Medellín Cartel - Knowledge

746:, Escobar instead sought to do so mostly through violence and intimidation. Particularly when his (often minimal) attempts to bribe officials were not immediately accepted. Notably, Escobar and the Medellín crew also garnered a unique reputation, even in their earlier days for murdering not only those who crossed them, but oftentimes their immediate family members or other relatives as well, unless otherwise stipulated such as when Pablo's enemies "turned themselves in" instead of fleeing the region or pleading for protection from the authorities (many of whom were already compromised). This method of "webbed" violence resulting from one person's mistakes against Escobar was reportedly explained directly to American smuggler George Jung when he first met Pablo in 1978 moments after witnessing a man get shot in the chest after he "voluntarily" gave himself up to Escobar upon the knowledge that the man's entire family would be killed if he did not. 1507:. This was also just after the family had returned from an unsuccessful attempt to travel by plane and take refuge in Germany. The authorities, going off the traceable data from the hotel which received Escobar's call began to utilize an electronic tracking system in order to pinpoint the geographical positioning that the call had originated from. At this time, Escobar who now had a long beard according to witnesses had apparently been hiding out there for almost six weeks. First after some initial troubleshooting, both the drug lord and Limón were eventually located the next day. Police tried to arrest Escobar upon arrival, but the situation quickly escalated to an exchange of gunfire. By the time Pablo and Limón escaped the inside of the building and tried to outrun the authorities on a 1352:) was created to handle both the logistics and the public relations of the organization, and to provide a legal front for various paramilitary groups. ACDEGAM worked to promote anti-labor policies, and threatened anyone involved with organizing for labor or peasants' rights. The threats were backed up by the MAS, which would attack or assassinate anyone who was suspected of being a "subversive". ACDEGAM also built schools whose stated purpose was the creation of a "patriotic and anti-Communist" educational environment, and built roads, bridges, and health clinics. Paramilitary recruiting, weapons storage, communications, propaganda, and medical services were all run out of ACDEGAM headquarters. 1188:

the sale of their product in the now major emerging markets was about to undergo another type of expansion. After carrying out their new cocaine operations with this augmented distribution system, this soon led the two cousins (Pablo and Gustavo) to amass a staggering amount of wealth in such a short timeframe (primarily due to Jung and Lehder), that their other fellow Colombian criminal acquaintances who were already noteworthy regional figures in the smuggling world, such as José Rodriguez Gacha and the Ochoas who were not yet part of the organization but began to more seriously consider getting involved with the two cousins and the cocaine business eventually came into the fold.

198: 1166:. Here, Lehder would take up an unconventional, hedonistic, drug-fueled lifestyle after getting the island's residents to leave, either by force or by bribery. Jung from that point on just attempted to steer clear of Lehder, so he simply went back to Colombia to meet with Escobar directly, in order to establish a new, but now more modestly-sized, trafficking endeavor. This was to continue to operate under Escobar's network, since the two still had a good relationship, and Escobar could directly utilize Lehder as a reliable connection for acquiring sizable amounts of 1192:

and structural apparatus by allowing Gacha and the Ochoas to pair up and synergize the relative power-spheres of their own trafficking networks with Escobar's, so as to maximize and concentrate their power instead of keeping it divided. After seeing the results of Pablo and Gustavo's impressive rates of profit and success (which now surpassed the Ochoas), they all soon began to prioritize the smuggling of cocaine over virtually all other forms of 'goods' and contraband, such as the items of commerce that had already served to profit them in years past.

43: 1032:" than other types of drugs or contraband, indicated a greater, more eased potential for logistical transportability, with less of a chance for interdiction or complications during the product's long journey across borders and to various regional markets around the globe. This further maximized the drug's profit potential, since its volume and weight relative to its final monetary value was now exponentially greater compared to trafficking the same or similar weight and volume of a less valuable product such as 819: 1139:

stealing cars and shipping them to South America. They casually discussed their charges, Jung mentioning he was caught flying marijuana out of Mexico; Lehder responded by asking him if he "knew anything about cocaine". He did not at the time, but became immediately entranced when Lehder went on to say; "you know it costs $ 60,000 a kilo". A proclamation that functioned as a compelling sales pitch for Jung; they both waited until getting out before attempting to get involved in the cocaine business.

753:(threats) as an effective motivator and more straightforward measure, Cali leader Gilberto in particular thought violence should only be used as a last resort, considering it to be generally bad for business due to the practical understanding that; "dead people do not pay what they owe". The Cali Cartel leaders even required their employees to fill out "application forms"; elucidating their personal information, not necessarily for the sake of threats but rather for the purpose of thorough 311: 343: 983: 1437: 788: 1478: 252: 278: 332: 215: 290: 738:

accumulation of enemies within his own organization (helping to characterize the formation of Los Pepes), as well as Pablo's ongoing and relentless war against the Colombian government and American law-enforcement agencies; a combination of factors which cornered Escobar during the last year of his life, along with his quickly diminishing sphere of power as the now final and last-standing leader of his once dominant cartel.

263: 993: 1732: 241: 4125: 961:-like organizational abilities and his criminal racketeering predilections seems to have come together in what was now the early 1970s in Medellín, Colombia. Escobar took advantage of Colombia's fertile and expanding marijuana trade as well as the apparent smuggling and illegal trade of cigarettes. There are several claims that he was allegedly a noteworthy figure in the region's supposed " 1213:; these now being recognized as a favorite method for smugglers throughout the years because of their ability to fly slowly which permit more accurate deliveries to drop zones. Some smuggling strategies also purportedly included diverting law-enforcement's attention away from one smuggled load of cocaine in order to smuggle in an even larger amount when authorities' attention and related 1174:

coincided with the beginning of Jung and Lehder's involvement in cocaine distribution. Despite their incredibly profitable smuggling operation, it only lasted from roughly 1976 to 1978. In this short period, however, they were able to achieve a historically unprecedented drug-trafficking operation that proved invaluable to Escobar's and the Medellín Cartel's overall initial rise to being

1372:, were purchased from the military, INDUMIL, and drug-funded private sales. The organization had computers and ran a communications center that worked in coordination with the state telecommunications office. They had 30 pilots, and an assortment of fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters. British, Israeli, and U.S. military instructors were hired to teach at paramilitary training centers. 1753:. Some claimed at the time that the cartel's influence was behind the M-19's raid, because of its interest in intimidating the Supreme Court. Others state that the alleged cartel-guerrilla relationship was unlikely to occur at the time because the two organizations had been having several standoffs and confrontations, like the kidnappings by M-19 of drug lord 1069:

organization's influence over the global cocaine business increased dramatically, which was naturally followed by unprecedented amounts of wealth. The then "cartel-style" model for Pablo and Gustavo's criminal organization began to reach fruition between 1976 and 1979, when it also incorporated the contraband smuggling networks of the Ochoas (

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curtail, especially with the price of cocaine dropping by 1980 and becoming yet even more popular and now among a much wider demographic instead of mostly just the affluent as it was in the late 70s. This would inevitably result in the manifestation of widespread cocaine use and cultural normalization, simultaneous

1514:, Limón was soon shot and killed. Moments later Escobar himself was then shot and killed as he continued to try and make his way from the pursuing officers whilst still running across the top of the roof to escape. He was hit by bullets in the torso and feet, and a bullet which struck him in the ear, killing him. 1558:, the number of left-wing guerrillas in Latin America skyrocketed. The conflicts between them and the right-wing paramilitaries groups and dictatorships, mostly backed by CIA, made the Cartel's search for new allies while it was forced to be involved in corruption outside Colombia for political protection. 1147:. Lehder, however, would also be of benefit to Jung, once they were both released from prison, by introducing him to Colombia's most powerful drug smuggler: Pablo Escobar. This would prove useful to Jung in the future, when later he and Lehder had a falling out and were no longer in business together. 4082:

A book that details the efforts by the governments of the United States and Colombia, their respective military and intelligence forces, and Los Pepes (controlled by the Cali cartel) to stop illegal activities committed by Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar and his subordinates. It relates how Escobar

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to the US any Colombian suspected of drug trafficking and to be tried there for their crimes. This was a major problem for the cartel, since the drug traffickers had little access to their local power and influence in the US, and a trial there would most likely lead to imprisonment. Among the staunch

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neighborhood) by Colombian special forces supposedly using tracking technology provided by the United States. This was a direct consequence of Escobar the day before; on his 44th birthday (Wednesday) making a call from the hideout location to his family who were being protected by the government in a

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resources were distracted or compromised. These rapid and clever innovations in illegal drug trafficking techniques by increasingly and well-funded organized criminal groups; such as Escobar and his Medellín associates proved to be too much for American law enforcement to effectively catch up with or

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The criminal power structure already present within Pablo and Gustavo's earlier, informal organization or smuggling ring rose to prominence as a result of cocaine's unusually high profit margins; even after just brief exposure to the North American market and its respective distribution channels, the

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which led to a strong crackdown on Chilean drug traffickers. This caused some drug traffickers to either flee the country and/or immediately start to use different trafficking routes. This frequently resulted in Chilean traffickers setting their eyes on Colombia to use as a trade route further north.

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wars"; a seemingly violent set of scrimmages or conflicts over the control of Colombia's illicit cigarette smuggling market. This implying that he was priming his sensibilities in street crime and violent black market schemes in what would come out in a much more organized and violent fashion not far

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arrest, the DEA and FBI got several tips linking the former dictator to the Medellin Cartel. The Nicaraguan and Colombian conflicts in remote areas could make both countries unsafe to operate, and the cartel was searching for new places to use as a stopover. Manuel Noriega, in exchange of bribes and

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At this point, Pablo and Gustavo converged the increasing power and wealth of their single "independent" smuggling-ring towards a conglomerate made up of the multiple aforementioned smuggling rings coupled together in a collaborative fashion so as to give the overall organization a stronger backbone

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preeminent cocaine enterprise. Both Jung and Lehder were in the unique position of not only having been around during the very earliest days of the Medellín trafficking conglomerate which later birthed the cartel, but were also both in many ways directly responsible for the accelerated growth during

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surfaced over a disagreement on territory in one or more of these distribution hubs. Although the two organizations had scrimmages beforehand; by 1988 (supposedly after the Monaco Apartment bombing) the Medellín and Cali organizations became perpetual enemies, a feud which continued until Medellín's

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However, the cartel applied a "bend or break" strategy towards several of these supporters, using bribery, extortion, or violence. Nevertheless, when police efforts began to cause major losses, some of the major drug lords themselves were temporarily pushed out of Colombia, forcing them into hiding

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Pablo Escobar and his cousin Gustavo's mid-70s newly transformed trafficking operation aimed at moving cocaine powder into America after first fully ascertaining the indispensable distribution network capabilities and other logistical elements both Carlos Lehder and George Jung could facilitate for

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As a means of intimidation, the cartel conducted thousands of assassinations throughout the country. Escobar and his associates made it clear that whoever stood against them would risk being killed along with their families. Some estimates put the total around 3,500 killed during the height of the

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subsidies almost wiped out the Cuban economy. During Manuel Noriega judgement, Carlos Lehder, the cartel member responsible for ensuring that the cocaine would reach Florida, testified that, as the drug smuggling to the USA was doing billions of dollars, Cuban intelligence helped manage Nicaraguan

1061:. Thus after forming a larger and more formidable web of suppliers and combined trade networks that continually empowered Escobar and his cousin's operations, enabled by a newly formed, mutually beneficial collaborative effort between different drug traffickers now working together (hence the term 741:

During the initial days of their mutual alliance however, before these intense conflicts; the Cali and Medellín groups each showcased differing philosophies over how to "ameliorate" their situations with the authorities. While the more 'businesslike' Orejuela brothers of Cali wanted to solve such

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Arnaldo Ochoa knew that Fidel secretly exchanged weapons with the Medellin Cartel for money and drugs. And this turbulent partnership included the authorization s for the landing of planes in Cuba and loaded with cocaine to be transferred then and speedboats to the US. Fidel had appealed to this

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While incarcerated together, Jung benefited Lehder by giving him valuable input and tips on how to smuggle drugs effectively. Jung was knowledgeable in this area due to his past experience flying shipments of marijuana across international borders—from Mexico into the US, and within the US, from

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Prior to this, Escobar's initial smuggling ring consisted of small gangs of hired gunmen on his payroll was just a precursor to the final and fully-fledged massive criminal organization that came to be known as the Medellín Cartel. Once these aforementioned drug lords stepped in to combine their

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of Colombia" while Escobar similarly dreamed of one day becoming president of the nation. When this failed however due to scandals over his criminal reputation, Escobar thereafter began a brutal; nearly decade-long terroristic campaign against the government from April of 1984 starting with the

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By the mid-1980s, ACDEGAM and MAS had undergone significant growth. In 1985, Pablo Escobar began funneling large amounts of cash into the organization to pay for equipment, training, and weaponry. Money for social projects was cut off and redirected towards strengthening the MAS. Modern battle

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This lucrative and newfound, expansive network of traffickers began to creatively utilize many novel methods of getting their cocaine product into the U.S. at that point; implementing increased ingenuity and novel strategies into the smuggling logistics. This ranged from cocaine-stuffed hollow

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While it is broadly believed that Los Pepes have been instrumental in the assassination of the cartel's members over the last 21 years, it is still in dispute whether the mantle is just a screen designed to deflect political repercussions from both the Colombian and United States governments'

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Both Jung and Lehder made millions of dollars, not just for themselves, but for the cartel too, with their highly successful cocaine-distribution operation, that arguably may have been a factor in triggering America's cultural "cocaine era"; the take-off of this cultural phenomenon noticeably

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Jung described the Danbury prison facility located in Connecticut as a "medium-low security prison" that was "full of mob guys". He goes on to point out the "irony" (likely due to his marijuana charges) of him being assigned Colombian Carlos Lehder as a bunkmate who was serving a sentence for

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as an enforcement wing for the Medellín Cartel. When Don Berna fell out with Escobar, La Oficina caused Escobar's rivals to oust Escobar. The organization then inherited the Medellín turf and its criminal connections in the US, Mexico, and the UK, and began to affiliate with the paramilitary

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behind his ear where he says his father would've apparently aimed for if he was going to attempt to kill himself. Escobar's primary objective in an end scenario such as this was simply to not allow himself to be captured alive and suffer for the rest of his life in the U.S. prison system via

1341:("Death to Kidnappers", MAS) to defend their economic interests, and to provide protection for local elites from kidnappings and extortion. By 1983, Colombian internal affairs had registered 240 political killings by MAS death squads, mostly community leaders, elected officials, and farmers. 1007:

In the mid to late 1970s, specifically around 1975 and 1976, the illegal cocaine trade started to become a growing and significant problem for American law enforcement as the drug's prevalence began to quickly takeoff in unanticipated ways. Initially, its first phase of substantial growth in

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At the height of its operations, the Medellín Cartel smuggled multiple tons of cocaine each week into countries around the world and brought in an upwards of US$ 200 million daily in drug profits, and thus billions per year. Additionally, despite being well-known for once dominating the

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of Colombia; however, some experts and U.S. government officials have claimed the opposite, or said that most data compiled during this period was potentially skewed since most of the national security-based focus was mostly centered on the Medellín organization specifically due to its more

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Because of cocaine's socially prestigious reputation as a cultural symbol of high status, especially as it related to wealth and glamour among Americans during the late 1970s (mainly due to its high cost), Colombian criminals who were already accomplished smugglers of various goods through

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that were actually once part of the Medellín Cartel. Los Pepe's tactics, which were stylized to reflect Escobar's own violent methods now turned against him, and which proved ultimately instrumental to the progressive defeat of the Medellín Cartel reign, was further accentuated by Pablo's

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share on profits, agreed using Panama as another stopover for the cartel logistics. Also, the links between him and the Cartel ensured that Panama could be a hideout for the group leadership and that the government would ignore their money laundering operations in the country.

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early on. This arrangement resulted in Medellín controlling the cocaine trade in Los Angeles, Cali controlling New York City, while both of them agreed to share Miami and Houston. Eventually however, a personal dispute between Escobar and one of the Cali Cartel leaders named

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its beginnings. Although Escobar and the others were highly capable and ingenious smugglers, they technically still did not have a major market in the United States or a major transportation system for their product. It was Jung and Lehder who effectively provided this.

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cartel's activities, including over 500 police officers in Medellín, but the entire list is impossible to assemble, due to the limitation of the judiciary power in Colombia. The following is a brief list of the most notorious assassinations conducted by the cartel:

924:, it was still only marginally - moderately more popular when compared to its relative scope of prevalence during the 1950s when the use of cocaine was considered to be at an all-time low and was essentially considered by many to mostly be "a problem of the past". 2005:

and the rise of the Medellín Cartel. The first and second season depict his rise to the status of a powerful drug lord as well his narcoterrorist acts, war against the Colombian government and finally, his death. The role of Escobar is played by Brazilian actor

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Most Colombians targeted, as well as those named in such indictments, lived and stayed in Colombia, or fled before indictments were unsealed. However, by 1993 most, if not all, cartel fugitives had been either imprisoned, or located and shot dead, by the

1154:" in the last two or three years of the 1970s, spiraling even further during the early 1980s. By decade's end (around 1978), Lehder had betrayed Jung. Lehder did this by trying to push Jung out of the business and began setting up his own major cocaine 1795:

Tulio Manuel Castro Gil, Superior Judge which investigating Escobar for the assassination of two DAS agents which in 1977 arrested Escobar and his cousin Gustavo Gaviria, killed by motorcycle gunmen in July 1985, shortly after indicting

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label becoming a household name, it was later embraced by the organization during its later years. This economic control, resulting from the unification of power structures of once separate groups, gave way to a sort of financial

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During this era, many of the most well-established, entrepreneurial, and capable contraband smugglers or trafficking groups were composed of Colombian nationals. But even amongst them, the soon-to-be-massively-wealthy drug lord

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At its height during the early 1980s, the Medellín Cartel was recognized as being the largest drug-trafficking syndicate in the world, estimated to have been smuggling three times as much cocaine as their main competitor, the

2237:"STRUCTURE OF INTERNATIONAL DRUG TRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONS: Hearings Before The Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs United States Senate One Hundred First Congress: First Session" 1497:

left by his side; Limón (Alvaro de Jesús Agudelo) who was also his longtime chauffeur (driver). They were found hiding out in a house in a middle-class residential area of his hometown of Medellín (Carrera 79B No. 45D – 94,

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due to the cartel's trafficking operations significantly increasing the drug's overall availability and access through these newly enhanced markets as well as the further complexified and proliferated distribution networks.

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The CIA turned a blind eye to the link between Medellin Cartel and Noriega, as he had an aggressive anticommunist policy. However, the agency stopped supporting Noriega after his ties with the Cartel came to public.

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stood out from the rest. Escobar became characterized by his strategy of providing protection to other smugglers who partnered with him and helped further distribute the organization's cocaine into markets of high

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Knowing Seal's activity as a DEA informant, the cartel put a contract on him, having him murdered in February 1986. In March 16 the same year, during a TV national address, the president of the United States

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extradition or to be captured and tortured like he did to so many others. Escobar's legacy remains controversial; while many denounce the heinous nature of his crimes and terrorism, he was still seen as a "

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The United States' "cocaine boom" era enriched the Colombian smugglers and catapulted them into massive levels of profit and wealth that now was in the billions of dollars, essentially all in the form of

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and security. This included not just names and addresses of Cali Cartel hopefuls, but financial assets and personal possessions such as automobiles. The Orejuela brothers wanted to be seen as "the

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used surveillance pictures taken on Seal's undercover mission that showed Escobar, Gacha, the Nicaraguan government official Federico Vaughan and several other men loading a plane with cocaine.

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source of income to compensate for the reduction of the Soviet subsidy. And illegal trade, Castro delivered Kalashnikov rifles, ammunition and other supplies brought as loot of war from Africa.

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ties with both the Medellin Cartel, made the pilot take pictures of the cartel's landing strips in Nicaragua. The DEA prior investigation appointed that the cartel had the protection from the

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The last of Escobar's lieutenants to be assassinated was Juan Diego Arcila Henao, who had been released from a Colombian prison in 2002 and hidden in Venezuela to avoid the vengeance of "

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against the Colombian state itself, primarily in the form of bombings, kidnappings, indiscriminate murder of law enforcement and political assassinations. Many of the victims included

4157: 1238:). Therefore, by the turn of the decade it was no longer just a drug of the sybaritic and wealthy despite still being a cultural status symbol of class and wealth in the early 80s. 638:

international illicit cocaine trade (along with expanding it) throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s, the organization, particularly in its later years, was also noted for its

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The cartel issued death threats to the Supreme Court Judges, asking them to denounce the Extradition Treaty. The warnings were ignored. This led Escobar and the group he called

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operations and the island's government agreed to using Cuba as one of the stopovers for the cartel. This was made with knowledge of the Castro brothers, having the younger,

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With the assassination of Juan Diego Arcila Henao in 2007, most if not all of Escobar's lieutenants who were not in prison had been killed by the Colombian National Police

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in order to distinguish these higher-level criminal organizations from the traditional, mid-sized gangs commonly associated with the drug trade. Eventually, with the

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in Spain which both regularly functioned as final points of destination for the international transporting of cocaine or other related contraband from South America.

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Hernando Baquero Borda, Supreme Court Justice; rapporteur and defender of the Extradition Treaty with the United States, killed by gunmen in Bogotá on July 31, 1986.

1412:, a small municipality next to Medellín where Escobar grew up. Escobar used the municipal office to collect debts owed to him by other drug traffickers and set the " 1130:, where further profits after the Medellín Cartel's initial expansion led to an even greater level of power and growth, leading to even more profits in the process. 629:

phenomenon of late 70s and early 80s in the United States. This boom was noticeably demonstrated by the impact of the violent street crimes which characterized the

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and head of the anti-narcotics unit of the National Police of Colombia. Killed near Fontibon on his way to Bogota on November 17, 1986, when assassins in a green

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Around 1976, both men were out of prison (Jung being released slightly after Lehder). Lehder's behavior became increasingly erratic, supposedly "crazed" and "

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aspects of the cocaine trafficking routes and international smuggling networks, which were supplying at least 80% of the world's cocaine during its peak.

1892:'s daughter, killed by Colombian military during a rescue attempt in January 1991. Actually, the bullet found in her body came from a police helicopter. 1534:

throughout the areas surrounding Medellín. His death was mourned and his funeral attended by over 25,000 people. Additionally, his private estate,

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trafficking power and capabilities, and after the ever-growing demand for their product in the North American market started to be recognized, the term

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to make it through customs or international borders (especially in commercial flight transportation) without detection, to hefty amounts loaded onto

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where it was then smuggled within hidden northbound shipments of bananas. Reportedly when it came to the international cocaine trade during the 60s;

1530:-like" figure for many in Colombia, as he provided many amenities such as the funding of infrastructure and residencies for the poor, especially in 233: 4143: 3561: 3408: 2636: 1396:

Following this time in the mid-80s, Escobar's hold on Medellín further increased when he founded a criminal debt collection service known as the "

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Myriam Rocio Velez, Superior Judge, killed by gunmen shortly before she was to sentence Escobar on the assassination of Galán, in September 1992.

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This has sparked debate however about whether he killed himself or whether he was actually shot dead by the Colombian authorities, with his son

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At the end of 1981 and the beginning of 1982, members of the Medellín Cartel, Cali Cartel, the Colombian military, the U.S.-based corporation

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in almost all major US cities, as well as small "drug wars" within the evermore relevant transshipment point areas or cities like Miami (see:

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Carlos Ernesto Valencia, Superior Judge, killed by gunmen shortly after indicting Escobar on the death of Guillermo Cano, in August 1989.

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men, with both him and Escobar having arrest warrants pending from other nations where their criminal activity had spread to, such as in

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in August 1989. The assassination was carried out on the same day the commander of the Antioquia police was gunned down by the cartel.

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was thereafter eventually transformed into a theme park. His life as a major cocaine trafficker and incredibly wealthy criminal (

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was almost exclusive to South America at this time and therefore easier for regional criminal groups to control and monopolize.

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that were created to fight off guerrillas who were trying to either redistribute their lands to local peasants, kidnap them, or

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Strategy", specifically targeting senior cartel figures, was a major contributing factor to the collapse of the organization.

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18 drove beside his red Mitsubishi Montero and opened fire. Ramírez was killed instantly; his wife and two sons were unharmed.

767: 5263: 3253: 3141: 2692: 1521:(formerly named; Juan Pablo Escobar) still believing to this day that he shot himself due to the positioning of the bullet's 727: 546:, right alongside his cousin Pablo and was considered to be second in command of the cartel and therefore one of Colombia's 2116:: 2015 film follows the story of an FBI agent on a classified mission working with a representative for the Medellín cartel 921: 849: 486: 4129: 1719:") to start a violent campaign to pressure the Colombian government by committing a series of kidnappings, murders, and 1327:, the Colombian legislature, small industrialists, and wealthy cattle ranchers came together in a series of meetings in 382: 2591: 2444: 2367: 2305: 1295:

groups led the State to collaborate with criminal groups like those formed by Escobar and the Ochoas. The abduction of

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Kings of Cocaine: Inside the Medellín Cartel - An Astonishing True Story of Murder, Money and International Corruption

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who revealed publicly Escobar's criminal past, killed on December 17, 1986, in Bogotá by gunmen riding a motorcycle.

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After a long, drawn-out manhunt that lasted many months; on 2 December, 1993 Escobar was finally found with only one

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agents who had arrested Pablo Escobar in 1976. Among the earliest assassinations of authority figures by the cartel.

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as well as the 1981 kidnapping of the sister of the Ochoas; Martha Ochoa which led to the creation of cartel-funded

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trade networks began to see cocaine as an irresistibly lucrative item for smuggling. A product like cocaine, which "

4703: 4628: 718:" (meaning: " Persecuted by Pablo Escobar"). The group was largely financed by the Cali Cartel and led by brothers 710:

eventual demise in 1993. A demise which was largely due to the rise of the anti-Escobar "vigilante" group known as

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Perhaps the greatest threat posed to the Medellín Cartel and the other traffickers was the implementation of an

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or random citizens as attempts to negotiate with the government using fear through unambiguous acts of terror.

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Around the same time, the prevalence and social acceptance of contraband in Colombia was at an all-time high.

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Drug trafficking, arms trafficking, bombing, terrorism, assassinations, intimidation, kidnapping, extortion,

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Douglas Farah (17 August 1990). "Colombian: Israeli Aided Assassins Candidate's Slaying Launched Drug War".

2942: 2341:"The Syndicate: How Cocaine Traffickers from Medellín Transformed the Multibillion Dollar Global Drug Trade" 4711: 4027: 3221: 2924: 2552: 2150: 1448: 861: 799: 377: 4320: 3908: 1912:

In 1993, shortly before Escobar's death, the cartel lieutenants were also targeted by the vigilante group

701: 4648: 3909:"'Yo era el único del colegio que le escribía cartas de día de la madre a mi papá': Hijo de Diana Turbay" 2018: 1349: 1037: 355: 5208: 3565: 3062: 2410: 2080: 1889: 1420:' Billionaires list for seven years straight, between 1987 and 1993. His luxurious multimillion-dollar " 1078: 1070: 516: 508: 439: 412: 397: 72: 68: 4598: 3938: 1851: 1832: 1332: 3683: 1621:

strategy was shut down in 1982 after the Bahamian government started chasing the drug traffic. Hence,

5238: 1583: 504: 1416:" or hired killers on those who refused. Escobar was known to flaunt his wealth and went on to make 5258: 4790: 4236: 4231: 1518: 900:

was commonly used as an intermediary transshipment point north. Then it would go to locations like

853: 683: 3793:"Colombians Strike: Violence Spreads Death Toll Rises After Killing of Leftist Political Leader". 4965: 4811: 4449: 4261: 2135: 1875: 1750: 1746: 1701: 1337: 1029: 933: 687: 670: 1262:, before being flown into the United States in amounts of up to 15 tons per day at some points. 714:, which was officially formed in January 1993. "Los Pepes" was a diminutive form of the phrase " 5253: 4770: 4538: 2884:

Corben, Billy (director); Cosby, Charles (himself); Blanco, Griselda (herself) (29 July 2008).

1946: 1742: 1127: 1013: 1009: 336: 3753:

Lernoux, Penny (16 June 1984). "The minister who had to die: Colombia's drug war". The Nation.

3300: 2998: 2611:

BLOW: How a Small-Town Boy Made $ 100 Million with the Medellin Cocaine Cartel And Lost It All

1902: 1074: 512: 417: 4938: 4614: 4215: 4210: 3764: 3377: 3193: 3133: 2682: 2236: 1708:

from which they ordered cartel members to take out key supporters of the extradition treaty.

2608: 1566:

Once U.S. authorities were made aware of "questionable activities", the group was put under

1101:

where Jung was incarcerated at the same time as Lehder on charges of marijuana trafficking.

719: 497:. It is often considered to be the first major "drug cartel" and was referred to as such (a 5148: 5068: 4917: 4256: 4246: 4205: 4200: 4195: 2463:

David L. Marcus (2 May 1991). "Colombia professor's slaying shows drug war far from over".

2067: 1906: 1855: 1845: 1816: 901: 563: 531:, who handled much of the cartel's shipping arrangements and the more general and detailed 507:

between multiple Colombian traffickers operating alongside Escobar. Other members included

128: 102: 5218: 4135: 1861: 1254:

nations such as Peru and Bolivia into Colombia, where it was then processed into powdered

8: 5053: 5048: 5013: 4953: 4948: 4903: 4781: 4723: 4718: 4660: 4655: 4266: 2521: 2112: 2010:. The Medellín organization is also briefly depicted and mentioned in the spinoff series 1895:

Enrique Low Murtra, Minister of Justice, killed by gunmen in downtown Bogotá in May 1991.

1397: 1118: 954: 913: 763: 224: 3535: 1535: 1421: 503:) due to the organization's upper echelons and overall power-structure being built on a 5163: 5158: 5128: 5093: 4562: 4558: 4469: 4439: 3894: 3453: 3413: 3355: 3024: 2991: 2962: 2866: 2819: 2811: 2733: 2721: 2655: 2356: 2282: 2130: 2061: 2039: 1966:

The cartel has been both featured and referenced in numerous works of popular culture.

1909:, resulting in the death of 52 civilians caught in the blast. Miguel escaped unharmed. 1838: 1684: 1235: 1065:), the organization was able to, at its height, move around 2,500-3,500 kilos per day. 880:

were the countries with the biggest hand in the international transferring of cocaine.

693: 609:

contraband by the early 1970s, the true beginnings of what would eventually become the

202: 3162: 2499:

Mark A. Uhlig (24 May 1989). "As Colombian Terror Grows, The Press Becomes the Prey".

1949:

is believed to be a partial successor to the Medellín organization. It was founded by

1182: 1109:

came into play, even if they did not originally refer to themselves as such. The term

865: 5153: 5118: 5017: 4892: 4459: 4350: 3276: 3249: 3199: 3137: 3126: 3035: 3002: 2969: 2891: 2858: 2823: 2803: 2799: 2725: 2688: 2616: 2587: 2580: 2440: 2433: 2363: 2301: 2202: 2170: 2092: 2024: 1716: 1214: 754: 207: 47:

Early mugshot of the founder and leader of the Medellín Cartel, Pablo Escobar in 1976

939: 766:(Colombia's Minister of Justice who favored extradition), to April of 1993 with the 677: 219: 5083: 5073: 5023: 4989: 4852: 4665: 4552: 4424: 4300: 4241: 3808:

Alan Riding (1 February 1988). "Colombians Grow Weary of Waging the War on Drugs".

3445: 3101: 3097: 3088:

Marc Chernick (March–April 1998). "The paramilitarization of the war in Colombia".

2899: 2850: 2795: 2737: 2717: 2175: 1828: 1758: 1625:

was the path chosen by the Cartel to reach the US. In 1985, the DEA, knowing about

1227: 1206: 1114: 1086: 857: 663: 547: 471: 185: 80: 60: 4112:. Lawyer Luiz Felipe Mallmann de Magalhães 31. Sarasota News Times. 21 March 1990. 2637:"¿En qué va investigación del magnicidio de Rodrigo Lara Bonilla 36 años después?" 1413: 1328: 1151: 723: 5043: 5004: 4980: 4825: 4693: 4542: 4518: 4385: 4355: 4271: 4166: 4096: 2609: 2160: 2101: 2033: 1720: 1622: 1618: 1417: 1401: 1324: 986: 844:

In the 1960s, Colombia was not yet viewed or stereotyped as being a conventional

667: 575: 558:

acted as the organization's accountant. The cartel operated from 1976 to 1993 in

555: 528: 387: 174: 148: 3293:"Who Is Israel's Yair Klein and What Was He Doing in Colombia and Sierra Leone?" 1841:, Attorney General, kidnapped then killed by gunmen in Medellín in January 1988. 1380: 953:

which characterized a large swath and subcultural domain of Colombia's criminal

938:

In contrast to his law-abiding parents, Escobar began a life of crime early on;

5108: 5103: 4878: 4513: 4335: 4175: 4108:

United States vs. Robert Elisio Serry, Walter J Magri Jr Importation of Cocaine

3879:

Douglas Farah (21 September 1990). "Drug Cartel Kidnaps 3 Colombian Notables".

3508:"'News Of A Kidnapping' A Hit In Iran After Opposition Leader's Recommendation" 2145: 2140: 2084: 2029: 2011: 1650: 1223: 1167: 881: 818: 651: 647: 630: 543: 245: 1672: 1081:), as well as the trafficking enterprise and muscle (armed men) working under 42: 5182: 5138: 5133: 5123: 5088: 4943: 4688: 4568: 4493: 4434: 4310: 4191: 4075: 2862: 2807: 2165: 2155: 2002: 1986: 1821: 1766: 1754: 1735: 1638: 1598: 1486: 1296: 1259: 1246:. During the cartel's peak, Escobar oversaw the import of large shipments of 1155: 1090: 1054: 1045: 706: 591: 524: 494: 407: 170: 140: 88: 56: 5063: 4708: 4683: 4593: 4479: 4454: 4444: 4429: 4375: 4370: 4315: 4251: 4087: 3241: 2903: 2007: 1881: 1789: 1696:(who was pushing for more action against the drug cartels), Police Officer 1693: 1667: 1511: 1300: 1266: 1113:

in reference to the mercantile nature of this now ever-expanding Colombian

1025: 982: 885: 730: 626: 542:

seems to have also had a strong hand in the cartel's unprecedented acts of

2729: 1315:(Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia or FARC) attempted to steal. 768:

massive 440 pound bomb detonation in Bogotá's busy Center 93 shopping mall

5143: 5078: 5058: 4985: 4975: 4820: 4800: 4795: 4764: 4750: 4698: 4508: 4395: 4365: 4360: 4340: 4325: 4071: 2708:

Das, G (1993). "Cocaine abuse in North America: a milestone in history".

2105: 2048: 2044: 1982: 1977: 1924: 1920: 1522: 1482: 1477: 1231: 1202: 1144: 1094: 845: 659: 643: 622: 587: 482: 392: 325: 315: 256: 228: 4105: 3536:"Filmarán la novela 'Noticia de un secuestro' de Gabriel García Márquez" 2815: 2783: 1436: 1158:

operation for Escobar and the Medellín organization on an island in the

825:, Colombia. Headquarters of Medellín Cartel and traditional hotspot for 822: 787: 646:

to the U.S.) as demonstrated by their societally straining and volatile

490: 98: 4474: 4330: 3457: 3437: 3409:"Former Smuggler Ties Top Officials Of Cuba and Nicaragua to Drug Ring" 2895: 2885: 2358:

The Accountant's Story: Inside the Violent World of the Medellín Cartel

2340: 2076: 2072: 1935: 1626: 1575: 1571: 1527: 1508: 1247: 947: 892:(Chile) acted as some of the most common starting points for the 1960s 889: 743: 734: 618: 422: 136: 4862: 3868:"Soldiers Kill 8 Rebels". Wichita Eagle. 9 November 1989. p. 12A. 3606:"Murió Juan David Ochoa, uno de los fundadores del cartel de Medellín" 2870: 621:

product by 1976, (largely through the assistance of Carlos Lehder and

5113: 5098: 4345: 4285: 2057: 1950: 1913: 1692:

supporters of the extradition treaty were Colombian Justice Minister

1688: 1594: 1543: 1494: 1400:" (The Office), which was considered their first "oficina de cobro" ( 1365: 1292: 1033: 950: 909: 869: 750: 711: 696:

and specific smuggling arrangement with the Cali Cartel "godfathers"

639: 606: 532: 320: 283: 3449: 1602: 1346:

Asociación Campesina de Ganaderos y Agricultores del Magdalena Medio

132: 4830: 4747: 3031: 2917: 2854: 2001:

original television series (2015–2017) that chronicles the life of

1555: 1409: 1183:

From independent smuggling ring to collaborative cartel (1976–1979)

962: 758: 559: 479: 124: 106: 4836: 3731:"Palacio de Justicia, 20 años de dolor". El País. 7 November 2005. 2684:

Colombia's Narcotics Nightmare: How the Drug Trade Destroyed Peace

2060:

film details the link between the Medellín Cartel and the rise of

1570:

surveillance. Evidence was gathered, compiled, and presented to a

4380: 1998: 1810: 1806: 1276: 1255: 1159: 992: 927: 905: 678:

Relations between the Medellín and Cali trafficking organizations

614: 567: 144: 2964:

The Bullet Or the Bribe: Taking Down Colombia's Cali Drug Cartel

1731: 1271: 1205:, multilayered condoms, or balloons which are then swallowed by 1097:

or "Boston George", with whom he was bunkmates in prison at the

4124: 1993: 1865: 1687:

between the United States and Colombia. It allowed Colombia to

1531: 1504: 1405: 1361: 1304: 1284: 1251: 1210: 1163: 1050: 943: 897: 873: 749:

While Pablo Escobar seemingly viewed fear through violence and

599: 571: 499: 295: 2839:"Why The Illegal Psychoactive Drugs Industry Grew In Colombia" 692:

Traditionally, Pablo and the Medellín Cartel originally had a

4857: 4643: 4390: 3316:

State Building and Conflict Resolution in Colombia: 1986–1994

1864:, presidential candidate, killed by gunmen during a rally in 1385: 1369: 1219: 1058: 1017: 917: 877: 610: 595: 583: 551: 2300:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 195. 1291:). Around this time in the early 1980s, kidnappings made by 1133: 527:. Escobar's main partner in the organization was his cousin 4165: 2298:

El Delfín de Fidel: La historia oculta tras el golpe del 4F

1630: 1586:

trained and assisted by specialized military units and the

1243: 958: 613:-like organization itself officially turned to trafficking 579: 268: 3705:

David McClintick (28 November 1993). "Lost in the Ashes".

2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 1989:(named Diego Delgado in the film) and the Medellín Cartel 1958:, organizing drug trafficking operations on their behalf. 1561: 3778:"High judge fighting drug traffic is slain in Colombia". 2266:"The Cocaine King: Pablo Escobar and the Medellin Cartel" 1928: 1587: 1472: 1357: 1348:("Association of Middle Magdalena Ranchers and Farmers", 1318: 1016:

before quickly spreading to other major hotspots such as

4051:"New drug gang wars blow Colombian city's revival apart" 3742:"M-19 cambió drogas por armas". El País. 6 October 2005. 4077:

Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World's Greatest Outlaw

3989:"Colombia, non-state Conflict, Medellin Cartel – PEPES" 2582:

Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World's Greatest Outlaw

2435:

Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World's Greatest Outlaw

2222: 1644: 1612: 1427: 833: 3926:. 9 October 1992. p. Section A, Page 5, Column 1. 3187: 3185: 3163:"II. History of the Military-Paramilitary Partnership" 1666:

During the 1980 decade, the decrease and later end of

625:) which greatly influenced the infamous sociocultural 3219:

Santina, Peter (Winter 1998–1999). "Army of terror".

674:

ostentatious acts of violence and vindictive nature.

3720:"Un Grito por el Palacio". Cromos. 25 November 2005. 3307: 1858:

police, killed by gunmen in Medellín in August 1989.

1489:

on December 2nd 1993 after a 16-month search effort.

1093:, who initially partnered up with American smuggler 3378:"Escobar's Former Mansion Will Now Be A Theme Park" 3322: 3218: 3182: 3081: 2615:. HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. pp. 222–223. 1761:. These kidnappings led to the creation of the MAS/ 3937: 3765:"Thirty Years of America's Drug War: A Chronology" 3438:"Dateline Drug Wars: Colombia: The Wrong Strategy" 3173: 3125: 3108: 3023: 2990: 2961: 2843:Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 2680: 2579: 2512: 2510: 2432: 2355: 1741:In November 1985, 35 heavily armed members of the 1661: 1117:oligopoly, seems to have been first coined by the 586:, and the United States (namely in cities such as 3922:"3 Who Escaped With Colombia Drug Lord Give Up". 3236: 3234: 3232: 3157: 3155: 3153: 2424: 1726: 957:at this time. This is presumably around when his 5180: 3704: 3562:"Gabriel Garca Mrquez – Noticia de un secuestro" 3267: 3265: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 2993:The White Labyrinth: Cocaine and Political Power 1916:(or PEPES, People Persecuted by Pablo Escobar). 1279:Deputy seizing smuggled cocaine during the 1980s 770:on the city's popular 15th Avenue neighborhood. 554:and the U.S. Meanwhile, Pablo Escobar's brother 4017: 3823:"Gang Murders Cop Who Fought Medellin Cartel". 3313: 3117: 2542: 2507: 2462: 2353: 1934:DEA agents considered that their four-pronged " 778: 4092:"Mafia's link to Colombian cartel is revealed" 3752: 3318:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 73–74. 3229: 3150: 3123: 2887:Cocaine Cowboys 2: Hustlin' with the Godmother 2654:Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (12 November 1999). 2277: 2275: 2071:: 2017 fictionalised film about drug smuggler 1878:, killed by gunmen in Bogotá in November 1989. 1874:Jorge Enrique Pulido, journalist, director of 1765:("Death to Kidnappers") paramilitary group by 928:Colombian smugglers & Chileans (1972–1976) 860:trade resulted from booming production in the 4151: 3878: 3837: 3262: 3087: 3048: 2750: 2674: 2606: 2498: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 1931:operatives), or by the Los Pepes vigilantes. 1601:as he exited the parking area of his home in 1085:; nicknamed "the Mexican", and the eccentric 447: 3654:"1981-Plagio de Martha Ochoa se creó el MAS" 3632:"Marta Nieves Ochoa, hermana de Fabio Ochoa" 3240: 2573: 2430: 2382: 922:cocaine use was steadily rising by the 1960s 684:Cali Cartel § Medellín Cartel relations 5234:Organized crime groups in the United States 3807: 2953: 2272: 4158: 4144: 4048: 2781: 2458: 2456: 2318: 1835:party, killed by a gunman in October 1987. 454: 440: 41: 3682:. El País. 6 October 2005. Archived from 3486:"Maruja Pachón, ex ministra de Educación" 3198:. Ohio University Press. pp. 65–68. 3026:Illicit Trafficking: A Reference Handbook 2959: 2289: 2201:. United States: SUNY Press. p. 15. 1831:, presidential candidate and head of the 1757:and of Marta Nieves Ochoa, the sister of 1597:". However he was shot and killed in his 1134:Carlos Lehder and George Jung (1976–1978) 1099:Federal Correctional Institution, Danbury 977: 4532:Eastern and Southeastern European groups 3771: 3275:. London: Latin America Bureau. p. 247. 2877: 2476: 2474: 2295: 2283:"León Dirigía Toda la Acción Terrorista" 2258: 2198:The Losing War: Plan Colombia and Beyond 1730: 1503:luxury hotel in the nation's capital of 1476: 1379: 1270: 991: 981: 817: 493:, Colombia, that was founded and led by 4293: 3853:"Colombian Judge In Drug Case Killed". 3746: 3713: 3191: 3015: 2784:"Cocaine's Long March North, 1900-2010" 2681:James D. Henderson (10 February 2015). 2494: 2492: 2453: 2096:pitted the Medellín Cartel against the 1782:Luis Vasco and Gilberto Hernandez, two 1562:Relations with the Colombian government 14: 5181: 4086: 4070: 3816: 3812:. p. Section A, Page 1, Column 4. 3698: 3435: 3271:Pearce, Jenny (May 1, 1990). 1st. ed. 2836: 2653: 2647: 2503:. p. Section A, Page 1, Column 5. 2383:Miller Llana, Sara (25 October 2010). 2047:and former Medellín Cartel trafficker 1956:United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia 1678: 1549: 1473:Pablo Escobar's death (December, 1993) 1313:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia 1258:in jungle labs such as in the case of 478:) was a powerful and highly organized 4139: 4083:was killed and his cartel dismantled. 3872: 3861: 3846: 3831: 3797:. 14 October 1987. p. Section A. 3786: 3735: 3724: 3021: 2982: 2471: 2408: 2194: 2100:with Michael Corleone Blanco, Son Of 1961: 1844:Antonio Roldan Betancur, governor of 1609:involvement in these assassinations. 1546:in both television, books and music. 1195: 764:assassination of Rodrigo Lara Bonilla 5199:Organizations disestablished in 1993 3915: 3857:. 18 August 1989. p. A SECTION. 3801: 3757: 2890:(DVD). Magnolia Home Entertainment. 2489: 1848:, killed by a car bomb in July 1989. 1645:Relations with Panamanian government 1613:Relations with Nicaraguan government 1431: 1375: 1287:as the chief Colombian export (see: 848:, narcotrafficking corridor for the 834:1960s cocaine trade in Latin America 782: 605:Although Escobar started profitably 2997:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 2988: 2788:Latin American Politics and Society 2763:from the original on 18 August 2016 2707: 2607:Porter, Bruce (1993). "Chapter 9". 2481:"Colombian Governor Assassinated". 940:stealing tombstones from cemeteries 24: 5204:1993 disestablishments in Colombia 4064: 3380:. Medellín Living. 13 January 2014 2935: 2722:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1993.tb04661.x 2079:) and the Medellín Cartel, led by 1884:, journalist, chief editor of the 854:marijuana trafficking at this time 640:use of violence for political aims 25: 5275: 5189:Organizations established in 1972 4117: 3398:El Tiempo, Bogotá Abril 18, 2007. 2751:Deas, Malcolm (4 December 1993). 2518:"Narco Wars: Season 1, Episode 7" 2354:Escobar Gaviria, Roberto (2009). 2296:Peñaloza, General Carlos (2014). 1772: 856:. By the late 1960s, Colombia's 840:Drug trafficking in Latin America 5214:Disbanded Colombian drug cartels 4123: 4018:Streatfeild, D. (October 2000). 3950:from the original on 12 May 2022 2800:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2012.00146.x 2710:Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2543:Streatfeild, D. (October 2000). 1981:: 2001 film about drug smuggler 1435: 786: 428:John Jairo Arias Tascón 'Pinina' 383:Roberto de Jesús Escobar Gaviria 341: 330: 309: 288: 276: 261: 250: 239: 213: 196: 5249:Organised crime groups in Spain 5194:1972 establishments in Colombia 4410:Jewish-American organized crime 4042: 4011: 3981: 3962: 3939:"Judge murdered – World – News" 3930: 3901: 3887: 3672: 3646: 3624: 3598: 3580: 3554: 3528: 3513:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 3500: 3478: 3464: 3429: 3401: 3392: 3370: 3348: 3285: 3212: 2830: 2775: 2744: 2701: 2629: 2600: 2567: 2536: 2028:: documentary series about the 1662:Relations with Cuban government 1404:). This was an actual physical 852:like it seems to have been for 642:(mainly in protest of judicial 388:Gustavo de Jesús Gaviria Rivero 4465:New York divorce coercion gang 3995:. Bogotá. 1993. Archived from 3680:"M-19 cambió drogas por armas" 3436:Bagley, Bruce Michael (1989). 3102:10.1080/10714839.1998.11722772 2968:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2402: 2376: 2347: 2188: 2104:and gangster turned informant 1923:(trained and assisted by U.S. 1888:magazine and former president 1727:Alleged relation with the M-19 1554:During the later years of the 1467: 1008:popularity started out in the 13: 1: 5244:Former gangs in New York City 5229:Transnational organized crime 4020:"Interview with DEA Agent #2" 3971:Uppsala Conflict Data Program 3827:. 19 August 1989. p. 1A. 3299:. 1 June 2000. Archived from 3273:Colombia:Inside the Labyrinth 3001:, 11, 14, 106–108, 113, 116. 2837:Thoumi, Francisco E. (1992). 2545:"Interview with DEA Agent #2" 2389:The Christian Science Monitor 2182: 2108:testing the cartel's weapons. 1289:Coffee production in Colombia 1002: 716:Perseguidos por Pablo Escobar 5264:Organized crime in Louisiana 4049:Muse, Toby (10 April 2012). 3782:. 1 August 1986. p. 32. 3222:Harvard International Review 3090:NACLA Report on the Americas 2385:"Medellín to keep the peace" 2362:. Grand Central Publishing. 2151:Narcotrafficking in Colombia 1745:guerrilla group stormed the 1605:, Venezuela, in April 2007. 1408:located in the town hall of 1319:"Death to Kidnappers" (1981) 1083:José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha 997:José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha 862:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta 779:Background & early 1970s 521:José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha 403:José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha 378:Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria 27:Former Colombian drug cartel 7: 3225:. Vol. 21, no. 1. 3114:Brittain, 2010: pp. 129–131 2989:Lee, Rensselaer W. (1989). 2687:. McFarland. pp. 27–. 2485:. 5 July 1989. p. B20. 2123: 1283:By 1982, cocaine surpassed 698:Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela 489:originating in the city of 10: 5280: 4724:Stephanie St. Clair's gang 3356:"Pablo Escobar: Biography" 3248:. Saqi Books. p. 56. 3246:Colombia: A Brutal History 2656:"HISTORIA DE OTRAS BOMBAS" 2586:. Atlantic Monthly Press. 2439:. Atlantic Monthly Press. 1852:Waldemar Franklin Quintero 1749:in Bogotá, leading to the 1428:"Los Extraditables" (1984) 1264: 931: 837: 773: 681: 666:organization based in the 5039: 5032: 5002: 4962: 4931: 4901: 4891: 4871: 4845: 4810: 4780: 4746: 4736: 4676: 4636: 4627: 4607: 4586: 4577: 4531: 4501: 4492: 4417: 4408: 4284: 4224: 4183: 4174: 3022:Kelly, Robert J. (2005). 2782:Gootenberg, Paul (2012). 2753:"Obituary: Pablo Escobar" 2483:The Philadelphia Inquirer 1941: 1584:Colombian National Police 1485:kneeling over a deceased 1333:paramilitary organization 702:Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela 304: 191: 180: 166: 154: 120: 112: 94: 52: 40: 4649:Rollin' 30s Harlem Crips 4232:Camorra in New York City 3314:Harvey F. Kline (1999). 2943:"Drug War (George Jung)" 2195:Rosen, Jonathan (2014). 1890:Julio César Turbay Ayala 1344:The following year, the 1079:Juan David Ochoa Vásquez 1071:Jorge Luis Ochoa Vásquez 517:Juan David Ochoa Vásquez 509:Jorge Luis Ochoa Vásquez 413:Jorge Luis Ochoa Vásquez 398:Juan David Ochoa Vásquez 158:70,000–100,000 (750,000 5033:Other historical groups 4629:African-American groups 4579:Outlaw motorcycle gangs 4514:Marat Balagula's Bratva 4450:Brooklyn Thrill Killers 4169:groups in New York City 3124:Forrest Hylton (2006). 2960:Chepesiuk, Ron (2003). 2465:The Dallas Morning News 2136:Drug barons of Colombia 2043:: a book by journalist 1973:, Book by Guy Gugliotta 1876:Jorge Enrique Pulido TV 1763:Muerte a Secuestradores 1751:Palace of Justice siege 1747:Colombian Supreme Court 1702:Colombian Supreme Court 1568:Federal Drug Task Force 1338:Muerte a Secuestradores 934:Illicit cigarette trade 688:Muerte a Secuestradores 538:Gustavo, also known as 4846:Central American gangs 4771:Norte del Valle Cartel 4694:Casper Holstein's gang 4539:Velentzas Organization 4225:Inactive or in decline 4176:Italian American Mafia 2090:Season 2 episode 7 of 1947:La Oficina de Envigado 1738: 1490: 1393: 1280: 1128:positive feedback loop 1010:entertainment industry 999: 989: 978:Late 1970s–early 1980s 971:military coup in Chile 830: 487:terrorist organization 475: 95:Founding location 5224:Terrorism in Colombia 4791:Dominicans Don't Play 4237:D'Aquila crime family 3975:Conflict Encyclopedia 3946:. 20 September 1992. 3883:. pp. A SECTION. 3842:. pp. A SECTION. 3330:"Oficina de Envigado" 3128:Evil Hour in Colombia 2574:Bowden, Mark (2001). 2431:Bowden, Mark (2001). 1734: 1480: 1384:View of the tanks of 1383: 1274: 995: 985: 969:In 1973, there was a 850:world's cocaine trade 821: 742:legal issues through 32:Criminal organization 5149:Slaughter House Gang 5069:Charlton Street Gang 4918:Hip Sing Association 4872:South American gangs 4704:Frank Matthews' gang 4689:Bumpy Johnson's gang 4509:Evsei Agron's Bratva 4257:New Springville Boys 4247:Morello crime family 4132:at Wikimedia Commons 4090:(11 December 2004). 3709:. pp. 268, 279. 3686:on 27 September 2007 2929:St. Petersburg Times 1907:DAS Building Bombing 1905:was targeted in the 1817:Guillermo Cano Isaza 1617:The Carlos Lehder's 1356:rifles, such as the 1226:) as well as in the 894:maritime trafficking 337:Colombian government 103:Antioquia Department 77:José Rodríguez Gacha 5054:Baxter Street Dudes 5049:Batavia Street Gang 4661:Nine Trey Gangsters 4656:United Blood Nation 4549:The Greenpoint Crew 4267:South Brooklyn Boys 3881:The Washington Post 3855:The Washington Post 3840:The Washington Post 3795:The Washington Post 3707:The Washington Post 3516:. 15 September 2011 3179:Richani, 2002: p.38 3069:. 30 September 2021 2522:National Geographic 2343:. 28 December 2015. 2246:. 13 September 1989 2106:Kenny "Kenji" Gallo 1903:Miguel Maza Márquez 1854:, Commander of the 1803:Jaime Ramírez Gómez 1679:Fear of extradition 1675:, met with Lehder. 1550:Political relations 1519:Sebastián Marroquín 1402:collections service 1398:Oficina de Envigado 1119:US State Department 1075:Fabio Ochoa Vásquez 662:, an international 513:Fabio Ochoa Vásquez 418:Fabio Ochoa Vásquez 408:Carlos Lehder Rivas 348:American government 225:Oficina de Envigado 181:Criminal activities 69:Jorge Ochoa Vásquez 37: 5159:Tub of Blood Bunch 4699:Frank Lucas's gang 4559:Rudaj Organization 4470:Yiddish Black Hand 4440:Bugs and Meyer Mob 3924:The New York Times 3911:. 24 January 2011. 3895:"Una Bala Perdida" 3810:The New York Times 3417:. 21 November 1991 3414:The New York Times 3132:. Verso. pp. 2501:The New York Times 2131:Colombian Conflict 2062:Colombian football 2040:American Desperado 1962:In popular culture 1839:Carlos Mauro Hoyos 1739: 1685:extradition treaty 1512:terracotta rooftop 1491: 1447:. You can help by 1394: 1281: 1236:Freeway Ricky Ross 1196:1980s cocaine boom 1170:powdered cocaine. 1038:cocaine production 1000: 990: 916:, in Colombia and 831: 798:. You can help by 694:strategic alliance 476:Cártel de Medellín 203:Guadalajara Cartel 73:Juan Ochoa Vásquez 35: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5154:Tenth Avenue Gang 5119:Lenox Avenue Gang 4998: 4997: 4887: 4886: 4738:Hispanic-American 4732: 4731: 4623: 4622: 4527: 4526: 4488: 4487: 4460:Lenox Avenue Gang 4404: 4403: 4351:Patsy Conroy Gang 4280: 4279: 4128:Media related to 3780:Chicago Sun-Times 3634:. 18 October 2007 3336:. 28 October 2020 3303:on 14 March 2007. 3255:978-0-86356-758-2 3143:978-1-84467-551-7 2694:978-0-7864-7917-7 2524:. 27 January 2021 2285:. 12 August 1990. 2171:Jack Carlton Reed 2093:Deadliest Warrior 2025:Cocaine Cowboys 2 1862:Luis Carlos Galán 1717:The Extraditables 1713:Los Extraditables 1465: 1464: 1376:Middle–late 1980s 816: 815: 755:background checks 598:), as well as in 464: 463: 361: 360: 208:The Extraditables 113:Years active 16:(Redirected from 5271: 5239:Gangs in Florida 5084:Crazy Butch Gang 5074:Cherry Hill Gang 5037: 5036: 5024:Tiny Rascal Gang 4899: 4898: 4893:Chinese American 4744: 4743: 4666:Sex Money Murder 4634: 4633: 4584: 4583: 4499: 4498: 4425:Arnold Rothstein 4415: 4414: 4301:19th Street Gang 4291: 4290: 4242:Five Points Gang 4181: 4180: 4160: 4153: 4146: 4137: 4136: 4127: 4113: 4101: 4081: 4059: 4058: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4026:. 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Biography.com 3354: 3353: 3349: 3339: 3337: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3312: 3308: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3270: 3263: 3256: 3239: 3230: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3190: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3161: 3160: 3151: 3144: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3063:"Pablo Escobar" 3061: 3060: 3049: 3042: 3020: 3016: 3009: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2958: 2954: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2925:"Carlos Lehder" 2923: 2922: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2835: 2831: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2749: 2745: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2652: 2648: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2572: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2541: 2537: 2527: 2525: 2516: 2515: 2508: 2497: 2490: 2480: 2479: 2472: 2461: 2454: 2447: 2429: 2425: 2413: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2381: 2377: 2370: 2352: 2348: 2339: 2338: 2319: 2308: 2294: 2290: 2281: 2280: 2273: 2268:. 28 June 2015. 2264: 2263: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2161:Max Mermelstein 2126: 2120: 2102:Griselda Blanco 2034:Griselda Blanco 2019:Cocaine Cowboys 1964: 1944: 1833:Patriotic Union 1775: 1729: 1721:narco-terrorist 1700:, and numerous 1681: 1664: 1647: 1623:Central America 1615: 1574:, resulting in 1564: 1552: 1475: 1470: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1445:needs expansion 1430: 1378: 1325:Texas Petroleum 1321: 1311:money that the 1269: 1198: 1185: 1136: 1057:and eventually 1005: 987:Griselda Blanco 980: 966:down the line. 936: 930: 866:Urabá peninsula 842: 836: 812: 806: 803: 796:needs expansion 781: 776: 690: 680: 668:Valle del Cauca 576:Central America 556:Roberto Escobar 529:Gustavo Gaviria 468:Medellín Cartel 460: 368:Medellín Cartel 367: 354: 350: 342: 340: 339: 331: 329: 328: 324: 319: 310: 308: 298: 289: 287: 286: 277: 275: 274: 271: 262: 260: 259: 251: 249: 248: 240: 238: 237: 232: 227: 223: 214: 212: 211: 206: 197: 195: 175:Gustavo Gaviria 173: 160:total employees 159: 87: 81: 75: 71: 67: 61: 48: 36:Medellín Cartel 33: 28: 23: 22: 18:Medellín cartel 15: 12: 11: 5: 5277: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 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Medellín. 4034:25 November 3664:16 December 3638:16 December 3616:16 December 3572:16 December 3546:16 December 3520:16 December 3492:16 December 3073:11 November 2757:Independent 2576:"Pt.2 Ch.1" 2559:25 November 2244:www.ojp.gov 2081:Jorge Ochoa 2049:Jon Roberts 2045:Evan Wright 1983:George Jung 1925:Delta Force 1921:Search Bloc 1886:Hoy por Hoy 1673:Raúl Castro 1576:indictments 1523:entry wound 1483:Search Bloc 1481:Members of 1468:Early 1990s 1232:Los Angeles 1220:crime waves 1145:New England 1095:George Jung 902:Panama City 846:geophysical 660:Cali Cartel 644:extradition 623:George Jung 588:Los Angeles 548:most wanted 505:partnership 483:drug cartel 393:George Jung 326:Search Bloc 316:Cali Cartel 257:Gulf Cartel 234:Gallón Gang 229:Los Priscos 5183:Categories 5018:Vietnamese 4833:(inactive) 4803:(inactive) 4773:(inactive) 4767:(inactive) 4761:(inactive) 4475:Zwi Migdal 4331:Grady Gang 4306:40 Thieves 4003:11 October 3954:30 October 2896:B00180R03Q 2183:References 2077:Tom Cruise 2073:Barry Seal 2056:: an ESPN 1627:Barry Seal 1572:grand jury 1528:Robin Hood 1500:Los Olivos 1265:See also: 1248:coca paste 1003:Background 955:underworld 948:contraband 932:See also: 890:Valparaiso 884:(Brazil), 838:See also: 744:corruption 735:commanders 728:right-wing 726:whom were 682:See also: 671:department 619:contraband 533:logistical 423:Barry Seal 155:Membership 137:California 53:Founded by 5114:Hook Gang 5099:Dutch Mob 4990:Snakehead 4782:Dominican 4748:Colombian 4346:Marginals 4286:Irish Mob 3690:7 October 3096:(5): 28. 2947:Frontline 2909:3 October 2863:0022-1937 2824:154032231 2808:1531-426X 2660:El Tiempo 2641:RCN Radio 2411:"Cocaine" 2058:30 for 30 1951:Don Berna 1914:Los Pepes 1856:Antioquia 1846:Antioquia 1805:, Police 1723:actions. 1689:extradite 1595:Los Pepes 1544:drug lord 1495:bodyguard 1456:July 2023 1366:IMI Galil 1335:known as 1293:guerrilla 1034:marijuana 1014:Hollywood 951:smuggling 914:Cartagena 910:Barcelona 870:Argentina 858:marijuana 829:activity. 807:July 2023 751:extortion 712:Los Pepes 607:smuggling 564:Antioquia 480:Colombian 323:(defunct) 321:Los Pepes 318:(defunct) 299:(alleged) 284:Nicaragua 272:(alleged) 236:(defunct) 231:(defunct) 222:(defunct) 210:(defunct) 205:(defunct) 167:Leader(s) 129:Antioquia 121:Territory 116:1976–1993 5219:Medellín 4963:Foreign 4831:Mau Maus 4677:Inactive 4608:Inactive 4563:Albanian 4502:Inactive 4418:Inactive 4356:Potashes 4294:Inactive 4216:Lucchese 4211:Genovese 4074:(2011). 3948:Archived 3592:El Mundo 3244:(2004). 3032:ABC-CLIO 2816:41485345 2761:Archived 2666:5 August 2528:6 August 2124:See also 1796:Escobar. 1704:judges. 1556:Cold War 1414:sicarios 1410:Envigado 1277:Marshals 1053:such as 963:Marlboro 864:and the 823:Medellín 759:Kennedys 733:leading 592:New York 560:Colombia 491:Medellín 125:Colombia 107:Colombia 99:Medellín 4712:Council 4381:Westies 4206:Gambino 4201:Colombo 4196:Bonanno 3458:1148774 3421:25 July 3384:17 July 3362:17 July 3169:. 1996. 2767:29 July 2738:9120504 2730:8473543 2250:10 July 2214:10 July 2113:Sicario 1999:Netflix 1936:Kingpin 1811:Renault 1807:Colonel 1540:bandido 1532:barrios 1487:Escobar 1392:, 1984. 1350:ACDEGAM 1309:gramaje 1275:A U.S. 1256:cocaine 1228:ghettos 1211:Cessnas 1203:pellets 1162:called 1160:Bahamas 1111:cartel, 1089:figure 906:Florida 774:History 615:cocaine 584:Bahamas 568:Bolivia 472:Spanish 145:Florida 83:† 63:† 5007:groups 5003:Other 4895:groups 4863:Sur 13 4740:groups 4637:Active 4599:Pagans 4587:Active 4553:Polish 4184:Active 4024:Source 3993:Tiempo 3767:. 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