 4885:, known at the time as 4616:halting Mongol advances 4590:warships equipped with 4245:swept over the exposed 4061:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 3566:The Tang dynasty was a 3459:the fall of the dynasty 3008:Yellow Turban Rebellion 2706:and to areas far west. 2006:Bronze Age § China 1840:located in what is now 1506:giant short-faced hyena 1306:. From 1927 to 1949, a 1066:central plains of China 1023:cradles of civilization 1021:, making it one of the 1007:Chinese cultural sphere 13655:Semiconductor industry 13473:Cross-Strait relations 13430:Special municipalities 13082:Taiwan under Qing rule 12455:Science and technology 12128:Special economic zones 11380:persecution of Uyghurs 11308:Century of humiliation 10772:Wright, David Curtis. 10700:. Hackett Publishing. 10580:Shaughnessy, Edward L. 10547:Shaughnessy, Edward L. 10441:Xiong, Victor Cunrui; 9131:Kuhn, Phillip (1970). 7817:Xu Hong (许宏) (2021). 7676:Times Higher Education 7405:Lander, Brian (2021). 7158:Naval history of China 7078:Chinese historiography 7009:enters Beijing in the 6977:The novel coronavirus 6959:people's war on terror 6830:Deng Xiaoping was the 6739: 6633:Allies of World War II 6585:Seventy-seven Incident 6493:Nationalist government 6464: 6456: 6424: 6322: 6307: 6259: 6105: 6027: 6019: 5761:Putuo Zongcheng Temple 5655:Century of humiliation 5420:National Palace Museum 4733: 4124:from the Song dynasty. 3998:(region along today's 3930:Section and detail of 3601:, one of the greatest 3497:Tang Dynasty in 742 AD 3465:Tang dynasty (618–907) 3145:, based in modern-day 3031:, thus initiating the 2686: 2626:Patricia Buckley Ebrey 2590:) and metal currency ( 2479: 2318: 2031: 2010:Chinese ritual bronzes 1945: 1760:to about 7000 BC. The 1601:"Out of Africa" theory 1426:Shaanxi History Museum 1257:Classic Chinese Novels 1074:Chinese historiography 1043:delta of the Red River 1037:, as far north as the 13538:Taiwanese nationalism 13057:Early Chinese contact 12662:Four Great Inventions 12046:People's Armed Police 10719:China: A New History. 10325:"Mapping Time in the 10115:Early Writing Systems 9551:Yale University Press 9210:International Affairs 8881:10.1353/bhm.2011.0054 8479:Xu, Pingfang (2005). 7083:Christianity in China 6968:Amnesty International 6933:and members of other 6734: 6678:presidential election 6462: 6454: 6410: 6313: 6302: 6255: 6171:Eight-Nation Alliance 6100: 6080:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars 6025: 6009: 5647:Later Jin (1616–1636) 5639:Further information: 5545:Battle of Liaoluo Bay 5094:Further information: 5022:crossing street tower 4790:eastern Mongol empire 4731: 4685:Deva King of the East 4636:Further information: 4455:movable-type printing 4302:Southern Song dynasty 4290:Northern Song dynasty 4065:Further information: 3798:amassed immense power 3654:imperial examinations 3414:imperial examinations 3347:Sui dynasty (581–618) 3065:Further information: 3061:Jin dynasty (266–420) 2945:, thus reopening the 2941:to the shores of the 2741:Imperial Universities 2713:dominant ethnic group 2684: 2670:Further information: 2636:against the northern 2466: 2418:—known to history as 2308: 2301:Warring States period 2139:Further information: 2021: 2004:Further information: 1940: 1919:. Traditionally, the 1897:Further information: 1660:Further information: 785:(mainland, 1912–1949) 14519:United Arab Emirates 13050:archaeological sites 12641:World Heritage Sites 12169:Foreign aid received 11877:Environmental policy 11675:Environmental policy 11670:Environmental issues 10717:and Goldman, Merle. 10523:, eds. (1978–2020). 10343:(1). Brill: 61–122. 10206:Current Anthropology 9559:10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k 9543:Marquis, Christopher 9258:China: A New History 9117:on 25 November 2022. 9082:] (in Chinese). 7103:Golden ages of China 6972:formal prison system 6862:helped to spark the 6855:on 4 December 1982. 6790:Third Front campaign 6769:and implemented the 6680:in 1996 against the 6543:Bombing of Chongqing 6433:Treaty of Versailles 6417:Treaty of Versailles 6402:New Culture Movement 6341:, who commanded the 6155:Empress Dowager Cixi 6151:Hundred Days' Reform 6042:(1842), under which 5878:Ming-Qing transition 5836:, it was the second 5823:Qiao Family Compound 5537:Sino-Dutch conflicts 5465:maritime prohibition 5358:Chinese fleet sailed 5078:sustained the regime 4910:Dengfeng Observatory 4742:Great Khan of Mongol 4374:most populous cities 4300:, and initiated the 3802:Huang Chao Rebellion 3733:, the only official 3426:Standardized coinage 2877:In AD 9 the usurper 2646:monumental mausoleum 2524:title, derived from 2448:Early imperial China 2309:The Warring States, 2218:by rebel states and 2098:during the reign of 1666:Yangtze civilization 1558:. The dates of most 1255:. Three of the four 1239:(1368–1644) include 14546:limited recognition 14188:Tourist attractions 13645:Maritime industries 13578:Automotive industry 13483:Chinese nationalism 13478:Chinese unification 13322:Additional Articles 13087:Republic of Formosa 13077:Kingdom of Tungning 12887:History of religion 12882:Freedom of religion 12737:Four Pests campaign 12682:Four Classic Novels 12294:Automotive industry 12174:Foreign aid program 11865:Pro-democratisation 11360:Cultural Revolution 10740:Mote, Frederick W. 10737:. (ABC-CLIO, 2012). 10715:Fairbank, John King 10443:Hammond, Kenneth J. 10418:1983SciAm.248f..86R 10405:Scientific American 10375:Wilkinson, Endymion 10300:10.1038/nature15696 10292:2015Natur.526..696L 10171:2019Natur.565...82H 10077:2013NatSR...3E2403A 10001:Bloomsbury Academic 9973:. 23 September 2022 9970:The Washington Post 9835:The Washington Post 9769:The Washington Post 9642:Youngs, R. (2002). 9444:. 2 September 1945. 9409:Death by Government 9249:Fairbank, John King 9182:Lonely Planet China 9036:10.3390/cli11030071 9027:2023Clim...11...71F 8687:on 28 October 2008. 8469:, pp. 455–458. 8184:on 22 January 2014. 7874:, pp. 158–159. 7073:Chinese exploration 6800:met U.S. president 6775:Cultural Revolution 6755:series of campaigns 6485:Northern Expedition 6429:May Fourth Movement 6413:May Fourth Movement 6110:Tongzhi Restoration 5982:Treaty of Nerchinsk 5980:, resulting in the 5970:Kingdom of Tungning 5541:The Dutch in Taiwan 5314:voyages of Zheng He 5217:World Heritage Site 5020:on top of an arch ( 4668:The White Stupa of 4314:Jin dynasty in 1234 4223:sixteen prefectures 4218:from 1032 to 1227. 4216:Western Xia dynasty 4214:tribes founded the 4038:Late imperial China 4004:Khitan Liao dynasty 3996:Sixteen Prefectures 3770:An Lushan Rebellion 3722:were trained to do. 3593:The first emperor, 3541:World Heritage Site 3509:The Fengxian cave ( 3088:Western Jin Dynasty 3029:Emperor Xian of Han 2951:arrival of Buddhism 2931:decisively defeated 2915:Eastern Han dynasty 2642:Great Wall of China 2632:, who concurrently 2477:World Heritage Site 2329:period. Though the 2106: 1250 BC 2085: 1046 BC 2043: 1046 BC 1881:Zhang Zhung culture 1637:Middle Palaeolithic 1582:, Shanxi Province. 1564:magnetostratigraphy 1508:. The better-known 1439:LL-1 partials skull 1372:Prehistory of China 1339:Cultural Revolution 1210:Mechanical printing 1123:, during which the 13852:Formosan languages 13675:Telecommunications 13508:North–South divide 13452:Metropolitan areas 12794:Population history 12774:Internal migration 12389:Harmonious Society 12264:Telecommunications 12221:Standard of living 12140:Online advertising 11892:Standing Committee 10763:Stanford, Edward. 10756:Roberts, J. A. G. 10747:Perkins, Dorothy. 10731:Li, Xiaobing, ed. 10243:Lewis, Mark Edward 10064:Scientific Reports 9940:. 28 February 2018 9859:The New York Times 9771:. 28 January 2006. 9753:(1). January 2006. 8919:Hucker, Charles O. 8617:Lewis, Mark Edward 7465:on 1 January 2011. 6955:Human Rights Watch 6763:Great Leap Forward 6740: 6465: 6457: 6425: 6398:Beiyang government 6323: 6308: 6260: 6218:examination system 6191:Gaselee Expedition 6179:Battle of Langfang 6175:Seymour Expedition 6106: 6038:(1840) led to the 6028: 6020: 5623:peasants uprisings 5560:Shaanxi earthquake 5479:in 1521 and again 5452:). Located at the 5213:City wall of Xi'an 4962:variety shows and 4941:conquest dynasties 4879:medieval Europeans 4794:invasions of Japan 4758:his inherited part 4734: 4556:history of warfare 4422:woodblock printing 4316:, and finally the 3661:equal-field system 3607:a tributary system 3574:, and technology. 3517:, commissioned by 3422:equal-field system 3342:Mid-imperial China 2717:written characters 2695:Chu–Han Contention 2687: 2480: 2319: 2216:Battle of Mount Li 2032: 1946: 1853:Ferrous metallurgy 1768:in Ningxia, 3,172 1538:, and awls. Other 1241:global exploration 800: 610:Five Dynasties and 602: 537:Southern dynasties 465: 364:Chu–Han Contention 14651: 14650: 14588:other territories 14244: 14243: 14196: 14195: 13974: 13973: 13944:Taiwanese Hokkien 13708: 13707: 13503:Foreign relations 13416:Regions of Taiwan 13400:Political parties 13388:Secretary-General 13245: 13244: 13192:Protected species 13132: 13131: 13102:Retreat to Taiwan 13097:Republic of China 13062:Kingdom of Middag 12978: 12977: 12938: 12937: 12745: 12744: 12322: 12321: 12309:Shipping industry 12073: 12072: 12039:Strategic Support 11914:General Secretary 11899:National security 11882:Foreign relations 11836: 11835: 11757: 11756: 11720: 11719: 11423:Natural disasters 11390: 11389: 11343:Chinese Civil War 11338:Republic of China 11313:Taiping Rebellion 11186:Spring and Autumn 11091:Foreign relations 10788:Library resources 10724:Gernet, Jacques. 10707:978-1-60384-311-9 10668:978-0-521-24327-8 10645:Twitchett, Dennis 10632:978-0-521-24327-8 10609:Twitchett, Dennis 10599:978-0-521-47030-8 10566:978-0-521-47030-8 10517:Fairbank, John K. 10474:, pp. 12–24. 10462:978-0-367-58051-3 10394:978-0-9988883-0-9 10286:(7575): 696–699. 10260:978-0-674-02477-9 10111:Boltz, William G. 10085:10.1038/srep02403 10010:978-1-350-26724-4 9687:978-0-7425-3422-3 9657:978-0-19-924979-4 9621:978-1-58367-123-8 9568:978-0-300-26883-6 9498:978-0-8108-5384-3 9372:978-0-231-12239-9 9223:10.1093/ia/iiy211 9067:明代北京的瘟疫與帝國醫療體系的應變 8594:978-7-01-011139-1 8521:978-0-521-49781-7 8490:978-0-300-09382-7 8445:, pp. 22–24. 8421:, pp. 82–83. 8409:, pp. 60–61. 8334:, pp. 75–78. 8298:, pp. 58–59. 8281:, pp. 15–17. 8257:, pp. 16–17. 7981:978-0-520-04229-2 7858:978-962-937-140-1 7832:978-7-108-07083-8 7722:978-0-7391-8240-6 7669:Rawson, Jessica. 7643:978-0-306-47164-3 7579:978-90-481-9412-4 7545:978-1-55729-071-7 7487:on 27 August 2009 7331:James et al. 1989 7307:Wu & Lin 1983 7123:History of Taiwan 6925:According to the 6900:British Hong Kong 6786:Sino-Soviet split 6737:Chinese Civil War 6673:National Assembly 6617:Three Alls Policy 6596:Chinese Civil War 6481:Nationalist Party 6351:absolute monarchy 6319:Xinhai Revolution 6287:History of Taiwan 6214:late Qing reforms 6103:Taiping Rebellion 6092:Panthay Rebellion 6059:Taiping Rebellion 6040:Treaty of Nanking 5950:Kangxi Dictionary 5890:natural disasters 5866:Chongzhen Emperor 5579:regional hegemony 5521:Spanish at Manila 5382:Zhengtong Emperor 5338:Grand Secretariat 5297:'s reign onward. 4954:scholar officials 4817:Mongol civil wars 4756:, and considered 4600:Battle of Tangdao 4286:Jingkang Incident 4247:North China Plain 4239:early Song period 3650:scholar officials 3625:. Internally the 3535:Inside a cave of 3435:Daxing (Chang'an) 3254:Hanging Monastery 2883:Mandate of Heaven 2881:claimed that the 2526:Chinese mythology 2238:settlement states 2167:Mandate of Heaven 2014:Predynastic Shang 1984: 91 BC 1921:abdication system 1758:radiocarbon-dated 1708:Peiligang culture 1706:Bone Arrowheads, 1670:Liao civilization 1618:Ailuropoda baconi 1560:Paleolithic sites 1462:million years ago 1304:Republic of China 1296:Xinhai Revolution 1214:wood-block prints 1125:Mandate of Heaven 1106:extant literature 990: 989: 947:Transport history 873:Education history 845: 844: 840: 839: 826:Republic of China 808:People's Republic 781:Republic of China 760: 759: 709: 708: 704: 703: 589: 588: 522: 521: 517: 516: 453: 452: 356:(206 BC – 220 AD) 286:Spring and Autumn 149:Liao civilization 16:(Redirected from 14671: 14664:History of China 14641: 14631: 14630: 14600:Christmas Island 14286:Sovereign states 14271: 14264: 14257: 14248: 14247: 14232: 14231: 14220: 14208: 14207: 14096:Cultural history 14048:Waste management 13800:Taiwanese people 13788: 13787: 13742:National symbols 13721:National Symbols 13714: 13713: 13630:Economic history 13625: 13617:Defense industry 13461:Political issues 13366:Military history 13251: 13250: 13138: 13137: 13024: 13023: 13005: 12998: 12991: 12982: 12981: 12958: 12951: 12848:Tibetan Buddhism 12843:Chinese Buddhism 12697:Four Holy Beasts 12647: 12646: 12499:Social relations 12428:Standard Chinese 12423:Chinese language 12333: 12332: 12118:Economic history 12084: 12083: 12063:Maritime Militia 11772: 11771: 11768: 11767: 11739:Border crossings 11734:Baseline islands 11429: 11428: 11401: 11400: 11365:Tiananmen Square 11248:Sixteen Kingdoms 11056:Military history 11031: 11030: 11007: 11000: 10993: 10984: 10983: 10978: 10970: 10969: 10968: 10961: 10960:from Wikiversity 10953: 10952: 10951: 10944: 10936: 10935: 10934: 10927: 10919: 10918: 10917: 10907: 10901:History of China 10891: 10890: 10889: 10879: 10878: 10877: 10867: 10866: 10858: 10840: 10836:Oxford Reference 10793:History of China 10774:History of China 10711: 10672: 10636: 10603: 10570: 10534: 10521:Twitchett, Denis 10512: 10495:(6): 1075–1085. 10475: 10466: 10437: 10398: 10370: 10352: 10319: 10275: 10264: 10252: 10238: 10198: 10152: 10136: 10122: 10106: 10096: 10043: 10042: 10040: 10038: 10021: 10015: 10014: 9989: 9983: 9982: 9980: 9978: 9961: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9945: 9928: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9917: 9906: 9900: 9899: 9885: 9879: 9878: 9876: 9874: 9849: 9840: 9839: 9826: 9814: 9808: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9779: 9773: 9772: 9761: 9755: 9754: 9739: 9733: 9732: 9730: 9728: 9717: 9711: 9710: 9699: 9693: 9691: 9669: 9663: 9661: 9639: 9633: 9632: 9630: 9628: 9613: 9603: 9597: 9596: 9539: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9509: 9503: 9502: 9480: 9474: 9461: 9455: 9452:French Indochina 9445: 9438: 9432: 9431: 9419: 9413: 9412: 9404: 9398: 9397: 9390:Westad, Odd Arne 9386: 9380: 9376: 9360: 9349: 9338: 9332: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9319:. United Nations 9312: 9310: 9308: 9283: 9277: 9276: 9261:(2nd ed.). 9245: 9239: 9233: 9227: 9226: 9204: 9198: 9197: 9185: 9175: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9156:White, Matthew. 9153: 9147: 9146: 9128: 9119: 9118: 9113:. Archived from 9094: 9088: 9087: 9073: 9061: 9055: 9054: 9053: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9038: 9006: 9000: 8999: 8975: 8969: 8968: 8937: 8931: 8930: 8915: 8909: 8908: 8860: 8854: 8853: 8842: 8836: 8832: 8811: 8782:Twitchett, Denis 8765: 8759: 8749: 8743: 8742: 8722: 8716: 8715: 8695: 8689: 8688: 8677: 8671: 8670: 8657:Ferrand, Gabriel 8653: 8647: 8641: 8635: 8634: 8613: 8607: 8606: 8575: 8569: 8568: 8537:Monumenta Serica 8532: 8526: 8525: 8501: 8495: 8494: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8452: 8446: 8440: 8434: 8428: 8422: 8416: 8410: 8404: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8380: 8371: 8365: 8359: 8353: 8347: 8341: 8335: 8329: 8323: 8317: 8311: 8305: 8299: 8293: 8282: 8276: 8270: 8264: 8258: 8252: 8246: 8240: 8234: 8228: 8222: 8216: 8210: 8204: 8198: 8192: 8186: 8185: 8180:. Archived from 8165: 8159: 8158: 8140: 8127: 8121: 8120: 8096: 8090: 8089: 8069: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8058: 8043: 8037: 8036: 8007: 7998: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7967: 7961: 7960: 7932: 7926: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7863: 7862: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7790:(4/5): 243–300. 7776: 7770: 7769: 7741: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7706: 7700: 7694: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7563: 7553: 7547: 7522: 7516: 7515: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7461:. Archived from 7420: 7411: 7410: 7402: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7367: 7361: 7355: 7349: 7343: 7334: 7328: 7322: 7316: 7310: 7304: 7298: 7292: 7286: 7280: 7256: 7249: 7243: 7226: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7208: 7207: 7202: 7195: 7033: 7021: 7011:Pingjin Campaign 7002: 6939:internment camps 6910:, respectively. 6904:Portuguese Macau 6882:and PRC premier 6845:market socialism 6832:Paramount Leader 6767:collectivisation 6669:Legislative Yuan 6580: 6568: 6554: 6539: 6515:(Mao Tse-tung). 6421:Shandong Problem 6379: 6364: 6234:Wuchang uprising 6052:unequal treaties 6017: 5989:Qianlong Emperor 5966:previous emperor 5911: 5838:conquest dynasty 5818: 5804: 5782: 5757: 5740: 5724: 5718: 5706: 5688: 5676: 5599:later proclaimed 5585:in decline, the 5529:Spanish Americas 5469:Age of Discovery 5454:Guangdong Museum 5451: 5447: 5444: 5431: 5417: 5404: 5354:occupied Vietnam 5310:neo-Confucianism 5264: 5247: 5234:Fenghuang County 5230: 5209: 5195: 5173: 5148: 5131: 5119: 5072:and founded the 5038: 5034: 5013: 4993: 4950:foreign migrants 4945:Mongolian Steppe 4921: 4906: 4829:Chagatai Khanate 4786:Mongol heartland 4770:conquest dynasty 4754:Emperor of China 4718: 4702: 4681: 4665: 4608:Battle of Caishi 4596:incendiary bombs 4513: 4504: 4493: 4484: 4416:(1020–1101) and 4370: 4346: 4331: 4255:tributary system 4227:previous dynasty 4135: 4117: 4094: 3932:Night Revels of 3927: 3915: 3898: 3886: 3849:Uyghur Khaganate 3791:factional strife 3752: 3739:Emperor Xuanzong 3720:Emperor Xuanzong 3703: 3684: 3659:Under the Tang " 3552: 3537:Longmen Grottoes 3532: 3515:Longmen Grottoes 3512: 3506: 3494: 3455:Goguryeo–Sui War 3451:Korean Peninsula 3443:southeast region 3386: 3376: 3370: 3250: 3238: 3165:Sixteen Kingdoms 3159:Sixteen Kingdoms 3103: 3093: 3084: 2845:Nanyue in 111 BC 2841:Minyue in 135 BC 2823:, opened up the 2767: 2758: 2734:, the ambitious 2711:people, now the 2615: 2614: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2523: 2505: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2486: 2357: 2336: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2145:Predynastic Zhou 2107: 2104: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2071: 2068: 2044: 2040: 2037: 1985: 1982: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1830:Majiayao culture 1800:Longshan culture 1796:Yangshao culture 1792:Liangzhu culture 1737: 1721: 1703: 1687: 1593:to contemporary 1517: 1516: 1481: 1473: 1472: 1436: 1421: 1407: 1395: 1343:economic reforms 1316:Chinese Red Army 1308:costly civil war 1289:unequal treaties 1277: 1275: 1227:Eventually, the 1222:Neo-Confucianism 1156:in 221 BC. 1118: 1115: 1011:traditional lens 994:history of China 982: 975: 968: 910:Military history 868:Economic history 856:Related articles 833: 815: 797: 796: 792: 791: 786: 753: 740: 727: 714: 713: 697: 684: 671: 652: 642: 630: 617: 599: 598: 594: 593: 578: 568: 555: 542: 527: 526: 510: 505:Sixteen Kingdoms 488: 478: 462: 461: 457: 456: 446: 412: 399: 389: 379: 369: 357: 344: 331: 330: 309: 301: 299: 295: 292: 282: 272: 260: 258: 254: 251: 236: 234: 230: 227: 213: 211: 207: 204: 189: 187: 183: 180: 130: 128: 124: 121: 65: 55:History of China 42: 41: 21: 14679: 14678: 14674: 14673: 14672: 14670: 14669: 14668: 14654: 14653: 14652: 14647: 14619: 14587: 14578: 14559:Northern Cyprus 14545: 14538: 14280: 14278:History of Asia 14275: 14245: 14240: 14192: 14057: 14028:Public holidays 14001:Sex trafficking 13996:Organized crime 13970: 13838: 13779: 13736: 13735: 13704: 13623: 13547: 13498:De-Sinicization 13456: 13418: 13409: 13356:Law enforcement 13288: 13283: 13274: 13273: 13241: 13188:Endemic species 13151: 13150: 13128: 13122:Mandarin policy 13072:Spanish Formosa 13031: 13018: 13009: 12979: 12974: 12961: 12954: 12947: 12934: 12906: 12824: 12784:Life expectancy 12741: 12645: 12525: 12445:Public holidays 12433:Written Chinese 12418:Intellectualism 12370:Sex trafficking 12318: 12280: 12240: 12069: 11985: 11832: 11823:Nationality law 11806:Law enforcement 11784:Judicial system 11753: 11716: 11690:Nature reserves 11680:Protected areas 11646: 11617:Water resources 11580: 11489: 11427: 11386: 11370:Economic reform 11333:1911 Revolution 11319: 11283:Jin (1115–1234) 11197: 11145: 11105: 11020: 11011: 10981: 10977:from Wikivoyage 10971: 10966: 10964: 10954: 10949: 10947: 10937: 10932: 10930: 10920: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10906:sister projects 10903:at Knowledge's 10897: 10887: 10885: 10875: 10873: 10861: 10853: 10838: 10818:China Knowledge 10813: 10812: 10811: 10796: 10795: 10791: 10784: 10779: 10708: 10689: 10682: 10680:Further reading 10677: 10669: 10633: 10600: 10567: 10485:in East Asia". 10463: 10395: 10273: 10261: 10165:(7737): 82–85. 10149: 10052: 10047: 10046: 10036: 10034: 10031:Radio Free Asia 10022: 10018: 10011: 9990: 9986: 9976: 9974: 9963: 9962: 9953: 9943: 9941: 9930: 9929: 9925: 9915: 9913: 9908: 9907: 9903: 9886: 9882: 9872: 9870: 9850: 9843: 9815: 9811: 9801: 9799: 9780: 9776: 9763: 9762: 9758: 9741: 9740: 9736: 9726: 9724: 9719: 9718: 9714: 9709:. 1 March 2000. 9701: 9700: 9696: 9688: 9670: 9666: 9658: 9640: 9636: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9604: 9600: 9569: 9540: 9533: 9523: 9521: 9518:The Independent 9510: 9506: 9499: 9489:Scarecrow Press 9481: 9477: 9472:Wayback Machine 9462: 9458: 9440: 9439: 9435: 9420: 9416: 9405: 9401: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9373: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9322: 9320: 9315: 9306: 9304: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9273: 9265:. p. 320. 9246: 9242: 9234: 9230: 9205: 9201: 9194: 9176: 9172: 9162: 9160: 9154: 9150: 9143: 9129: 9122: 9111: 9095: 9091: 9077: 9071: 9068: 9062: 9058: 9048: 9041: 9039: 9007: 9003: 8976: 8972: 8938: 8934: 8916: 8912: 8861: 8857: 8852:. 1 (1): 33–53. 8843: 8839: 8835: 8829: 8808: 8766: 8762: 8750: 8746: 8739: 8723: 8719: 8712: 8696: 8692: 8679: 8678: 8674: 8654: 8650: 8642: 8638: 8631: 8614: 8610: 8595: 8585: 8576: 8572: 8533: 8529: 8522: 8502: 8498: 8491: 8477: 8473: 8465: 8461: 8453: 8449: 8441: 8437: 8429: 8425: 8417: 8413: 8405: 8401: 8393: 8389: 8381: 8374: 8366: 8362: 8354: 8350: 8342: 8338: 8330: 8326: 8318: 8314: 8306: 8302: 8294: 8285: 8277: 8273: 8265: 8261: 8253: 8249: 8241: 8237: 8229: 8225: 8217: 8213: 8205: 8201: 8193: 8189: 8166: 8162: 8128: 8124: 8097: 8093: 8086: 8070: 8066: 8056: 8054: 8048:"Ancient China" 8044: 8040: 8033: 8008: 8001: 7993: 7989: 7982: 7968: 7964: 7933: 7929: 7921: 7917: 7909: 7902: 7894: 7890: 7882: 7878: 7870: 7866: 7859: 7845: 7844: 7840: 7833: 7820: 7815: 7811: 7777: 7773: 7766: 7734: 7730: 7723: 7707: 7703: 7695: 7691: 7681: 7679: 7667: 7663: 7655: 7651: 7644: 7622:Shelach, Gideon 7619: 7615: 7608: 7594:Higham, Charles 7591: 7587: 7580: 7554: 7550: 7529:Chinese Writing 7523: 7519: 7504: 7500: 7490: 7488: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7421: 7414: 7403: 7394: 7384: 7382: 7369: 7368: 7364: 7356: 7352: 7346:Liu et al. 2015 7344: 7337: 7329: 7325: 7317: 7313: 7305: 7301: 7295:Zhu et al. 2008 7293: 7289: 7281: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7259: 7250: 7246: 7227: 7223: 7196: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7044: 7037: 7034: 7025: 7022: 7013: 7003: 6991:global pandemic 6759:five-year plans 6729: 6723: 6715:Main articles: 6713: 6641:Odd Arne Westad 6592: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6581: 6573: 6572: 6569: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6555: 6547: 6546: 6540: 6531: 6530: 6524: 6477:Chiang Kai-shek 6390: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6380: 6372: 6371: 6365: 6347:Empire of China 6297: 6283: 6269:1911 Revolution 6267:Main articles: 6265: 6258: 6250: 6240:(today part of 6143:Guangxu Emperor 6129:'s modernized " 6101:A scene of the 6057:Internally the 6036:First Opium War 5921:queue hairstyle 5909: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5819: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5783: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5758: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5741: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5719: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5691:Pilgrim flask, 5689: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5668: 5667: 5661: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5575:tributary state 5556:Jiajing Emperor 5491:Jiajing Emperor 5461: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5432: 5424: 5423: 5405: 5390:Ming Great Wall 5321:Chinese dynasty 5275: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5265: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5248: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5231: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5210: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5196: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5174: 5166: 5165: 5152:Porcelain Tower 5149: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5135:Da Ming Baochao 5132: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5111: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5036: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5014: 5006: 5005: 4994: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4926:Emperor Wenzong 4922: 4914: 4913: 4907: 4782:ethnic minority 4762:Chinese dynasty 4726: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4711: 4710: 4703: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4682: 4674: 4673: 4670:Miaoying Temple 4666: 4657: 4656: 4650: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4620:Battle of Yamen 4552: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4506: 4505: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4486: 4485: 4383:South-east Asia 4368: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4347: 4339: 4338: 4332: 4310:Mongol conquest 4251:Chanyuan Treaty 4194:, and parts of 4180:nomadic empires 4167:(then known as 4157: 4156: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4140:written formula 4138:Earliest known 4136: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4118: 4110: 4109: 4095: 4086: 4085: 4079: 4069: 4063: 4047:Main articles: 4045: 4040: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3928: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3899: 3891: 3890: 3887: 3878: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3837:era of division 3750: 3735:empress regnant 3727: 3726: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3704: 3696: 3695: 3685: 3671:standing armies 3564: 3563: 3562: 3561: 3560: 3553: 3545: 3544: 3533: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3513:675 AD) of the 3507: 3499: 3498: 3495: 3486: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3441:to the wealthy 3394: 3393: 3392: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3379: 3378: 3371: 3362: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3344: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3251: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3230: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3161: 3155: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3104: 3096: 3095: 3085: 3076: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 2996: 2990: 2985: 2903:Emperor Guangwu 2900: 2875: 2869: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2794: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2760: 2759: 2679: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2650:Terracotta Army 2616:) theories for 2469:Terracotta Army 2461: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2435: 2428: 2355: 2334: 2322: 2314: 2303: 2297: 2208: 2202: 2147: 2137: 2129:Main articles: 2127: 2105: 2084: 2080: 2069: 2042: 2038: 2016: 2002: 1996: 1983: 1960: 1956: 1943:Erlitou culture 1935: 1929: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1877:Tibetan Plateau 1826: 1820: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1730: 1729: 1722: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1704: 1696: 1695: 1688: 1679: 1678: 1672: 1658: 1652: 1526:cave alongside 1494:, the elephant 1444: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1429: 1428: 1422: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1387: 1386: 1380: 1374: 1368: 1363: 1320:Empire of Japan 1312:Chiang Kai-shek 1287:and subsequent 1272: 1116: 1108:is that of the 1078:written Chinese 1062:Erlitou culture 1039:Sayan Mountains 986: 957: 956: 952:Women's history 858: 857: 848: 847: 846: 841: 836: 831: 829: 818: 813: 809: 789: 784: 775: 774: 763: 762: 761: 756: 751: 743: 738: 730: 725: 711: 710: 705: 700: 695: 687: 682: 674: 669: 661: 655: 650: 640: 628: 620: 615: 611: 591: 590: 585: 576: 566: 558: 553: 545: 540: 536: 524: 523: 518: 513: 508: 500: 497: 491: 486: 476: 454: 449: 444: 436: 410: 402: 397: 387: 378:(202 BC – 9 AD) 377: 367: 355: 347: 342: 327: 326: 315: 314: 307: 297: 293: 288: 280: 270: 256: 252: 247: 239: 232: 228: 223: 209: 205: 200: 192: 185: 181: 176: 167: 166: 155: 154: 126: 122: 117: 109: 98: 97: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14677: 14667: 14666: 14649: 14648: 14646: 14645: 14635: 14624: 14621: 14620: 14618: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14591: 14589: 14580: 14579: 14577: 14576: 14571: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14550: 14548: 14540: 14539: 14537: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14290: 14288: 14282: 14281: 14274: 14273: 14266: 14259: 14251: 14242: 14241: 14239: 14238: 14226: 14214: 14201: 14198: 14197: 14194: 14193: 14191: 14190: 14185: 14184: 14183: 14173: 14171:Taiwanese wave 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14111:Glove puppetry 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14067: 14065: 14059: 14058: 14056: 14055: 14050: 14045: 14043:Taiwan studies 14040: 14035: 14030: 14025: 14020: 14015: 14010: 14005: 14004: 14003: 13998: 13988: 13982: 13980: 13976: 13975: 13972: 13971: 13969: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13957: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13931: 13930: 13929: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13848: 13846: 13840: 13839: 13837: 13836: 13835: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13814: 13813: 13812: 13802: 13796: 13794: 13785: 13781: 13780: 13778: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13757: 13752: 13746: 13744: 13738: 13737: 13734: 13733: 13728: 13725: 13722: 13718: 13710: 13709: 13706: 13705: 13703: 13702: 13697: 13692: 13690:Transportation 13687: 13682: 13677: 13672: 13667: 13665:Taiwan Miracle 13662: 13660:Stock exchange 13657: 13652: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13619: 13614: 13613: 13612: 13607: 13597: 13596: 13595: 13590: 13580: 13575: 13574: 13573: 13568: 13557: 13555: 13549: 13548: 13546: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13488:Chinese Taipei 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13464: 13462: 13458: 13457: 13455: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13443: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13421: 13419: 13414: 13411: 13410: 13408: 13407: 13402: 13397: 13396: 13395: 13393:Vice President 13390: 13385: 13375: 13370: 13369: 13368: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13342: 13341: 13331: 13326: 13325: 13324: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13303: 13302: 13291: 13289: 13279: 13276: 13275: 13272: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13255: 13247: 13246: 13243: 13242: 13240: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13217:National parks 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13159: 13157: 13153: 13152: 13149: 13148: 13142: 13134: 13133: 13130: 13129: 13127: 13126: 13125: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13053: 13052: 13042: 13036: 13033: 13032: 13020: 13019: 13008: 13007: 13000: 12993: 12985: 12976: 12975: 12973: 12972: 12967: 12960: 12959: 12952: 12944: 12943: 12940: 12939: 12936: 12935: 12933: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12916: 12914: 12908: 12907: 12905: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12878: 12877: 12872: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12851: 12850: 12845: 12834: 12832: 12826: 12825: 12823: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12811: 12810: 12803: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12755: 12753: 12747: 12746: 12743: 12742: 12740: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12667:Four Gentlemen 12664: 12659: 12653: 12651: 12650:Fours of China 12644: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12587: 12586: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12535: 12533: 12527: 12526: 12524: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12507: 12506: 12496: 12495: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12469: 12464: 12463: 12462: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12436: 12435: 12430: 12420: 12415: 12414: 12413: 12408: 12407: 12406: 12391: 12386: 12385: 12384: 12374: 12373: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12336: 12330: 12324: 12323: 12320: 12319: 12317: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12299:Civil aviation 12296: 12290: 12288: 12282: 12281: 12279: 12278: 12273: 12272: 12271: 12261: 12260: 12259: 12248: 12246: 12245:Infrastructure 12242: 12241: 12239: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12212: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12199:Semiconductors 12196: 12191: 12181: 12179:Historical GDP 12176: 12171: 12166: 12165: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12144: 12143: 12142: 12132: 12131: 12130: 12125: 12115: 12110: 12109: 12108: 12098: 12093: 12087: 12081: 12075: 12074: 12071: 12070: 12068: 12067: 12066: 12065: 12055: 12054: 12053: 12043: 12042: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11995: 11993: 11987: 11986: 11984: 11983: 11978: 11977: 11976: 11971: 11961: 11960: 11959: 11957:Vice President 11949: 11948: 11947: 11937: 11936: 11935: 11934: 11933: 11923: 11922: 11921: 11916: 11901: 11896: 11895: 11894: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11868: 11867: 11857: 11852: 11846: 11844: 11838: 11837: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11814: 11813: 11803: 11802: 11801: 11796: 11786: 11780: 11778: 11765: 11759: 11758: 11755: 11754: 11752: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11730: 11728: 11722: 11721: 11718: 11717: 11715: 11714: 11713: 11712: 11707: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11685:National parks 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11665:Climate policy 11662: 11660:Climate change 11656: 11654: 11648: 11647: 11645: 11644: 11643: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11588: 11586: 11582: 11581: 11579: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11566:Central Plains 11555: 11550: 11549: 11548: 11543: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11497: 11495: 11491: 11490: 11488: 11487: 11486: 11485: 11480: 11470: 11469: 11468: 11463: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11437: 11435: 11426: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11413:Extreme points 11410: 11404: 11398: 11392: 11391: 11388: 11387: 11385: 11384: 11383: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11352: 11351: 11350: 11345: 11335: 11329: 11327: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11317: 11316: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11239: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11221:Three Kingdoms 11218: 11213: 11207: 11205: 11199: 11198: 11196: 11195: 11194: 11193: 11191:Warring States 11188: 11183: 11173: 11172: 11171: 11161: 11155: 11153: 11147: 11146: 11144: 11143: 11142: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11121: 11115: 11113: 11107: 11106: 11104: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11082: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11051:Historiography 11048: 11043: 11037: 11035: 11028: 11022: 11021: 11010: 11009: 11002: 10995: 10987: 10980: 10979: 10962: 10945: 10943:from Wikibooks 10928: 10899: 10896: 10895: 10883: 10871: 10851: 10850: 10841: 10826: 10810: 10809: 10804: 10798: 10797: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10782:External links 10780: 10778: 10777: 10776:(2001) 257 pp. 10770: 10761: 10754: 10745: 10738: 10729: 10722: 10712: 10706: 10690: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10675: 10674: 10673: 10667: 10649:Loewe, Michael 10637: 10631: 10613:Loewe, Michael 10604: 10598: 10576:Loewe, Michael 10571: 10565: 10543:Loewe, Michael 10539:Bagley, Robert 10513: 10478: 10477: 10476: 10461: 10438: 10399: 10393: 10371: 10320: 10265: 10259: 10239: 10219:10.1086/203705 10199: 10153: 10148:978-0521196208 10147: 10123: 10107: 10071:(2403): 2403. 10053: 10051: 10048: 10045: 10044: 10016: 10009: 9984: 9951: 9937:Foreign Policy 9923: 9901: 9880: 9841: 9809: 9774: 9756: 9747:Migration News 9734: 9712: 9707:People's Daily 9694: 9686: 9664: 9656: 9634: 9620: 9598: 9567: 9531: 9504: 9497: 9475: 9456: 9433: 9414: 9399: 9396:. p. 291. 9381: 9378: 9377: 9371: 9350: 9340: 9333: 9330: 9329: 9313: 9285: 9278: 9272:978-0674018280 9271: 9253:Goldman, Merle 9240: 9238:, p. 271. 9228: 9217:(1): 143–160. 9199: 9192: 9170: 9148: 9141: 9120: 9109: 9089: 9076:中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊 9056: 9001: 8984:Orientierungen 8970: 8932: 8910: 8855: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8827: 8812: 8806: 8778: 8771:Zizhi Tongjian 8767: 8760: 8752:Zizhi Tongjian 8744: 8737: 8731:. Bloomsbury. 8717: 8710: 8690: 8681:"Kaifung Jews" 8672: 8659:, ed. (1922). 8648: 8646:, p. 127. 8636: 8629: 8608: 8593: 8570: 8527: 8520: 8496: 8489: 8471: 8459: 8447: 8435: 8423: 8411: 8399: 8397:, p. 129. 8387: 8372: 8360: 8358:, p. 102. 8348: 8336: 8324: 8312: 8300: 8283: 8271: 8259: 8247: 8235: 8223: 8221:, p. 287. 8219:Wilkinson 2018 8211: 8199: 8187: 8160: 8122: 8099:Chen Minzhen; 8091: 8085:978-3642232664 8084: 8064: 8038: 8031: 7999: 7997:, p. 158. 7987: 7980: 7962: 7927: 7925:, p. 233. 7923:Keightley 1999 7915: 7913:, p. 232. 7911:Keightley 1999 7900: 7898:, p. 436. 7888: 7886:, p. 756. 7884:Wilkinson 2018 7876: 7864: 7857: 7838: 7831: 7819:最早的中国：二里头文明的崛起 7809: 7771: 7764: 7728: 7721: 7701: 7689: 7661: 7659:, p. 135. 7649: 7642: 7613: 7606: 7585: 7578: 7548: 7517: 7498: 7468: 7437:(5393): 1446. 7412: 7392: 7381:. October 2004 7362: 7358:Hu et al. 2018 7350: 7348:, p. 696. 7335: 7323: 7319:Ao et al. 2013 7311: 7299: 7287: 7285:, p. 737. 7283:Wilkinson 2018 7267: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7244: 7221: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7016: 7014: 7004: 6997: 6951:administration 6784:Following the 6748:mainland China 6712: 6709: 6609:war atrocities 6582: 6575: 6574: 6570: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6549: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6489:military force 6449: 6448: 6381: 6374: 6373: 6366: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6329:was formed in 6264: 6261: 6256: 6249: 6246: 6203:Boxer Protocol 6162:Boxer Uprising 6084:Nian Rebellion 6032:British Empire 5987:By the end of 5945:Kangxi Emperor 5894:Little Ice Age 5820: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5784: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5759: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5742: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5720: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5690: 5683: 5682: 5678: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5633:Main article: 5630: 5627: 5571:Joseon dynasty 5533:Penghu islands 5433: 5426: 5425: 5406: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5366:Forbidden City 5295:Yongle Emperor 5283:Hongwu Emperor 5266: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5249: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5232: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5211: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5175: 5168: 5167: 5150: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5133: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5088:Main article: 5085: 5082: 5062:at Lake Poyang 5015: 5008: 5007: 4995: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4964:literary songs 4923: 4916: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4893:hyperinflation 4883:paper currency 4778:its population 4720: 4713: 4712: 4704: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4683: 4676: 4675: 4667: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4630:Main article: 4627: 4624: 4604:East China Sea 4542:Leifeng Pagoda 4518: 4517: 4508: 4507: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4488: 4487: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4450:Zizhi Tongjian 4399:paper currency 4379:maritime trade 4351:Tianing Temple 4349:The Pagoda of 4348: 4341: 4340: 4337:, Song dynasty 4333: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4196:Northern China 4149:Wujing Zongyao 4137: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4119: 4112: 4111: 4096: 4089: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4080: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4020:many centuries 3929: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3900: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3867:Main article: 3864: 3861: 3793:and corrupted 3749:with at least 3706:A Tang period 3705: 3698: 3697: 3686: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3675: 3554: 3547: 3546: 3534: 3527: 3526: 3525: 3508: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3480: 3469:Main article: 3466: 3463: 3388: 3381: 3380: 3372: 3365: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3357: 3356: 3351:Main article: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3252: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3219:Main article: 3216: 3213: 3157:Main article: 3154: 3151: 3123:Three Kingdoms 3105: 3098: 3097: 3086: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3070: 3059:Main article: 3056: 3053: 2994:Three Kingdoms 2992:Main article: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2927:Xiongnu Empire 2899: 2896: 2892:Weiyang Palace 2871:Main article: 2868: 2865: 2849:Dian in 109 BC 2813:Xiongnu Empire 2772: 2771: 2762: 2761: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2750: 2749: 2678: 2675: 2664:Main article: 2661: 2658: 2552:), made up of 2457:Main article: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2439:Chinese Empire 2427: 2426:Imperial China 2424: 2327:Warring States 2299:Main article: 2296: 2293: 2204:Main article: 2201: 2198: 2160:Battle of Muye 2141:Iron Age China 2126: 2123: 2076:, dating from 2026:, the largest 1998:Main article: 1995: 1992: 1961: 1600 BC 1931:Main article: 1928: 1925: 1888: 1885: 1819: 1816: 1770:cliff carvings 1739: 1732: 1731: 1728:(5500–3300 BC) 1726:Hemudu culture 1723: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1710:(7000–5000 BC) 1705: 1698: 1697: 1689: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1651: 1648: 1635:. Evidence of 1624:Crocuta ultima 1568:Xiaochangliang 1438: 1431: 1430: 1423: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1370:Main article: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1015:dynastic cycle 988: 987: 985: 984: 977: 970: 962: 959: 958: 955: 954: 949: 944: 943: 942: 937: 932: 927: 917: 912: 907: 906: 905: 895: 890: 885: 883:Jewish history 880: 875: 870: 865: 859: 855: 854: 853: 850: 849: 843: 842: 838: 837: 835: 834: 821: 819: 817: 816: 814:(1949–present) 803: 801: 795: 788: 787: 776: 770: 769: 768: 765: 764: 758: 757: 755: 754: 742: 741: 729: 728: 717: 707: 706: 702: 701: 699: 698: 688: 685: 675: 672: 662: 658: 656: 654: 653: 643: 632: 631: 619: 618: 605: 603: 597: 587: 586: 584: 583: 582: 581: 580: 579: 557: 556: 544: 543: 530: 520: 519: 515: 514: 512: 511: 501: 498: 494: 492: 490: 489: 479: 468: 466: 460: 451: 450: 448: 447: 435: 434: 414: 413: 407:Three Kingdoms 401: 400: 390: 380: 370: 359: 358: 346: 345: 334: 328: 322: 321: 320: 317: 316: 313: 312: 311: 310: 305:Warring States 302: 273: 262: 261: 238: 237: 215: 214: 210: 1046 BC 191: 190: 186: 1600 BC 168: 162: 161: 160: 157: 156: 153: 152: 132: 131: 127: 2000 BC 108: 107: 99: 93: 92: 91: 88: 87: 86: 85: 83:Historiography 80: 75: 67: 66: 58: 57: 51: 50: 18:Medieval China 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14676: 14665: 14662: 14661: 14659: 14644: 14640: 14636: 14634: 14626: 14625: 14622: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14592: 14590: 14585: 14581: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14569:South Ossetia 14567: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14551: 14549: 14547: 14541: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14291: 14289: 14287: 14283: 14279: 14272: 14267: 14265: 14260: 14258: 14253: 14252: 14249: 14237: 14236: 14227: 14225: 14224: 14219: 14215: 14213: 14212: 14203: 14202: 14199: 14189: 14186: 14182: 14179: 14178: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14136:Night markets 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14091: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14068: 14066: 14064: 14060: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13993: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13983: 13981: 13977: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13961:Sign Language 13959: 13955: 13954:Matsu dialect 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13936: 13935: 13932: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13854: 13853: 13850: 13849: 13847: 13845: 13841: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13819: 13818: 13815: 13811: 13810:Ethnic groups 13808: 13807: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13797: 13795: 13793: 13789: 13786: 13782: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13765: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13747: 13745: 13743: 13739: 13732: 13729: 13726: 13723: 13720: 13719: 13715: 13711: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13691: 13688: 13686: 13683: 13681: 13678: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13602: 13601: 13598: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13588:List of banks 13586: 13585: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13563: 13562: 13559: 13558: 13556: 13554: 13550: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13465: 13463: 13459: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13427: 13426: 13423: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13412: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13380: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13367: 13364: 13363: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13340: 13337: 13336: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13323: 13320: 13319: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13312:Civil defense 13310: 13308: 13305: 13301: 13298: 13297: 13296: 13293: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13256: 13252: 13248: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13178:Deforestation 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13160: 13158: 13154: 13147: 13144: 13143: 13139: 13135: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13107:Guanbi policy 13105: 13103: 13100: 13099: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13067:Dutch Formosa 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13051: 13048: 13047: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13037: 13034: 13030: 13025: 13021: 13017: 13013: 13006: 13001: 12999: 12994: 12992: 12987: 12986: 12983: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12962: 12957: 12953: 12950: 12946: 12945: 12941: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12917: 12915: 12913: 12909: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12876: 12875:Protestantism 12873: 12871: 12868: 12867: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12860:Folk religion 12858: 12856: 12853: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12840: 12839: 12836: 12835: 12833: 12831: 12827: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12808: 12804: 12801: 12797: 12796: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12764:Ethnic groups 12762: 12760: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12752: 12748: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12677:Four Beauties 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12654: 12652: 12648: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12585: 12582: 12581: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12536: 12534: 12532: 12528: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12516:Urban society 12514: 12512: 12509: 12505: 12502: 12501: 12500: 12497: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12474: 12473: 12472:Social issues 12470: 12468: 12465: 12461: 12458: 12457: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12450:Rural society 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12425: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12412: 12409: 12405: 12402: 12401: 12400: 12397: 12396: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12383: 12380: 12379: 12378: 12375: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12357: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12350:Chinese Dream 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12337: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12325: 12315: 12314:Space program 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12291: 12289: 12287: 12283: 12277: 12274: 12270: 12267: 12266: 12265: 12262: 12258: 12255: 12254: 12253: 12250: 12249: 12247: 12243: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12186: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12149: 12148: 12145: 12141: 12138: 12137: 12136: 12133: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12120: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12107: 12104: 12103: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12088: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12076: 12064: 12061: 12060: 12059: 12056: 12052: 12049: 12048: 12047: 12044: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12016: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11996: 11994: 11992: 11988: 11982: 11979: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11966: 11965: 11964:State Council 11962: 11958: 11955: 11954: 11953: 11950: 11946: 11943: 11942: 11941: 11938: 11932: 11929: 11928: 11927: 11924: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11911: 11910: 11907: 11906: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11893: 11890: 11889: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11866: 11863: 11862: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11850:Civil service 11848: 11847: 11845: 11843: 11839: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11812: 11809: 11808: 11807: 11804: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11791: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11781: 11779: 11777: 11773: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11760: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11731: 11729: 11727: 11723: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11702: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11657: 11655: 11653: 11649: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11622: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11589: 11587: 11583: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11563: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11538: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11498: 11496: 11492: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11475: 11474: 11471: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11458: 11457: 11456:South Central 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11438: 11436: 11434: 11430: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11405: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11393: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11357: 11356: 11353: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11340: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11330: 11328: 11326: 11322: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11300: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11243:Jin (266–420) 11241: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11223: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11208: 11206: 11204: 11200: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11178: 11177: 11174: 11170: 11167: 11166: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11156: 11154: 11152: 11148: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11126: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11116: 11114: 11112: 11108: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11086:Ethnic groups 11084: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11066: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11038: 11036: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11023: 11019: 11015: 11008: 11003: 11001: 10996: 10994: 10989: 10988: 10985: 10976: 10975: 10974:Travel guides 10963: 10959: 10958: 10946: 10942: 10941: 10929: 10925: 10924: 10912: 10911: 10908: 10902: 10894: 10884: 10882: 10872: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10859: 10856: 10849: 10845: 10842: 10837: 10833: 10832: 10827: 10824: 10820: 10819: 10815: 10814: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10775: 10771: 10768: 10767: 10762: 10759: 10755: 10752: 10751: 10746: 10743: 10739: 10736: 10735: 10730: 10727: 10723: 10720: 10716: 10713: 10709: 10703: 10699: 10698: 10692: 10691: 10687: 10670: 10664: 10660: 10657:. Cambridge: 10656: 10655: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10641:Yu, Ying-shih 10638: 10634: 10628: 10624: 10621:. Cambridge: 10620: 10619: 10614: 10610: 10605: 10601: 10595: 10591: 10588:. Cambridge: 10587: 10586: 10581: 10577: 10572: 10568: 10562: 10558: 10555:. Cambridge: 10554: 10553: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10536: 10535: 10532: 10529:. Cambridge: 10528: 10527: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10473: 10468: 10467: 10464: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10415: 10411: 10407: 10406: 10400: 10396: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10381: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10332: 10328: 10321: 10317: 10313: 10309: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10281: 10280: 10272: 10266: 10262: 10256: 10251: 10250: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10207: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10184: 10180: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10154: 10150: 10144: 10140: 10137:. Cambridge: 10135: 10134: 10128: 10124: 10121:(3): 420–436. 10120: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10074: 10070: 10066: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10054: 10033: 10032: 10027: 10020: 10012: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9988: 9972: 9971: 9966: 9960: 9958: 9956: 9939: 9938: 9933: 9927: 9911: 9905: 9897: 9896: 9891: 9884: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9860: 9855: 9848: 9846: 9837: 9836: 9831: 9824: 9820: 9813: 9797: 9793: 9791: 9787: 9778: 9770: 9766: 9760: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9738: 9722: 9716: 9708: 9704: 9698: 9689: 9683: 9679: 9675: 9668: 9659: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9638: 9623: 9617: 9612: 9611: 9602: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9549:. New Haven: 9548: 9544: 9538: 9536: 9519: 9515: 9508: 9500: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9479: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9460: 9453: 9449: 9443: 9437: 9430:. p. 88. 9429: 9425: 9418: 9410: 9403: 9395: 9391: 9385: 9374: 9368: 9364: 9359: 9358: 9351: 9347: 9342: 9341: 9337: 9318: 9314: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9286: 9282: 9274: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9259: 9254: 9250: 9244: 9237: 9232: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9211: 9203: 9195: 9193:1-74059-687-0 9189: 9184: 9183: 9174: 9159: 9152: 9144: 9142:9780674749511 9138: 9134: 9127: 9125: 9116: 9112: 9110:0-19-511504-X 9106: 9102: 9101: 9093: 9086:(2): 331–388. 9085: 9081: 9069: 9060: 9052: 9037: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9005: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8974: 8967: 8965: 8961: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8936: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8914: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8859: 8851: 8847: 8841: 8830: 8828:9781603844475 8824: 8820: 8819: 8813: 8809: 8807:9789004482944 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8776: 8772: 8769: 8768: 8764: 8757: 8753: 8748: 8740: 8738:9781838608682 8734: 8730: 8729: 8721: 8713: 8711:9781663242587 8707: 8704:. iUniverse. 8703: 8702: 8694: 8686: 8682: 8676: 8668: 8664: 8663: 8658: 8652: 8645: 8640: 8632: 8630:9780674064010 8626: 8622: 8618: 8612: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8574: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8531: 8523: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8508: 8500: 8492: 8486: 8482: 8475: 8468: 8463: 8456: 8451: 8444: 8439: 8433:, p. 84. 8432: 8427: 8420: 8415: 8408: 8403: 8396: 8391: 8385:, p. 61. 8384: 8379: 8377: 8370:, p. 63. 8369: 8364: 8357: 8352: 8346:, p. 17. 8345: 8340: 8333: 8328: 8321: 8316: 8310:, p. 61. 8309: 8304: 8297: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8280: 8275: 8269:, p. 55. 8268: 8263: 8256: 8251: 8245:, p. 15. 8244: 8239: 8233:, p. 60. 8232: 8227: 8220: 8215: 8209:, p. 53. 8208: 8203: 8197:, p. 20. 8196: 8191: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8164: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8139: 8138: 8132: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8095: 8087: 8081: 8077: 8076: 8068: 8053: 8049: 8042: 8034: 8032:9780511489655 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8006: 8004: 7996: 7991: 7983: 7977: 7973: 7966: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7919: 7912: 7907: 7905: 7897: 7892: 7885: 7880: 7873: 7868: 7860: 7854: 7850: 7849: 7842: 7834: 7828: 7824: 7813: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7775: 7767: 7765:9789004299337 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7740: 7732: 7724: 7718: 7714: 7713: 7705: 7699: 7693: 7678: 7677: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7653: 7645: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7617: 7609: 7607:0-8160-4640-9 7603: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7581: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7562: 7561: 7552: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7521: 7513: 7509: 7502: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7472: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7431: 7426: 7419: 7417: 7408: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7366: 7360:, p. 82. 7359: 7354: 7347: 7342: 7340: 7332: 7327: 7320: 7315: 7309:, p. 92. 7308: 7303: 7296: 7291: 7284: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7268: 7254: 7248: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7232: 7225: 7212: 7211:Qin Shi Huang 7201: 7194: 7190: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7032: 7027: 7020: 7015: 7012: 7008: 7001: 6996: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6975: 6973: 6969: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6865: 6861: 6856: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6828: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6817:Deng Xiaoping 6814: 6809: 6807: 6803: 6802:Richard Nixon 6799: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6782: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6751: 6749: 6745: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6722: 6718: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6690:2008 election 6687: 6686:Peng Ming-min 6683: 6679: 6674: 6670: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6654: 6651: 6645: 6642: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6621:Sankō Sakusen 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6597: 6586: 6579: 6567: 6553: 6544: 6538: 6528: 6523: 6516: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6461: 6453: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6434: 6430: 6427:In 1919, the 6422: 6418: 6414: 6409: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6384: 6378: 6369: 6363: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6254: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6145:, advised by 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6131:Beiyang Fleet 6128: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6104: 6099: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6088:Dungan Revolt 6085: 6081: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6024: 6013: 6010:A map of the 6008: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5915: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5876:. During the 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5858:Eight Banners 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5824: 5817: 5803: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5770: 5766: 5765:Potala Palace 5762: 5756: 5745: 5744:Summer Palace 5739: 5717: 5705: 5694: 5687: 5675: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5651:High Qing era 5648: 5642: 5636: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5455: 5440: 5439:Bian Jingzhao 5436: 5430: 5421: 5413: 5409: 5403: 5394: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5269: 5263: 5252: 5246: 5235: 5229: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5194: 5179: 5172: 5163: 5162:Johan Nieuhof 5159: 5158: 5153: 5147: 5136: 5130: 5118: 5103: 5102:Southern Ming 5097: 5091: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5066:Zhu Yuanzhang 5063: 5060: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5042:Timothy Brook 5023: 5019: 5012: 5003: 4999: 4998:Ayuwang Stupa 4992: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4927: 4920: 4911: 4905: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4875:travel record 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4855:postal system 4852: 4848: 4847: 4846:Pax Mongolica 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4730: 4717: 4708: 4701: 4690: 4686: 4680: 4671: 4664: 4649: 4648:Northern Yuan 4645: 4644:Mongol Empire 4639: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4594:could launch 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4572:siege engines 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4533: 4532:Chinese boats 4529: 4528: 4523: 4512: 4503: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4441:Neo-Confucian 4438: 4434: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4366: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4336: 4335:Liaodi Pagoda 4330: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4288:, ending the 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4161:Emperor Taizu 4151: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4123: 4116: 4107: 4103: 4102:Southern Song 4099: 4093: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4028:Zhao Kuangyin 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3926: 3914: 3903: 3902:Yunyan Pagoda 3897: 3885: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3853:Zhangxin Khan 3850: 3846: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3784:salt monopoly 3781: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3693: 3689: 3688:Central Asian 3683: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3635:Buddhist monk 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3595:Emperor Gaozu 3591: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3558: 3551: 3542: 3538: 3531: 3520: 3516: 3505: 3493: 3478: 3472: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3418:fubing system 3415: 3411: 3407: 3406:Southern Chen 3403: 3402:Northern Zhou 3399: 3385: 3369: 3354: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3326: 3325:Northern Zhou 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3237: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3133:and captured 3132: 3128: 3124: 3121:, ending the 3120: 3116: 3102: 3089: 3083: 3068: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 3000:consort clans 2995: 2983:Six Dynasties 2980: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2857:consort clans 2852: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2801: 2800:bronze mirror 2797: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2766: 2757: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2683: 2673: 2667: 2657: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2619: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2566: 2555: 2550: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2521: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2504: 2503: 2497: 2478: 2474: 2473:Qin Shi Huang 2470: 2465: 2460: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2423: 2421: 2420:Qin Shi Huang 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2394:The state of 2392: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2328: 2307: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2207: 2197: 2195: 2194:Yangtze River 2191: 2187: 2183: 2180:(near modern 2179: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2120: 2115: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2075: 2064: 2060: 2057:(near modern 2056: 2052: 2048: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2001: 2000:Shang dynasty 1991: 1989: 1978: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1966:Bamboo Annals 1951: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1894: 1887:Ancient China 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1861:meteoric iron 1858: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1775:proto-writing 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1749:Neolithic Age 1736: 1727: 1720: 1709: 1702: 1693: 1686: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1657: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1554:and southern 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1488:chalicotheres 1485: 1477: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1448:archaic human 1435: 1427: 1420: 1406: 1394: 1379: 1373: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1347:Deng Xiaoping 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1229:Mongol Empire 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1154:Qin Shi Huang 1151: 1146: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 995: 983: 978: 976: 971: 969: 964: 963: 961: 960: 953: 950: 948: 945: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 922: 921: 918: 916: 915:Naval history 913: 911: 908: 904: 901: 900: 899: 898:Music history 896: 894: 893:Media history 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 878:Legal history 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 860: 852: 851: 832:1949–present) 828: 827: 823: 822: 820: 812: 811: 805: 804: 802: 799: 798: 793: 783: 782: 778: 777: 773: 767: 766: 750: 749: 745: 744: 737: 736: 732: 731: 724: 723: 719: 718: 715: 694: 693: 689: 686: 681: 680: 676: 673: 668: 667: 663: 660: 659: 657: 649: 648: 647:Southern Song 644: 639: 638: 637:Northern Song 634: 633: 627: 626: 622: 621: 614: 613: 607: 606: 604: 601: 600: 595: 575: 572: 571: 570: 569: 565: 564: 560: 559: 552: 551: 547: 546: 539: 538: 532: 531: 528: 507: 506: 502: 499: 496: 495: 493: 485: 484: 480: 475: 474: 470: 469: 467: 464: 463: 458: 443: 442: 438: 437: 433: 432: 427: 426: 421: 420: 416: 415: 409: 408: 404: 403: 396: 395: 391: 386: 385: 381: 376: 375: 371: 366: 365: 361: 360: 354: 353: 349: 348: 341: 340: 336: 335: 332: 325: 319: 318: 306: 303: 298: 476 BC 287: 284: 283: 279: 278: 274: 271:(1046–771 BC) 269: 268: 264: 263: 257: 256 BC 246: 245: 241: 240: 222: 221: 217: 216: 199: 198: 194: 193: 175: 174: 170: 169: 165: 159: 158: 151: 150: 145: 144: 139: 138: 134: 133: 116: 115: 111: 110: 106: 105: 101: 100: 96: 90: 89: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 71: 70: 69: 68: 64: 60: 59: 56: 53: 52: 48: 44: 43: 40: 36: 32: 27: 19: 14584:Dependencies 14514:Turkmenistan 14479:Saudi Arabia 14333: 14233: 14221: 14209: 14038:Superlatives 14023:Prostitution 13986:Architecture 13792:Demographics 13593:Central bank 13571:Floriculture 13468:Conscription 13346:Intelligence 13334:Human rights 13317:Constitution 13232:Superlatives 13227:Scenic areas 13112:White Terror 12865:Christianity 12855:Confucianism 12815:Urbanization 12751:Demographics 12727:Gang of Four 12692:Four Symbols 12591:Martial arts 12365:Prostitution 12252:Architecture 12106:Central bank 11974:Vice Premier 11926:United front 11855:Constitution 11811:Penal system 11789:Human rights 11726:Subdivisions 11564: / 11560: / 11483:Southwestern 11478:Northwestern 11181:Western Zhou 11129:Yellow River 11079:1949–present 11040: 11025: 10972: 10955: 10938: 10926:from Commons 10921: 10900: 10848:Yu Ying-shih 10829: 10816: 10792: 10773: 10765: 10757: 10749: 10741: 10733: 10725: 10718: 10696: 10653: 10617: 10584: 10551: 10524: 10492: 10486: 10482: 10447: 10412:(6): 92–93. 10409: 10403: 10378: 10340: 10336: 10330: 10326: 10283: 10277: 10248: 10210: 10204: 10162: 10158: 10132: 10118: 10114: 10068: 10062: 10037:21 September 10035:. Retrieved 10029: 10019: 9996: 9993:Brown, Kerry 9987: 9975:. Retrieved 9968: 9942:. Retrieved 9935: 9926: 9916:10 September 9914:. Retrieved 9904: 9893: 9883: 9871:. Retrieved 9857: 9833: 9822: 9812: 9800:. Retrieved 9795: 9790:The Tank Man 9789: 9785: 9777: 9768: 9759: 9750: 9746: 9737: 9725:. Retrieved 9715: 9706: 9697: 9673: 9667: 9643: 9637: 9625:. Retrieved 9609: 9601: 9577:j.ctv3006z6k 9546: 9522:. Retrieved 9517: 9507: 9484: 9478: 9459: 9436: 9423: 9417: 9408: 9402: 9393: 9384: 9356: 9345: 9336: 9321:. Retrieved 9305:. Retrieved 9293: 9281: 9257: 9243: 9231: 9214: 9208: 9202: 9181: 9173: 9161:. Retrieved 9151: 9132: 9115:the original 9099: 9092: 9083: 9079: 9059: 9040:. Retrieved 9018: 9014: 9004: 8987: 8983: 8973: 8957: 8948:(2): 73–95. 8945: 8941: 8935: 8926: 8913: 8872: 8868: 8858: 8849: 8840: 8817: 8789: 8770: 8763: 8751: 8747: 8727: 8720: 8700: 8693: 8685:the original 8675: 8661: 8651: 8639: 8620: 8611: 8580: 8573: 8540: 8536: 8530: 8506: 8499: 8480: 8474: 8462: 8455:Nylan (2016) 8450: 8438: 8426: 8414: 8402: 8390: 8363: 8351: 8339: 8327: 8315: 8303: 8274: 8262: 8250: 8238: 8226: 8214: 8202: 8190: 8182:the original 8163: 8136: 8131:Hsu, Cho-yun 8125: 8108: 8104: 8094: 8074: 8067: 8055:. Retrieved 8051: 8041: 8014: 7990: 7971: 7965: 7940: 7936: 7930: 7918: 7891: 7879: 7867: 7847: 7841: 7822: 7812: 7787: 7783: 7774: 7747: 7731: 7711: 7704: 7697: 7692: 7680:. Retrieved 7674: 7664: 7652: 7625: 7616: 7597: 7588: 7559: 7551: 7536: 7533:Jerry Norman 7528: 7520: 7511: 7501: 7489:. Retrieved 7485:the original 7480: 7471: 7463:the original 7434: 7428: 7406: 7383:. Retrieved 7374: 7365: 7353: 7333:, p. 2. 7326: 7321:, p. 1. 7314: 7302: 7290: 7247: 7236:commanderies 7229: 7224: 7193: 6976: 6924: 6918:and Premier 6912: 6890:in 2001. By 6877: 6857: 6853:constitution 6829: 6824: 6813:Gang of Four 6810: 6795: 6783: 6779:Soviet Union 6752: 6741: 6698: 6694:Ma Ying-jeou 6666: 6655: 6646: 6637: 6620: 6605:World War II 6593: 6522:World War II 6469:Soviet Union 6466: 6442: 6426: 6391: 6324: 6315:Nanjing Road 6303:Flag of the 6248:Modern China 6226:Liang Qichao 6211: 6159: 6118:Zuo Zongtang 6114:Li Hongzhang 6107: 6063:Hong Xiuquan 6056: 6029: 6012:Qing dynasty 5986: 5955: 5948: 5934: 5924: 5918: 5882:Shun dynasty 5842:China proper 5831: 5635:Qing dynasty 5619:Shanhai Pass 5613:, conquered 5603:Qing dynasty 5564: 5553: 5506: 5484: 5462: 5434: 5407: 5371: 5346: 5334: 5318: 5304:Despite the 5303: 5299: 5279:Ming dynasty 5276: 5155: 5090:Ming dynasty 5074:Ming dynasty 5055: 5030: 5021: 5000:in northern 4977: 4974:poetry style 4967: 4957: 4937:sinicization 4934: 4886: 4844: 4840: 4833:Golden Horde 4815:A series of 4814: 4774:China proper 4750:Genghis Khan 4738:Yuan dynasty 4735: 4705:Yuan period 4632:Yuan dynasty 4612: 4588:Paddle-wheel 4564:Tang dynasty 4553: 4535: 4525: 4522:Zhang Zeduan 4464: 4458: 4448: 4430: 4411: 4365:Song economy 4362: 4355:Liao dynasty 4292:. Later the 4267: 4235:Liao dynasty 4225:lost in the 4220: 4173:China proper 4158: 4147: 4073:Dali Kingdom 4053:Liao dynasty 4049:Song dynasty 4032:Song dynasty 4008:China proper 3993: 3985:Shatuo Turks 3946: 3939:Gu Hongzhong 3931: 3841: 3788: 3777: 3767: 3728: 3664: 3658: 3652:selected by 3643: 3633:, a Chinese 3619:cosmopolitan 3592: 3565: 3557:Dunhuang map 3471:Tang dynasty 3395: 3373:Sui dynasty 3329: 3305:Northern Wei 3302: 3288:and finally 3274: 3266:Confucianism 3162: 3112: 3047:In 266, the 3046: 3023:The warlord 3022: 3015: 2997: 2959: 2910: 2901: 2888:Yellow River 2876: 2853: 2843:and 111 BC, 2835:against the 2830: 2807: 2795: 2789: 2773: 2726:of Emperors 2721: 2708:Confucianism 2704:China proper 2702:most of the 2688: 2654: 2622: 2618:cosmological 2604:Confucianism 2570: 2538:commanderies 2534:bureaucratic 2481: 2467:The massive 2393: 2387: 2383: 2375:commanderies 2364: 2347: 2341: 2339: 2320: 2277:Confucianism 2266: 2258: 2231: 2209: 2175: 2170: 2164: 2148: 2135:Western Zhou 2131:Zhou dynasty 2119:China proper 2110: 2091: 2089: 2074:oracle bones 2033: 2024:Houmuwu ding 1974: 1964: 1947: 1906: 1902: 1869:Shijiazhuang 1851: 1847:state of Shu 1827: 1746: 1692:Xianren Cave 1628: 1622: 1616: 1594: 1591:Homo erectus 1590: 1584: 1576:Homo erectus 1575: 1540:Homo erectus 1539: 1495: 1478:), dated to 1453:Homo erectus 1451: 1445: 1324: 1293: 1267:people. The 1261:Qing dynasty 1237:Ming dynasty 1233:Yuan dynasty 1226: 1206:Song dynasty 1198:Tang dynasty 1191: 1175:Roman Empire 1150:first united 1147: 1140: 1129:Confucianism 1110:Zhou dynasty 1082:oracle bones 1060:rivers. The 1047: 999:Yellow River 993: 991: 888:LGBT history 824: 806: 779: 746: 733: 720: 690: 677: 664: 645: 635: 623: 612:Ten Kingdoms 608: 561: 548: 535:Northern and 533: 503: 481: 471: 439: 429: 423: 417: 411:(220–280 AD) 405: 392: 382: 372: 368:(206–202 BC) 362: 350: 343:(221–207 BC) 337: 308:(475–221 BC) 281:(771–256 BC) 277:Eastern Zhou 275: 267:Western Zhou 265: 242: 218: 195: 171: 147: 141: 135: 112: 102: 54: 39: 26: 14643:Asia portal 14544:States with 14464:Philippines 14404:South Korea 14399:North Korea 14294:Afghanistan 14181:tea culture 14146:Photography 13832:Waishengren 13566:Aquaculture 13561:Agriculture 13339:LGBT rights 13197:Hot springs 13183:Earthquakes 13117:Martial law 12631:Variety art 12626:Tea culture 12554:Calligraphy 12539:Archaeology 12399:Food safety 12194:Gold mining 12096:Aquaculture 12091:Agriculture 12051:Coast Guard 11818:Naming laws 11652:Environment 11640:South China 11119:Paleolithic 11111:Prehistoric 11069:before 1912 10213:(1): 1–26. 9944:28 February 9873:16 November 9792:transcript" 9042:3 September 8850:Études Song 8846:Ho, Ping-ti 8101:Pines, Yuri 7995:Bagley 1999 7872:Bagley 1999 7780:Pines, Yuri 7657:Bagley 1999 7491:10 February 7385:10 February 7200:Shi Huangdi 6963:Kerry Brown 6880:Jiang Zemin 6821:Hua Guofeng 6735:Map of the 6594:The bitter 6419:for China ( 6394:Warlord Era 6383:Yuan Shikai 6368:Sun Yat-sen 6339:Yuan Shikai 6230:Sun Yat-sen 6147:Kang Youwei 6127:Yuan Shikai 6071:Zeng Guofan 5914:Inner Asian 5450: 1428 5446: 1355 5374:Esen Tayisi 5362:Moghulistan 5215:, a UNESCO 5033:120 million 4806:Grand Canal 4746:Kublai Khan 4672:in Beijing. 4471:Lin Tinggui 4426:paper money 4369:100 million 4278:Qara Khitai 4263:Jin dynasty 4259:Liao Empire 4152:of 1044 AD. 4146:, from the 4122:Bodhisattva 4106:Western Xia 4077:Qara Khitai 4057:Western Xia 3989:Han Chinese 3845:Li Guochang 3627:Grand Canal 3611:Tarim Basin 3539:, a UNESCO 3453:during the 3431:Grand Canal 3398:Emperor Wen 3353:Sui dynasty 3321:Northern Qi 3317:Western Wei 3282:Southern Qi 3119:Han dynasty 3115:Jin dynasty 3049:Jin dynasty 2966:papermaking 2943:Caspian Sea 2898:Eastern Han 2873:Xin dynasty 2867:Xin dynasty 2796:Right image 2677:Western Han 2666:Han dynasty 2588:seal script 2502:Shi Huangdi 2475:, a UNESCO 2459:Qin dynasty 2402:capital of 2379:prefectures 2346:within the 2210:In 771 BC, 2081: 1250 2039: 1600 1957: 2070 1950:Xia dynasty 1933:Xia dynasty 1644:Guanyindong 1633:giant tapir 1627:hyena, the 1621:panda, the 1603:(OOA), the 1544:Lantian Man 1524:Zhoukoudian 1466:Yuanmou Man 1456:arrived in 1450:species of 1385:Paleolithic 1300:Sun Yat-sen 1249:Grand Canal 1194:Sui dynasty 1187:Calligraphy 1179:sericulture 1166:Han Chinese 1162:Han dynasty 1158:Orthography 1117: 1046 1070:Xia dynasty 1031:Tarim Basin 935:Discoveries 930:Cartography 925:Archaeology 863:Art history 752:(1644–1912) 739:(1368–1644) 726:(1271–1368) 696:(1115–1234) 683:(1038–1227) 679:Western Xia 651:(1127–1279) 483:Eastern Jin 473:Western Jin 398:(25–220 AD) 394:Eastern Han 374:Western Han 253: 1046 233: 1046 229: 1250 206: 1600 182: 2070 123: 8500 104:Paleolithic 95:Prehistoric 14524:Uzbekistan 14499:Tajikistan 14414:Kyrgyzstan 14394:Kazakhstan 14314:Bangladesh 14304:Azerbaijan 14141:Philosophy 14116:Literature 14013:Healthcare 13872:Kanakanavu 13624:(currency) 13533:Two Chinas 13405:Propaganda 13373:Parliament 13307:Censorship 13281:Government 13259:Government 13045:Prehistory 12892:Irreligion 12789:Statistics 12759:Emigration 12722:Four Wangs 12611:Philosophy 12596:Mass media 12579:Literature 12477:Patriarchy 12440:Propaganda 12360:Corruption 12345:Censorship 12135:E-commerce 11842:Government 11635:East China 11607:Waterfalls 11553:Peninsulas 11521:Grasslands 10451:. London: 9999:. London: 9627:30 October 9585:1348572572 9524:30 October 9236:Ebrey 1999 8644:Ebrey 1999 8443:Sanft 2019 8431:Bodde 1986 8419:Bodde 1986 8407:Bodde 1986 8395:Lewis 2007 8383:Bodde 1986 8368:Ebrey 1999 8356:Lewis 2007 8344:Sanft 2019 8332:Bodde 1986 8320:Bodde 1986 8308:Ebrey 1999 8296:Bodde 1986 8279:Sanft 2019 8267:Bodde 1986 8255:Sanft 2019 8243:Sanft 2019 8231:Ebrey 1999 8207:Bodde 1986 8195:Bodde 1986 8172:. Nature. 8155:1145777819 8105:Asia Major 7896:Boltz 1986 7784:T'oung Pao 7744:Yuri Pines 7240:Derk Bodde 7180:References 6979:SARS-CoV-2 6947:Xi Jinping 6920:Wen Jiabao 6884:Zhu Rongji 6860:Hu Yaobang 6798:Zhou Enlai 6725:See also: 6615:) and the 6513:Mao Zedong 6505:Long March 6285:See also: 5993:its zenith 5936:Tangzhuang 5933:dress and 5910:25 million 5886:Xi dynasty 5862:Li Zicheng 5854:Hong Taiji 5645:See also: 5448: – c. 5306:xenophobia 5100:See also: 5046:enserfment 5037:60 million 4871:Marco Polo 4642:See also: 4606:, and the 4592:trebuchets 4580:Huai River 4437:Sima Guang 4433:Wang Anshi 4391:China Seas 4306:Huai River 4274:cataphract 4071:See also: 4024:Later Zhou 4000:Great Wall 3751:50 million 3475:See also: 3447:Great Wall 3209:Great Wall 2977:Zhang Heng 2817:Zhang Qian 2774:Left image 2736:Emperor Wu 2722:After the 2699:golden age 2584:Shang Yang 2577:chancellor 2437:See also: 2412:Ying Zheng 2114:Sanxingdui 2083: – c. 2063:Late Shang 2041: – c. 2028:Bronze Age 1959: – c. 1891:See also: 1838:Sanxingdui 1822:See also: 1818:Bronze Age 1654:See also: 1631:, and the 1613:Dao County 1609:Fuyan Cave 1596:H. sapiens 1510:Peking Man 1376:See also: 1361:Prehistory 1331:Mao Zedong 1325:After the 1285:Opium Wars 1253:Great Wall 1170:core texts 1148:China was 1094:divination 1033:, and the 940:Inventions 670:(916–1125) 641:(960–1127) 629:(960–1279) 296: – c. 294: 770 255: – c. 231: – c. 220:Late Shang 208: – c. 184: – c. 125: – c. 14610:Hong Kong 14564:Palestine 14489:Sri Lanka 14484:Singapore 14364:Indonesia 14071:Animation 14033:Squatting 14008:Education 13844:Languages 13600:Companies 13378:President 13329:Elections 13237:Volcanoes 13212:Mountains 13156:Overviews 13146:Geography 12779:Languages 12732:Four Olds 12687:Four arts 12574:Libraries 12504:Structure 12467:Sexuality 12404:incidents 12377:Education 12286:Transport 12162:Renewable 12157:Petroleum 11952:President 11919:Politburo 11872:Elections 11860:Democracy 11828:Terrorism 11576:Volcanoes 11558:Northeast 11536:Mountains 11446:Northeast 11396:Geography 11303:High Qing 11124:Neolithic 11096:Dynasties 11074:1912–1949 11065:Economic 11034:Overviews 10957:Resources 10940:Textbooks 10453:Routledge 10367:171943719 10316:205246146 10235:146473957 9977:6 October 9868:0362-4331 9796:Frontline 9786:Frontline 9593:253067190 9302:243471225 9021:(3). 71. 8996:0936-4099 8603:872462398 8565:190841108 7957:260994337 7682:3 October 7525:Qiu Xigui 7459:128522781 7451:0036-8075 7263:Citations 6916:Hu Jintao 6627:" in the 6207:indemnity 6173:sent the 6133:" in the 6044:Hong Kong 5931:bannermen 5926:Changshan 5900:like the 5898:epidemics 5870:Wu Sangui 5693:porcelain 5611:tributary 5583:Manchuria 5527:from the 5495:Guangdong 5412:Lin Liang 5350:conquered 5342:memorials 4976:known as 4851:Silk Road 4837:Ilkhanate 4802:Khanbaliq 4622:in 1279. 4560:Gunpowder 4395:shipments 4387:compasses 4231:campaigns 4188:Manchuria 4177:sinicized 4144:gunpowder 4120:A wooden 4108:in China. 3982:sinicized 3934:Han Xizai 3857:Shi Xiong 3806:Guangzhou 3731:Wu Zetian 3641:relics." 3615:Guangzhou 3519:Wu Zetian 3201:sinicized 2947:Silk Road 2879:Wang Mang 2861:Wang Mang 2825:Silk Road 2786:phoenixes 2630:Meng Tian 2620:thought. 2592:Ban Liang 2343:Zuo Zhuan 2250:Confucius 2224:King Ping 2186:Chengzhou 2051:Zhengzhou 1971:Sima Qian 1677:Neolithic 1650:Neolithic 1640:Levallois 1587:evolution 1556:Guangdong 1357:in 2023. 1329:victory, 1327:Communist 1298:, led by 1294:The 1911 1271:emperor ( 1245:porcelain 1202:Wu Zetian 1121:Axial Age 1050:Neolithic 1035:Himalayas 1027:Tian Shan 616:(907–979) 577:(690–705) 567:(618–907) 554:(581–618) 541:(420–589) 509:(304–439) 487:(317–420) 477:(266–316) 445:(266–420) 388:(9–23 AD) 114:Neolithic 78:Dynasties 14658:Category 14633:Category 14554:Abkhazia 14504:Thailand 14459:Pakistan 14439:Mongolia 14434:Maldives 14429:Malaysia 14329:Cambodia 14211:Category 14166:T-Beauty 14151:Religion 14106:Gambling 13939:Mandarin 13907:Sakizaya 13902:Saisiyat 13764:proposed 13670:Taxation 13640:Forestry 13493:Dang Guo 13435:Counties 13361:Military 13286:politics 13264:Politics 13016:articles 12965:Category 12838:Buddhism 12830:Religion 12807:Post-90s 12800:Post-80s 12544:Archives 12411:HIV/AIDS 12382:Literacy 12340:Abortion 12269:Internet 12226:Taxation 12209:Textiles 12189:Chemical 12184:Industry 12113:Currency 11991:Military 11799:in Tibet 11763:Politics 11700:Wildlife 11612:Wetlands 11375:COVID-19 11203:Imperial 11101:Monarchs 11061:Language 11046:Timeline 11018:articles 10651:(eds.). 10615:(eds.). 10582:(eds.). 10549:(eds.). 10509:18842287 10445:(2019). 10434:24968922 10377:(2018). 10359:90006244 10308:26466566 10245:(2007). 10195:53873016 10187:30455423 10129:(1999). 10103:23948715 9995:(2023). 9823:Newsweek 9727:16 April 9520:. London 9468:Archived 9392:(2012). 9307:25 April 9255:(2006). 9163:11 April 8954:29792550 8921:(2007). 8905:41772477 8897:22080795 8889:44452010 8784:(2000). 8775:vol. 247 8756:vol. 246 8619:(2012). 8557:40727536 8147:65013110 8133:(1965). 8117:26571325 8013:(2006). 7624:(2002). 7596:(2004). 7527:(2000). 7512:BBC News 7042:See also 6983:COVID-19 6943:Xinjiang 6840:communes 6825:de facto 6625:Big Four 6613:Unit 731 6438:Shandong 6343:New Army 6181:. After 6153:(1898). 6139:New Army 6120:. 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